DOCSLIB.ORG

Brazilian Coastal and Marine Protected Areas Importance, Current Status and Recommendations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Brazilian Coastal and Marine Protected Areas Importance, Current Status and Recommendations Brazilian Coastal and Marine Protected Areas Importance, Current Status and Recommendations Carina Tostes Abreu United Nations – Nippon Foundation of Japan Fellowship Programme DIVISION FOR OCEAN AFFAIRS AND THE LAW OF THE SEA OFFICE OF LEGAL AFFAIRS THE UNITED NATIONS NEW YORK December 2015 DISCLAIMER The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily re- flect the views of the Government of Brazil, the United Nations, the Nippon Foundation of Japan, or University of Rhode Island. © 2015 Carina T. Abreu. All rights reserved. ii ABSTRACT Brazil's maritime region holds an extraordinary biodiversity with more than 7,400 km of coastline and 3.6 million km² of exclusive economic zone. This area includes 3,000 km of coral reefs and 12% of the world's mangroves. These areas and their natural resources are extremely important for the economy of the country. Around 18 % of Brazilian population lives on the coast and economic activities in this areas account for about 70% of the country’s GDP, resulting in pressures on coastal resources and negative impacts on the biodiversity. The main Brazilian strategy for biodiversity conservation in situ is the establishment and the maintenance of the National System of Protected Areas. Despite efforts to create Protected Areas, the Marine Biome has the smallest percentage of area under protection in Brazil, with about 1.5%. Moreover, the few designated marine protected areas have not been well implemented and managed. Historically, public and political ignores economic benefits of ecosystem services and non-utilitarian benefits, instead considering only the immediate values obtained from direct exploration. Currently, the politics and social context in Brazil are unfavorable to the establishment of new Protected Areas and the fuller implementation and better management of the existing ones. This paper provides an overview of the Brazilian legal framework for protected areas and current governmental plans and actions. The MPAs’ current situation was analyzed, in terms of number, area, and ecosystems representativeness. Procedures, challenges, and difficulties to the establishment and implementation of MPAs are presented. The paper argues that early stakeholder engagement in planning and enhanced public awareness about MPAs benefits are necessary if more MPAs are to be established and well managed. Concluding, coastal and marine spatial planning and other related strategies that include meaningful public participation, increased financial resources for planning and implementation, and the subsequent increased political support are essential to ensure environmental protection for costal and marine biomes in Brazil. iii SUPERVISORS Professor Robert Thompson Department of Marine Affairs, Chair University of Rhode Island (URI) United States Ms. Valentina Germani Legal Officer (Programme Advisor) Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea Office of Legal Affairs United Nations iv ACRONYMS APP Permanent Preservation Area CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CCC Convention on Climate Change CIRM Inter-ministerial Commission for Marine Resources CLCS Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf CNUC Brazilian National Protected Areas Register CONABIO Brazilian National Biodiversity Commission COP CBD Conference of the Parties DETER Real Time Deforestation Detection EBSMA Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Area EEA European Environment Agency EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FUNAI National Indian Foundation GCRMN Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environmental Fund GIS Geographic Information Systems IBAMA Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources IBGE Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ICMBio Chico Mendes Institute of Biodiversity Conservation IL Indigenous Land ISA Socio-Environmental Institute IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature KFW German Financial Cooperation MMA Brazilian Ministry of Environment MPA Marine Protected Area MSP Marine Spatial Planning NEAFC Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Commission NGO Non-governmental Organization OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic v PA Protected Area PNAP National Strategic Plan on Protected Areas PNGC National Coastal Management Plan PNMA National Environmental Policy PNRM National Policy for Marine Resources PRODES Brazilian Amazon Forest Satellite Monitoring PSRM Brazilian Sector Plan for the Resources of the Sea RAPPAM Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Areas Management REMPLAC Mineral Potential Assessment of the Brazilian Continental Shelf RFT Rain Forest Trust Fund SAMGe Management Monitoring and Evaluation System SBSTTA CBD Subsidiary Body for Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice SISNAMA National Environmental System SNUC Brazilian National System