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Some Facts on the Environment, 2009 23/09/2009 Republika e Kosovës/Republika Kosova/Republic of Kosovo Qeveria - Vlada - Government Ministria e Administratës Publike - Ministarstvo Javne Uprave - Ministry of Public Administration Series 2: Agriculture and Environment Statistics Facts on the Environment Republika e Kosovës/Republika Kosova/Republic of Kosovo Qeveria - Vlada - Government Ministria e Administratës Publike - Ministarstvo Javne Uprave - Ministry of Public Administration Series 2: Agriculture and Environment Statistics Facts on the Environment Publisher: Statistical Office of Kosovo ( SOK) Publication date: December 2009 © Statistical Office of Kosovo Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged Printed by: K.G.T Prishtina, Kosovo A great deal of information is avalible on internet, which can be accessed on the the SOK website : www.ks-gov.net/esk Facts on the Environment Introduction This second publication on “Facts on the Environment” aims to inform in a statistically manner different users on the environmental status in Kosovo. This modest publication aims also to contribute in “history” of sustainable information on environmental situation in Kosovo. The publication was done by Statistical Office of Kosovo using all the available data sources. They have been put together in such an order to facilitate the portrayal of the environmental status. This publication is the result of a close cooperation of the Statistical Office of Kosovo and the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning and KEPA (as data provider). Special acknowledgement goes to Statistics Sweden for offering its technical assistance, as well as to Sida for its support. Especially thank goes to Statistics Sweden Experts Anna-Karin Westöö, and Louise Sörme and Statistics Sweden Long-term consultant Milva Ekonomi. This publication was prepared by the following personnel from Agriculture and Environment Statistics Department at SOK: Bajrush Qevani Mr.sc.Haki Kurti Edona Rexhepaj Tel: +381(0) 38235 111, ext. 133 Web-site: www.sok-kosovo.org Interpretations expressed in this publication are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed, in any manner, to MPS, SOK, or any other institution. Suggestions, proposals and remarks for this publication are welcome and will help us to have more effective publications for users. December, 2009 Chief Executive Officer Avni Kastrati 1 Facts on the Environment Abbreviations and Acronyms HBS Households Budget Survey (SOK) AHS Agricultural Household Survey DHS Demographic and Health Survey (SOK) LFS Labor Force Survey (SOK) LSMS Living Standard Measurement Survey EU European Union EAR European Agency for Reconstruction GDP Gross Domestic Product IPH Institute of Public Health SOK Statistical Office of Kosovo NPHI National Public Health Institution ECK Electro-energetic Corporation of Kosovo KFOR Kosovo Force MAFRD Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development MESP Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning MPS Ministry of Public Services MH Ministry of Health NAG Fertilizer (Nitrate) NPK Fertilizer (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Calcareous) URE Fertilizer (URE) UNMIK United Nations Mission in Kosovo SIDA Swedish International Development Agency WWRO Water and Waste Regulatory Office IUCN World Organization of Nature Conservation LKSH Albanian Red Book LH Kosovo Law on Hunting, 1973. KEPA Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Key to Symbols - Zero : No Data . Not applicable 0 Magnitude less than half of unit used ha Hectares kg Kilogram µg m³ Microgram m³ t Tonne % Percent mg/m².d Deposited substances 2 Facts on the environment __________________________________________________________ Contents 1.General information about Kosovo............................................7 2. Land use and agriculture land.................................................15 3. Biodiversity..............................................................................30 3.1 Protected areas.................................................................30 3.2 Natural hydrological monuments.......................................34 4. Waste.......................................................................................35 5. Water.......................................................................................46 5.1 Water resources................................................................46 5.2 Water quality......................................................................47 5.2 Waste water.......................................................................48 5.4 Monitoring waste of water from industry and agriculture...48 6. Energy and Air.........................................................................49 6.1 Energy................................................................................49 7. Transport..................................................................................54 7.1 Air......................................................................................55 3 Facts on the Environment 4 Facts on the Environment Background The DPSIR model Driving forces Respons Activities indirectly What is done to reduce cuasing environmental the problems, problems, e.g. energy-use, e.g. protection av land transportation and industrial areas, legislation, taxes, production public transport Pressure Impact Origin of the problem Consequences of e.g. Emissions from changes in the industries and transports environment och generation of waste e.g. number of cancer cases, loss of biodiversity, economic damage State State of the natural environment e.g. air quality, acidification and eutrofication of water and soil The DPSIR1 model is an extension of the PSR (Pressure, State, Response) model adopted by the OECDs State of the Environment (SoE) group and by European Environment Agency (EEA), being also used by EUROSTAT for the organisation of the environmental statistics. This analytical framework permits to organise the information and to integrate socio-economic and ecological elements by dressing relationships between five indicator categories: Driving forces (e.g., agricultural practices, industrial production, technology) are determining Pressures (e.g., toxic emissions, CO2 emissions), that are subsequently degrading the State of the environment (e.g., the concentration of mercury in forest soils, the global mean temperature), these Impacts (e.g., forest acidification, endocrine disrupting effects on mammals) imposing Responses of the society (e.g., legislative measures, taxes, research programmes). 1 Source: http://www.esl.jrc.ec.europa.eu, DPSIR model -The Pressure-State-Response Model 5 Facts on the Environment D Driving force indicators are not very responsive ("elastic"): the monitored phenomena, e.g. road traffic, are driven by powerful economic forces, and therefore it can hardly be expected that these trends will change drastically in future. For example, politicians cannot seriously suggest to abolish private cars, if they want to stay in office. However, Driving force indicators are useful to: a) calculate a variety of pressure indicators, e.g. by multiplying the mileage of cars with specific coefficients like "average CO 2 per car and km"; b) help decision-makers to plan actions ("responses") needed to avoid future problems ("pressures"), for example the capacity of roads; c) serve as a basis for scenario development and long-term planning. P Pressure indicators point directly at the causes of problems. One specific feature of pressure indicators is that they should be responsive, that is, a decision-maker has indeed a chance to reduce the indicator (and thus the problem) by launching appropriate actions. They will also serve as an incentive for rational solutions, since they demonstrate the effectiveness of political action early enough to hold responsible those who launched the action. S State indicators, in contrast, are often too slow. For example, a state indicator showing the acidity of forest soils points back to the NO x and SO 2 emissions of the last ten years; the politically responsible persons may have retired in the meantime. On the other hand, state indicators can serve to make a first assessment of the situation (what is the current state of the forest soils? where could corrective measures be applied?), and they are certainly appropriate tools to plan habitat restoration and similar clean-up activities. I Impact indicators react even slower than state indicators. When the impacts are felt, it is usually too late for action. In addition, it is rarely possible to establish solid statistical correlations between pressures, state, and impacts, due to the enormous delays and the influence of non- environmental variables. The main purpose of impact indicators is to demonstrate DPSIR patterns, in particular: cause-effect chains, and to facilitate informed discussions about actions to avoid negative impacts in future. In this sense, they are not statistical "indicators", but scientific "decision models". 6 Facts on the Environment 1. General information about Kosovo Kosovo is a territory in centre of Balkan Peninsula, with no access to sea. Kosovo borders with Serbia in Northeast, Macedonia (FYROM) in South, Albania in Southwest and Montenegro in Northwest. The area of Kosovo is 10 908 km2.The climate in Kosovo is continental with warm summers and cold winters. Kosovo is densely populated with about 193 persons per km2, and divided into 30 municipalities. The capital of Kosovo is Prishtina. Figure 1. 1: Map of population density in Kosovo Source: SOK, Cartography 7 Facts on the Environment
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