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MULLARD TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS MULLARD REFERENCE MANUAL OF TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS First edition 1960 TP420 Made and printed in Great Britain by WIGHTMAN AND COMPANY LIMITED, 1-3 Brixton Road, London, S.W.9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This manual has been produced with the active co-operation of the heads of departments and members of staff of the Mullard Research Laboratories, the Semiconductor Measurement and Application Laboratory, the Technical Department, and the Applications Research Laboratory. The following list includes those who have been of most service in the preparation of the manual; if the list were made more complete, it would defeat its object. Mullard is the trade mark of Mullard Ltd. and is registered in most of the principal countries in the world. The issue of the inforina- tion contained in this publication does not imply any authority L.G. Cripps H. Kemhadjian or licence for the utilisation of any patented feature. While reasonable care has been taken in the preparation of this publica- L. B. Johnson A. F. Newell tion, no responsibility is assumed for any consequences of its use. L. H. Light J. R. Nowicki E. Wolfendale J. F. Pawling © Mullard Ltd. 1960 A. J. Rees E. G. Cooper W. L. Stephenson M. J. Gay P. Tharma K. Holford T. B. Watkins L. E. Jannson P. G. Williams Mullard Ltd., Mullard House, Torrington Place, London, W.C.1 ERRATUM CONTENTS The fact that the first pages of this manual were printed last allows attention to be drawn to the following error. On p. 92, the line before the heading which readsRelative Importance of fi and fashould end with f'a and not with fa . 1. The Junction Transistor . 2. New Techniques 9 3. Static Characteristic Curves 13 4. Small -signal Characteristics 23 5. Basic A.C. Circuits .. 33 6. Transistor as a Current Network 45 7. Bias and Stabilisation 53 8. Equivalent Circuits .. 73 9. Limiting Values 93 10. Semiconductor Diodes 103 11. The Phototransistor 115 12. Audio Amplifier Stages . 121 13. Class A Output Stages 133 14. Class B Push-pull Output Stages 147 15. Hearing Aids 161 16. Low -power Audio Amplifiers 167 17. Public-address Amplifiers.. 175 18. I.F. Amplifier for 470kc/s 181 19. Radio Receivers 189 20. 4W 500kc s Transmitter 207 vi vii 21. Tuned Oscillators.. 219 22. Phase -shift Oscillators 235 23. Transistor as a Switch 243 LIST OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS 24. Pulse Circuits 255 Ratio detector using 2-0A79 110 0A70 as video detector at 30Mc/s 110 25. D.C. Amplifiers 267 0A70 as sound detector in transistor receiver .. 111 0A81 as television noise limiter.. 111 26.D.C./D.C. Converters 281 Four 0A10 in low -voltage bridge rectifier 113 27. Protection Circuit for Stabilised D.C. Power Supply 297 Basic circuit for OCP71 for unmodulated light.. 119 Temperature -compensated circuit for OCP71 with d.c. amplifier 119 28. 1000c/s Oscillator and Tuned Amplifier for H.F. Measurements 303 Basic circuit for OCP71 for modulated light .. 120 Typical RC -coupled stage for 0071 130 Basic 0070 preamplifier for 250V supply 132 Rearrangement of 250V preamplifier for feeding valve amplifier 132 60mW output stage using 0072 operating on half -supply -voltage principle 136 0C26 output stage with EF98 valve driver 139 0C26 output stage with 0071 driver .. 141 Common -emitter 7W push-pull amplifier for hybrid car -radio receiver 158 Common -emitter 500mW push-pull amplifier 159 Split -load 540mW push-pull amplifier .. 159 Single -ended 500mW push-pull amplifier 160 Common -emitter 1W push-pull amplifier 160 Four -transistor RC -coupled hearing aid.. 162 Three -transistor RC -coupled hearing aid 164 Three -transistor directly coupled hearing aid 165 200mW audio amplifier for supply voltage of 6V 168 200mW audio amplifier for supply voltage of 4.5V 170 1W audio amplifier 171 540mW audio amplifier .. 172 5W high -quality audio amplifier.. 173 15W public-address audio amplifier for supply voltage of 14V 176 15W public-address audio amplifier for supply voltage of 28V 179 I.F. amplifier for 470kc/s 182 Portable radio receiver (original version) 190 Radio receiver with improved a.g.c. 198 Miniaturised version of radio receiver.. 200 viii ix 4W transmitter for 5001(5/s 208 10kc/s oscillator for output of 20mW 232 50kc/s oscillator for output of 90mW 233 42kc/s oscillator for feeding playback/record head of tape recorder 234 800c/s oscillator using three -section ladder network.. 238 Two -transistor Wien -network oscillator for about 3.4kcis 239 Three -transistor Wien -network oscillator for 15c/s to 20kc/s 240 PREFACE Multivibrator 256 O TECHNICAL BOOK EVER MADE LIGHT BEDTIME Flip-flop .. 258 Bistable circuit .. 259 reading. Nor is it possible, in just over three -hundred pages Asymmetrical bistable circuit .. 261 of legible type, to transform the novice into a fully fledged Bistable circuit using p -n -p and n -p -n combination 262 Triggered blocking oscillator 263 circuit designer. What can be done, however, is to present the most Free -running blocking oscillator (frequency divider) 264 important information to the largest number of users, in a way that Self -gating Miller circuit .. 