Republika e Kosovës/Republika Kosova/Republic of Qeveria - Vlada - Government Ministria e Administratës Publike - Ministarstvo Javne Uprave - Ministry of Public Administration

Series 2: Agriculture and Environment Statistics

Facts on the Environment

Republika e Kosovës/Republika Kosova/Republic of Kosovo Qeveria - Vlada - Government Ministria e Administratës Publike - Ministarstvo Javne Uprave - Ministry of Public Administration

Series 2: Agriculture and Environment Statistics

Facts on the Environment

Publisher: Statistical Office of Kosovo ( SOK) Publication date: December 2009 © Statistical Office of Kosovo Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged Printed by: K.G.T Prishtina, Kosovo

A great deal of information is avalible on internet, which can be accessed on the the SOK website : www.ks-gov.net/esk

Facts on the Environment

Introduction

This second publication on “Facts on the Environment” aims to inform in a statistically manner different users on the environmental status in Kosovo. This modest publication aims also to contribute in “history” of sustainable information on environmental situation in Kosovo. The publication was done by Statistical Office of Kosovo using all the available data sources. They have been put together in such an order to facilitate the portrayal of the environmental status. This publication is the result of a close cooperation of the Statistical Office of Kosovo and the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning and KEPA (as data provider). Special acknowledgement goes to Statistics Sweden for offering its technical assistance, as well as to Sida for its support. Especially thank goes to Statistics Sweden Experts Anna-Karin Westöö, and Louise Sörme and Statistics Sweden Long-term consultant Milva Ekonomi.

This publication was prepared by the following personnel from Agriculture and Environment Statistics Department at SOK:

Bajrush Qevani Mr.sc.Haki Kurti Edona Rexhepaj

Tel: +381(0) 38235 111, ext. 133 Web-site: www.sok-kosovo.org

Interpretations expressed in this publication are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed, in any manner, to MPS, SOK, or any other institution. Suggestions, proposals and remarks for this publication are welcome and will help us to have more effective publications for users.

December, 2009 Chief Executive Officer Avni Kastrati

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Abbreviations and Acronyms

HBS Households Budget Survey (SOK) AHS Agricultural Household Survey DHS Demographic and Health Survey (SOK) LFS Labor Force Survey (SOK) LSMS Living Standard Measurement Survey EU European Union EAR European Agency for Reconstruction GDP Gross Domestic Product IPH Institute of Public Health SOK Statistical Office of Kosovo NPHI National Public Health Institution ECK Electro-energetic Corporation of Kosovo KFOR MAFRD Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development MESP Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning MPS Ministry of Public Services MH Ministry of Health NAG Fertilizer (Nitrate) NPK Fertilizer (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Calcareous) URE Fertilizer (URE) UNMIK United Nations Mission in Kosovo SIDA Swedish International Development Agency WWRO Water and Waste Regulatory Office IUCN World Organization of Nature Conservation LKSH Albanian Red Book LH Kosovo Law on Hunting, 1973. KEPA Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency

Key to Symbols

- Zero : No Data . Not applicable 0 Magnitude less than half of unit used ha Hectares kg Kilogram µg m³ Microgram m³ t Tonne % Percent mg/m².d Deposited substances

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Contents

1.General information about Kosovo...... 7 2. Land use and agriculture land...... 15 3. Biodiversity...... 30 3.1 Protected areas...... 30 3.2 Natural hydrological monuments...... 34 4. Waste...... 35 5. Water...... 46 5.1 Water resources...... 46 5.2 Water quality...... 47 5.2 Waste water...... 48 5.4 Monitoring waste of water from industry and agriculture...48 6. Energy and Air...... 49 6.1 Energy...... 49 7. Transport...... 54 7.1 Air...... 55

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Background

The DPSIR model

Driving forces Respons Activities indirectly What is done to reduce cuasing environmental the problems, problems, e.g. energy-use, e.g. protection av land transportation and industrial areas, legislation, taxes, production public transport

Pressure Impact Origin of the problem Consequences of e.g. Emissions from changes in the industries and transports environment och generation of waste e.g. number of cancer cases, loss of biodiversity, economic damage

State State of the natural environment e.g. air quality, acidification and eutrofication of water and soil

The DPSIR1 model is an extension of the PSR (Pressure, State, Response) model adopted by the OECDs State of the Environment (SoE) group and by European Environment Agency (EEA), being also used by EUROSTAT for the organisation of the environmental statistics. This analytical framework permits to organise the information and to integrate socio-economic and ecological elements by dressing relationships between five indicator categories: Driving forces (e.g., agricultural practices, industrial production, technology) are determining Pressures (e.g., toxic emissions, CO2 emissions), that are subsequently degrading the State of the environment (e.g., the concentration of mercury in forest soils, the global mean temperature), these Impacts (e.g., forest acidification, endocrine disrupting effects on mammals) imposing Responses of the society (e.g., legislative measures, taxes, research programmes).

1 Source: http://www.esl.jrc.ec.europa.eu, DPSIR model -The Pressure-State-Response Model

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D Driving force indicators are not very responsive ("elastic"): the monitored phenomena, e.g. road traffic, are driven by powerful economic forces, and therefore it can hardly be expected that these trends will change drastically in future. For example, politicians cannot seriously suggest to abolish private cars, if they want to stay in office. However, Driving force indicators are useful to: a) calculate a variety of pressure indicators, e.g. by multiplying the mileage of cars with specific coefficients like "average CO 2 per car and km"; b) help decision-makers to plan actions ("responses") needed to avoid future problems ("pressures"), for example the capacity of roads; c) serve as a basis for scenario development and long-term planning. P Pressure indicators point directly at the causes of problems. One specific feature of pressure indicators is that they should be responsive, that is, a decision-maker indeed a chance to reduce the indicator (and thus the problem) by launching appropriate actions. They will also serve as an incentive for rational solutions, since they demonstrate the effectiveness of political action early enough to hold responsible those who launched the action. S State indicators, in contrast, are often too slow. For example, a state indicator showing the acidity of forest soils points back to the NO x and SO 2 emissions of the last ten years; the politically responsible persons may have retired in the meantime. On the other hand, state indicators can serve to make a first assessment of the situation (what is the current state of the forest soils? where could corrective measures be applied?), and they are certainly appropriate tools to plan habitat restoration and similar clean-up activities. I Impact indicators react even slower than state indicators. When the impacts are felt, it is usually too late for action. In addition, it is rarely possible to establish solid statistical correlations between pressures, state, and impacts, due to the enormous delays and the influence of non- environmental variables. The main purpose of impact indicators is to demonstrate DPSIR patterns, in particular: cause-effect chains, and to facilitate informed discussions about actions to avoid negative impacts in future. In this sense, they are not statistical "indicators", but scientific "decision models".

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1. General information about Kosovo

Kosovo is a territory in centre of Balkan Peninsula, with no access to sea. Kosovo borders with in Northeast, Macedonia (FYROM) in South, Albania in Southwest and in Northwest. The area of Kosovo is 10 908 km2.The climate in Kosovo is continental with warm summers and cold winters. Kosovo is densely populated with about 193 persons per km2, and divided into 30 municipalities. The capital of Kosovo is Prishtina.

Figure 1. 1: Map of population density in Kosovo

Source: SOK, Cartography

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Table 1. 1: Geographical coordinates

Cordinates Degrees° Minutes′ Northen latitude 43 16

Southern latitude 41 53

Eastern longitude 21 47

Western longitude 19 59

Source: SOK, Cartography

Kosovo lies in the southern part of medium geographical border of the half northern sphere and its climate is mainly continental with some Mediterranean and alpine influences. Key local factors that influence Kosovo’s climate are relieve, waters, land and plants. In Kosovo there are present all forms of atmospheric falls. The most important falls are in the form of rain in the valleys and snow falls in mountains. In Kosovo there are in average 160 rainy days per year.

The municipality of Prishtina is 572 km² and lies in the north-western part of Kosovo.

Table 1.2 shows that in 2006 the maximum temperature in July was 27.5 ° C, in July 2007 was 31.9 ° C, in August 2008 was 30.1 ° C, while minimum temperatures have been in January 2006, - 7.5 ° C, 2007, - 3.6 ° C, 2008, - 3.9 ° C.

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Table 1. 2: Air temperature in Prishtina, 2006 – 2008. °C

2006 2007 2008 Month Max Min Max Min Max Min January 0.6 -7.5 9.6 1.2 4.7 -3.9 February 4.1 -5 9.7 0.8 10.1 -2.7 March 9.8 0.3 13.6 2.3 13.2 1.7 April 17.2 6.9 19.2 3.9 17.2 5.6 May 21.3 9.1 22.8 10.5 28.8 8.7 June 24.9 12 28.2 14.2 26.3 13.1 July 27.5 13.7 31.9 14.5 27.8 14.2 August 27.2 13.5 30.4 15.3 30.1 14.6 September 23.4 10.3 22 8.7 21.6 9.7 October 19.5 6.1 15.5 6 19.6 6.0 November 10.5 1.4 6.4 -0.8 13.3 3.0 December 4.7 2.3 2.7 -3.6 7.1 0.7

Source: KFOR HQ Meteorological

The table below shows the total number of rainy days in Prishtina according to years, where in April 2006 the number of rainy days was 18 days and in November was 19 days.

