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Hydrogeologic Reconnaissance of Poro Point and Vicinity Luzon Island, Philippines

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Hydrogeologic Reconnaissance of Poro Point and Vicinity Luzon Island, Philippines Hydrogeologic Reconnaissance of Poro Point and Vicinity Luzon Island, Philippines | GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1608-E r> Prepared on behalf of the U.S. Department of the Navy Hydrogeologic Reconnaissance of Poro Point and Vicinity Luzon Island, Philippines By G. F. WORTS, JR. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF ASIA AND OCEANIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1608-E Prepared on behalf of the U.S. Department of the Navy UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.G. 20402 CONTENTS Page Abstract __ _ ____-__-_----_--__--_--------------------_---------- El Introduction- ____________________________-__-_---.-.-----_--.------- 1 Purpose and scope of the study and report -______________----_ 1 Area investigated...... _____________-_______-______-_----_-_ 2 Definitions __ __________________--____-_--_--_..-_-_---------- 2 Acknowledgments. ________________ ____________ ______________ 3 Geologic units related to the occurrence of ground water ____-__------- 4 Rosario Formation __ _______________-_-__-_-_--_..__-___------ 4 Damortis Formation. __________________________________________ 4 Coralline limestone. _______________-__________-____--___--_---- 6 River alluvium........ ________________________________________ 6 Coastal-plain deposits. _________________________________________ 6 Beach deposits _____________________________---____---_-_------ 7 Aquifer system at Poro Point. ______________________________________ 7 Boundaries and extent. ________________________________________ 7 Recharge____________________.________-__ _____________________ 9 Coefficients of transmissibility and storage. _____-_-___-______-_--- 10 Ground water in storage______________- ---------- __________---_- 10 Effect of pumping on salinity. ______________________---____----_ 12 Quality of water __ __________________-____---_-_--______------ 13 References cited. _______________-_-____________-_---_-_-_-_---_--_- 14 ILLUSTRATIONS Pag« PLATE 1. Map of Poro Point and vicinity, Luzon Island, Philippines, showing general geology____________________________ In pocket FIGUBE 1. Map of Poro Point, Luzon Island, Philippines, showing wells and test holes_________________________________________ E5 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Descriptions of water wells, Poro Point- E8 2. Logs of wells______________________ 11 3. Chemical analyses.__________________ 13 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF ASIA AND OCEANIA HYDROGEOLOGIG RECONNAISSANCE OF PORO POINT AND VICINITY, LUZON ISLAND, PHILIPPINES By G. F. WORTS, JR. ABSTRACT In 1961 a reconnaissance of the geology and ground-water hydrology of Poro Point, on the west coast of Luzon Island, Philippines, was made on behalf of the U.S. Department of the Navy. Poro Point, which marks the northern end of Lingayen Gulf, is about half a mile wide and projects northwestward about 2 miles into the China Sea. The point is underlain by coralline limestone of probable Pleistocene age. The aquifer system consists of a fresh-water lens floating on salt water within the coralline limestone. Several tube wells obtain fresh water from the lens, but in May, at the end of the 6-month dry season during which rainfall totals only 4J4 inches, the water becomes brackish. "Skimming wells" are considered the best method of obtaining fresh water from the lens, whose annual range in average thickness is probably 25 to 40 feet. Recharge is about 2,000-3,000 acre-feet per year and is derived wholly from precipitation during the 6-month wet season in which rainfall totals about 92 inches. The approximate amount of ground water stored in the fresh-water lens ranges from about 3,000 acre-feet at the end of the dry season to about 5,000 acre- feet at the end of the wet season. Most of the ground water is discharged through seeps and submarine springs around Poro Point; pumpage in 1961 was only about 100 acre-feet. INTRODUCTION PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY AND REPORT In October 1961 the author was detailed to the Philippines to assist the U.S. Department of the Navy in the development of a water supply at Wallace Air Force Station, Poro Point, Luzon Island. The results of this work were released to the Navy in two reports, from which the basic geologic and hydrologic information has been extracted and is presented here. Because only 2 weeks were available for the field study and collection of data, this hydrogeologic study is con­ sidered to be a reconnaissance. El E2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF ASIA AND OCEANIA AREA INVESTIGATED Poro Point is on the west coast of Luzon Island about 2 miles west of San Fernando, La Union Province, and about 150 miles north- northwest of Manila, Philippines (pi. 1). The point projects about 2 miks northwestward into the China Sea and marks the northern end of Lingayen Gulf. It is at lat 