iiii ...... 'i " ii

Some Problems in the Interpretation

;ii : of Enclosure Awards

By JOHN CHAPMAN

,I! i! ) im maps and awards associated with the formation from a mid-nineteenth-century process of parliamentary enclosure are a award which is completely lacking in a neigh- major source of information about rural bouring mid-eighteenth-century one. !. T , and have been widely used by both historialls and historical geographers. They I provide abase for studies both of the communal Any attempt to produce a comprehensive pic- i: agricultural system which they abolished and ture of, for example, a comity involves the of the more individual one which followed, initial practical problem of discovering the and their value has been stressed on a number whereabouts of all the awards, for no unified of occasions, notably by Tate3 system exists for their preservation. Whilst ~:i~ Raffler less attention has been paid to the copies of all awards trader die General Enclo- problems encotmtered in their interpretation. sure Act of z 845 passed into the hands of the Harley has drawn attention to the inaccuracy of Board of Agriculture and thence to the Public some of the maps, to the occasional discrepan- Record Office, the only certainty with earlier cies between map and award, and to flxe fact awards is that they were once deposited locally; that copies of the award do not always agree usually, though not invariably, this was with with the original, but difficulties of a more the parish authorities. Most should also have serious and more subtle nature also occur. 2 In been enrolled wifll the Clerk of the Peace to particular, any attempt at comparison or amal- the cotmty but, as Tate has pointed out, this gamation of material from a number of awards obligation was sometimes avoided. 4 Both the is fraught with problems. Although parlia- Clerk's and the parish copies have now nor- mentary enclosm'e is often seen as a country- really found their way to the County Record wide movement, each award was essentially a Offices, but dxis is by no means certain, nor local product, with clauses reflecting the peculi- is it certain that they will have survived in- arities aid ideas unique to the particular town- tact. Thus, in persond searches, two of die thir- ship or parish to a far greater extent than in a teen Monmoufllshire awards, for Ifton and more nationally controlled source such as the Cwmyoy, could not be found? and of the tithe awards. Even the passing of tlie various sixty-nine in one, , general Enclosure Acts, though encouraging a appears to exist only in an incomplete draft ,'i higher degree oftmiformity, failed to eliminate form, and one, Felpham, solely in map form. G il .... local variations completely. Furthermore, the A similar situation obtains in other counties, process of parliamentary enclosure extended and it is doubtful whether a ioo per cent cover over 3oo years, and both die process itself and is possible in many of those which were sub- ,% die awards which recorded it tended to become stantially affected by the movement. more complex with the passing of time? It is i,! i:i; therefore frequently possible to obtain in- W. E. 'Fate, The English Village Community and the Enclosure Movements, x967, p. n8. I!t ~; E.g.W.E. Tate, 'Enclosure Acts and Awards', His- 5 The Ifton Act is in National Library of Wales (NLW), J i: tory, 5I, I966, pp. x79-8z. Tredegar Park 34/8I. Letters referring to the Cwmyoy 2 j. B. Harley, 'Enclosure and Tithe Maps', Amateur award are preserved at blonmouthshire Record Office

!ii : Historian, 7, z967, pp. 265-74. (MCR), D59x.81.33x. Radipole, Dorset (I6o3), and Skipwith, 6 West Sussex Record Office (WSCR): Add. MSS. (*9ox-4), are generally accepted as the first and last. 5z74, 6oo4, 6005. )L : [i[ i zo8 ,t,I