Table 1. 3: Weather in Prishtina, 2006 – 2008. Number of days

2006 2007 2008 Month Rain/Snow Rain/Snow Rain/Snow Days Days Days January 12 10 13 February 16 12 6 March 15 8 13 April 18 9 12 May 10 18 9 June 13 8 11 July 8 3 10 August 13 8 5 September 9 11 13 October 7 18 5 November 6 19 8 December 8 13 19

Source: KFOR HQ Meteorological

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The table 1.4 presents the population estimations for 2006. The estimations were based on the statistical methods used for estimations, prognoses and projections. The total population in Kosovo in the end of 2006 have been 2 100 000 inhabitants, and in 2008 it has been estimated 2 153 000.

Table 1. 4: Total population in Kosovo, 2002–2008 (thousands)

Year Total population Women Men 2002 1 985 982 1 003 2003 2 016 988 1 028 2004 2 041 1 004 1 037 2005 2 070 1 010 1 060 2006 2 100 1 039 1 060 2007 2 126 1 052 1 074 2008 2 153 1 066 1 088

Source: SOK, Pub. Women and Men in Kosovo

Kosovo has a relatively “young” population, with almost one third less than 15 years old at the end of the scale and 6.8% aged 65 or more at the upper end. Such a structure is typical for the classical population pyramid. This also becomes visible if one computes the average size of the age groups used in labour market analysis for single years (see Figure 1.2).

Figure 1. 2: Population by age-groups and sex, 2007. In percent

70

60

50 e 40 2007 Male 30 Percentag 2007 Female

20

10

0 <15 15-24 25-54 55-64 65+ 15-64 Age

Source: SOK, Labour Force Survey 2007

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Table 1.5 presents the percentage change by year and economic activity. Those employed in agriculture in 2002 have made up about 10.3% while in 2004 they were 24.7%, but in 2007 the participation declined to 14.6%. The sectors that are dealing with public service jobs are employing more persons in 2007, than 2002.

Table 1. 5: Employed by economic activities, 2002–2007 in percent

Economic activity 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Agriculture 10.3 17.3 24.7 18.8 21.4 14.6 Miners 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.6 1.5 1.0 Manufacturing 10.7 10.5 8.6 9.6 7.3 10.4 Electricity 4.9 3.5 4.3 3.2 3.6 2.7 Construction 11.2 11.3 8,0 7.9 8.1 6.6 Trade 17,0 13.9 13.9 13.8 16.4 16.9 Hotels 3.9 3,0 3.3 3.5 2.8 3.9 Transport 4.1 4.4 4.7 4.2 3.7 4.5 Finance 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.1 Business 0.7 0.8 2.2 2.4 2.1 1.4 Public administration 8.7 9.4 6.7 8.2 7.8 9.6 Education 11.2 12,0 10.6 10.8 11.7 12.1 Health 5.7 5.1 4.6 5.2 5.4 7.0 Other 9.2 6.5 6.4 9.7 7.0 8.3

Source: SOK, Labour Force Survey

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Figure 1. 3: Employed by sex and economic activity 2007, percent

25

20

15 Male

10 Female Percentage

5

0 e y n r r ng t e ls ion e ri io e lth u rici rad rat a sport Oth Mining ruct T Hot inance st ucation He ect st ran F d El Agricultu T Businesssmini E Con Manufact ad ic bl u P

Source: Labour Force Survey, 2007

The most important sectors of female employment is education with a share of almost one quarter (20.2%), followed by agriculture (19.3%), health (16.5%), trade (15.1%), other branches and public administration above 9%, (9.7% and 9.2% , respectfully).

The smallest sectors in Kosovo are finance & insurance, mining and business real estate services indicating that the territory still lags far behind in the development toward a modern service-oriented economy.

In comparison with the previous year, the agriculture sector has decreased about 7% in the overall employment rate while the sector of production faced increase in about 3%; some other sectors had increase but some decrease in the general scale of employment.

The majority of people employed in public administration are working in the Education sector, followed by Health and Public peace and security. Meanwile in the environmental sector there was the lowest employment rate for the year 2003 and 2004. There were only 0,33 percent of the total number of employed person working in this sector, see Table 1.6.

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In 2005, the percentage of employees in the environmental sector reached 0.36%, while in the years 2006-2007 it was a slight decline, 0.29% of the overall amount of employment in this sector.

Table 1. 6: Total employees in public administration

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Sector %%% % % % General services 12.0 12.6 12.3 11.8 10.9 10.7 Public peace and other 18.9 20.8 21.7 23.4 23.5 23.4 Education 45.2 43.4 42.7 42.7 43.4 43.8 Health 19.5 18.4 17.9 17.6 17.8 17.6 Economy 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.4 1.7 1.8 Culture and recreation 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.4 Housing issues 1.6 1.7 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.0

Environment 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source: MPS, Division of Payroll and Payment Administration

Figure 1. 4: Total employees in public administration

Employees in public administration

50.0

45.0 General services 40.0 Public peace and other 35.0 Education 30.0 Health 25.0 Economy 20.0 Culture and recreation 15.0 Housing issues 10.0 Environment 5.0

0.0 %%%%%%

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Percentage by years

Source: MPS, Division of Payroll and Payment Administration

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GDP in Kosovo for years 2004-2007 has increased in value from 3 006 million euro to 3 434 million euro. GDP per capita has increased from 1 473 euros in 2004, to 1 612 in 2007.

Table 1. 7: GDP by expenditure approach for 2004-2007 by current price activity*

(Million euro) 2004 2005 2006 2007 GDP at current prices 3 006 3 068 3 192 3 434 Final consumption expenditure 3 298 3 435 3 560 3 913 Final consumption of households 2 539 2 706 2 865 3 248 Final consumption of Government 736 705 671 641 356 329 341 327 Donor (wages)* 380 376 330 314 Expatriates 248 258 213 197 Local employees 132 118 117 117 Final consumption expenditure of NPISH 24 24 25 23 Gross capital formation 701 722 798 893 Gross fixed capital formation 584 593 657 744 Changes on inventories 118 129 141 148 Net export -993 -1 089 -1 167 -1 372 Exports of good and services 212 215 286 357 Exports of goods 57 56 111 165 Exports of services 156 158 175 192 Imports of goods and services 1 206 1 303 1 453 1 729 Imports of goods 1 029 1 100 1 252 1 506 Imports of services 177 203 201 23 Population (1000) 2 041 2 070 2 100 2 130 GDP per capita (Euro) 1 473 1 482 1 520 1 612 . Source: SOK, Economic Statistics, National Accounts

* Includes salaries of employees residing in UNMIK (the salaries of international staff who stay longer than a year working in Kosovo, local staff who work with UNMIK, KFOR and other organizations

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2. Land use of agriculture land

The total land area of Kosovo of almost 1,1 million hectares consists of 570 000 hectares agricultural land out of which nearly 300 000 hectares are arable. Other agricultural lands are mainly pasture land (165 000 hectares) and meadows (90 000 hectares). The forest area counts around 450 000 hectares. The most detailed registration of land use can be found in the Cadastre register.

Figure 2.1: Use of agriculture land according to Cadastre Registry 2002, hectars

Other Water areas areas 5% 1%

Agricultural Forest land land 41% 53%

Source: Kosovo Cadastre Agency

The largest part of agricultural land, 38 percent, is utilized arable land and kitchen garden; the second largest category comprises of meadows and pastures, with 28%. According to the survey, 6 percent of agricultural land is left fallow in 2007. Around one third of the farmers who left land fallow indicate that this is due to the low economic profitability, see Figure 2.2 and 2.3.

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Figure 2. 2: Use of agriculture land, 2007

Other 5% Forestry 22% Arable land and kitchen gardens 38% Orchards and Vineyards 1%

Left fallow Meadows and 6% pastures 28%

Source: SOK, AHS 2007

Reasons why people let land left fallow in Kosovo are: low profitability, lack of inputs, lack of man power, lack of equipment for work, lack of genuine policy for the development of agriculture, lack of subsidies from the state, etc.

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Figure 2. 3: Reasons stated by farmers for land left fallow, percent

Low economic profitability

Lack of inputs

Lack of manpower

Lack of equipment

Crop rotation

Other

Lack of security

Mines

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Percent

Source: AHS, 2007

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Table 2.1 presents data on land use by municipalities in Kosovo. Prizreni possesses the largest area of land with 63 569 ha. Surfaces have approximately the same Podujeva to 63 333 ha, 60 363 ha with , Prishtina and Gjakova to 57 264 ha with 58 830 ha.