of Protected Areas TNC The Nature Conservancy UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNDP United Nations Development Programme US United States VAT Value-Added Tax (ICMS, in Brazil) WDPA World Database on Protected Areas WWF World Wildlife Fund vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the Nippon Foundation of Japan and the United Nations through the Division for Ocean Affairs and Law of the Sea (DOALOS) for giving me this opportunity of learning and improving my awareness in ocean affairs field. I wish to express my heartfelt appreciation to Valentina Germani, for the guidance, support and encouragement during the whole period of my study. This research paper would not be possible without her patience and dedication. My sincerely thank to Ms. Gabriele Goettsche-Wanli, Mr. François Bailet, and all DOALOS staff members for sharing they knowledge and for their warm welcome in the office. This appreciation would not be complete if I did not mention my thanks to Simone Dempsey, for her help, readiness, willingness, and kindness. I am very grateful to my supervisor, Professor Robert Thompson, for the guidance during the six months of the University of Rhode Island, the countless recommendations in this paper, and for the opportunity to participate in some courses of the University. My thanks to the Graduate students of the Department of Marine Affairs, especially Emily, Melvin, Andrea, and Alexa for their kind support, patience, and friendship. My profound appreciation to Alexa Sterling for advising and grammar checking during a busy semester. Her assistance was priceless. I would like to register my enormous gratitude to Jacinta Jewett, John Jewett, and Camila Meireles for help with the English language, assistance in US, and friendship. Without their support this dream would not be possible. To my 2015 UN fellows Alex, Francisco, Fides, Ahlem, Mutindi, Taimur, Tamara, Malin, Ayo, Eric, and Lester for your wonderful friendship and all moments in UN Headquarter. I am luck to meet you and hope to meet you again soon. Special thanks to Abbas Finally, I would like to express my sincerely appreciation to my husband, Diogo Rocha, for understanding and taking care of the family for the whole period of my study, without his support and encouragement it wouldn’t be easy for me to complete this paper. And to my children, Ludmila and Tiago, for being brave and following me on this adventure. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract..............................................................................................................iii Supervisors.........................................................................................................iv Acronyms.............................................................................................................v Acknowledgements...........................................................................................vii Table of Contents..............................................................................................viii Introduction.........................................................................................................1 Chapter 1 – Biodiversity, Human Activities, and Impacts on Coastal and Marine Biomes........10 1.1. The Importance Of Coastal And Marine Biodiversity.............................................................10 1.2. Brazilian Coastal And Marine Biodiversity .............................................................................15 1.3. Human Activities And Impacts On Coastal Ecosystems .........................................................19 1.4. Human Activities And Impacts On Marine Ecosystems..........................................................23 Chapter 2 – Classification and Current Status of Protected Areas in Brazil, Priority Areas for Conservation, Legal Framework, and Government Programs.................................................30 2.1. The Importance Of Protected Areas, Identification Of Ecologically Or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSMA) Process, And Brazilian Priority Areas For Conservation...........................30 2.2. Brazilian Federal Legal Framework And Governmental Plans And Actions...........................36 2.3. The National System Of Protected Areas................................................................................42 2.4. Current Status Of Coastal And Marine Protected Areas In Brazil...........................................48 Chapter 3 – Challenges of Establishing and Implementing Coastal and Marine Protected Areas ..............................................................................................................................................54
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Features and Conservation of the Brazilian Pantanal Wetland
