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Bee Fauna of the Mcnary National Wildlife Refuge, Walla Walla County, Washington

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Bee Fauna of the Mcnary National Wildlife Refuge, Walla Walla County, Washington Bee Fauna of the McNary National Wildlife Refuge, Walla Walla County, Washington Prepared by: Joseph D. Engler, Regional Refuge Biologist (retired), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Erin Stockenberg, Region 1 Inventory and Monitoring Data Manager, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Jason Romine, Wildlife Biologist, Mid-Columbia River NWR Complex, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Heidi Newsome, Supervisory Wildlife Biologist, Mid-Columbia River NWR Complex, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Disclaimer: ‘‘The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.’’ 1 16 February 2018 Introduction The Pacific Region (Region 1) of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) initiated a bee inventory program to document the bee fauna at National Wildlife Refuges (NWR) in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho from 2010-2016. Sixteen NWRs and one Bureau of Land Management site was sampled during this time frame. Refuges inventoried include: Deer Flat NWR, Minidoka NWR, Kootenai NWR in Idaho; Little Pend Oreille NWR, Turnbull NWR, Hanford National Monument, McNary NWR, Conboy Lake NWR, Pierce NWR, Steigerwald Lake NWR, Ridgefield NWR, Julia Butler Hansen Refuge for Columbia White-tailed Deer, Lewis and Clark NWR, Willapa NWR, Protection Island NWR in Washington; and Malheur NWR in Oregon. Appendix 1 and 2 show the location of each NWR and the corresponding Bailey’s Ecoregion Province and Section inventoried from 2010-2016. In addition, the Bureau of Land Management’s Oregon Trail Interpretive Center was included as part of this inventory effort. The Wallula Unit of McNary National Wildlife Refuge (herein referred to as the Refuge) was selected for bee sampling as part of a 4 site project to collect information on bee diversity along a north-south gradient within shrub-steppe habitats in Oregon and Washington. The additional three sites included Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon Trail Interpretive Center (BLM), and Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. This refuge-specific report is one of a series that provides the results of this bee inventory effort in the Pacific Northwest. Study Site The Wallula Unit of the McNary NWR is located in Walla Walla County, Washington southeast of Pasco (Map 1). The sampling array was established at Lat/Long: 46.069, -118.8985 at an elevation of approximately 400’ and was used during both years of the project. The array was located within a narrow strip of shrub-steppe habitat, lying within the Intermountain Semi-Desert Province (Bailey 1995). The site is further delineated as Perennial Graminoid Steppe (Landfire 2008). The array was situated about ½ mile east of the Columbia River, bordered on the north by agricultural land (vineyards), and on the south by Smith Harbor on the Walla Walla River. Areas south of the Walla Walla River are dominated by expansive grain fields punctuated by remnant rolling hills of the Columbia Basin. Map 2 depicts the Landfire habitat classes of the array and surrounding area. 2 16 February 2018 Map 1. Location of Bee Sampling Array on McNary National Wildlife Refuge Map 2. Habitat Classes for Array and Surrounding Area 3 16 February 2018 Methods The McNary NWR’s Wallula Unit was sampled using a nine-cup propylene glycol array. This sampling protocol is now established within the Service’s National Protocol Framework for the Inventory and Monitoring of Bees (Droege et al 2016) as an option for monitoring changes in bee fauna over time. This protocol uses a nine-cup (12 ounce stadium cup) circular array which is deployed early in the season and remains open into the autumn. Cups were placed in a PVC (polyvinyl chloride) holder to keep them upright and slightly off of the ground. Cups were arranged in a circular pattern with one cup in the middle and the remaining eight cups arranged along the circle perimeter; each cup was placed approximately five meters apart. Cups were painted in three colors – fluorescent blue, fluorescent yellow, and white, with color placements alternating around the circle. Weep holes were drilled near the top of each cup to avoid cups spilling contents during rain events. Each cup is filled ½ to ¾ full of non-toxic recreational grade propylene glycol. In preparing the propylene glycol, a small amount of bleach is added to one gallon of propylene glycol to remove any color (which is often pink), and a squirt of unscented Dawn dish detergent is added to break the surface tension. The value of using propylene glycol is that it evaporates slowly, slows specimen deterioration compared to water, and generally is not palatable to wildlife. These qualities extend the amount of time that traps can be deployed without emptying the contents. The primary bee activity season in the Pacific