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Bee Fauna of Protection Island National Wildlife Refuge Jefferson County, Washington

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Bee Fauna of Protection Island National Wildlife Refuge Jefferson County, Washington Bee Fauna of Protection Island National Wildlife Refuge Jefferson County, Washington Prepared by: Joseph Engler, Wildlife Biologist (retired), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon Erin Stockenberg, Region 1 Inventory & Monitoring Data Manager, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon Jason Romine, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Burbank, Washington Sue Thomas, Wildlife Biologist, Washington Maritime NWR Complex, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Disclaimer: ‘‘The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.’’ 1 16 February 2018 Introduction The Pacific Region (Region 1) of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) initiated a bee inventory program to document the bee fauna at National Wildlife Refuges (NWR) in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho from 2010-2016. Sixteen NWRs and one Bureau of Land Management site was sampled during this time frame. Refuges inventoried include: Deer Flat NWR, Minidoka NWR, Kootenai NWR in Idaho; Little Pend Oreille NWR, Turnbull NWR, Hanford National Monument, McNary NWR, Conboy Lake NWR, Pierce NWR, Steigerwald Lake NWR, Ridgefield NWR, Julia Butler Hansen Refuge for Columbia White-tailed Deer, Lewis and Clark NWR, Willapa NWR, Protection Island NWR in Washington; and Malheur NWR in Oregon. Appendix 1 and 2 show the location of each NWR and the corresponding Bailey’s Ecoregion Province and Section inventoried from 2010-2016. In addition, the Bureau of Land Management’s Oregon Trail Interpretive Center was included as part of this inventory effort. Protection Island NWR (herein referred to as the Refuge) was sampled during the 2014 and 2015 seasons. This refuge-specific report is one of a series that provides the results of this bee inventory effort in the Pacific Northwest. Study Site The Refuge is located in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, 2 miles north of the Olympic Coast in Jefferson County, Washington (Map 1). The Refuge is a component of the Washington Maritime NWR Complex. Protection Island lies within the Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Province (Bailey 1995); the island is further delineated as Perennial Graminoid Grassland and Mixed Evergreen- Deciduous Closed Tree Canopy within the Landfire subclass schema (Landfire 2008). Map 2 shows the habitat classification for the refuge. The Refuge is primarily Grassland Savanna (60%) and comprised of non-native grasses and forbs, such as Kentucky bluegrass, orchard grass, Canada thistle, and field bindweed. The island supports 80 acres of forest vegetation which occurs within 100 meters of one bee transect. While both transects are adjacent to dirt roads, the island is closed to the public so little disturbance occurs on the island. The Refuge soils consist of Townsend Fine Sandy Loam. Average temperatures range from a low of 370 F to 720 F and rainfall averages 16-20” annually. Elevation of the island ranges from sea level to 200 ft MSL. This Refuge serves primarily as a seabird nesting site and hosts one of the world’s largest breeding populations of rhinoceros auklets (Cerorhinca monocerata). A large black-tail deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) herd occupies the island and grazes the island’s grasses, forbs and trees. Bee sampling was initiated to attain pre-restoration bee composition and relative abundance. Once restoration is complete, post-restoration sampling is anticipated. 2 16 February 2018 Map 1: Location of Bee Bowl Transects and Blue-vane Traps at Protection Island NWR Map 2: Habitat Classification Map, Protection Island NWR 3 16 February 2018 Methods The Refuge was sampled using two bee bowl (or pan trap) transects during 2014 and 2015. In addition, two blue-vane traps were deployed during 2014 to collect additional specimens along the bottom of the cliff faces within the small narrow coastal strand and adjacent to a patch of dense shrub/trees (Map 1, Table 1). The sampling protocol uses a thirty-bowl (3.25 ounce Solo cup) transect which is deployed early in the season and run periodically through the autumn. This protocol was recommended by Sam Droege (US Geological Survey) and is further described in the US Fish and Wildlife Service’s National Protocol Framework for the Inventory and Monitoring of Bees (Droege et al. 2016). The primary bee activity season in the Pacific Northwest occurs from early April through October; however, some bee activity may occur almost year-round, especially west of the Cascade Mountains. Based on expert opinion, some bee species may complete their adult free- flying phase in three weeks or less, and thus traps were deployed