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Biodiversity, Community Dynamics, and Novel Foraging Behaviors of a Rich Native Bee Fauna Across Habitats at Pinnacles National Park, California

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Biodiversity, Community Dynamics, and Novel Foraging Behaviors of a Rich Native Bee Fauna Across Habitats at Pinnacles National Park, California Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2016 Biodiversity, Community Dynamics, and Novel Foraging Behaviors of a Rich Native Bee Fauna Across Habitats at Pinnacles National Park, California Joan M. Meiners Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Meiners, Joan M., "Biodiversity, Community Dynamics, and Novel Foraging Behaviors of a Rich Native Bee Fauna Across Habitats at Pinnacles National Park, California" (2016). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 4877. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4877 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BIODIVERSITY, COMMUNITY DYNAMICS, AND NOVEL FORAGING BEHAVIORS OF A RICH NATIVE BEE FAUNA ACROSS HABITATS AT PINNACLES NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA by Joan M. Meiners A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Ecology Approved: ______________________ ____________________ Dr. Edward W. Evans Dr. Terry L. Griswold Major Professor Committee Member ______________________ ____________________ Dr.Eugene W. Schupp Dr. Mark R. McLellan Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2016 ii Copyright © Joan M. Meiners 2016 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT BIODIVERSITY, COMMUNITY DYNAMICS, AND NOVEL FORAGING BEHAVIORS OF A RICH NATIVE BEE FAUNA ACROSS HABITATS AT PINNACLES NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA by Joan M. Meiners Utah State University, 2016 Major Professor: Dr. Edward W. Evans Department: Biology Wild, native bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) provide pollination services valued at nearly $3 billion to U.S. agriculture annually, and are the primary pollinators maintaining plant communities in natural landscapes, an ecosystem service of incalculable worth. Global concern over widespread honeybee declines has spurred research to save that single species, while knowledge of the health and habitat requirements of 20,000 native bee species worldwide lags behind. Understanding dynamics and habitat associations of pristine native bee communities may help inform conservation priorities and restoration goals to ensure the widespread longevity of native bees. We surveyed the bee and plant communities over two flowering seasons and across four distinct habitat types (Alluvial, Live Oak Woodland, Blue Oak Woodland, and Grassland) at Pinnacles National Park, a protected biodiversity hotspot, and a pristine, heterogeneous environment. We collected 52,853 bee specimens over 308 collector days, and increased the species inventory to 479, iv from the previous 398 recorded as of the late 1990s. This statistic ranks Pinnacles as likely the most densely diverse area for native bees currently known. Spatially, no relationship between habitat type and bee abundance or richness was observed. Bee species composition in Alluvial habitats, however, was more unique and showed lower dispersal, suggesting this habitat may serve as a nesting refugia for a core community of resident species. Temporally, we evaluated potential resilience of solitary bees to anticipated disruptions in bloom availability via novel, community-wide foraging on honeydew sugars produced by scale insects. We observed 56 native bee species using honeydew sugars during the early season low bloom, and determined that they locate this resource without visual cues. Overall, these findings suggest that native bee communities at Pinnacles National Park may be buffered against temporal resource shifts and may benefit from protection of the Alluvial habitat type. The patterns observed here should be evaluated in other locations to determine their value towards forecasting and managing widespread risks to native bees. (143 pages) v PUBLIC ABSTRACT BIODIVERSITY, COMMUNITY DYNAMICS, AND NOVEL FORAGING BEHAVIORS OF A RICH NATIVE BEE FAUNA ACROSS HABITATS AT PINNACLES NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA Joan M. Meiners Global concern about honeybee declines has spurred feverish research about the status and protection of this single species, yet our understanding of the ecology and issues impacting thousands of species of native bees lags behind. Pinnacles National Park, America's newest, near Salinas, California, is currently the most densely biodiverse area for native bees known on the planet. Recent work by researchers at Utah State University and the USDA-ARS has documented 479 species of native bees in only 42 square miles of this park. During two years of field studies