    Wetlands Ecology and Management 12: 547–552, 2004. 547 # 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Features and conservation of the Brazilian Pantanal wetland Arnildo Pott* and Vali Joana Pott Embrapa, Caixa postal 154, Campo Grande, MS, 79002-970 Brazil; *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted in revised form 18 July 2003 Key words: Aquatic vegetation, Ecology, Floodable grassland, Neotropical wetland, Savanna, Vegetation dynamics Abstract The Pantanal is a 140,000 km2 sedimentary floodplain in western Brazil and one of the largest wetlands in the world. The main landscapes and phytophysiognomies, according to flood origin, are briefly described and some of the characteristic plant species are mentioned: (a) river flood (1–5 m) on clayey eutrophic soils with gallery forests, pioneer forests and scrub, Tabebuia and Copernicia parks, seasonal swamps, grasslands and oxbow lakes; and (b) rain flood (10–80 cm) mainly on dystrophic sandy soils (72% of the total area) with savanna (‘‘cerrado’’) grasslands and woodlands, with or without ponds. Regulating factors of the vegetation such as wet-and-dry cycle and management are considered. Dynamics of the vegetation, in particular the aquatic types, are shortly depicted. The role of grazing for conservation is discussed, and we suggest that 200 years of cattle ranching apparently did not cause major changes in the vegetation, except turning tall grass into short swards, as the domestic herd found a nearly empty niche. However, severe threats to the flora and fauna of the Pantanal originate outside the floodplain. Siltation of the Taquari river is pointed out as the worst environmental problem, changing the hydrology (wet-and-dry to wet), fauna and flora, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • With Special Emphasis on the Equatorial Oceanic Islands
    insects Article Synthesis of the Brazilian Poduromorpha (Collembola: Hexapoda) with Special Emphasis on the Equatorial Oceanic Islands Estevam C. A. de Lima 1,2,* , Maria Cleide de Mendonça 1, Gabriel Costa Queiroz 1 , Tatiana Cristina da Silveira 1 and Douglas Zeppelini 2 1 Laboratório de Apterygotologia, Departamento de Entomologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20940-040, Brazil; [email protected] (M.C.d.M.); [email protected] (G.C.Q.); [email protected] (T.C.d.S.) 2 Laboratório de Sistemática de Collembola e Conservação—Coleção de Referência de Fauna de Solo—CCBSA—Universidade Estadual da Paraíba Campus V, João Pessoa 58070-450, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Endemic Collembola species are bioindicators of environmental quality since native species abundance is particularly sensitive to environmental disturbances. Oceanic island biota generally present high percentages of endemic species, and the vulnerability of these species is higher than those of the continents. The objective of this work was to carry out a survey of the Collembola species of the order Poduromorpha in the Brazilian oceanic islands and synthesize a distribution list of this order for Brazil. Our results reveal four new species of Collembola Poduromorpha for Brazilian oceanic islands that may be useful for the conservation strategies of these island regions and a contributor to the knowledge of the order in Brazil. Citation: de Lima, E.C.A.; de Mendonça, M.C.; Queiroz, G.C.; da Silveira, T.C.; Abstract: We present new species and records of Poduromorpha for the Brazilian oceanic islands and Zeppelini, D.
    [Show full text]
  • Ascidians from Rocas Atoll, Northeast Brazil
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 16 June 2015 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2015.00039 Ascidians from Rocas Atoll, northeast Brazil Sandra V. Paiva 1, Ronaldo R. de Oliveira Filho 1 and Tito M. da Cruz Lotufo 1, 2* 1 Graduate Program in Tropical Marine Sciences, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil, 2 Departament of Biological Oceanography, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Rocas Atoll is the only one of its kind in the South Atlantic—and the first Brazilian marine biological reserve. This is the first report about the ascidians from Rocas. A total of 12 species were found, 5 of them not hitherto described: Ascidia viridina sp. nov., Didemnum rochai sp. nov., Leptoclinides crocotulus sp. nov., Polysyncraton maurizeliae sp. nov., and Trididemnum rocasensis sp. nov. One Caribbean species, Didemnum halimedae, was also discovered in the region for the first time. Further, this is the first record of Didemnum digestum in the Atlantic. The results indicate a high degree of endemism in the ascidian fauna from Rocas Atoll, where didemnids are presently the most important members. Keywords: Ascidiacea, Tunicata, biodiversity, coral reef, taxonomy Edited by: Wei-Jen Chen, National Taiwan University, Taiwan Introduction Reviewed by: Greg W. Rouse, Ascidians are benthic marine invertebrates that are present throughout the marine environments University of California San Diego, from the intertidal to the deep sea. Currently, over 3000 species have been formally described USA (Lambert, 2005), but only 461 have been found in the Atlantic Ocean (Rocha et al., 2012). Francoise Monniot, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Despite their importance as one of the major components of benthic communities, their France presence is still ignored in many regions due to the lack of collections or specialists.