Table 2.1: Land use in Kosovo according to Cadastre Registry, (ha)

Agricultural Water Municipality Forest land Other areas Total area land areas Deçan 15 860 19 028 341 1 991 37 220 Gjakovë 23 296 26 753 896 7 885 58 830 Gllogovc 15 512 10 474 142 1 469 27 597 Gjilan 24 843 24 237 491 1 988 51 559 Dragash 34 430 6 434 201 1 578 42 643 Istog 23 233 20 692 324 1 191 45 440 Kaçanik 10 497 17 293 315 1 351 29 456 Klinë 17 767 11 566 377 1 231 30 941 Fushë Kosovë 7 128 1 382 100 929 9 539 Kamenicë 29 006 20 395 1 030 1 894 52 325 Mitrovicë 16 894 14 354 461 1 950 33 659 Leposaviq 23 273 27 512 521 2 664 53 970 Lipjan 24 686 12 962 326 2 198 40 172 Novobërdë 4 998 2 781 47 308 8 134 Obiliq 8 575 1 153 132 634 10 494 Rahovec 18 344 7 610 492 1 195 27 641 Pejë 31 274 25 715 841 2 533 60 363 Podujevë 34 193 25 968 617 2 555 63 333 Prishtinë 25 259 28 359 378 3 268 57 264 Prizren 34 574 24 800 784 3 411 63 569 Skenderaj 20 553 15 224 247 1 465 37 489 Shtime 6 449 6 377 106 525 13 457 Shtërpcë 13 651 10 332 201 608 24 792 Suharekë 19 373 15 070 444 1 255 36 142 Ferizaj 19 769 12 824 176 1 743 34 512 Viti 17 854 9 937 310 1 271 29 372 Vushtrri 21 756 10 431 718 1 618 34 523 Zubin Potok 10 133 20 773 1 037 1 434 33 377 Zveçan 5 379 5 970 129 837 12 315 Malishevë 15 672 13 842 159 1 004 30 677 Total 574 231 450 249 12 344 53 979 1 090 803

Source: Kosovo Cadastre Agency, 2002

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Agricultural land owned or used by domestic economies, according to AHS 2006 occupies about 71% of the total area of agricultural households. The remainder is forest and courtyard houses, see Table 2.2. The 2007 data shows that agricultural land, owned or operated by households, accounts for around 73.6 percent of the total land area of agricultural households. The remaining is land under forests and houseyards. Agricultural land consists of arable land, kitchen gardens, orchards, vineyards, greenhouses, meadows, pastures, and land left fallow (the kitchen gardens were pooled in the category of arable land for simplification of data collection).

Table 2. 2: Total agriculture land use by households 2006 - 2007, ha and percent.

2006 2007 Land use Area ha % Area ha % 1. Arable land and gardens 135 839 39.9 133 514 37.8 2. Orchards 3 159 3.6 4 277 1.2 3. Vineyards 951 0.3 844 0.2 4. Greenhouse 132 2.4 251 0.1 5. Meadows 87 007 20.9 95 218 27.0 Total cultivated land 227 088 67.1 234 104 66.3 6. Pastures 4 353 0.8 3 796 1.1 7. Left fallow 19 465 4.0 21 970 6.2 Total agriculture land 250 906 71.9 259 870 73.6 8. Forestry 48 252 7.7 76 171 21.6 9. House yard 17 056 19.5 13 029 3.7 10. Other 4 266 0.9 4 008 1.1 Total 320 480 100.0 353 078 100.0

Source: SOK, Agriculture Household Survey

Table 2.3 presents the distribution of farms by size. Farms are classified into 11 groups based on the area of agricultural land. Taking into consideration all the farmers together, 77.8% of agriculture land is under farms between 0.1 and 2 ha. A very fragmented structure hinders the development of farm and commercial agricultural production it leads to non – commercial, agriculture.

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Table 2. 3: Agriculture land by farm size and farm structure2, 2006

Large and specialized Small farms2 Total farms Farm size Nr. of farms % of farms Nr. of farms % of farms Nr. of farms % of farms

0 – 0,5 ha 26 074 13.5 9 3.4 26 083 13.5 0,51 – 1 ha 48 757 25.3 10 3.7 48 767 25.3 1,01 – 1,5 ha 59 307 30.8 9 3.4 59 316 30.8 1,51 – 2 ha 15 877 8.3 9 3.4 15 886 8.2 2,01 – 3 ha 25 276 13.1 17 6.4 25 293 13.1 3,01 – 4 ha 6 444 3.3 31 11.6 6 475 3.4 4,01 – 5 ha 3 738 1.9 20 7.5 3 758 2.0 5,01 – 6 ha 2 346 1.2 18 6.7 2 364 1.2 6,01 – 8 ha 2 079 1.1 34 12.7 2 113 1.1 8,01 – 10 ha 1 002 0.5 20 7.5 1 022 0.5 Over 10 ha 1 535 0.8 90 33.7 1 625 0.8 Total 192 435 100.0 267 100.0 192 702 100.0

Source: SOK, Agriculture Household Survey, 2006.

Taking all farms together the figure 2.4 shows that 28.1 percent of agricultural land is under farms between 05 - 1 ha. Average of agriculture land per agricultural household is 1.43 ha. This very fragmented farm structure impedes the development of commercial agriculture and perpetuates subsistence farming.

2 Definitions (small farms)

The definition of a household is a union of persons that live together and pool their income.

The definition of an agricultural household is one that possesses and cultivates more than 0.10 ha utilized arable land, or less than 0.10 ha utilized arable land but has at least:

1 cattle and a calf, or 1 cattle and 1 heifer, or 1 cattle and 2 grown sheep or goats, or 5 grown sheep or goats or 4 grown sheep and pigs together, or 3 grown pigs, or 50 grown poultry, or 20 beehives, or

More than 20 m² of fish pond.

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Table 2. 4: Agriculture land by farm size and farm structure, 2007

Small Farms Large and specialized farms Total Farm Size No.of % of No.of % of No.of % of Area (ha) Area (ha) Area (ha) farms farms farms farms farms farms

0,05 – 0,5 ha 37 457 11 756 20.4 4 1.3 3.8 37 461 11 757 20.4

0,51 – 1 ha 51 480 39 637 28.1 2 1.4 1.9 51 482 39 638 28.1

1,01 – 1,5 ha 43 135 53 522 23.5 2 2.8 1.9 43 137 53 525 23.5

1,51 – 2 ha 15 530 27 284 8.5 5 8.9 4.8 15 535 27 293 8.5

2,01 – 3 ha 20 043 48 921 10.9 10 26.1 9.6 20 053 48 947 10.9

3,01 – 4 ha 7 144 24 358 3.9 2 6.1 1.9 7 146 24 364 3.9

4,01 – 5 ha 3 175 14 060 1.7 10 44.6 9.6 3 185 14 105 1.7 5,01 – 6 ha 2 024 11 027 1.1 5 27.1 4.8 2 029 11 054 1.1 6,01 – 8 ha 1 967 13 412 1.1 9 64.2 8.7 1 976 13 476 1.1 8,01 – 10 ha 531 4 697 0.3 10 92.4 9.6 541 4 790 0.3 Over 10 ha 696 10 419 0.4 45 3159 43.3 741 13 578 0.4

Total 183 182 259 094 100 104 3434 100 183 286 262 527 100

Source: SOK, Agriculture Household Survey, 2007

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Figure 2. 4: Distribution of agricultural land in different farm size groups*

Over 10 ha 0.4

8,01 – 10 ha 0.3

6,01 – 8 ha 1.1

5,01 – 6 ha 1.1

4,01 – 5 ha 1.7

3,01 – 4 ha 3.9

2,01 – 3 ha 10.9

1,51 – 2 ha 8.5

1,01 – 1,5 ha 23.5

0,51 – 1 ha 28.1

0,05 – 0,5 ha 20.4

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

%

Source: SOK, Agriculture Household Survey, 2007

The livestock numbers presented in the table below are for 2006 and 2007. Cattle’s are the most important, of which 54 percent are dairy cows. Household economies have a small number of buffalo, about 273, which are included in the total number of specimen. In 2006, less than 1 per cent of the total numbers of farms in the specimen were large and specialized.

Cattle’s are the major livestock, of which 60 percent are dairy cows. Households have a small number of buffalo, around 275, which are included in total cattle. In 2007, less than 1 percent of the cattle herd were in the large and specialized household farms.

The average number of milking cows per agriculture household is 1.04. The average number of milking cows for those households that have milk cows is 1.49. Cattle number in 2007 compared to 2006 indicates a fall. This fall is also noticed in countries of region such as: Albania, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Croatia, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

* This figure (2. 4) does not include forestry, house yards and the category other

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Table 2. 5: Livestock number of 2006 and 2007.

