Mullard Valves and Tubes ~~ Quick Reference Guide 1975/76
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Pentodes Connected As Triodes
Pentodes connected as Triodes by Tom Schlangen Pentodes connected as Triodes About the author Tom Schlangen Born 1962 in Cologne / Germany Studied mechanical engineering at RWTH Aachen / Germany Employments as „safety engineering“ specialist and CIO / IT-head in middle-sized companies, now owning and running an IT- consultant business aimed at middle-sized companies Hobby: Electron valve technology in audio Private homepage: www.tubes.mynetcologne.de Private email address: [email protected] Tom Schlangen – ETF 06 2 Pentodes connected as Triodes Reasons for connecting and using pentodes as triodes Why using pentodes as triodes at all? many pentodes, especially small signal radio/TV ones, are still available from huge stock cheap as dirt, because nobody cares about them (especially “TV”-valves), some of them, connected as triodes, can rival even the best real triodes for linearity, some of them, connected as triodes, show interesting characteristics regarding µ, gm and anode resistance, that have no expression among readily available “real” triodes, because it is fun to try and find out. Tom Schlangen – ETF 06 3 Pentodes connected as Triodes How to make a triode out of a tetrode or pentode again? Or, what to do with the “superfluous” grids? All additional grids serve a certain purpose and function – they were added to a basic triode system to improve the system behaviour in certain ways, for example efficiency. We must “disable” the functions of those additional grids in a defined and controlled manner to regain triode characteristics. Just letting them “dangle in vacuum unconnected” will not work – they would charge up uncontrolled in the electron stream, leading to unpredictable behaviour. -
Eimac Care and Feeding of Tubes Part 3
SECTION 3 ELECTRICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 3.1 CLASS OF OPERATION Most power grid tubes used in AF or RF amplifiers can be operated over a wide range of grid bias voltage (or in the case of grounded grid configuration, cathode bias voltage) as determined by specific performance requirements such as gain, linearity and efficiency. Changes in the bias voltage will vary the conduction angle (that being the portion of the 360° cycle of varying anode voltage during which anode current flows.) A useful system has been developed that identifies several common conditions of bias voltage (and resulting anode current conduction angle). The classifications thus assigned allow one to easily differentiate between the various operating conditions. Class A is generally considered to define a conduction angle of 360°, class B is a conduction angle of 180°, with class C less than 180° conduction angle. Class AB defines operation in the range between 180° and 360° of conduction. This class is further defined by using subscripts 1 and 2. Class AB1 has no grid current flow and class AB2 has some grid current flow during the anode conduction angle. Example Class AB2 operation - denotes an anode current conduction angle of 180° to 360° degrees and that grid current is flowing. The class of operation has nothing to do with whether a tube is grid- driven or cathode-driven. The magnitude of the grid bias voltage establishes the class of operation; the amount of drive voltage applied to the tube determines the actual conduction angle. The anode current conduction angle will determine to a great extent the overall anode efficiency. -
MRL-PRL-History-Book.Pdf