    [Show full text]
  • Safeguarding the Pantanal Wetlands: Threats and Conservation Initiatives
    Safeguarding the Pantanal Wetlands: Threats and Conservation Initiatives MONICAˆ B. HARRIS,∗†† WALFRIDO TOMAS,† GUILHERME MOURAO,†˜ CAROLINA J. DA SILVA,‡ ERIKA GUIMARAES,˜ ∗ FATIMA´ SONODA,§ AND ELIANI FACHIM§ ∗Conserva¸c˜ao Internacional–Brasil, Rua Paran´a 32, Campo Grande 79021–220, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil †Embrapa Pantanal, Rua 21 de Setembro 1880, Bairro Nossa Senhora de F´atima, Caixa Postal 109, Corumb´a 79320–900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil ‡Departamento de Botˆanica e Ecologia, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Avenida Tancredo Neves 1095, Cavalhada, C´aceres 78200–000, Mato Grosso, Brasil §ECOTROPICA,´ Rua 3, No. 391, Boa Esperan¸ca, Cuiab´a 78068–370, Mato Grosso, Brasil Abstract: ThePantanal, one of the largest wetlands on the planet, comprises 140,000 km2 of lowland flood- plain of the upper Rio Paraguai basin that drains the Cerrado of central Brazil. The diverse mosaics of habitats resulting from the varied soil types and inundation regimes are responsible for an extraordinarily rich terres- trial and aquatic biota, exemplified by the bird richest wetland in the world—463 birds have been recorded there—and the largest known populations of several threatened mammals, such as Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus), marsh deer ( Blastocerus dichotomus), giant otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis), and jaguar ( Panthera onca). Until recently, deforestation of the adjoining Brazilian central plateau was considered the major threat to this area, but now deforestation is a critical problem within the floodplain itself. More than 40% of the forest and savanna habitats have been altered for cattle ranching through the introduction of exotic grasses. And there are other threats that lead to large-scale disruption of ecological processes, severely affecting biodi- versity.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonization and Growth of Crustose Coralline Algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) on the Rocas Atoll
    BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF OCEANOGRAPHY, 53(3/4):147-156, 2005 Colonization and growth of crustose coralline algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) on the Rocas Atoll Alexandre Bigio Villas Bôas1*; Marcia A. de O.Figueiredo 2 & Roberto Campos Villaça 1 1Universidade Federal Fluminense (Caixa Postal 100644, 24001-970Niterói, RJ, Brasil) 2Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (Rua Pacheco Leão 915, 22460-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil) *[email protected] A B S T R A C T Crustose coralline algae play a fundamental role in reef construction all over the world. The aims fo this study were to identify and estimate the abundance of the dominant crustose coralline algae in shallow reef habitats, measuring their colonization, growth rates and productivity. Crusts sampled from different habitats were collected on leeward and windward reefs. Discs made of epoxy putty were fixed on the reef surface to follow coralline colonization and discs containing the dominant coralline algae were fixed on different habitats to measure the crusts’ marginal growth. The primary production experiments followed the clear and dark bottle method for dissolved oxygen reading. Porolithon pachydermum was confirmed as the dominant crustose coralline alga on the Rocas Atoll. The non-cryptic flat form of P. pachydermum showed a faster growth rate on the leeward than on the windward reef. This form also had a faster growth rate on the reef crest (0.05 mm.day-1) than on the reef flat (0.01 mm.day-1). The cryptic protuberant form showed a trend, though not significant, towards a faster growth rate on the reef crest and in tidal pools than on the reef flat.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cerrado-Pantanal Biodiversity Corridor in Brazil
