Gunsmoke: an Investigation of Conversational Implicature and Guns & Ammo Magazine
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
California State University, San Bernardino CSUSB ScholarWorks Theses Digitization Project John M. Pfau Library 2002 Gunsmoke: An investigation of conversational implicature and Guns & Ammo magazine Kerry Lynn Winn Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project Part of the Rhetoric and Composition Commons Recommended Citation Winn, Kerry Lynn, "Gunsmoke: An investigation of conversational implicature and Guns & Ammo magazine" (2002). Theses Digitization Project. 2069. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2069 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the John M. Pfau Library at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses Digitization Project by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GUNSMOKE: AN INVESTIGATION OF CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE AND GUNS & AMMO MAGAZINE A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in English Composition by Kerry Lynn Winn March 2002 GUNSMOKE: AN INVESTIGATION OF CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE AND GUNS & AMMO MAGAZINE A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino by Kerry Lynn Winn March 2002 Approved by: Ph . D . , I Chair, Sunny Hyon English Date Rong Chen, Ph.D. ABSTRACT In the United States, numerous citizens fear that their Second Amendment right to bear arms will be obliterated. One text that discusses this issue is a popular gun enthusiast's magazine. Guns & Ammo. I will analyze this magazine's content through linguistics, particularly Grice's implicature. As a result I hope it will give me a better viewpoint of the gun community's perspective regarding firearms. This analysis' will closely examine the use of implicature in these texts and analyze if it strengthens the force of the writers' messages. It may reveal how the use of implicature may widen the chasm between gun control and Second Amendment rights advocates. Implicature often will enable writers to dispense vivid imagery to strengthen a claim; instill fear in or establish a relationship with an audience; denigrate their opponents. Grice's theory of Conversational Implicature will be applied to Guns & Ammo magazine. This theory incorporates Grice's Cooperative Principle that in conversation individuals account for the situation surrounding the conversation and talk in a manner that will benefit all engaged parties. This principle incorporates four speech maxims: Quantity (don't give too much or too little iii information), Quality (don't be untruthful), Relation (be relevant) and Manner (be clear). With this application, I hope to reveal why the contributors violate certain speech maxims and how these violations may reveal the writers' ideologies and tendencies in communication, which may increase the rift between gun enthusiasts and gun control advocates. I will apply the Gricean framework to six Guns & Ammo texts: Charlton Heston's January, June, and December 1999 monthly column "From the Capitol"; Jim Grover's January and December 1999 monthly column "Personal Security" and Chuck Klein's December 1999 freelance contribution to the monthly column "Second Amendment." This study found that the these three contributors violate a number of maxims when discussing firearm regulation with the Quality and Quantity maxims being violated with the most frequency. These violations depict a violent world, present a positive image of Second Amendment rights advocates, and cast a negative light upon the character and credibility of gun control proponents and people of color. The resulting implicatures often suggest that gun control is tantamount to treason; that you must practice constant vigilance to ensure your personal security; and that you should fear individuals iv unlike yourself. The writers may hope their audience will make these inferences while reading their claims regarding Second Amendment rights and personal security. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS With love for my parents, my son and Royce. I would like to credit my parents for their financial support while I pursued my graduate studies. I would like to thank my son for his unwavering emotional support. I'm grateful for Royce Patterson's emotional support and viewpoint as a gun enthusiast. His comments shed much needed insight into the world of gun enthusiasts. Finally, I gratefully acknowledge Dr. Sung-Heh Hyon and Dr. Rong Chen for their patience and support. Sunny Hyon's quick, discerning suggestions and forbearance made this research possible. Rong Chen managed to Overcome my terror of linguistics and encouraged me to pursue this topic. His insightful critiques and patience in tolerating my questions in his area of expertise I gratefully and humbly appreciate. Also, I would like to apologize for any detrimental effects this project may have had on my committee's longevity. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES................................ ix CHAPTER ONE: A RETROSPECTIVE ON GUNS & AMMO MAGAZINE ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER TWO: THE THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK Herbert Paul Grice.................................................................................................................................................................. 14 The Cooperative Principle........................................................................... 14 Definitions and Examples of the Quality, Quantity, Manner and Relation Maxims .................................................................. 15 Flouting the Maxims............................................................................................................................................................. 20 Opting Out of the Maxims................................................................................................................................... 21 Previous Applications of Grice .................................................................................................. 22 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS ....................... 26 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS Analysis of the Quality Maxim.......................................................................,.............................. 30 Analysis of the Quantity Maxim........................................................................... 49 Analysis of the Manner Maxim....................................................................................................... 58 Analysis of the Relation Maxim ............................................................................................. 63 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION............................................... 71 Quality Maxim Violations . ............................................................................................................................. 73 Quantity Maxim Violations ............................................................................................................................. 75 Manner Maxim Violations ........................................................................................................................................ 79 Relation Maxim Violations................................................................................................................... 7 9 vii Comments........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8 0 WORKS CITED.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 84 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 . The Frequency of Maxim Violations Across the Three Authors ...................................................................................................................... 30 ix CHAPTER ONE A RETROSPECTIVE ON GUNS & AMMO MAGAZINE "Fact is there are predators and there is prey. Jungle Rules to Live by" (Grover 11). "Fight for your firearms freedom!" (Klein 20). These are two examples of several similar bolded excerpts and’ titles that assaulted me as I scanned the current pages of Guns & Ammo for the first time. My curiosity aroused, I scanned the pages of several previous issues dating back to June 1962 noting a considerable contrast in the rhetoric and tone that began in the late 1970's. For example, Grotto's 1962 article "The Belgian Browning 1903" (24) describes this firearm as the forerunner of the automatic loading handgun. He explains that with a few modifications it is the equivalent of the Colt .32. These contrasting titles and my significant other piqued my interest in the world and language of firearm enthusiasts. Although