84495 Philips History Book.qxp 8/12/05 11:59 am Page 3 THE MULLARD/PHILIPS RESEARCH LABORATORIES, REDHILL. A SHORT HISTORY 1946 - 2002 John Walling MBE FREng Design and layout Keith Smithers 84495 PHILIPS HISTORY BOOK PAGE 3 84495 Philips History Book.qxp 8/12/05 11:59 am Page 4 Copyright © 2005 Philips Electronics UK Ltd. First published in 2005 Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, this publication may only be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, with prior permission in writing to Philips Electronics UK Ltd. Paper used in this publication are from wood grown in sustainable forests, chorine free. Author: John Walling MBE FREng Editors: Terry Doyle PhD, Brian Manley CBE FREng, David Paxman MA Design and layout: Keith Smithers Printed in United Kingdom by: Ruscombe Litho and Digital Printing Ltd Philips Reserach Laboratories Cross Oak Lane, Redhill, Surrey. RH1 5HA 84495 PHILIPS HISTORY BOOK PAGE 4 84495 Philips History Book.qxp 8/12/05 11:59 am Page 5 THE MULLARD/PHILIPS RESEARCH LABORATORIES, REDHILL. A SHORT HISTORY 1946 - 2002 CONTENTS Page FOREWORD by Terry Doyle PhD Director of the Laboratory 9 PREFACE by John Walling MBE FREng 13 CHAPTER ONE EARLY DAYS. 1946 - 1952 17 CHAPTER TWO THE GREAT DAYS BEGIN. 1953 -1956 37 CHAPTER THREE THE GREAT DAYS CONTINUE. 1957 - 1964 55 CHAPTER FOUR A TIME OF CHANGE AND THE END OF AN ERA. 1965 -1969 93 CHAPTER FIVE THE HOSELITZ YEARS.1970 -1976 129 CHAPTER SIX PRL - THE GODDARD ERA. 1976- 1984 157 CHAPTER SEVEN TROUBLED TIMES. -
The Venerable Triode
The Venerable Triode The very first gain device, the vacuum tube Triode, is still made after more than a hundred years, and while it has been largely replaced by other tubes and the many transistor types, it still remains popular in special industry and audio applications. I have some thoughts on why the Triode remains special for audio amplifiers (apart from sentimental value) that I would like to share. But first, a quick tutorial about Triodes: The earliest Triode was Lee De Forest's 1906 “Audion”. Over a hundred years development has resulted in many Triodes, large and small. The basic design has remained much the same. An evacuated container, usually glass, holds three signal connections, seen in the drawing as the Cathode, Grid and Plate (the Plate is also referred to as the Anode). In addition you see an internal heater, similar to a light bulb filament, which is used to heat the Cathode. Triode operation is simple. Electrons have what's known as “negative electrostatic charge”, and it is understood that “like” charges physically repel each other while opposite charges attract. The Plate is positively charged relative to the Cathode by a battery or other voltage source, and the electrons in the Cathode are attracted to the Plate, but are prevented by a natural tendency to hang out inside the Cathode and avoid the vacuum. This is where the heater comes in. When you make the Cathode very hot, these electrons start jumping around, and many of them have enough energy to leave the surface of the Cathode. -
Precise Db Monitoring with Eye Tubes This Circuit for Use with Eye Tubes Eliminates Variations for Precise and Accurate Signal Measurements
tubes Precise dB Monitoring with Eye Tubes This circuit for use with eye tubes eliminates variations for precise and accurate signal measurements. By Joe Sousa uning eye, or indicator, tubes came into use before World War II to help tune radio re- ceivers by indicating signal strength. This was helpful to reduce Tdistortion and adjacent channel inter- ference that would result if the radio were tuned too far from the center of the channel. The eye tubes were de- veloped as a cheaper alternative to the needle movement meters. It was not until the 1960s that needle meters were made economically enough in Japan to displace indicator tubes. During the decades from the 1930s to PHOTO 1: EM84/6FG6 with triode grid input at 0V, –3V, and –23V. the 1960s, when tuning indicator tubes were in production, they found wide use of the tube. The green rectangles grow to deflect the output beam on the fluo- in instrumentation as a low-cost alterna- longitudinally, as the input signal grows rescent target painted on the side of the tive to the needle meter. Capacitor mea- more negative (Photo 1). At full signal glass envelope. The 470k plate resistor surement bridges and tube testers were strength, the two among the more common instruments rectangles meet in making use of these inexpensive indica- the center, form- tor tubes. ing a solid rect- By the 1950s, indicator tube design angle 1.5˝ long. had matured enough that good preci- Figure 1 shows sion could be obtained for use as re- the internal ar- cording level meters in open-reel tape rangement of the recorders. -
Photosensitive Camera Tubes and Devices Handbook