    The Cerrado-Pantanal Biodiversity Corridor in Brazil Pantanal Program Mônica Harris, Erika Guimarães, George Camargo, Cláudia Arcângelo, Elaine Pinto Cerrado Program Ricardo Machado, Mario Barroso, Cristiano Nogueira CI in Brazil • Active since 1988. • Two Hotspots: Atlantic Forest and Cerrado • Three Wilderness Areas: Amazon, Pantanal and Caatinga • Marine Program Cerrado overview • 2,000,000 km2 Savannah • approximately 4,400 of its 10,000 plant species occur nowhere else in the world • 75% loss of the original vegetation cover • Waters from the Cerrado drain into the lower Pantanal Pantanal overview • A 140,000 km2 central floodplain surrounded by a highland belt of Cerrado • Home for at least: – 3,500 species of plants –300fishes –652 birds –102 mammals – 177 reptiles – 40 amphibians • Largest wetland in the world, with extremely high densities of several large vertebrate species The Cerrado – Pantanal Biodiversity Corridor – The Beginning: • Priority Setting Workshop for the Cerrado and the Pantanal (1998) • Partnership:CI, Ministry for the Environment, Funatura, Biodiversitas and UnB. • Priority areas were identified for biodiversity conservation by 250 specialists TheThe ResultsResults:: Priority Areas for the Conservation of the Cerrado and Pantanal Corredores de Biodiversidade Cerrado / Pantanal CorridorsCorridors Chapada dos Guimarães betweenbetween # # thethe CerradoCerrado # Unidade de conservação Pantanal Matogrossense andand thethe Áreas prioritárias Taquaril Emas Rios # Corredores propostos PantanalPantanal Pantanal Rio
    [Show full text]
  • Linking REDD+ to Support Brazil's Climate Goals and Implementation
    FOREST TRENDS PUBLIC-PRIVATE FINANCE INITIATIVE NOVEMBER 2016 Linking REDD+ to Support Brazil’s Climate Goals and Implementation of the Forest Code Rupert Edwards SUPPORTERS About Forest Trends Forest Trends works to conserve forests and other ecosystems through the creation and wide adoption of a broad range of environmental finance, markets and other payment and incentive mechanisms. Forest Trends does so by: 1) providing transparent information on ecosystem values, finance, and markets through knowledge acquisition, analysis, and dissemination; 2) convening diverse coalitions, partners, and communities of practice to promote environmental values and advance development of new markets and payment mechanisms; and 3) demonstrating successful tools, standards, and models of innovative finance for conservation. About Forest Trends’ Public-Private Finance Initiative Conserving forest and ecosystems and transforming land use at scale to sustainable low-emissions production systems requires substantial investment. Our Public-Private Finance Initiative is strategically focused on creating architectures that increase the amount of capital flowing to land use practices which reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation, improve the productivity of agricultural and livestock systems, and enhance live- lihoods of rural populations. Linking REDD+ to Support Brazil’s Climate Goals and Implementation of the Forest Code Rupert Edwards November 2016 SUPPORTERS Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge Ruben Lubowski (Environmental Defense Fund), Ronaldo Seroa da Motta (Earth Innovation Institute and State University of Rio de Janeiro), and Josh Gregory (Forest Trends) for their anal- ysis and review for this paper. We would also like to thank David Tepper, Director of Forest Trends’ Public-Private Finance Initiative, and Michael Jenkins, President and CEO of Forest Trends, for their guidance.