iill )!ii , l ;!il ~Ii]! J ENCLOSURE AWARDS lO9 II areas for the subdivisions, are exceptional7 0 Where the documents do exist unmutilated, Pro-enclosure maps providing the required in- major omissions may still occur. A significant formation are occasionally attached to the proportion of awards made before 179o have awards, but this does not seem to have been a no associated map, allotments being distin- very common practice. In general, it is fair to guished by a brief description, such as: "in part say that if the descriptions in file award lack of Porto Field," followed by a list of the pro- precision, it is malikely that an exact reconstruc- prietors of bounding allotments or old en- tion of the fields will be possible. closures, v Only five out of a sample of :fifteen Problems such as these are immediately pre-I79O awards in north-east Yorkshire were obvious, for the documents fail to offer any provided with a map, while in a list for information. More serious, in many ways, is Worcestershire given by West, only ten out of the inaccuracy, or scope for misinterpretation, forty-five had one. From 179o onwards maps of the material which is provided. This affects of the allotments were usual, and all thirty-one even such a basic matter as the total amount of of a Yorkshire sample after this date possess one, land enclosed, for none of the methods avail- though it is worthy of note that West's able for obtaining this figure is without its Worcestershire list shows sixteen out of drawbacks, mid confusion is often caused by a seventy-two p.ost-I79O awards without maps, failure to distinguish between the land newly the last as late as 1816.8 Wlmre the maps are enclosed by an award and the total land allotted. absent, and no near-contemporary alternative Ahhough in theory the enclosure process was source is available, the task of translating the concerned with land which had previously written information into map form is often been open or common, a good deal of land impossible, greatly diminishing its useful- which had formerly been held in severahy was hess. also re-allocated. For an initial period after maps became com- Firstly, anything held to be an illegal en- mon, most awards continued to provide a full croachment was usually simply absorbed into written descri,p tion, thus givin~, the maximmn file common for the purposes of redistribution, possible information. Unfortunately, this ideal and is frequently not distinguished either in the situation did not last, for during the course of award or on the allonnent map. n Such en- the nineteenth century the descriptions tended croachments were normally of recent origin, to become shorter, and after about 185o they having been taken from the common within frequently degenerated into a mere list of the previous twenty years, mad although they owners and acreages, with a key number to the might be numerous their total area was often accompanying map. In west Sussex, of tlxe small. Occasionally, however, they might be awards enclosing more than a single common of more significance, for older encroa&ments or field, only two prior to 185o failed to name might be incorporated,12 and sometimes, as at the area within whi& the allotments were Trelleck in Monmouthshire, the total en- located, 9 whereas after 185o eight out of eleven croached area might be considerable,la The failed to do so. Though the names of the former significance of encroachments is further in- fields frequently appear on the enclosure map, creased by evidence that they were most exact boundaries are rarely shown, and cases numerous where commons were extensive and such as Warningcamp and Byworth, where colmnon fields absent, so that their inclusion the map subdivides the allotments and gives 10 WSCR: Add. MS. 5x74. n They are sometimes differentially shaded, e.g. Trelleck, MCR: INC AW2. 7 Faceby award, P.R.O. : L2xo/IaT. 12 E.g. up to thirty years in Woolavington and 8 j. West, Village Records, I962, pp. I4o-I. Graffham. WSCR: QDD]6/Wx2. i 9 Wenaham in Rogate (1825), WSCR: PAIl x5912o; x3 I.e. 959" 32 acres, made up of I,x22 encroachments, Bosham (1834), WSCR: PAR 25120. Both locate some of which 407 were over twenty years old. MCR: INC allotments, but are incomplete. AW2.

