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REPRESENTING ‘RACE’ Racisms, Ethnicity and the Media Downing-Prelims.Qxd 1/13/2005 6:46 PM Page I JOHN DOWNING AND CHARLES HUSBAND REPRESENTING ‘RACE’ Racisms, Ethnicity and the Media Downing-Prelims.qxd 1/13/2005 6:46 PM Page i Representing ‘Race’ Downing-Prelims.qxd 1/13/2005 6:46 PM Page ii Downing-Prelims.qxd 1/13/2005 6:46 PM Page iii Representing ‘Race’ Racisms, Ethnicities and Media John Downing and Charles Husband SAGE Publications London ●●Thousand Oaks New Delhi Downing-Prelims.qxd 1/13/2005 6:46 PM Page iv © John D.H. Downing and Charles Husband 2005 First published 2005 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. SAGE Publications Ltd 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP SAGE Publications Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B-42, Panchsheel Enclave Post Box 4109 New Delhi 110 017 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-7619-6911-X ISBN 0-7619-6912-8 (pbk) Library of Congress Control Number available Typeset by C&M Digitals (P) Ltd., Chennai, India Printed in Great Britain by Athenaeum Press, Gateshead Downing-Prelims.qxd 1/13/2005 6:46 PM Page v To Barbara Husband, my essential colleague and co-author of my life. [CH] To Ash Corea, the fire and the rose, and to the necessary spirit, courage and commitment of the next generation of media-makers. [JD] Downing-Prelims.qxd 1/13/2005 6:46 PM Page vi Downing-Prelims.qxd 1/13/2005 6:46 PM Page vii Contents Acknowledgements viii Preface ix 1 ‘Race’ and Ethnicity: Definitions and Issues 1 2 Research on Racism, Ethnicity and Media 25 3 Racism and the Media of the Extremist Right 60 4 Violence, ‘Race’ and Media: Comparative Perspectives 86 5 The Distinctive Challenge of Indigeneity 122 6 Media Monitoring and Codes of Practice 145 7 Pressurizing the Media Industry: Achievements and Limitations 160 8 Communities of Practice and the Cultures of Media Production 194 9 The Multi-Ethnic Public Sphere and Differentiated Citizenship 175 References 219 Index 239 Downing-Prelims.qxd 1/13/2005 6:46 PM Page viii Acknowledgements In writing a text like this you are inevitably aware of all the very many contributions, concrete and intentional as well as elusive and serendipitous, that very many colleagues and friends have made to its production. It is always invidious to single out some for explicit mention whilst failing to similarly identify others. However, in this case there are two colleagues and friends whose support and input unequivocally demands recognition. In writing Chapter 5, The Distinctive Challenge of Indigeneity, Dr Lia Markelin, who was the Doctoral Research Fellow on the University of Bradford Ethnicity and Social Policy Research Unit’s Sami Media Project, has been a source of specific advice and invaluable generic support. Lia’s personal and scholarly skills were central to the success of that project and the insights generated through it have been central to the production of this chapter and her continued friendship and support is invaluable. Additionally, both Lia and I would wish to record our thanks to the very many persons in Sami media and political life whose generosity, openness and commitment made that research both possible and so rewarding. Equally, in writing Chapter 6, Media Monitoring and Codes of Practice, I am deeply indebted to my colleague and friend Yunis Alam. This chapter draws directly upon our work ‘Codes of Practice and Media Performance: a Systems Approach’, which was an element of a larger EU funded project entitled Tuning in to Diversity. Not everyone is fortunate enough to have a Yunis in their life. For his sharp-edged, untrammelled and creative stimu- lation, I remain perpetually grateful. His warmth, humour and humanity are an ever present antidote to some of the persistent irritations of contem- porary academic life. As a representative of the elusive and serendipitous support I have enjoyed and savored I would like to acknowledge my gratitude to the staff group and many students of the European Doctoral Programme on Migration, Diversity and Identities, of which I have had the privilege of being Director for the past four years. This demonstration of the viability and rewards of interdisciplinary international collaboration has been in equal parts hugely demanding and profoundly enriching. Something of the style and ambitions of this Programme are invested in this text. And, of course, ‘J.D.’ – lifelong friend, sounding board and too infre- quent collaborator. Charles Husband Downing-Prelims.qxd 1/13/2005 6:46 PM Page ix Acknowledgements ix My deep thanks indeed, first and foremost, to the many, many people of colour who over my life have thought it worthwhile to try to make me wiser on these issues; at their head the Right Reverend Dr Sir Wilfred and Lady Ina Wood. I hope that my contribution to this book echoes at least some of their efforts. Listing them all by name would fill a real Book of Life. Gratitude as well to my former students, and faculty and staff friends at the University of Texas, and before that at Hunter College (New York), at Greenwich University (London) – and now in the College of Mass Communication and Media Arts at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. I must log my tremendous appreciation of Julia Hall at Sage, editor extra- ordinaire, whose fierce commitment to this project weathered its lengthy production, and of her ever-supportive colleague Jamilah Ahmed. Fabienne Pedroletti ferreted out a dismayingly large stock of oversights, but if Barbara Steele had not, unpaid, thrashed the manuscript into shape first, Sage would rightly have returned it to its senders. As for Charlie Husband, if you don’t like perspicacity, wit, self-mockery and a consuming passion for practicable roads to social justice – stay away from him. John Downing Downing-Prelims.qxd 1/13/2005 6:46 PM Page x Preface The political and ethical correlates of research in this sphere We have been struck for well over thirty years now, in both the USA and the UK, and via research evidence from still other nations, by the contin- uing failures on the part of mainstream media, globally, to fulfill their potential to inform, enlighten, question, imagine and explain in this often troubled and dangerous field of ethnic diversity in the contemporary world. These potentials could be and urgently need to be realized in entertainment as well as news, in sports coverage as well as popular music, in computer games as well as trade magazines and textbooks. But, mostly, this does not happen, or only in badly tarnished forms. Published research on this subject grew very substantially indeed over the 1990s, a sharp difference from the 1970s and 1980s when the topic drew remarkably little scholarly attention from sociologists, anthropolo- gists, political scientists or even media analysts. After a long gap follow- ing the very early work of Robert Park (1970 [1922]) on the USA’s immigrant press,1 British researchers2 were among the first in the field, but by even as late as 1990 it was still difficult to fill a short shelf with book-length publications on the topic from all countries combined. The bulk of what has become available since, stretching over a number of shelves, has come from the USA, but there is a continuing contribution from Britain, together with a rise in research from other nations such as the Netherlands, France, Australia and Canada.3 There is also a particu- larly welcome growth in work from scholars of color.4 Why this sudden interest, especially in the USA? A necessary element in the equation is no doubt the expansion of communication technologies and the corresponding growth of media studies,5 but to provide a suffi- cient explanation we need to look further. Migration, as a major and ongoing international phenomenon, forced public attention to ethnicity and ‘race’ in general from the 1970s onwards. In Western Europe it took a generation for the reality to percolate that migrant workers and their families had arrived to stay. In the USA, 1965’s immigration law changes and continuing economic expansion jointly stimulated the arrival of new Asian and Latin American migrant workers, Downing-Prelims.qxd 1/13/2005 6:46 PM Page xi Preface xi unprecedented in number since the massive industrialization of 1880–1920. They in turn were pivotal to sustained economic growth thereafter.6 Subsequently, links between media representation of African, Asian, Latin American and Middle Eastern nations and of their emigrants within metro- politan countries, summoned the attention of some more globally focused scholars.7 So did media discourses in the 1990s, glibly projecting ‘ethnicity’ as the cause of brutal civil wars in Bosnia, Rwanda and Chechnya.8 Other factors made themselves felt as well. However, much as govern- ments, corporate leaders and majority populations persist in trying to sweep them under the rug, the unresolved issues of institutional racism and the pervasive tenacity of racist discourses consistently attract the attention of some of the more alert and responsive among academic researchers. Ever since the 1950s civil rights confrontations, aspects of ‘race’ relations, however distortedly, have been common in the US national news.
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