    [Show full text]
  • World Wildlife Fund
    WWF 9 WORLD WILDLIFE FUND SEMI-ANNUAL TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORT USAID Grant #512-G-OO-96-00041 Protected Areas & Sustainable Resource Management Amazon Development Policy Capacity Building October 1, 2001 to March 31, 2002 Component I- Protected Areas Jau National Park Highlights • Three new species recorded for Jaii -A Ph.D. research study conducted by FVA staff member Sergio Borges registered three species ofbirds new to the Jaii National Park: SeiuntS novaboracensis, Miyopagisflaviventris, and Nonnula amaurocephala. The latter is a species very rarely recorded in the Amazon. The bird inventory of Jaii National Park is now one of the best known in the entire Brazilian Amazon, as it is the only one in existence that has been maintained systematically over an uninterrupted ten-year period. • FVA receives Environmental Award - Ms. Muriel Saragoussi, representing FVA activities in the Jaii National Park, was one offive recipients ofthe Claudia Magazine Award for her contributions to nature conservation. Claudia Magazine is the most important weekly publication in Brazil dedicated to women. The award targets women who have made significant contributions in the areas ofhealth, education, social entrepreneurship, and the environment. Progress Windows on Biodiversity Project - With the conclusion ofits third phase last semester, the project entered its fourth and final phase, and will focus on the monitoring and evaluation ofthe results attained, as well as on the publication ofmaterials for dissemination. In this last phase, the project will continue to carry out the field expedition program. In February, FVA implemented an internal planning process where decisions were reached on the 2002 work plan and on coordination ofthe thematic areas ofthe project.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Population Dynamics of Siderastrea Stellata Verrill, 1868
    Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ISSN: 0001-3765 [email protected] Academia Brasileira de Ciências Brasil PINHEIRO, BARBARA R.; PEREIRA, NATAN S.; AGOSTINHO, PAULA G.F.; MONTES, MANUEL J.F. Population dynamics of Siderastrea stellata Verrill, 1868 from Rocas Atoll, RN: implications for predicted climate change impacts at the only South Atlantic atoll Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, vol. 89, núm. 2, abril-junio, 2017, pp. 873-884 Academia Brasileira de Ciências Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32751197008 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2017) 89(2): 873-884 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201720160387 www.scielo.br/aabc Population dynamics of Siderastrea stellata Verrill, 1868 from Rocas Atoll, RN: implications for predicted climate change impacts at the only South Atlantic atoll BARBARA R. PINHEIRO¹, NATAN S. PEREIRA², PAULA G.F. AGOSTINHO² and MANUEL J.F. MONTES¹ 1Laboratório de Oceanografia Química, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura, s/nº, Cidade Universitária, 50740-550 Recife, PE, Brazil 2Laboratório de Geologia e Sedimentologia/LAGES, Universidade Estadual da Bahia, Campus VIII, Rua da Aurora, s/nº, General Dutra, 48608-240 Paulo Afonso, BA, Brazil Manuscript received on June 16, 2016; accepted for publication on January 1, 2017 ABSTRACT Coral reefs are one of the most vulnerable ecosystems to ocean warming and acidification, and it is important to determine the role of reef building species in this environment in order to obtain insight into their susceptibility to expected impacts of global changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Apostila De Geografia Do Maranhão Para Concursos E Vestibulares
    www.castrodigital.com.br APOSTILAS OPÇÃO A Sua Melhor Opção em Concursos Públicos GEOGRAFIA DO MARANHÃO Localização do Estado do Maranhão: superfície; limites; linhas de fronteira; pontos extremos; Áreas de Proteção Ambiental (APA). Parques nacionais. Climas do Maranhão: pluviosidade e temperatura. Geomorfologia: classificação do relevo maranhense: planaltos, planícies e baixadas. Características dos rios maranhenses: bacias dos rios limítrofes: bacia do Pamaíba, do Gurupi e do Tocantins-Araguaia. Bacias dos rios genuinamente maranhenses. Principais Formações Vegetais: floresta, cerrado e cocais. Geografia da População: população absoluta; densidade demográfica; povoamento; movimentos populacionais. A agricultura maranhense: caracterização e principais produtos agrícolas; caracterização da Pecuária. Extrativismo: vegetal, animal e mineral. Parque