Northwest occurs from early April through October, though some bee activity may occur almost year-round, especially west of the Cascades. Traps were deployed during this timeframe, though exact start and end dates depended on available staffing. Arrays captured bees continuously through the sampling period and contents were checked and emptied every one to two weeks to limit decomposition of the specimens. It is believed, based on expert opinion, that the adults of some bee species may persist for only two to three weeks, therefore it is essential to empty traps within that timeframe to capture the appropriate active season (phenology) of each species. For the array, trap-hours were calculated on the entire array, the contents of nine cups combined, during each timeframe (generally 1-2 weeks) from deployment to when samples were collected. Trap-hours were reduced for night time hours based on sunrise and sunset schedules through the season. Calculated trap-hours were then converted to trap-days. It was assumed that few if any bees were active during the night, however, this assumption remains speculative as some bee species are known to be crepuscular and a few nocturnal, though the presence of the latter on this refuge is not expected. Samples were collected by pouring each cup into a fine mesh brine shrimp aquarium net and rinsing with water to remove the soap residue; all soap solutions were retained and reused. All nine cups in an array were combined to create a single, composite sample for the bi-weekly period. Samples were placed in whirl-pak bags and 70% alcohol (either isopropyl or ethyl) was added to completely cover specimens. Samples were then sent to the USFWS’s Branch of 4 16 February 2018 Refuge Biology (BRB), Vancouver, WA for processing and preliminary identification to genus and species. BRB’s processing included washing, drying, pinning, positioning, and labeling each specimen. Specimens that were not identified by BRB to species or required verification were sent to species experts for final determinations. Identifications were conducted by Joseph Engler (USFWS BRB), Dr. Robbin Thorp (University of California-Davis), and the USDA ARS Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory (BBSL) in Logan, Utah. Results Sampling at the site occurred from 9 June to 1 November 2011 and from 2 April to 1 October 2012. In 2011, sampling did not commence until June due to the time needed to setup the array and have available staff prepared to collect samples. Despite the seasonal differences in array operation, the number of trap-days was consistent between years. The sampling array was deployed and samples were collected by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) staff. The number of genera captured was consistent between sampling years, with 18 and 19 genera tallied in 2011 and 2012, respectively. However, the number of identified species rose from 25 in 2011 to 42 in 2012 (Table 1 and Table 2). The number of bees captured in 2011 was only 31% of that captured in 2012, and the number of bees collected in 2011 accounting for only 24% of the total number of bees captured. Due to the large numbers of bees sampled during this study and the difficulty and expense in identifying all bees to a species level, some specimens remain unidentified beyond the genus taxonomic level. Table 1. Sampling Data for McNary NWR, Wallula Unit, 2011-2012 2011 2012 Total # Samples Collected 8 12 20 # Trap-days 145 182 327 # Genera identified 18 19 22 # Species identified 26 43 50 # Pending species ID 1 19 30 49 # Total Bees collected 1808 5793 7601 1 does not include Lasioglossum sensu lato which includes 4 difficult to identify subgenera (Dialictus, Evylaeus, Hemihalictus, Sphecodogastra); few specimens are expected to be identified beyond the genus/subgenus level. 5 16 February 2018 Table 2. Number of Species Captured per Genus at McNary NWR, 2011-2012 Family Name Genera Name # of Species Captured per Genus # Pending ID 2011 2012 Andrenidae Andrena 1 Andrenidae Perdita (1) 4 Apidae Anthophora 1 4 Apidae Apis 1 1 Apidae Bombus 3 4 Apidae Ceratina 1 Apidae Diadasia 1 1 Apidae Epeolus 1 Apidae Eucera 1 2 Apidae Melissodes 1 3 11 Apidae Nomada 1 1 Apidae Triepeolus (1) 1 1 Colletidae Colletes (1) 1 1 Halictidae Agapostemon 3 3 Halictidae Halictus 4 4 Halictidae Lasioglossum 1 4 (Lasioglossum) Halictidae Lasioglossum (1) (Dialictus) 1,2 Halictidae Lasioglossum 1 2 (Evylaeus) 1,2 Halictidae Lasioglossum 1 1 (Sphecodogastra) Halictidae Lasioglossum sensu (1) (1) 3589 lato 1,2 Halictidae Sphecodes 1 (1) (1) 29 Megachilidae Coelioxys 1 1 2 Megachilidae Dianthidium 2 1 Megachilidae Megachile 3 3 Megachilidae Osmia 3 Megachilidae Stelis (1) 1 1 Identification of this genus/subgenus to a species level is difficult; species # may not be reflective of the actual # of species captured or present at the site. 2 Taxonomic classifications of these subgenera are uncertain. Only identified species are included for subgenera Dialictus and Evylaeus, which may significantly underestimate the number of species present.
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