i,t iii ~I ) : II0 THE AGRICULTURAL HISTORY R£VIEW in enclosure totals may have a distorting effect proprietors to trade inconveniently situated on regional patterns? ~ new allotments for old enclosures elsewhere, Secondly, and far more significantly, many and this was frequently done fi'om about I8o5 Izi awards involved old enclosures of undisputed onwards? 8 In some later awards, however, the legality alld of any age. It was common for dealings were much more complex. A few provision to be made for the redistribution of ex&anges were put'ely of old enclosures on detached portions of a proprietor's land where both sides,is presumably as a convenient means these were of small size, usually utlder 3 of legally recording a transfer, and some of the acres, or where two or more owners held land lands concerned might be outside the parishes within a single fence?5 Additionally, pro- or ma.nors specified in the original Enclosure prietors were often permitted to ask for their Acts. 20 Normally these ex&anged laalds repre- q old enclosures to be redistributed where su& sent a very small percentage of the overall clauses did not exist, or where the enclosures total,~1 but locally the figure might be signifi- concerned did not fall within the specified cant, as at Wisborough Green, Sussex, where categories. Though many awards, particu- it rea&ed I6" 75 per cent. ~2 These exchanged larly the earlier ones, did not involve any old lands create no problems if one's concern is enclosures, lands of this type might form a solely with the initial allotments, for not only considerable proportion of the total in some are flley separately listed in the award but they parishes. In west Sussex thirty-five awards re- are readily distinguishable on the enclosure allocated some old enclosures as against thirty- maps, either because they appear on a separate three which did not, and in two cases over 30 sheet or because of a special colour or shading.2a per cent of the total land involved was of this On the oilier hand, it could be argued that type36 In addition, there was the curious case these lands were as mu& involved in the en- of the second Barnham award, where all the closure movement as those old enclosures land concerned appears to have been pre- whi& were formally allotted, for the power to viously enclosed and lleld in severalty? v Thus, redistribute them derived from the same parlia- for any given parish, the figure for the total mentary Acts, and they contributed consider- land allotted, and also the area of allounents ably to the new patterns of ownership whi& shown on the enclosure map, may be con- emerged. It is therefore necessary to distinguish siderably larger than the area initially available in addition to lands enclosed and lands allotted, for enclosure. an overall total for all lands redistributed by the Finally, it may be noted that some old en- enclosure process. closures became involved in the enclosure pro- cess, and appear in the enclosure awards, even III though they were not teclmically allotted. Old The enclosure documents may offer three types enclosures whi& were the subject of an ex- of estimate or total of the lands involved, one in change agreement, sanctioned by the enclosure the Act, one hi tlle preamble to the award, and commissioners after the allotment, are listed one at the end of the allotments. For a handful

? at the end of the award, along with any allot- ments whi& changed hands. The initial pur- 18 The earliest Sussex examples are Lancing, WSCR: PAR I I8]20]I (I805) , and Goring, P.R.O.: KB ~2zl797l pose of including these exchanges was to allow ROT II88 (I8O5). 1D E.g. Boxgrove, WSCR: QDD/6/W 2z. 14 j. Chapman, 'Changing Agriculture and the Moor- 20 E.g. lands in Sutton and Houghton in the Bury award. land Edge in the North York Moors, I75O-I96o', unpubl. WSCR: QDD/6/W i8. M.A. thesis, London, I96L 21 A median of I' 65 per cent for those Sussex awards ii 15 E.g. Tregrug, Monmouthshire, MCR: INC AWI, which had any. and Broadwater, Sussex, P.R.O.: CP/911 ROT 9, respec- 2~ WSCR: QDD/6/W 35. ,3 E.g. Wymering and Widley, Hampshire Record i,:i tively. q:: 18 In Bury, 38" 92 per cent: WSCR: QDD/6/W i8. Office (HCR): ENC 9o a and b, and Trelleck, MCR: 17 WSCR: QDD/6/W 32. INC AWz, respectively.

iiii ENCLOSURE AWARDS III of awards all three are available, but more referred to the whole of a moorland common, commonly none is given. Each of these sources but at the award certain areas were left unen- has its own probhms. The first has the advan- closed on the grounds of their unsuitability for tage of ready availability, and has been widely improvement. Thus six out of a sample of used for calculations of comity and national twenty-three moorland enclosures in north-, t totals, for example those of Gonner and east Yorkshire proved to be of this type, and ] t Slater. 24 Unfortunately, Acts which do not in tile two extreme cases of Allerston and contain any figure are sufficiently numerous to Eskdaleside-cum-Ugglebarnby the areas actu- 1 cast doubts on the accuracy of such totals, even ally enclosed represented only 37"4 per cent when estimates are used to fill in the gaps. 25 and 4z" 8 per cent respectively of the estimated Thus in west Sussex, according to 'rate, only areas.~8 Conversely, in Moorshohn the Act fifty-five of the sixty-nine Acts give an acreage made provision for partial enclosure and the for the land to be enclosed.26 Where figures are area involved was estimated at 603 acres, given this is still no guarantee of accuracy, for whereas the Commissioners actually allotted they, themselves, are suspect for a variety of 94o acres. ~9 Nor was this entirely restricted to reasons. the moorlands, for Naish records that at West- Firstly, since the Acts normally preceded the bourne Tarrant, Hampshire, the total enclosed enclosure process, there was often no exact sur- was only z5"7 per cent of that authorized? ° vey available, and the figures given were TILeexistence of permissive enclosure, whereby merely rough estimates or perhaps based on land was allotted but tile decision as to when local tradition as to die area's size. Such tradi- or whether it was to be fenced was left to the tions might reflect local, rather than statute, individual proprietor, adds a further complica- l- measure, or an assumed relationship between tion, for su& land, though technically en- ~s a cattlegate and a specific acreage; but it is closed, might remain in open grazing and :o difficult to avoid file conclusion that some never be used in severalty.31 It must be accepted figures were arrived at largely by guesswork. therefore that ahhough many of the estimates L'- i In west Sussex tlxe estimates in the Acts show given in the Acts are in fact reasonable approxi-