16°37'N. and long 120°17'E. The best map of the area is AMS (Army Map Service) Sheet 30691, San Fernando, Luzon (scale 1:50,000), from which plate 1 of this report has been compiled. The area covered by this reconnaissance is about 15 square miles; the area of Poro Point is about 450 acres. Poro Point is reached from Manila by train (Manila Railroad) and by paved highway. Wallace Air Force Station, the Voice of America (Philippines Relay Station), Philippine Navy personnel, Lepanto Consolidated Mining Co., Shell Oil Co., and Standard-Vacuum Oil Co. are on the point. All obtain their water supply from wells drilled in the coralline limestone or in beach deposits. Plate 1 shows the area covered by the reconnaissance of the geology. Although hydrologic studies of the area were concentrated almost wholly on Poro Point and the sand isthmus that connects it with the mainland, the general hydrologic features of the area between San Fernando and the Bauang River were examined. DEFINITIONS Definitions of terms as used in this report are given in the following paragraphs. Aquifer. An aquifer may be defined as a deposit, formation(s), or part of a formation that is water bearing and will yield water to wells. Although the chemical and bacterial quality of the water is not a controlling factor in the basic definition, an aquifer can be sub­ divided areally or vertically to delimit the parts containing potable and unpotable water. Coefficient of transmissibility. The coefficient of transmissibility may be defined as the number of gallons of water, at the prevailing water temperature, that will move in 1 day through a vertical strip of the aquifer 1 foot wide, having a height equal to the full saturated thickness of the aquifer, under a hydraulic gradient of 100 percent (1 ft per ft); it generally is expressed as gallons per day per foot (gpd per ft). Field coefficient oj permeability. The field coefficient of permea­ bility may be defined as the number of gallons of water, at the prevail­ ing water temperature, that will move in 1 day through a cross- sectional area of the aquifer 1 foot square under a hydraulic gradient of 100 percent; it generally is expressed as gallons per day per square HYDROGEOLOGY, PORO POINT, LUZON, PHILIPPINES E3 foot (gpd per sq ft). It is also equal to the transmissibility divided by the saturated thickness, in feet, of the aquifer. The field coefficient can be converted to the standard laboratory coefficient at 60 °F. by applying a correction factor. The tempera­ ture of ground water at Wallace Air Force Station is 86 °F. To obtain the standard laboratory coefficient, the field coefficient of permeability must be multiplied by a conversion factor of 0.73 (extra­ polated from Wenzel, 1942, p. 62). Coefficient of storage. The coefficient of storage may be defined as the volume of water released from or taken into storage per unit surface area of the aquifer per unit change in the component of head normal to that surface; it commonly is expressed as a decimal fraction. Porosity. Porosity of a rock or deposit may be expressed quanti­ tatively as the ratio of the aggregate volume of interstices in the material to the total volume of the material. This ratio is usually stated as a percentage (Meinzer, 1923). A value of 30 percent is assumed for the coralline limestone in the computations of ground water in storage in the fresh-water lens at Poro Point. Specific yield. The specific yield of a rock or deposit, with respect to water, is the ratio of (1) the volume of water which the rock or deposit, after being saturated, will yield by gravity to (2) the volume of the rock or deposit. This ratio is stated as a percentage (Meinzer, 1923). Under water-table conditions, specific yield is nearly equal to the coefficient of storage. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer is grateful for the help he received during the course of this study. Francis Mau and D. Q. Pang, Director's Office, Pacific Division, Bureau of Yards and Docks, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, supplied data and information concerning Wallace Air Force Station. In Manila, Philippines, Comdr. F. W. Arnold, officer in charge of con­ struction, southwest Pacific representative, arranged the necessary contracts. Adrian-Wilson Associates, Manila, architect and engineers for station design, supplied maps and data on wells. Perfecto Navarro and A. D. Tupas, Wells and Springs Department, National Water Works and Sewage Authority, Manila, furnished wells logs, chemical analyses, and information on well locations in the vicinity of San Fernando and at Poro Point. M. S. Cox and V. Maligalit, Inter­ national Cooperation Administration, Department of State, kindly supplied topographic maps (AMS) of the area. J. T. Sperazza, geologist, Standard-Vacuum Oil Co., supplied information on the general geology of the area. E4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF ASIA AND OCEANIA At Wallace Air Force Station, Ensign T. P. Quinn, resident officer in charge of construction, provided transportation and personally assisted the author in making contracts and doing the fieldwork.
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