Livestock number in Livestock number in Livestock type large sepcialized farms Total 2006 Total 2007 small farms 2006 2006

Cattle 379 029 2 966 381 995 321 624 Calves less than 6 months 81 512 667 82 179 68 176 Bulls and heifers 6 months to 1 year 61 886 421 62 307 43 090 Bulls and heifers 1 year to 2 years 21 506 236 21 742 14 177 Bulls and heifers more than 2 years 7 424 129 7 553 4 832 Milk cows 203 892 1490 205 382 189 706 Bulls 2 548 11 2 559 1 368 Buffalo 261 12 273 275 Pigs 68 096 127 68 223 39 591 Piglets up to 6 months 41 760 90 41 850 27 895 Bearing sows 18 051 27 18 078 10 423 Boars for insemination 8 285 10 8 295 1 273 Sheep and Goats 95 887 17 056 112 943 151 813 Lambs 15 364 2 973 18 337 18 519 Sheep for breeding 62 807 12 065 74 872 108 184 Rams for insemination 6 398 1 207 7 605 12 479 Goats 11 318 811 12 129 12 631 Horses and Donkeys 7 260 88 7 348 6 152 Horses 6 585 78 6 663 6 147 Donkeys 675 10 685 5 Poultry 2 224 386 300 147 2 524 533 2 278 129 Chickens 2 037 233 299 853 2 337 086 2 058 756 Other poultry 187 153 294 187 447 219 373 Beehives 72 007 162 72 169 60 952

Source: SOK, Agriculture Household Survey

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Table 2. 6: Imports of fertilizers and chemical substances 2007 - 2008

Flow Import Year 2007 2008 COMMODITY / Indicators Unit Quantity Value € Quantity Value € Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous Liter minerals, crude 1 397 440 308 485 1 588 620 646 637 Other Liter 191 553 682 2 051 With an octane number (RON) of less than 98 Liter 4 040 761 2 291 404 961 092 573 796 Petroleum jelly; paraffin wax, microcrystalline petroleum wax, slack wax, ozokerite, lignite wax, peat wax, other Liter mineral waxes, and similar products obtained by synthesis or by other processes, whether or not coloured 120 003 111 341 96,312 105 648 Animal or vegetable fertilisers, whether or not mixed together or chemically treated; fertilisers produced by the Liter mixing or chemical treatment of animal or vegetable products 196 848 19 188 59 645 5 562 Other Liter 753 580 138 205 204 580 45 840 Ammonium nitrate, whether or not in aqueous solution Kg 258 170 74 209 854 896 269 018 Mixtures of ammonium nitrate with calcium carbonate or Kg other inorganic non-fertilising substances 26 829 380 5 600 522 13 824 060 2 744 738 Mineral or chemical fertilisers containing the three Kg fertilising elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium 32 406 342 7 350 231 24 121 055 10 746 660

Source: SOK, Foreign Trade Statistics

Table 2.7 presents the percentage of households who use different types of fertilizers. NPK, often used as a base dressing at planting, is the most frequently used of all in-organic fertilizers, and most of the rest are NAG and Urea, which are mainly used as top dressing applications after crop germination. NPK is used by 67.4 percent of small farms and 80.3 percent of large farms, in 2006.

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Table 2. 7: Use of fertilizers and manure by household (%), 2006.

Small farms Large and specialized farms Type of fertilizers %% NPK 67.4 80.3 NAG 23.0 38.0 URE 37.3 43.1 Other 3.4 1.5 Manure 38.0 54.7

Source: SOK, AHS 2006

Table 2.8 presents the percentage of households who use different types of fertilizers in 2007. NPK is used by 60.6 percent of small farms and 74.1 percent of large farms in 2007.

Table 2. 8: Use of fertilizers and manure by household (%), 2007

Large and specialized Small farms Type of fertilizers farms %% NPK 60.6 74.1 NAG 11.3 31.5 URE 27.6 9.3 Other 1.5 7.4 Manure 59.1 53.7

Source: SOK, AHS 2007

Table 2.9, 2.10 and 2.11 shows the use of mineral and organic fertilizers in agriculture crops. The amount and the average use of fertilizers and manure per hectare is indicated. It is important to point out that the quantities are in gross terms. This means that there is no direct information about the net use of active substances in different fertilizers. Average amount of fertilizers used in small farms is 260 kg/ha while in large and specialized farms is 324 kg /ha. The average of the used amount of manure is 1 553 kg /ha.

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Table 2. 9: Use of fertilizers by crop groups 2006.

Fertilizers Yield NPK NAG URE Other Total kg/ha, Area/ha tonnes kg/ha tonnes kg/ha tonnes kg/ha tonnes kg/ha (NPK,NAG,URE, other) Grains 109 989 26 267 239 9 432 86 10 773 98 124,0 1 424 Vegetables 16 006 4 919 307 2 797 175 1 339 84 1 602 100 666 Fooder crops 96 766 7 906 82 1 975 20 2 918 30 185 2 134 Fruits 4 109 509,0 124 141 34 132 32 572 139 329 Other 111 0 2 0 1 : 0 : 0 3 Total 226 982 39 601 174 14 346 63 15 162 67 2 484 11 315

Source: SOK, AHS 2006

Table 2. 10: Use of fertilizers by farm type, 2007

Fertilizers

Total use of fertilizers Total (NPK, (cereals, vegetables, Ha NPK NAG URE Other Total NAG, URE, orchard, forage crops) Other)

Area (ha) ton kg/ha ton kg/ha ton kg/ha ton kg/ha ton kg/ha

Small farms 209 045 31 390 150.2 9 866 47.2 12 617 60.4 512 2.5 54 386 260.2 Large and specialized 2 917 513 175.7 322 110.3 111 38.1 1 0.3 947 324.5 farms Total 211 963 31 902 150.5 10 188 48.1 12 729 60.1 513 2.4 55 332 261.0

Source: SOK, AHS 2007

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Table 2. 11: Use of manure, 20073

Total use of manure Manure (cereals, vegetables, orchard, forage crops) Area farms (ha) ton kg/ha

Total 211 963 329 091 1 553

Source: SOK, AHS 2007

Table 2. 12: Use of manure by crop groups in 20064.

Manure Crops Area (ha) tons (t) kg/ha Grains 109 989 101 263 921 Vegetables 16 006 62 779 3 922 Fooder crops 96 766 140 063 1 447 Fruits 4 109 7 962 1 938 Other * 111 : : Total 226 982

Source: SOK, AHS 2006

3 This table does not include mineral and organic fertilizers used in the second crop (after the first harvest). Manure shows the use of mineral and organic fertilizers in agriculture crops 4 The table does not include fertilizer and manure used on the second crop, which are 233 tones NPK; 32 tones NAG; 2.6 tones URE and 3 132 tones manure. *Other includes industrial and medical crops, seedlings

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Table 2.13 shows irrigation land of cultivated land by regions. As reported from farmers, irrigated area is around 37 174 ha, which represents around 16.4 percent of the total cultivated area. By region, the largest share of irrigated land is in Gjakova, Peja and Prizren (table 2.13).

Table 2. 13: Irrigation of cultivated land by region

2005 2006 2007 Region % % % Irrigated area (ha) Irrigated area (ha) Irrigated area (ha) Prishtina 5 136 12.3 3 219 8.7 5 926 15.1 Mitrovica 3 416 8.2 3 187 8.6 4 207 10.7 Peja 13 429 32.1 11 692 31.5 12 700 32.3 Gjakova 12 967 31.0 13 362 35.9 10 694 27.2 Prizreni 4 588 11.0 3 403 9.2 2 552 6.5 Ferizaj 1 484 3.5 1 417 3.8 2 014 5.1 Gjilani 840 2.0 894 2.4 1 276 3.2 Kosova 41 860 100.00 37 174 100.00 39 369 100.00

Source: SOK, AHS

Table 2.14 presents irrigation of cultivated land by municipality in 2007. As reported from farmers, total irrigated area is 39 369 ha. By the region, the largest share of irrigated land is in Peja and Gjakova.

By municipality, largest share of irrigated land is in Peja, Deçan, Rahovec, Gjakova and Istog.

Irrigation is an agricultural investment that is costly, and some farms do not have possibilities to own it. During the agricultural year many farms are waiting for the rain to solve their problems.

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Table 2. 14: Irrigation of cultivated land by municipality, 2007

Irrigated area (ha) Irrigated area Not irrigated area Total area % irrigated Municipality (ha) (ha) (ha) land Kosovo 39 369 187 536 226 905 17.4 Deçani 3 865 3 922 7 786 49.6 Gjakova 2 995 7 080 10 075 29.7 Gllogovci 1 547 15 619 17 166 9.0 Gjilani 458 9 537 9 995 4.6 Dragashi 643 5 214 5 856 11.0 Istogu 2 793 6 218 9 011 31.0 Kaçaniku 224 3 590 3 814 5.9 1 820 6 499 8 319 21.9 F.Kosova 396 5 585 5 981 6.6 Kamenica 499 7 382 7 882 6.3 Mitrovica 1 214 5 181 6 395 19.0 Leposaviqi 30 680 709 4.2 Lipjani 971 6 164 7 135 13.6 Novobërda 237 1 253 1 490 15.9 Obiliqi 573 3 232 3 805 15.1 Rahoveci 3 835 5 689 9 524 40.3 Peja 8 087 6 670 14 757 54.8 Podujeva 1 493 11 650 13 142 11.4 Prishtina 710 7 557 8 267 8.6 Prizreni 958 4 675 5 633 17.0 Skenderaj 189 14 360 14 549 1.3 Shtimja 502 4 113 4 614 10.9 Shtërpca 532 636 1 168 45.5 Suhareka 836 6 738 7 574 11.0 Ferizaji 756 10 750 11 506 6.6 Vitia 319 7 854 8 173 3.9 Vushtrria 2 514 11 566 14 080 17.9 Z. Potoku 86 1 727 1 813 4.8 Zveçani 174 627 801 21.8 Malisheva 115 5 771 5 886 1.9

Source: SOK, AHS 2007

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3. BIODIVERSITY

3.1 Protected areas

Kosovo is known for its rich biodiversity. Geographical position, geographical factors, pedologic, hydrograph, landscape and climate are some of the factors that enabled Kosovo to have an enhanced biological diversity, landscape, floristic variety, vegetation and fauna.