industrial: indústrias de base e indústrias de transformação. Setor Terciário: comércio, telecomunicações, transportes. Malha viária. Portos e aeroportos. Localização do Estado do Maranhão: superfície; limites; linhas de fronteira; pontos extremos; Áreas de Proteção Ambiental (APA). Parques nacionais. Climas do Maranhão: pluviosidade e temperatura. Geomorfologia: classificação do relevo maranhense: planal- tos, planícies e baixadas. Características dos rios maranhenses: bacias dos rios limítrofes: bacia do Parnaíba, do Gurupi e do To- cantins-Araguaia. Bacias dos rios genuinamente maranhenses. Principais Formações Vegetais: floresta, cerrado e cocais. Geografia do Maranhão 1 A Opção Certa Para
    [Show full text]
  • Celebrating 125 Years of National Geographic
    EpicSOUTH AMERICA CELEBRATING 125 YEARS OF NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC AN EXHILARATING & COMPREHENSIVE VoyaGE ABoarD NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER | 2013 TM As astonishing as the photos in National Geographic. And an exhilarating life adventure: A Lindblad-National Geographic South America Expedition TM Lindblad Expeditions and National Geographic have joined forces to further inspire the world through expedition travel. Our collaboration in exploration, research, technology and conservation will provide extraordinary travel experi- ences and disseminate geographic knowledge around the globe. EPIC “Pertaining to a long poetic composition, usually centered upon a hero.” In this case, a continent. Dear Traveler, This expedition, Epic South America, is indeed a long poetic composition—from 10° north latitude to 35° south. It would be a 2,700 nautical mile voyage on South America’s west coast but, because of what we fondly refer to as “Brazil’s bump,” it’s about 4,000 nautical miles on the east coast. It visits eight distinctly different countries with spectacularly diverse geography—physically, culturally and naturally. For reasons that make little sense to me personally, South America played a very limited role in historic teachings when I went to school. We were Old World-centric, and rarely, if ever, discussed the vibrant, turbulent and complex history of this New World continent. So, on this voyage you can fill the gap so clearly left in the curriculum many of us experienced. To celebrate 125 years of the National Geographic Society, a most essential institution, we have assembled a most remarkable aggregate of staff and guest speakers, including my friends National Geographic Fellow Tom Lovejoy, and National Geographic Explorers-in-Residence Wade Davis and Johan Reinhard.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecotourism in the North Pantanal, Brazil: Regional Bases and Subjects for Sustainable Development
    Geographical Review of Japan Vol. 78, No. 5, 289-310, 2005 Ecotourism in the North Pantanal, Brazil: Regional Bases and Subjects for Sustainable Development MARUYAMA Hiroaki*, NIHEI Takaaki**, and NI HIWAKI Yasuyukl* *Faculty of Education and Human Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan **Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan Abstract: The Brazilian Pantanal, the world's largest wetland holding abundant wildlife, has recently drawn profound concern about the development of the tourist industry. To provide significant proposals for ecotourism in the wetland, we believe that detailed data acquired by fieldwork is requisite, This study examines the regional bases that carry regional ecotourism, and attempts to present some proposals for ecotourism from the case of the north Pantanal. The results are shown as follows in order of regional scale. (1) In the water source of the Pantanal, Cerrado region, it is necessary to make efficient plans to control recent agricultural development, especially in soybean and cotton production. (2) On the wetland level, legally protected areas such as national parks and RPPN (Reserva Particular do Patrimonio Natural) should be extended. (3) On the municipal level, environmental subsidies are needed for disused goldmines, and for the maintenance of tourist infrastructures such as Transpantaneira and MT 370. (4) Modern hotels and eco-lodges need to provide ecotourism organized by local people, and to equip the facilities with adequate sewage facilities and garbage recycle plants to preserve the natural environment. Key words: ecotourism, Transpantaneira, hotel, eco-lodge, Pantanal, Brazil ment1 that aims at coping with the fixation Introduction and indivisible quandaries of tourism in the late 1980s (Funck 2002).
    [Show full text]