11.2 PHOTOSENSITIVE CAMERA TUBES AND DEVICES 11.1 PHOTOSENSITIVITY / 11.2 11.1.1 Photoemitters / 11.2 11.1.2 Photoconductors / 11.5 11.2 PHOTOELECTRIC-INDUCED TELEVISION SIGNAL GENERATION / 11.5 11.2.1 Photoemission-Induced Charge Images / 11.5 11.2.2 Secondary-Emission-Induced Charge Images / 11.6 11.2.3 Electron-Bombardment-Induced Conductivity / 11.8 11.2.4 Photoconductive-Generated Charge Images / 11.9 11.2.5 Generation of Video Signals by Scanning / 11.11 11.2.6 Low-Velocity Scanning / 11.11 11.2.7 Return-Beam Signal Generation / 11.13 11.2.8 High-Velecity Scanning / 11.14 11.3 EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF TELEVISION CAMERA TUBES / 11.14 11.3.1 Nonstorage Tubes / 11.14 11.3.2 Storage Tubes / 11.15 11.4 VIDICON-TYPE CAMERA TUBES / 11.26 11.4.1 Antimony Trisulfide Photoconductor / 11.26 11.4.2 Lead Oxide Photoconductor / 11.28 11.4.3 Selenium Photoconductor / 11.30 11.4.4 Silicon-Diode Photoconductive Target / 11.31 11.4.5 Cadmium Selenide Photoconductor / 11.32 11.4.6 Zinc Selenide Photoconductor / 11.32 11.5 INTERFACE WITH THE CAMERA / 11.33 11.5.1 Optical Input / 11.34 11.5.2 Operating Voltages / 11.34 11.5.3 Dynamic Focusing / 11.36 11.5.4 Beam Blanking / 11.36 11.5.5 Beam Trajectory Control / 11.38 11.5.6 Video Output / 11.40 11.5.7 Deflecting Coils and Circuits / 11.42 11.5.8 Magnetic Shielding / 11.42 11.5.9 Anti-Comet-Tail Tube / 11.42 11.6 CAMERA TUBE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS / 11.43 11.6.1 Sensitivity and Output / 11.44 11.6.2 Resolution / 11.45 11.6.3 Lag / 11.49 11.6.4 Lag-Reduction Techniques / 11.50 11.7 SINGLE-TUBE COLOR CAMERA SYSTEMS / 11.54 11.7.1 Single-Output-Signal Tubes / 11.55 11.7.2 Multiple-Output-Signal Tubes / 11.58 11.8 SOLID-STATE IMAGER DEVELOPMENT / 11.60 11.8.1 Early Imager Devices / 11.60 11.8.2 Improvements in Signal-to-Noise Ratio / 11.60 11.8.3 CCD Structures / 11.61 11.8.4 New Developments / 11.63 REFERENCES / 11.64 PHOTOSENSITIVITY 11.3 11.1 PHOTOSENSITIVITY A photosensitive camera tube is the light-sensitive device utilized in a television camera to develop the video signal. -
Liste Des Articles Tri : Référence a Page 1 / 46
Dossier : Sas ICP Le 09/07/14 14:44 Liste des articles Tri : Référence A Page 1 / 46 Référence Désignation Marque 0A2 CIFTE REGULATEUR MINIATURE 150V CIFTE 0A2 SB REGULATEUR MINIATURE 150V SB 0A2 SYLVANIA REGULATEUR MINIATURE 150V SYLVANIA 0A2WA REGULATEUR MINIATURE 150V CSF 0A3 GE REGULATEUR OCTAL 75V GE 0A3 STC REGULATEUR OCTAL 75V STC 0A3 SYLVANIA REGULATEUR OCTAL 75V SYLVANIA 0A4G THYRATRON OCTAL A CATHODE FROIDE RCA 0A5 THYRATRON A CATHODE FROIDE SYLVANIA 0B2 MULLARD REGULATEUR MINIATURE 105V MULLARD 0B2 PHILIPS REGULATEUR MINIATURE 105V PHILIPS 0B2 SB REGULATEUR MINIATURE 105V SB 0B2 TELEFUNKEN REGULATEUR MINIATURE 105V TELEFUNKEN 0B2-MAZDA REGULATEUR MINIATURE 105V MAZDA 0B2WA CSF REGULATEUR MINIATURE 105V CSF 0B2WA JRP RAYTHEON REGULATEUR MINIATURE 105V RAYTHEON 0B2WA MAZDA REGULATEUR MINIATURE 105V MAZDA 0B2WA RCA REGULATEUR MINIATURE 105V RCA 0B2WA RTC REGULATEUR MINIATURE 105V RTC 0B2WA SB REGULATEUR MINIATURE 105V SB 0B2WA SYLVANIA REGULATEUR MINIATURE 105V SYLVANIA 0B3 REGULATEUR OCTAL 90V 0C2 RAYTHEON REGULATEUR MINIATURE 90V RAYTHEON 0C2 RCA REGULATEUR MINIATURE 90V RCA 0C3 REGULATEUR OCTAL 105V 0C3W REGULATEUR OCTAL 105V 0D3 REGULATEUR OCTAL 150V 0D3W REGULATEUR OCTAL 150V 0G3 REGULATEUR MINIATURE RCA 0Z4 VALVE A GAZ OCTAL 10 RCA TRIODE 4 BROCHES USA RCA 10000/0.25 VALVE THT 1005 DIODE BIPLAQUE 100E1 REGULATEUR 100V 100TH TRIODE EIMAC 10-4A REGULATEUR FER HYDROGENE OCTAL 10-4C REGULATEUR FER HYDROGENE OCTAL 108C1 REGULATEUR MINIATURE 105V MULLARD 10-A10 REGULATRICE FER HYDROGENE OCTAL AMPERITE 10-A10 REGULATEUR FER HYDROGENE 10E/105 DIODE VHF 10E/216 TRIODE 5 BROCHES 10Y GE TRIODE 4 BROCHES GE 10Y HYTRON TRIODE 4 BROCHES 10Y NEOTRON TRIODE 4 BROCHES NEOTRON 10Y SYLVANIA TRIODE 4 BROCHES 10Y WE TRIODE 4 BROCHES 1110 REGULATRICE RTC 115N0150 RELAIS THERMIQUE 150 Sec. -
E=M Measurement with a \Magic Eye" and Imagej