In Kosovo territory the protected natural areas are counting a surface of 46 437 /ha (4.25 % of Kosovo territory). Another 195 areas are proposed to be protected. This includes 1 National Park (Sharr Mountain), 11 wildlife sanctuaries (Bifurcation of River Nerodime, Arneni reservoir, Ropsi Hill and Rusenica), 61 natural monuments (Gadime cave, defile, Saint Bridge, Old Logs) and two protected landscape (Germia and Mirusha).

Table 3. 1: Protected natural areas by category in Kosovo

Nr Description Nr. of zones Area (ha) 1 Natural reserves 11 847 Plants 7 Animals 2 Special 3 2 National Park 1 39 3 Nature monuments 59 4 874 Spelological 4 Hydrologic 10 Geomorfogic 5 Botanic 36 Memorial 3 Museum of crystals in Stanterg 1 4 Regional Park 2 1 681 5 Forestry park 2 35 Total 75 46 437

Source: KEPA

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Table 3. 2: Natural reserves by municipality, surface and year for establishment

Name Municipality Surface (hectare) Established year

Maja e Ropsit Pejë 20 1955 Gubavci Prizren 38 1959 Popovo prase Prizren 30 1960 Gazimestan Prishtinë 12 1953 Kozhnjeri Deçan 15 1955 Oshljaku Prizren 20 1960 Malet e Prelepit Deçan 1 1963 Rusenica Suharekë 300 1955 Bifurkacioni i lumit Nerodime Ferizaj 13 1979 Golem bor Prizren 35 1960 Kamilja Leposaviq 1988

Source: MMPH, INP

Table 3. 3: Protected zones in Kosovo and their clasification according to IUCN

Type of zones Rangu IUCN No. of zones Area/ha %

Nature zone I 11 698 1.5

National park II 1 39 000 84.6

Natyral monuments III 35 4 867 10.6

Protected land cape IV 2 1 681 3.2 Total 49 46 246 100.00

Source: MESP, INP (2005)

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Map of protected zones in Kosovo territory

Source: MESP, INP and GIS

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In order to protect the rare and endangered species of fauna, the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning through a decision nr.04/03, of 23d of May 2003 has listed the names of the rare species of mammalian and announced them fully protected. Article 3 which says that, in particular it is forbidden, every uptake of deliberate, isolation, keeping and trade of these animals. The listed species are as follow:

Table 3. 4: Mammalian species fully protected

Latin name English name Ursus arctros Brown bear Lynx lynx Lynx lynx Rupicarpa rupicarpa Chamois Capreolus capreolus Roe deer Felis sylvestris Wild cat Cervus elaphus Red deer Scirius vulgaris Squirrel Martes martes Marten Martes foina Marten white Muscardinus avellanarius Hazel Dormouse

Source: MESP, KEPA

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3. 2 Natural hydrological monuments

Table 3.5 shows the natural monuments protected by hydrological importance that have stretch in some municipalities, and also have different surfaces. Bistrica River flow in Prizren area is 200 ha. Source Water Drini i Bardhë the waterfall and gorge in the Radavc in Peja, 89.94 ha, Drini i Bardhe inlet of the bridge Ura e Shejtë, Gjakovë - Rahovec, 73 860 ha.

Table 3. 5: Natyral monuments of protected hydrological importance

Year of Category of Monument nomination Municipality Area (ha) protection protection

River Bistrica Spout Prizren 200 1976 III Bifurcation of Nerodima Ferizaj 12.3 1979 III Drini i Bardhe water spring with the waterfall and the cave in Radavc Peja 89.9 1983 III

River flow Mirusha Malisheva, Klina 10.0 1983 III Mineral water spring in Dresnik Klina 6.8 1985 III Thermo mineral water spring in Vuqa Leposaviq 16 1988 III

Water spring in Revuça Podujeva 1.0 1988 III Mineral water spring in Sallabaj Podujeva 31 1988 III Waterspring in Shakovica Podujeva 1.0 1988 River Klina Spout Klina 1 4001985 : Rugova Canyon Peja 4 3001985 : Drini i Bardhe Canyon at the Ura e Shenjte Gjakova, Rahovec 73.9 1986 III

Source: MESP, INP

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4. WASTE

Waste includes all items that people no longer have any use for, which they either intend to get rid of or have already discarded. Additionally, wastes are such items which people are required to discard, for example by law because of their hazardous properties. Many items can be considered as waste e.g., household rubbish, sewage sludge, wastes from manufacturing activities, packaging items, discarded cars, old televisions, garden waste, old paint containers etc. Thus all our daily activities can give rise to a large variety of different wastes arising from different sources. There are a number of different options available for the treatment and management of waste including prevention, minimisation, re-use, recycling, energy recovery and disposal. Land filling is seen as the last solution/option and should only be used when all the other options have been exhausted.

Comunal waste: Are all those type of waste collected and processed by communal waste companies. This category of waste includes; family waste, hazardous waste, wholesale and retail trade waste, construction waste, public agencies and small business waste, waste from garden, street containers, shopping areas containers. This group of waste includes also remains of sewage water system, city construction and road reconstruction.

Collective dwellings waste collection: Is this type of communal waste collection carried out by communal waste companies by collecting all waste deposit in a given place, near to the collective dwelling.

Door to door waste collection: Is this type of communal waste collection where companies according to operational plan visited the family dwelling to collect their garbage.

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Table 4. 1: Amounts of municipal waste collected in Kosovo by kind of waste collection, 2007

Collective Door to Door Total Dwellings [1000 tonnes] [1000 tonnes] [1000 tonnes] Prishtina & sourrounding 88 94 182 Other regions in Kosovo 56 92 148 Total 144 186 330

Source: SOK, Survey on Municipal Waste 2007

The total amount of municipal waste in Kosovo for 2007 is a little more than 300 000 tones.

Chart 4. 1: Percentage of waste collected from collective dwellings and “Door to Door” for all Kosovo.

Kosovo

Collective Dwellings Door to 44% Door 56%

Source: SOK, Survey on Municipal Waste 2007

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Chart 4. 2: Percentage of waste collected from collective dwellings and “Door to Door” for Pristina and region.

Pristina & region

Collective Door to dwellings door 48% 52%

Source: SOK, Survey on Municipal Waste 2007

Chart 4. 3: Percentage of waste collected from collective dwellings and “Door to Door” for Rest off Kosovo.

Other regions in Kosovo

Collective dwellings 37% Door to door 63%

Source: SOK, Survey on Municipal Waste 2007

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In Kosovo the door to door collection is just above 50 %. However if you consider Prishtina and surroundings and the rest of Kosovo the door to door collection is more dominant in the rest of Kosovo.

Table 4. 2: Amounts of municipal waste collected in Kosovo 2007, per person.

Collected Population Waste/person and Region amounts Population6 (kg/capita) day [kg/capita] (1000 tonnes)

Prishtina and sorrounding5 182 500 000 332 0.9

Rest of Kosovo 148 1 600 000 95 0.3 Total 330 2 100 000 157 0.4

Source: SOK, Survey on Municipal Waste 2007

Figure 4. 4: Amounts of municipal waste collected in Kosovo 2007, per person and year.

Waste /person and year [kg/capita]

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Prishtina and region Other regions in Total Kosovo

. 5 Pristina, Gllogoci, Fushë Kosova, Lipjani & Podujeva. 6 Population is estimated based on total live births in 2007

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In Kosovo the municipal waste was 157 kg per person in 2007. However it differs very much regionally. In Pristina and surroundings it was 0.9 kg per person and day. For the rest of Kosovo it was much less.