approximately every two weeks during this time frame to maximize the number of species encountered. Exact start and end dates were dependent on available staffing. At the Refuge, the thirty-bowl scheme was divided into two fifteen-bowl transects to attain better coverage of available habitats. Each transect consisted of fifteen bee bowls which were painted in three colors – fluorescent blue, fluorescent yellow, and white. Bowls were placed in roughly a straight line with five meters between bowls, each bowl alternating in color. Bowls are filled about ¾ full with soapy water to capture bees. Each transect was deployed during daylight hours on a single target day or remained out overnight for approximately 24 hours, contents were then collected and the bowls removed from the site. Transects were run approximately every two weeks at the same locations but some variability existed between sites and trapping episodes. The two blue-vane traps were hung from tree or shrub branches approximately 4 feet off the ground and removed after each trapping event. For transects, trap-hours were calculated for each sample on a daily basis when deployed. A sample consisted of all functional bowls (15 or fewer) in a transect. Trap-hours were defined as the total number of hours the transect was operating (capable of catching bees). If some bowls were not functional (missing, spilled, or otherwise incapable of catching bees, trap-hours were reduced accordingly. Trap-hours were also reduced for night time hours based on sunrise and sunset schedules through the season. It was assumed that few if any bees were active during the night, however, this assumption remains speculative as some bee species are known to be crepuscular and a few nocturnal. Samples were collected by pouring each cup into a fine mesh brine shrimp aquarium net and rinsing with water to remove the soap residue; all soap solutions were retained and reused. All fifteen bowls in a transect were combined to create a single, composite sample for the bi-weekly period. Samples were placed in whirl-pak bags and 70% alcohol (either isopropyl or ethyl) was added to completely cover specimens. Samples were then sent to the USFWS’s Branch of 4 16 February 2018 Refuge Biology (BRB), Vancouver, WA for processing and preliminary identification to genus and species. BRB’s processing included washing, drying, pinning, positioning, and labeling each specimen. Specimens that were not identified by BRB to species or required verification were sent to species experts for final determinations. Identifications were conducted by Joseph Engler (USFWS BRB), Dr. Robbin Thorp (University of California-Davis), and the USDA ARS Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory (BBSL) in Logan, Utah. Table 1: Transect Locations for Protection Island NWR Transect Name Latitude Longitude # Samples Collected & Trap-Hours (dd) (dd) 2014 Trap-Hours 2015 Trap-Hours NE Grassland 48.12845 -122.92823 12 126 13 131 Central Grassland 48.12529 -122.93248 12 126 13 130 Upper Shrub 48.12702 -122.93714 12 128 Lower Shrub 48.12839 -122.92118 12 133 Results Sampling occurred from 22 April 2014 to 1 October 2014 and 23 April 2015 to 13 October 2015. Both transects and blue-vanes were deployed on the same days in 2014. Transects were open a total of 252 hours in 2014 and 261 hours in 2015; blue-vane traps were operated for 261 hours in 2014. Trapping events ranged from 3-18 hours. The average trapping event was 10.46 hours across the 2 seasons. Table 1 summarizes the trapping effort. A total of 17 unique genera and 34 different species were captured during the two years of sampling. The two grassland transects caught a similar composition of genera and species as would be expected as the island’s grasslands are relatively homogenous with respect to vegetation. The Upper Shrub blue-vane trap caught comparable genera though fewer species than the bee bowls, possibly as a result of the height off of the ground that this trap was set. In contrast, the Lower Shrub blue-vane caught about ½ the genera and species as the Upper Shrub blue-vane. The Lower Shrub blue-vane was set in the narrow belt of shoreline habitat that extends from the cliff base to the water’s edge; this site sits at 100’-150’ lower elevation than the upper blue-vane and the bee bowls. There were no unique species captured in this trap compared to the other sites. Table 2 summarizes capture data for each transect and blue-vane. Table 2. Summary of Bee Identifications for Protection Island NWR, 2014-2015 Transect # of Genera # of Species # Bees with ID # Bees Identified Identified Pending1 Collected NE Grassland 12 28 26 1688 Central Grassland 15 28 25 2182 Upper Shrub 11 10 7 67 Lower Shrub 6 6 2 25 All Transects 17 34 60 3962 1 does not include Lasioglossum sensu lato which includes 4 difficult to identify subgenera (Dialictus, Evylaeus, Hemihalictus, Sphecodogastra); few specimens
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