Imaging electron trajectories: e=m measurement with a \magic eye" and ImageJ Junaid Alam and Muhammad Sabieh Anwar LUMS School of Science and Engineering October 28, 2015 Version 2015-3 When electrons are allowed to move freely in a magnetic eld, they behave as charged par- ticles following curved trajectories due to the Lorentz force. By making these trajectories \visible" and then measuring their curvature, the charge-to-mass ratio of the electrons can be determined. In this experiment, we use a \magic eye" and digital photography to track the path of electrons. Digital images are then processed in a freeware named ImageJ to measure the curvature. KEYWORDS Anode lament phosphorescence Lorentz force magic eye calibration ImageJ image processing digital data collision cross section radius of curvature. 1 Objectives In this experiment, we will: 1. learn to appreciate how subatomic particles can be tracked from their e ects, 2. see how the energy of a free electron can be controlled by maintaining an electric eld, 3. record and analyze observations in the form of digital images, 4. calculate the charge-to-mass ratio of the electron using a simple arrangement, and 5. understand the importance and method of calculating uncertainties associated with ex- perimental measurements. 1 References and Essential Reading [1] D. Prutchi, and S. Prutchi, Exploring Quantum Physics through Hands-on Projects, John Wiley, Inc., pp. 77-79 (2003). [2] W.S. Rasband, ImageJ, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/, 1997-2012. 2 Introduction Foresee: Does a stationary electron experience a force in a magnetic eld? Provide a physical justi cation for your answer. -
PHILIPS "Cartomatic" the MULLARD MASTER TEST BOARD
THE MULLARD MASTER TEST BOARD Type 7629 PHILIPS "Cartomatic" GM 7629 Operating Instructions and Service manual Notes and translations from 1937 to 2008 compiled by George Bichard Hints and Tips The device should be kept dust free and to be covered with a flannel cover after use. The movable parts of the contact bridge and the keyboard have to be slightly oiled. The keys of the keyboard have to be pushed firmly and released immediately. It has to be checked that the soldered connections don't interfere with the free movement of the contact pins. The cards have to be kept clean and stored alphabetically. Never forget to check a valve with all cards belonging to it. Unless the electrolytic capacitors have been modernised you must not store the instrument other than on its base or you risk serious internal damage caused by gradual leakage of their electrolyte (which is corrosive). If the instrument has been moved about or not used for a long while it is advisable to leave it powered for 10-15 minutes before use to ensure that the mercury in the AX1 rectifier is properly vapourised, otherwise you risk damaging flash-overs when the HT is enabled. General Remarks The device works as a multimeter and as a valve tester. It allows identifying any problem in a radio and a valve. The following problems of valves can be checked: a) breakage of the filament b) internal shorts c) break of electrode connections d) emission e) insulation between electrodes when the valve is heated f) slope (gain) When used as a multimeter the following measurements are -
Birth of the Valve.Indd 68 25/01/2019 08:21 Attention to the Problem of Developing an Eff Cient Receiving Detector
Feature by Dr Bruce Taylor HB9ANY ● E-mail: [email protected] Birth of the Thermionic Valve n the archives of Marconi’s Dr Bruce Taylor HB9ANY relates how chance, ingenuity Wireless Telegraph Company and confl ict created the technology that dominated radio for November 1904, there is a handwritten letter that communication for half a century. concludes: “I have not mentioned Ithis to anyone yet, as it may become useful”. The letter is signed by the English scientist John Ambrose Fleming and it describes how he had found a method of detecting oscillatory electrical currents in an antenna using a thermionic valve. “It may become useful” was perhaps the understatement of the century! While the saga of the thermionic valve had a large cast, the two principal roles were initially played by Fleming and the American experimenter Lee de Forest. The characters of these two men could hardly have been more different. De Forest was an enterprising inventor but a f