:h1 i a mean difference of only 6" 28 per cent from mations, others are totally untrustworthy, and ;Ix tile true amount ofl~Ld enclosed, but almost a no convenient method exists for determining J, fifth of the awards differed by more than zo which is whi&. le per cent, and extreme values ranged as high The figure in tile preamble to tile award also as 5~" o4 per cent} 7 In general it seems that the presents problems. In some cases it is merely a degree of accuracy was mudl higher for field restatement of that given in the original Act, lands than for commons, but even field esti- and thus shares its inaccuracy; in others it is 2S mates were sometimes wildly astray. clear that it was derived from the survey made .n Secondly, there is no guarantee that the lands for the award, and it may be correct to the referred to in the Act are identical to fllose nearest acre or even perch. A further difficulty actually enclosed. In upland areas partial en- is that it may represent either of two totals. closure was not uncommon, whereby the Act Normally, like tile Act, it appears to include only former common land, but occasionally 2.~ E. C. K. Gonner, Common Land and Enclosure, 2nd edn, I966, pp. 268-8I. G. Slater, The Engh}h Peasantry figures derived from the survey may incorpor- and the Enclosure of Common Fields, reprint New York, -.8 North Riding Registry of Deeds (NRRD) 30, and 1968, pp. 267-313. NRRD: AG x9. i "0~ Where figures did not exist Gonner attempted an 2D P.R.O. :M.AF 1/975, I/5o5. is estimate. Slater simply omitted them. 30 M. C. Naish, The Agrladtural Landscape of the °'6 W. E. Tare, 'Handlist of Sussex Inclosure Acts and Hampshb'e ChaUelands, z 7oo--z 94o , unpubl. M.A. thesis, Awards', Sussex Arch. Collns., I95o, pp. 146-51. London, z96I, pp. 313-I4. :d 07 Produced by totalling all allotments recorded as situ- 31 j. Chapman, 'Parliamentary Enclosure in the Up- t: ~,,t ated on former common or field land, excluding old en- lands : the Case of the North York Moors', Ag. Hist. Rev., closures. Tangmere has been excluded. xxIv, I, x976, pp. I-I7. :ii i;t i:1 i !~ i: i !;ii