265 can be absorbed as readily as possible. The resultisthe present Directly coupled d.c. amplifier for germanium transistors 268 Reference Manual of Transistor Circuits. Directly coupled d.c. amplifier for silicon transistors.. 269 Long -tailed -pair d.c. amplifier for germanium transistors 270 Not only is this manual not intended for the senior designer: he will Long -tailed -pair d.c. amplifier for silicon transistors .. 271 Simple temperature -control circuit 272 probably prefer not to consult it-at least when anyone else is looking. Chopper -type d.c. amplifier with silicon -diode bridge .. 273 The aim is therefore to help all the other people who have some Single -transistor chopper and d.c. amplifier .. 274 Balanced transistor chopper and d.c. amplifier.. 276 professional (or spare -time) interest in radio and electronics to realise Mechanical chopper and transformer -coupled amplifier 278 the possibilities of the transistor; and to show them how to exploit Two -transformer d.c./d.c. converter . 282 these possibilities intelligently. The approach is not a new one, though Voltage -doubler output for d.c./d.c. converter .. 292 Further modification of d.c./d.c. converter .. 294 it is rarely carried out on the present scale. The most useful circuit diagrams are chosen and revised where necessary; as much practical One -amp stabilised power supply 298 Three -amp stabilised power supply including protection circuit 300 information is given as possible; and the principles of operation are described in such a way that the user can make at least any minor 1kcis oscillator .. 303 lkc/s tuned amplifier 304 modifications which he may require. The method is not without its drawbacks. It can leave a false im- pression of the state of development and availability of the latest devices. There is always a time-lag between the introduction of a new device with its technical data, which enables the circuit designer to go ahead; and the production of a circuit for some particular application, which can be put in the hands of the general user. Broadly speaking the circuits have been restricted to devices which are available now. However, the breakthrough, which the alloy -diffusion process shows x xi ._ every sign of being, means that all users must be acquainted with this technique, even if circuits cannot be included yet. Other publications exist for reporting the latest developments. In particular, those who subscribe to the Mallard Technical Handbook CHAPTER ONE Service are automatically supplied with the latest technical data sheets as these become available. THE JUNCTION TRANSISTOR An important subsidiary aim has been to increase the ability of the Most junction transistors are, essentially, a sandwich of three layers of average reader to appreciate technical data. The first nine chapters crystalline semiconductor. The manufacturing techniques and theory of operation are not so elementary as this simple picture would suggest, provide a background, with the main emphasis on small signals and but a detailed knowledge of these topics is the concern of specialists, audio frequencies. Subsequent chapters are more practical, though the rather than of those who wish simply to make up transistor circuits. necessary bits of theory are introduced where appropriate to extend Fortunately, the operation of the transistor as a circuit element can be understood from a few basic ideas about its construction and the treatment of large signals and high frequencies. interior mechanism. The present chapter will provide this necessary Short chapters on semiconductor diodes and on the OCF71 photo - basis, but it must be realised that the approach has been very much transistor have been included because of the close relationship that simplified. exists between the various semiconductor devices. A few topics-such as some switching applications and electronic computers-have been MECHANICAL FEATURES In the normal amplifying valve, the bulb is pumped out as thoroughly judged too specialised for inclusion in a book having a wide appeal. as possible, and a to adsorb most of the residual The manual will be suitable for junior designers, graduate entrants gases. The flow of electrons from cathode to anode thereforetakes place through an almost ideal vacuum. One or more grids placed into electronics, students of electrical engineering and physics, science between anode and cathode exert a controlling influence on the teachers, radio service engineers, laboratory and works technicians, electron stream. and keen hobbyists. The reader must use his judgement in choosing The transistor is, in essence, a crystal. It differs radically from the those parts which are most suitable to him. The apprentice service radio valve; in the valve the current flows through a near vacuum, necessitating an evacuated envelope and a more -or -lessresilient engineer may need to memorise the electrode connections, and the assembly.