amboyant showman unashamedly motivated by a desire for fame, fortune and a luxurious life style. He was lucky in his discoveries, but not in his private life or his somewhat unethical business practices, and he died in 1961 without achieving the f nancial success of which he dreamed. Fleming, on the other hand, was the careful archetypal physicist, methodical in his investigations and A 1915 advertisement by Elmer Cunningham explains that, unlike the de Forest Audion, his AudioTron motivated to earn the esteem and can be bought alone. recognition of his peers for advancing scientif c knowledge. He achieved his aim, he patented the device as a means for The Fleming Diode and was knighted in 1929, but he wasn’t controlling mains voltage but made no In 1899, Fleming had been appointed interested in vigorously exploiting his mention of its rectifying properties, for he scientif c advisor to Marconi and became discoveries and left Marconi and others was promoting DC rather than AC power responsible for the design of part of the to prof t from their commercialisation. -
Radio Valve Data: 1926-1946
Radio Valve Data: 1926-1946 Supplement to British Radio Valves The Classic Years Characteristics and connections for over 4000 valves Keith R Thrower Published by Speedwell ISBN 978-0-9537166-4-7 Contents Abbreviation & Symbols 3 Fama 37 Radio Micro 85 Explanation of the Tables 4 Ferranti 38Radion 85 Valve Data 5-156 Fotos 39 Radvaco 85 Amplion 5 Frelat 40 Ratvaco 85 Aneloy 5 Graham-Farish 41 Radio Record 86 ARA 6 Helikon 41 RAF 129 Army 123 Hivac 42 Scott Taggart 88 Beam 6 HMV 44 Six-Sixty 88 Benjamin 6 Lissen 45 Splendor 90 Beriton 6 Loewe-Audion 47 Stal 90 Brimar 7 Louden 48 Standard 91 Brittania 13 Lumos 48 STC 91 BSA-Standard 13 Lustrolux 49 Sutra 93 BTH 14 Marconi 50 Tela-Radio 93 Burndept 15 Mazda 59 Three Six Two 93 CAC 15 Metal 66 Triotron 96 Clarion 16 Micromesh 66 Tungsram 101 Cleartron 17 Midland 67 Univella 111 Cosmos 18 Monotone 67 US 112 Cossor 19 Mullard 68 Valeo 111 Dario 28 Navy 126 Vatea 111 Dayros 32 Neutron 80 Vita 111 Double Two 32 North London Valve Co. (NLV) 80 Voltron 111 Dulivac 32 Octron 80 Rectifiers 141 Eagle 32 Osram 50 Tuning Indicators 153 Ediswan 32 Ostar-Ganz 81 Thyratrons 155 Ekco 34 Pix 82 Barretters 156 Elka 34 Peter Russell (P.R.) 83 Valve Bases & Connections 157 Ensign 34 Post Office 134 Base diagrams 158 ETA 34 Power Tone 84 Base connections 160 Eton 35 Quadruple Valve Co (QVC) 84 Alphanumeric List of Valve Types 172 Ever-Ready 35 Quicko 84 Abbreviations & Symbols ABBREVIATIONS USED IN VALVE TABLES RF Radio Frequency a.c. -
A Ten-Watt All-Triode Amplifier
A Ten-Watt All-Triode Amplifier ROBERT M. VOSS’ and ROBERT ELLIS Build this simple low-powered amplifier using a pair of rela tively new dual-triodes in the output stage and see how good a small amplifier can sound— with efficient speaker systems. n the early days of electronics the only one or the other class of tube, and cir one of them. 6BX7’s arc relatively un type of tube used for amplification cuits were developed which proved the known to audiofans; as far as we know I was the triode. The reason for this virtues of either triodes or tetrodes. The no commercially built amplifier and only was simple; the tetrode and pentode had Williamson amplifier, which probably one published circuit uses them. In Ra not yet been developed. With the discov gave high-fidelity its biggest boost, dio-Electronics, February 1957, Norman ery that higher gain could be achieved by showed that a well-designed low-power V. Becker described an amplifier which the use of a screen grid, designers triode amplifier could reproduce cleaner delivered eight watts at less than x/2 per jumped on the bandwagon, and the tet sound than any of the high-power cir cent total harmonic distortion from two rode and later the pentode were thought cuits used at that time. fiBXT's and a .$2.95 output transformer. to render the single-grid tube obsolete. Triode advocates, however, had a short Although Mr. Becker pointed out the When the emphasis on faithful sound lived victory, for, in 1953, David Hafler great potentialities of the 6BX7 as an reproduction came into vogue, audio de and Herbert I.