IIZ THe. AGRICULTURAL HISTORY R~VI~V~r i: IL ate all allotted land, including old enclosures. 32 CaU select the particular category of land re- ha consequence, the high level of accuracy of quired and be sure of the real meaning of his some of the figures is not particularly helpful, total. The major disadvantage is the time and for it is necessary to assume a probable error. tedimn which this entails. It also depends for its Thus, although seven out of the twenty-four accuracy on the detail of the description, which west Sussex awards which give this figure are may leave something to be desired. Thus, accurate to within I per cent, the mean error is where an allotment consists of more than one 5" 3 3 per cent, and Eartham records an extreme category of land, it is extremely rare for the value of z6.90 per cent. 33 Two further points proportions of each to be stated, and in the case deserve mention. Firstly, in some comaties of illegal encroachments the fact that they are many awards give no figure in the preamble, so contained within an allotment may not even that no complete picture can be gained?~ be mentioned. Even totals derived in this way Secondly, discrepancies between the estimates may not, therefore, be completely accurate. and the real totals do not cancel out over a large The question of distinguishing old enclosures area,, for overestimates are far more common from common land is merely a part of the i; ! than underestimates. Only five of the Sussex broader problem of determining the type of Ii figures underestimate, only two by more than land enclosed. The awards can provide a useful ? 0"5 pet" cent, mad Yorkshire awards show a end-point for the study of field systems, and the .:! broadly similar pattern. possibility of establishing the exact acreages of The third total provided, that at the end of each common field and common is an attractive the allotments, is normally by far the most one. In practice, the information is again not accurate, and its meaning is usually perfectly always easy to abstract. No Act so far exmnined clear. Apart from rare arithmetical errors, it specifies the areas of the individual fields to be represents correctly the sum of all land allotted, enclosed, and of the few awards to do so most whether common or old enclosure, excluding are inaccurate to some degree, that for Hough- only land brought in solely at the exchange ton mad South Stoke underestimating two of stage. It cannot, therefore, be used to indicate the fields mad one of the commons by over 50 the amom~t of land open before enclosure, and per cent. 35 A handful of early enclosure maps it will often differ from either of the other list the allotments by field in the key, and pro- figures even if all are correct. Its greatest dis- vide totals for each field which are apparently advantage lies iil the comparatively few awards completely accurate, but in the vast majority of whi& give such a total, particularly those cases the only means of reconstruction is the dating from the eighteenth and early nine- information provided under each individual teenth centuries. allotment in the award. In these circmnstances the problems of incomplete description, to IV which attention has been drawn already, loom If the errors and omissions involved in the use large. It is, unfortunately, not unusual for allot- of these three totals are not acceptable, the only ments to straddle the borders of two or more alternative is addition o fall the individual allot- of the former fields and commons, without any

ment totals. This has the great advantage that, indication of how much of the area is drawn z where a full description is given, the resear&er from ea&. Where the offending allotments are iL a2 E.g. Warningcamp, WSCR: Add. MS. SI75, and few and small a reasonable level of accuracy can Woolavington, WSCR: QDD/6/W :2, respectively. be obtained by arbitrarily assigning an equal i I aa Tate's figures taken from awards apppear to include :i also the totals found at the end of the allotments. Tare, proportion ofea& allotment to the fields meu- 195o, loc. eft., pp. I46-5L Elsted and Warningcamp both tioned, but inevitably it is the largest allotments agree exactly. which are most likely to suffer in this way, and 1 a4 In west Sussex forty-five out of sixty-nine have no figure, though in a Yorkshire sample only thirteen out of arbitrary subdivision then involves aa ua- thirty-three were lacking. s~ WSCR: Add. MS. SI6I.

i:i: ENCLOSURE AWARDS 113 acceptable level of inaccuracy. Thus in East the areas of the sale allotments, though fortu- Ayton, Yorkshire, forty-three out of forty- nately these details can be obtained from the four allotments are accurately assignable, but mapA 1 The prhlcipal problem, however, arises the remaining one accounted for 38" 73 per cent from the large number of o~lers who died

/I of the total area, and incorporated unspecified before the awards were completed, and whose areas of two common fields, six common allotments are not always recorded in a con- pastures, and the High Moor. 3G In the Hilsea sistent manner. Thus in some cases the heirs are section of the Wymering enclosure, Hamp- recorded by name, while in others they are shire, seven of the fifty allotments straggled referred to merely as the heirs or devisees of the across from the fields on to the neighbouring deceased owner, or the allotment may be re- common mid sahmarsh, probably in a delib- corded under the names of trustees or executors erate attempt to provide a fair distribution under the will. Since the heirs might have allot- of the poorest land, and a fnrther three ments in their own right, or be buying up allot- included lands from more than one of the ments in tlleir own names in anticipation of former fields. In consequence, only half of their inheritance, the true size and distribution the ten units of land in the village--two of of the new units may be obscured. An example the five fields, two of the four commons, of this occurs in the Fratton and Southsea plus the village green--can be reconstructed, award, where a chance reference later in the and 38" 78 per cent of the land cannot be document reveals that the devisees of Charles definitely assigned to any particular unit? v Lowe were in fact l'Zichard Godman Temple Difficulties also occur where, ahhough all and Daniel Collins, both substaaltial allottees in allotmeuts are recorded as part of a named area, their own right. Of the ultimate destination of the previous status of this area is not clear.Thus the allotments of the other two deceased in Lancing some allotments are recorded by owners there is no indication.42 This difficulty "lain,"88 some by furlong, mid some by names is of considerable significance, for the size of an which could refer to either field or common allotment might play a majo, r part in determin- land, or even old enclosures. 39 It is thus impos- ing the manner and speed of planning and sible to be certain either of the total area of development in the newly enclosed landsA 3 former field land or of the area of any indi- A limited number of awards also provide vidual "lain." Such examples are regrettably some information on the social status told resi- frequent. dence of the participants. In Sussex it became usual to include this information only after V about z855, though the earliest case is the Ikeconstxuction of the patterns of ownership Horsham award of z813# in Yorkshire it and tenure is comparatively straightforward, occurs spasmodically from I785 onwards# 5 but ! for su& information is invariably included. many awards omit it. Where it appears, some Care is necessary in following the sales and indication of the importance of absentee land- i exchanges, especially as on rare occasions the owners, and of the relative size of holding of commissioners confirmed an ex&ange of lands smallholders, major landowners, and non- without the details being entered in the awardA ° agricuhurists can be obtained, but the informa-