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Table 4.3: List of waste-dangerous substance, collection site, quality and stored in Kosovo, 2006

Waste Hazardous Details /Provided Quantity /Unit Location Municipality substances by:

Waste and solid 49045 m³ Kosova A Kastriot REC/MESP chemical substances

Waste and solid 186 ton Kosova A Kastriot REC/MMPH chemical substances

Radioactive sources 34 units Kosova A Kastriot REC/MESP Waste and solid Trepca 25505 m³ Mitrovice DANIDA/MESP chemical substances Foundry

Calcium Hypochlorite 6.5 ton Shipol Mitrovice MESP/KFOR

Waste and solid 6300 t+ Metallurgy Mitrovice PIM/MESP chemical substances 165 barrels

Waste and liquid 600/l Metallurgy Mitrovice PIM/MESP chemical substances

Waste and chemical Chemical 2000/l Mitrovice PIM/MESP substances industry

Waste anc solid 10 ton First tunnel Mitrovice PIM/MESP chemical substances

Radioactive sources 3 power First tunnel Mitrovice PIM/KPC/MESP

Waste and solid Industrial 8500 kg Mitrovice PIM/KPC/MESP chemical substances park

Waste and liquid Industrial 42900/l Mitrovice PIM/KTMK/MESP chemical substances park

PCB Oils 4 - trafo Lead plant Zvecan DANIDA/MESP

Waste and solid 136 tonnes Lead plant Zvecan DANIDA/MESP chemical substances

Different solutions 2 ton Metallic Janjeve MESP/KFOR

Waste and solid 7.0 m³ Metallic Janjeve MESP/KFOR chemical substances

Waste of photo films 3000 /kg IMK - plant. Ferizaj MESP

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Table 4.3 (cont): List of waste-dangerous substance, collection site, quality and stored in Kosovo, 2006

X ray 3 pcs IMK - plant. Ferizaj MESP

Waste and liquid Plant of 20 tonnes Ferizaj MESP chemical substances tools.

Waste in photo films 2.5 tonnes Tools plant Ferizaj MESP

Textile colours, 9100 kg Sharr - tex Sharr KFOR - KPC chemical substances

Waste of solid chemical 4370 kg Sharr - tex Sharr KFOR - KPC substances

Used oils 1200/l 'Adi' Lipjan

184 rings of Radioactive waste Youth Palace Prishtine Americium

Waste and solid chemical Mine - 85 tons Leposavic KFOR waste Trepce

Shoe and Solid chemical waste 22.2 tonns leather Pejë MESP factory

Factory of Waste and liquid 173401 the vehicle Pejë KFOR-MESP chemical waste spare parts

Factory of Waste and solid chemical 200 kg the vehicle Pejë KFOR/MESP substances spare parts

Waste and solid chemical Factory of 6180 kg Sharr KFOR/KPC substances shartex

Waste and liquid Factory of 3265 1 Sharr KFOR/KPC chemical substances shartex

Solid chemical Laboratory 231.8 kg KFOR/KPC substances Kishnice

Laboratory Plastic barrels with acid 9 barrels KFOR/KPC Kishnice

Laboratory Unknown plastic boxes 9 barrels KFOR/KPC Kishnice

Bottled substances Laboratory 15 pcs KFOR/KPC without label Kishnice Waste and solid chemical Textile 5 tonns Gjakove KFOR/KPC substances Factory

Central Out of date medicines More than 10 tonnes Prishtine Pharmacy

Family Out of date medicines 1 ton Ferizaj MESP medicine

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Table 4.3 (cont): List of waste-dangerous substance, collection site, quality and stored in Kosovo, 2006

Genti Farm Private property - Out of date medicines 200 kg MESP (Pharmacy) Cagllavice

Storage area Out of date medicines 15 tonnes Prizren MESP of Farmakos

Family Out of date medicines 5 tonnes Dardane MESP medicine

Family Out of date medicines 3 tonnes Shterpce MESP medicine

Family Out of date medicines 5 tonnes Prizren MESP medicine

Storage area Out of date medicines in 1236 paces of Agani Prishtine MESP a form of tablets Company

Storage area Out of date medicines in 5269 paces of Agani Prishtine MESP ampoules Company

The storage Out of date medicines 8729 paces area of Agani Prishtine MESP (antibiotics) Company

The storage Out of date medicines in 4581 paces area of Agani Prishtine MESP a form of syrup Company The storage Out of date insecticides 143 paces area of Agani Prishtine MESP Company The main storage area Out of date medicines 10 tons Millosheve MESP of the medicines Family Medical waste 5 tonns/year Therande MESP Medicine Family Medical waste 40 tonns/year Gjakove MESP Medicine Family Medical waste 14.2 tonns/year Sharr MESP Medicine Family Medical waste 2 tonns/year Decan MESP Medicine Family Medical waste 60 tonns/year Prishtine MESP Medicine

Family Medical waste 27 tonns/year Peje MESP Medicine

Family Medical waste 5.5 tonns/year Gjilan MESP Medicine

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Table 4.3 (cont): List of waste-dangerous substance, collection site, quality and stored in Kosovo, 2006

Family Medical waste 14 tonns/year Vushtrri MESP Medicine Family Medical waste 2 tonns/year Burim MESP Medicine Family Medical waste 8 tonns/year Prizren MESP Medicine Family Medical waste 22 tonns/year Mitrovice MESP Medicine Family Medical waste 24 tonns/year Viti MESP Medicine

Source: MESP (Waste Management Division), State of Environment Report 2006-2007

Waste "management" shall mean the collection, transport, recovery and disposal of waste, including the supervision of such operations and after- care of disposal sites.

In Kosovo there are public companies that are dealing with the Municipality waste. Usually each of the Communes has it’s own Services Enterprise. Apart from of that organization there are companies that collect and store the waste. Some of the collecting material such as end of life vehicles and other metal stock are exported.

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Map of Kosovo

Source: SOK

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Table 4. 4: Landfills in Kosovo territory by surface (ha)

Sanitary landfills Region Type of the site Habitants Time period Donor

Prishtine, F. Prishtine Kosove, Lipjan, Regional 724 25115 EAR Obiliq, Gllogoc Gjilan, Kamenice, Viti, Gjilan Regional 242 19515 EAR Ferizaj, Novoberde Prizren, Suhareke, Prizren Malisheve, Regional 316 72815 EAR Rahovec, Gjakova Podujeve Podujeve Municipal 131 300 15 EAR Mitrovice, Mitrovice Vushtrri, Regional 250 00015 Danida Skenderaj

Peje, Decan, Peje Regional 250 000 COOP Kline, Istog

Sharr Sharr Municipal 27 000 16 EAR

Ferizaj, Shtime, Kacanik, Ferizaj Transfer station 210 120 EAR Shterpce, Hani i Elezit

Zvecan Zvecan Municipal 15 EAR 2 151 159

Source: MESP- KEPA (Waste Management Division), State of Environment Report 2006-2007

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5. Water

5.1 Water resources

The drinking water we receive from our local drinking water utilities or individual wells come from ground water, streams, rivers, springs or lakes in a watershed. Although most water requires some treatment before use, protecting this source water is an important part of providing safe drinking water to the public. Protecting drinking water sources usually requires the combined efforts of many partners such as public water systems, communities, resource managers and the public. Water is indispensable for life, not only for drinking water, but also for raising crops and animals for food. Throughout history, cities and villages have grown up near sources of water, for drinking, survival, and transportation. In Kosovo the water reserves are limited, and not well distributed in whole territory. In the country there are four big drainage basins named Drini i Bardhe, Ibri, Morava e Binces, Lepeneci. Underground water is located mainly in the western part of Kosovo. Also there is a limited number of natural lakes and during the years some artificial lakes were set up to help the land irrigation and the further running of industrial production. In Kosovo the water reserves are estimated at the level of 1 600m3/ water per second.

Table 5. 1: Regional water reserve

The water quantity The water quantity No Source consumed in m3/per Percentage % consumet in m3/daily year

1 Natyral sources 153 264 55 941 360 32.1 2 Reservoirs 7 749 2 828 385 1.6 3 Rivers 11 191 4 084 715 2.3 Lake ( superficial 4 accumulation 279 260 101 929 900 58.4 5 Well 26 340 9 614 100 5.5 Total 477 804 174 398 460 100

Source: MESP- KEP (State of Environment Report 2006-2007)

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Table 5. 2: Regional offers of public services water supply Services in Kosovo

Regional offers of water supply Services in Kosovo KRUK "South KRUK KRUK "Regional KRUK KRUK KRUK KRUK Prishtina hydroregion" "Hidrodrini" water system" "Radoniq"(Gjako "Bifukarcioni" "Hidromorava" (Prishtinë) (Prizren) (Pejë) (Mitrovica) vë) (Ferizaj) (Gjilan) Municipalities Municipalities Municipalities Municipalities Municipalities Municipalities Municipalities Prishtinë Prizren Pejë Mitrovicë Gjakovë Ferizaj Gjilan Total Details Fushë Kosovë Dragash Istog Skenderaj Rahovec Kaçanik Viti Obiliq Therandë Klinë Vushtrri Kamenicë Podujevë Deçan Lipjan Junik Shtime Drenas Number of population in the 617 500 380 000 258 000 400 000 220 000 200000 107 000 2 182 500 area of service

Population 586 700 191 500 130 871 320 000 160 000 130000 94 500 1 613 571 supplied (73,%)

Produced water 45 080 060 14 856 386 31 282 887 16 750 478 19 960 537 4 278 939 6 627 071 138 836 358 (m3/year)

Source: MESP- KEPA (State of Environment Report 2006-2007)

5. 2 Water Quality

Table 5.3 presents data on the quality of drinking water during 2007, the water supplier in the , which mainly meets standards prescribed for drinking water from Institute of Public Health.