and 308 collector days, we assembled data on 52,853 bee specimens to determine natural patterns in thriving bee communities and how they relate to climate and habitat variables. We found that the ‘alluvial’ habitat type, low in elevation and dominated by woody shrubs and sparse grass, had a unique composition of bee species that may depend on their local resources more than bees in ‘woodland’ and ‘grassland’ habitat types. We also evaluated novel, early- season foraging behaviors of 56 native bee species locating scale insect honeydew sugars without visual aid of flowers or color. Overall, these findings suggest that native bees at Pinnacles National Park may be resilient to temporal bloom shifts, but may be negatively affected by loss of ‘alluvial’ habitat. If similar patterns are found in other locations, these results may have widespread value in guiding native bee conservation priorities. vi DEDICATION For Barbara Kingsolver (beauty), Alice Sebold (guts), and David Quamman (humor), and for Marilyn Meiners, who would have actually read this. RIP Sylvester vii FRONTISPIECE Photo Credits (from top to bottom, left to right): Joan Meiners (1,5,8,10,11), Pete Lamptery (2,9,12), and Therese Lamperty (3,4,6,7). viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my committee (Ted Evans, Terry Griswold, and Geno Schupp) and funders (NPS, USDA-PIRU) for dedicating time and funds to exploring the bee diversity at Pinnacles National Park, for their trust in me to conquer this task, and for their patience with my intellectual and global wanderings along the way. I especially appreciate Terry’s energetic curiosity, Ted’s warmth, and Geno’s biting humor. Paul Johnson, wildlife biologist at Pinnacles, deserves a lot of credit for facilitating this project, both as a guide and steward of Pinnacles’ nature, and through his generosity in managing housing, personnel, and burrito logistics. Pinnacles’ Natural Resources cabin is full of fun people who enhanced both my science and my experience. I am extremely fortunate that Therese Lamperty was hired to help me in the field my first year, and very grateful that she elected to return for a second year of grueling, hot, underpaid, mountain-lion-infested field work. I consider it one of the best outcomes of this project that she remains a good friend, and still decided to pursue ecology in her own graduate studies. I will always think fondly of our lunchtime, heat-coma field naps. I am indebted to Harold Ikerd and Skyler Burrows for helping me wade through 50,000 bee specimens and a foreign database, and to Jordan Frank for his meticulous lab work. Nancy Huntly, Al Savitzky, Kami McNeil, Glenda Yenni, and Susan Durham all improved my project and/or university experience. I appreciate Dr. Yael Mandelik for hosting me in her lab for a semester adventure in Israel. Finally, thank you to Morgan for believing, Suzanne for cheering, my bike racing teammates for balance, my family and Laila for taking care of each other, and Jereme for always picking me up when I crash. Joan M. Meiners ix CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………. iii PUBLIC ABSTRACT………………………………………………………….……….. v DEDICATION………………………………………………………………….………. vi FRONTISPIECE……………………………………………………………………….. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………..……. viii LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………..……………... xi LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………….……………. xii CHAPTERS: 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………..……… 1 Context and Importance…………………………..……................ 1 State of Knowledge…………………………………..……...…… 2 Research Objectives………………………………….....………... 5 References…………………………………………..……………. 8 2. LANDSCAPE-SCALE HABITAT TYPES AS PREDICTORS OF NATIVE BEE DIVERSITY AND COMMUNITY DYNAMICS IN A SEMI-PRISTINE ECOSYSTEM………………….. 14 Abstract…………………………………………………………. 14 Introduction……………………………………………………... 15 Materials & Methods…………………………………………… 18 Study Site……………………………………………….. 18 Field Methods…………………………………………... 23 Specimens & Data Management………………..………. 26 Statistical Analyses………………………………...…… 27 Results………………………………………………………….. 29 Biodiversity………………………….…………………. 29 Community Dynamics………………………………….. 37 The Role of Habitat Type………………………………. 42 Geography and Floral Resources………………. 42 Bee Abundance…………………………………. 45 x Bee Richness……………………………………. 47 Bee Diversity…………………………………… 50 Bee Community Composition………………….. 52 Temporal Variables in Species Composition…… 56 Dominant Bee Species………………………….. 58 Influence of Habitat Type vs. Geography………. 61 Discussion………………………………………………………. 66 Biodiversity………………………….………………….. 66 Community Dynamics…………………………...……... 68 The Role of Habitat Type……………………………..... 70 References………………………………………………………. 76 Appendices…………………………………………………….... 81 Appendix A. Field Methods Supplementary Material….
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