i One award, for Broadwater, even failed to give tion is frequently incomplete and the personal descriptions somewhat arbitrary. Again, the i 1 I ' a6NRRD:BAI3H9-35. ~THCR:ENCgoaandb. recording of deceased owners is a principal 38 The "lain" was a cultivation unit, consisring of a group of "furlongs" or "fields": P. F. Brandon, 'The 41P.R.O.: CP 43/91I ROT 9 and MPL 2L 1 Common Lands and Wastes of Sussex', unpubl. Ph.D. 4.~ Portsmouth R.O. : G/MN "40. thesis, London, I963, p. 258. 43 Chapman, I976, loe. cit., pp. I4-I5. ~9 WSCR: PAR 11812011. 41 WSCR: QDD/6/WS. Nineteen of the awards from 40 E.g. in Houghton and South Stoke, W3CR: Add. 1855 contain one or other, thirteen of them both. MS. 516I. 45 Pickering and Newton, North Riding R.O. : Eric. 9. I ili:,5 i : Ji : zz4 THE AGRICULTURAL HISTORY REVIEW complication, for the information given often whose local knowledge told familiaritywith ?i " relates to the executors rather than either the other local sources will enable him to disen- e,, } former or new owners. tangle any ambiguities. To anyone primarily :t:i It must be stressed that information on concerned with the enclosure process over a ownership, residence, and occupation, though wide area file diffmulties are much greater. All comparatively free from complications, is only amalgamated totals must be regarded as likely of limited value. Very few awards even ap- to have a significant margin of error, mad it proach a complete cover of a parish, and to would seem essential to be highly specific as to assume that the proportion o£1and allocated to the real meaning of terms such as "the au individual is closdy related to the propor- amotmt of land erMosed." Parliamentary en- tion which he owned in the parish as a whole is closure covered lands whose previous status highly dangerous. Attempts to combine this had varied greatly, mad the real nature of information from several enclosures face even the process is easily obscured by misinter-

: ii greater pitfalls where discrepancies in date pretation of tlle evidence presented. Sinai- occur, for there is ample evidence that newly larly conclusions about the status of lan& enclosed land often changed hands wiflfin a owne,'s must be treated with care, for it is easy short time, through sale, exchange, or simply to classify a man as a small holder on the basis i the deafll of the owner. 46 Someone allotted of file small acreage allotted to Ifim, in ignor- land at one enclosure did not, therefore, neces- ance of extensive holdings whi& were not sarily still hold land allotted to him elsewhere a involved in the award. A substantial land- few years earlier, while he might well be in owner disposing of a small detached portion of possession of lands originally allotted to another his estate may all too readily be taken for a

I individual. small holder abandoning agriculture. All this is not to suggest that valid information cannot be VI obtained from the enclosure awards. They are In conclusion, enclosure documents usually undoubtedly an extremdy valuable source: present few problems to the parish historian, nevertheless they must also be recognized as a 46 Chapman, x976, loc. cit., pp. z2-x3. potentially misleading one.