Table 5. 3: Quality of drinkable water in Kosovo, 2007

Bacteriological examination Chemical examination Total Chlor samples resistant Sample Contamined % Sample Contamined % 9 577 522 5.50 3 454 165 4.7 13 049 0.1 - 0.2

Source: Institute of Public Health

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5. 3 Waste water

Regarding the urban polluted waters there is no monitoring of waters from the municipal sewage system. The management municipal sewage system management is the responsibility of public companies. Around 28-30% of urban settlements are connected to the central system for polluted waters, though there are not water processors (waste water treatment plants) to treat polluted waters in Kosovo. Urban constructions and reconstructions have contributed negatively to the system. Self funding is not possible and the cost of returns is below 15-21%. Professional management capacity is low in all aspects. Another big problem is the big infiltration of dirty waters. The filter channels are being blocked by waste and they threat to cause floods and other environmental threats.

Land and underground waters are not protected from pollution nor the sanitary determined zones are respected. Untreated water quality for population supply differs from region to region. The contents of ground waters depends on the mineral land composition through which the water flows as well as equippers` structure. Around 56% of the population uses untreated water sources. This represents a serious problem taking into account the disregard of standards for sanitary zone.

5. 4 Monitoring waste of water from industry and agriculture

Industrial polluted waters are the main polluters of ground and underground water. The industry needs for water are 150 milion m³ which represent around 30% of general expenditures. Biggest polluters are KEK, Trepca Mines, and other mines. There are very few mechanisms to treat industrial waters ( in the Industrial Park in Mitrovica).

Energy supply is conducted from the thermo energy plants using lignite. Two energy plants of 1 513 MW capacity use water only for chilling. The waste of water from the use of fertilizer and pesticeds is complitely unknown.

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6. Energy and air

6.1 Energy

Kosovo power system is dominated by a vertically integrated monopoly KEK - that operates two lignite mines, two lignite-fired power plants, the transmission and distribution networks, and a dispatching center. The only significant power plant outside KEK is a hydro power plant Gazivode / Ujman (2x17.5 MW) that is operated by an irrigation company (Hidrosystem -). Although nominally the installed capacities are sufficient to meet the Kosovo demand, due to the years of inadequate maintenance, the reliability and the output of the plants and equipment is seriously affected, hence actually available capacities have been considerably reduced. Technical losses in the system are estimated as high and above industry average (~18%). 60% of delivered energy in the HV system is currently billed, of which 61% was collected in 2001 and 58% in 2002. Due to the massive financial support of the donors after the conflict, the power supply situation was about to start improving, when two consecutive severe accidents happened at the power plant Kosovo B and the Bardhi mine in 2002, which seriously crippled the system’s ability to meet the rapidly growing demand.

Neighboring Power Systems

The Kosovo power system has direct interconnection lines to the systems of Albania, Montenegro, Serbia and FYROM. All of these systems are net electricity importers, except Serbia. This fact presents an opportunity for a potential investment in a new export oriented, lignite- fired power plant in Kosovo. In addition, the Albanian system is almost 100% hydro based, while the Kosovo’s one is ~100% thermal based. These complementarities offer an opportunity for close cooperation between the two systems, and optimized power exchanges, i.e. base- load power from Kosovo for peak-load power from Albania. Prior to the conflict, annual electricity generation in Kosovo was in the order of 4 500 GWh, out of which 60-80% was consumed in Kosovo, and the rest was exported. In the year 2000, the energy consumption (after loadshedding) was 2 849 GWh, in 2001 it was 3 111 GWh, and in 2002 - 3 321 GWh. In the last 10 years a pronounced change has taken place in the share of electricity consumption among the different categories:

49 Facts on the Environment households’ and services’ shares increased from 26% to 75% and from 7% to 13%, respectively, while the industry’s share dropped from 67% to 12%. The total number of present customers is estimated to about 360 000. The use of electricity for heating accounts for 64.2% of supplied energy and the ratio between the monthly energy consumption in December and in July is 2.4 times.

Lignite is of outstanding importance to electricity generation in Kosovo. It contributes to 97% of the total electricity generation, 3% being hydro based power generation. Considering all the potential sources for power generation in Kosovo, coal safely maintains its leading position. The Kosovo lignite mines are operated at one of the most favorable lignite deposits in due to its geological conditions. With an average stripping ratio of 1.7 m³ of waste to 1 ton of coal, coal production at Kosovo mines could supply very competitive fuel to the power plants, compared to international fuel sources and energy prices. The total estimated economically exploitable resources of app. 10 000 million tons represent one of the richest lignite resources in Europe, which would allow ambitious power generation and expansion schemes in the forthcoming decades.

There are two major lignite basins: Kosova lignite basin and Dukagjini lignite basin and also smaller lignite basins like: , Malishevë, Babush i Muhaxherëve, and one potential lignite basin in southern part of Kosovo. The lignite of the Kosova basin belongs to the upper Miocene and has an age of about 9 million years. The thickness of the coal seam varies between 56 m and 70 m. The original overburden overage shows a thickness of 60 m -120 m. Kosovo has the total estimated resources of app. 10 000 million tons.

No hydrocarbon resources are available and no refinery capacity exists in Kosovo. Further, Kosovo is located in mountainous areas with long distance from a coastline with port infrastructure and terminals. Kosovo is fully dependent on imported petroleum products from all the neighboring countries and regions: FYROM, Albania and Union of Montenegro and Serbia (UMS). Nearly all petroleum importation today takes place in the shape of road transportation through seven import crossing points. The railway capacity is not utilized although the railway system is connected to the common petroleum terminals (tank farms) with loading and unloading facilities.

Introduction of natural gas in Kosovo has initially been planned in the late 1980’s, mainly for use in the industrial sector.

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Table 6. 1: Production of lignite and electrical energy, import and export of electrical energy (KWH) 2006, 2007 and 2008

Coal Electricity (KWh) Consumption (KWh) Year - Month production (tonnes) Production Imports Exports Public Commercial 2006-01 554 909 437 430 37 920 3 100 136 160 59 477 2006-02 714 433 337 476 66 432 3 300 122 656 57 004 2006-03 495 023 386 890 40 962 4 220 143 836 67 683 2006-04 448 596 289 507 64 577 12 858 126 039 59 135 2006-05 485 395 246 773 72 740 3 258 128 117 62 040 2006-07 337 472 231 604 46 662 12 898 123 107 56 182 2006-08 431 503 350 576 7 200 104 220 95 031 49 218 2006-09 435 000 281 518 28 365 37 958 100 305 54 693 2006-09 707 065 287 945 40 720 38 069 116 333 52 128 2006-10 535 888 276 455 65 980 14 960 112 452 50 410 2006-11 631 578 397 886 26 990 14 266 127 748 66 225 2006-12 755 486 446 542 39 268 4 190 126 822 62 316 2006 6 532 348 3 970 602 537816 253 297 1 458 606 696 511 2007-01 617 244 433 858 58 800 5 554 141 213 64 694 2007-02 741 109 378 099 85 841 13 690 141 470 64 817 2007-03 669 650 393 782 57 702 11 785 127 493 65 013 2007-04 459 964 372 190 19 978 40 138 125 121 61 662 2007-05 414 443 424 205 1 720 120 863 119 353 60 427 2007-06 623 983 351 824 3 750 82 867 115 000 61 559 2007-07 532 991 266 702 34 910 17 995 113 470 75 133 2007-08 496 905 280 655 52 560 36 398 113 271 82 798 2007-09 439 971 162 825 149 128 3 790 112 875 82 172 2007-10 461 776 313 489 93 320 21 798 113 943 85 670 2007-11 505 799 440 483 36 146 3 720 137 531 92 166 2007-12 751 517 491 289 29 534 1 310 142 790 91 758 2007 6 715 352 4 309 399 623 389 359 908 1 503 530 887 869 2008-01 772 785 452 919 71 681 80 156 573 92 008 2008-02 697 825 369 103 91 938 80 160 552 98 231 2008-03 621 897 422 963 39 146 14 810 149 480 97 387 2008-04 579 200 374 114 47 080 29 397 142 478 103 966 2008-05 481 490 315 958 60 561 20 020 132 833 109 987 2008-06 545 149 302 150 10 580 21 347 125 347 98 043 2008-07 506 668 354 848 0 36 491 115 612 94 494 2008-08 572 010 275 386 53 782 4 519 121 406 100 767 2008-09 534 531 371 561 44 552 40 557 128 376 114 356 2008-10 1 049 284 409 267 61 151 40 345 135 598 125 493 2008-11 773 163 424 257 63 408 23 780 141 105 126 009 2008-12 708 035 433 166 103 596 3 550 157 580 113 257 2008 7 842 037 4 505 692 647 475 234 976 1 666 940 1 273 998

Source: Energetic Corporation of Kosovo

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Table 6. 2: Production of lignite and electrical energy, import and export of electrical energy (KWH) 2006, 2007 and 2008

Coal Electricity (KWh) Consumption (KWh) Year Production (tonnes) Production Imports Exports Public Commercial

2006 6 532 348 3 970 602 537 816 253 297 1 458 606 696 511

2007 6 715 352 4 309 399 623 389 359 908 1 503 530 887 869

2008 7 842 037 4 505 692 647 475 234 976 1 666 940 1 273 998

Source: Energetic Corporation of Kosovo

Table 6. 3: Production of coal 2002- 2008

Norm of produce coal Year Produce of coal (1 000 t) by years (%) 2002 5 528 - 2003 6 465 16.9% 2004 5 658 -12.5% 2005 6 391 13.0% 2006 6 532 2.2% 2007 6 715 2.8% 2008 7 842 16.8%

Source: SOK, Economic Statistics Department (Balance of Energy in Kosovo, 2002-2008.)