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J? II

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!i; J' ?I Work in Progress Compiled by DAVID HEY

This list has been largely compiled fi'om the par- Field and settlement patterns in Leyland hun- ticulars given in response to a letter circulated in dred, Lancashire. October 1977 . It does not lay claim to completeness. ATKINS, Dr P. J., Department of Geography, Univer- sity College, Singleton Park, Swansea. ADAMS, G. M., Department of Geography, Univer- The urban food supply in the nineteenth century. sity of Bristol. Urban farming in nineteenth-century London. Changing functions of settlements in the Vale of BAILEY,Miss M. E., Holywell Manor, Manor Road, Berkeley (Glos.), 18oo-7o. Oxford. ADA~IS,Dr I. H., Department of Geography, Univer- Population, inheritance customs, and social sity of Edinburgh. structure in West Sussex, 15oo-17oo. Evolution of British agrarian landscapes with BAI~XR,Dr A. R. H., Emmanuel College, Cambridge. special reference to terminology. The development and spread of agricultural ADAMS, Miss V. M. E., Department of Geography, syndicalism in Loir-et-Cher (France) during the The Queen's University, Belfast. nineteenth century. Historical geography of the upper Bann Valley BAI~ER, Dr D., Department of Economic and Social (Northern Ireland), 17oo-186o , with special History, Polytechnic of Central London. reference to the linen industry. Farm and cottage inventories of Harting ADI~IAN, Dr Lucy, Nezvnham College, Cambridge. (Sussex). Country grain markets during the nineteenth The English hop industry. century, particularly in East Anglia. BANKS, Miss S., Institute of Agricultural History, Retailing in English towns during the nineteenth University of Reading. century. Open and closed villages in Berkshire in the nine- ALEXANDER, D. A., Department of Geography, teenth century. College of Ripon and York St John, York. BARNES, F. A., Department of Geography, Univer- Rural settlement in . sity qf Nottingham. ALLERSTON, P., Department of Geography, City of Evolution of agrarian landscapes in north-west London Polytechnic. Wales, 1290-179o. Medieval rural settlement and agriculture in Development of rural settlement and land-use in Essex. selected parishes in the Trent Valley (Notts.). ALLISON, Dr R., Department of Geography, College BARTON, P., Department of History, University of of St Mark and St John, Plymouth. Reading. Evolution of settlement patterns and of land-use The Cecil estates in the eighteenth and nineteenth in south-west Essex and south-west Devon. centuries with special reference to the Hert- Agricultural change in south-west Essex, 16o0- fordshire estate. 185o. BAUGH, D. A., Department of History, McGraw AMBLER, R. W., z82 Grimsby Road, Humberston, tlall, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, Grimsby, South Humberside. U.S.A. The role of religion in rural life, with special The Great Dearths and the Old Poor Law, 1795- reference to nineteenth-century Lincolnshire. 18Ol. ARTHUR, J. R. B., Cydweli, Court Wick, Little- BETTEY,Dr J. H., Department of Extramural Studies, hampton, Sussex. University of Bristol. Crop sequences and their distribution in pre- Agriculture and rural society in Dorset, Somer- historic times. set, andWiltshire during the seventeenth century. i.i! ASTON, M. A., County Planning Department, County BmMORE, Dr P. G., Department of Geography, Hall, Taunton, Somerset. Middlesex Polytechnic at Hendon. i Medieval features associated with water usage in Development of the landscapes of Bedfordshire the Midlands, especially mills, moats, and fish- and Huntingdonshire. II ponds. (with GI~ANT, E.) Origins and development of ?i Aspects of rural landscapes in medieval Somerset, settlement form and pattern in two contrasting t especially settlements, moats, parks, monastic areas of Hertfordshire. sites, and field systems. BLAIR, Dr W. J., Brasenose College, Oxford. ATKIN, Mrs M. A., Fiddlers Cotes, Levens, Kendal, Settlement patterns, land tenure and field sys- Cumbria. tems in Surrey before 13oo. I15 !ii! l~i' li ! 