Table 6.4: Import of gas, 2004-2008

Norm of gas import by Year Import of gas (1 000 t) years (%) 2004 9 057 51.2% 2005 13 694 41.6% 2006 19 394 30.0% 2007 25 208 25.2% 2008 31 568 25.2%

Source: SOK, Economic Statistics Department (Balance of Energy in Kosovo, 2002-2008)

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Figure 6. 1: Import of gas 2004-2008 (1 000 t)

35.000 30.000 25.000 20.000 15.000 10.000 5.000 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Import of Gas

Source: SOK, Economic Statistics Department (Balance of Energy in Kosovo, 2002-2008.)

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7. TRANSPORT

In Kosovo there are a lot of cars used by companies and private users. Usualluy they are old cars which emmitted a considerable carbon dioxide in the atmosfere. In Kosovo there is a Law on the AIR PROTECTION, but it is not yet implemented properly. Also it is very difficult to have any information regarding the year of car production and their actual stock in Kosovo. Neverthe less the data coming from Household Budget Survey shows that 54% of the Kosovars families do have a car. The table 7.1 give some information on number of cars entries during the period 2006 - 2008.

Table 7.1: Motor vehicles for 2006, 2007 and 2008

Year Cars Jeep Bus Pick-up/Van Truck Motorbike Trailer Other Total

2006 120 931 5 136 817 14 851 7 561 934 1 100 6 399 15 7729 2007 144 610 6 466 1 063 17 017 9 412 1 307 1 539 6 710 188 124 2008 159 522 7 346 1 242 19 329 10 630 2 817 3 344 7 071 211 301

Source: MPS, Car Registration Office1) Up to 3,5 t.

Table 7. 2: Import of petrol 2004- 2008 in thousands tonnes

Year Import of petrol Yearly changes

2004 363 547 - 2005 352 940 -2.9% 2006 357 497 1.3% 2007 370 962 3.8% 2008 422 496 13.9%

Source: SOK, Economic Statistics Department (Balance of Energy in Kosovo, 2002-2008)

54 Facts on the Environment

7.1 AIR

Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live. Air is 99.9% nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. Human activities can release substances into the air, some of which can cause problems for humans, plants, and animals. There are several main types of pollution and well-known effects of pollution which are commonly discussed. These include smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and "holes" in the ozone layer. Each of these problems has serious implications for our health and well-being as well as for the whole environment. One type of air pollution is the release of particles into the air from burning fuel for energy. Diesel smoke is a good example of this particulate matter. The particles are very small pieces of matter measuring about 2.5 microns or about .0001 inches. This type of pollution is sometimes referred to as "black carbon" pollution. The exhaust from burning fuels in automobiles, homes, and industries is a major source of pollution in the air.

Another type of pollution is the release of noxious gases, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and chemical vapors. These can take part in further chemical reactions once they are in the atmosphere, forming smog and acid rain.

The main environmental air indicators can be devided into tree:

ƒ Emissions (pressure indicators) ƒ Air Quality (status of indicators) ƒ Measures taken and their efficiency (respons indicators)

Air emisssions:

The main source of air polution emissions are:

ƒ Static industrial sources; usualy concentrated in industrial areas and settlements with high polution densities; ƒ Trafic ƒ Construction areas, quarries, cedent factories ƒ Sources with large incineration plants.

55 Facts on the Environment

The main problem emmissions are: NOx, CO2, CO, O3, SO2, black smoke and dust. To monitore these emissions it is necessary to measure their concentration and to define their Maximum Concentration (MPC) in the environment.

Air Quality Monitoring

Table 7. 3: Air quality monitoring, according to current network in Mitrovica and IHMK 2005-2008, Total Deposit Dust (TDD)7, mg/m²day

Monitoring points 2005 2006 2007 2008 IHMK 205 601 207 932 155 587 195 871 AM10 120 345 130 225 1 248 054 249 755 AM11 125 542 103 712 127 907 134 812 AM12 301 23 273 773 213 197 328 78 AM13 129 512 183 117 120 471 119 914 AM14 159 18 137 65 119 914 210 489 AM15 142 021 125 336 2 898 926 1 030 792 AM16 106 238 107 422 2 263 313 769 76 AM17 121 012 102 135 1 336 365 78 559 AM18 132 279 97 682 79 21 104 272

Source: MESP-KEPA

7 TDD, Total Deposited Dust in mg/m².days

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Table 7. 4: Maximum Limit Value of smoke- black in monitoring point HMIK, 2005-2008, µg/m³

January February March April May June July August September October November December 2005, smoke - black 15.4 11.1 25.6 25.6 29.4 42.9 35.0 2006, smoke - black 56.7 34.2 17.9 20.9 16.0 16.3 15.9 15.3 22.8 32.1 35.6 47.5 2007, smoke - black 28.1 20.8 18.1 20.4 11.7 11.8 16.1 19.8 19.4 31.3 25.9 42.9 2008, smoke - black 49.3 28.1 17.2 15.0 15.4 15.8 18.4 19 21.2 31.6 33.1 24.5 MLV, smoke - black 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Source: MESP-KEPA

Table 7.4 shows that in November 2005 and January 2006 were registered the highest values of dust in Kosovo. With a monthly average value respectively of 42.9 µg/m³ and 56.7 µg/m³.

Table 7. 5: Average values of soot in IHMK point monitoring for the period 2005-2007, µg/m³

Months/Year I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

2005 : : : : : 15.4 11.1 25.6 25.6 29.4 42.9 35.0

2006 56 7 34 17 9 20 9 16 16 3 15 9 15 3 22 8 32 35 6 47 5

2007 28 1 20 8 18 1 20 4 11 7 11 8 16 1 19 8 19 4 31 3 25 9 42 9 MLV 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Source: MESP-KEPA

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Table 7.6 with the highest average value of total deposited dust was in point monitoring AM10, AM11, AM 12 and AM15.

Table 7.6: The average total dust deposited on the first six months of 2008 at the monitoring points in Mitrovica, mg/m²day

Monitoring Point AM10 AM11 AM12 AM13 AM14 AM15 AM16 AM17 AM18 Annual Value 260.1 163.5 264.9 150.5 104.4 90.7 95.9 156 Maximum Limited Value 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

Source: MESP-KEPA

Table 7.7 presents average values of SO2 µg/m³ and dust which have been for the high SO2 values in May 25.4 µg/m³, while the dust in January 2008 was 49 µg/m³

Table 7. 7: Average monthly values of SO2 and dust for the first six months of 2008 at the monitoring point in IHMK, µg/m³

Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

SO2, 2008 9.7 14.1 11 6.184 25.477 16 33.6 Maximum Limited Value, SO2 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

Soot, 2008 49 28.2 17.2 15.05 15.404 16 18.5 Maximum Limited Value, Soot 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Source: MESP-KEPA

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Table 7.8 presents the level of aerosediment in the average values, for the first six months of 2008 is the total deposited dust, followed by the unmelted materials and wasted.

Table 7.8: Aero sediment average values for the first six months of 2008 at the monitoring point in IHMK mg / (m² • d)

Parameters TDD Not dissolved Dissolved Chloride Sulphates materials materials Ph Parameters mg/(m2·d) mg/(m2·d) mg/(m2·d) mg/l mg/l Ph mg (m².d)

130 009 72 719 57 28 2 76 3 64 7 425 Average value

Source: MESP-KEPA

59

Statistical Office of Kosovo, a brief description The Statistical Office of Kosovo (SOK) is a professional office operating since 1948. The SOK passed through some of the historic phases and it has been structured by the state rule of that time. SOK restarted its work on August 2, 1999, as an independent and professional office working in the frames of the Ministry of Public Administration (MPA). SOK is financed by the Kosovo Consolidated Budget and by donors for the various projects.

The Statistical Office of Kosovo acts pursuant the UNMIK Regulation 2001/14 that entered into force on July 2, 2001. A medium-term Master Plan is being developed for the statistical system of Kosovo compatible with the European Statistics.

SOK Mission is to fulfill the needs of the users with the reliable statistical data and with regular analyses in order to support and provide government departments with the proper information for decision-making process including other users as well.

Address: Statistical Office of Kosovo, Str. Zenel Salihu, No. 4, Pristina Telephones: Head-Quarters: +381 (0) 38 235 111 Director: +381 (0) 38 235 545 Fax: +381 (0) 38 235 033 E-mail: [email protected] Web-site: www.ks-gov.net/esk