116 THE AGRICULTURAL HISTORY R2EVIEW BLOVET, Dr B. W., University of Nebrasha, Lincoln, special reference to the north Midlands, 186o- Nebrasha, U.S.A. 19oo. Evolution of the settlement pattern of medieval BURLEICI-I,G. R., Department of Geography, King's Lincolnshire. College, London. BOl~, C. J., Department of Museum Services, Ox- Desertion and shrinkage of settlement in medi- fordshire County Council, Oxford. eval west Sussex. Deserted medieval villages in Warwickshire. BUTLIN, R. A., Department of Geography, Queen Aspects of medieval and post-medieval land- Mary College, London. scapes in Worcestershire and Oxfordshire. Field systems and enclosure in England, es- BOXALL,J., 25 PeverelRoad, Worthing, West Sussex. peciall.y during the seventeenth and eighteenth Sussex farmers in the nineteenth century. centuries. BRAOI~IELD,Miss V. J., I5o Windrush Drive, Oadby, BYFORD, D., 58 Station Road, Hatfield, Doncaster. Leicester. Agricultural change in south-east Yorkshire in Economic and social history of Hallaton (Leics.) the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. in the sixteenth century. CAlVmRON,Prof. K., School of English Studies, Uni- BRANDON, Dr P., Department of Geography, Poly- versity of Nottingham. technic of North London. Lincolnshire place-names, including field names. Farming systems and woodland clearance in CAMPBELL,Dr B. M. S., Department of Geography, England, 9oo-14oo. The Queen's University, Belfast. Landscape gardening and conservation of the The rural economy of eastern Norfolk during the countryside in south-east England. Middle Ages. BI~ASSLEY, Dr P., Seale-Hayne College, Newton Population and migration in early Tudor Eng- Abbot, Devon. land; a re-evaluation of the 1522 muster roll and Preparation of an edition of the agricultural 1524 and 1525 lay subsidies. notebooks of the Rev. John Crackenthorpe of CAMPBELL,Prof. E. M. J., Departmentof Geography, Fowlmere, (Cambs.), i682-171o. Birbech College, London. BmSMNER, Miss G., 29 Chester Close, Strood, Expansion of settlement in Kent during the Rochester, Kent. twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries. Analysis of field systems and settlement forms on CASELDINE, Mrs A., Department of Geography, the Hampshire challdands. University of St Andrews. BROAD, Dr J., Department of History and Philo- Influence of prehistoric agriculture on the sophy, Polytechnicof North London. vegetational history of south-east Perthshire. The Vemey family and estates, c. 16oo-18oo. CASELDmE,C. J., Departmentof Geography, Univer- Agriculture and rural society in the south Mid- sity of St Andrews. lands, c. 16oo-I8eO. Palynological investigation of the history of land- BRowN, F. J., Department of Urban and Regional use in eastern Perthshire. Studies, SheffieldPolytechnic. CAImCE, S. A., Institute of Folk Life Studies, School Settlement patterns and field systems in Derby- of English, University of Leeds. shire, with particular reference to the evolution of Farming with horses in the East Riding of York- common field systems. shire. BROWN, M. C., SomersetRural Life Museum, Abbey CHAPMAN, Dr J., Department of Geography, Ports- Farm, Glastonbury. mouth Polytechnic. Nineteenth-century farm labourers in Somerset. Parliamentary enclosure in England and Oral history, I9OO-3O, Somerset. Wales. BUCHANAN, Dr R. H., The Queen's University, CHARLESWOI~TH, A., Department of Geography, Belfast. University of Liverpool. Settlement changes in Co. Down between the The Captain Swing disturbances (183o-31) in seventeenth century and the twentieth. southern and eastern England, with particular i! BULL, Dr G. B. G., Department of Geography, Gold- reference to Hampshire, Wiltshire, and Berk- smiths' College, London. shire. The organization of space in the vicinity of the CIaARTI~S, Dr J. A., School of Economic Studies, Vale of Kingsclere (Hants.) since prehistoric University of Leeds. times. Agricultural marketing, 164o-175o. Demographic history of the Vale of Kingsclere, Rural craftsmen, 175o--185o. with special reference to plague mortality. English land transport, 1637-184o. BUNCE, Dr M. F., Scarborough College, Universityof International grain trades, 1696-1765 . ili!!!~i!ii( ~ ~ Toronto, West Hill, Ontario, Canada. CHIVERS, K., Old Home Farm, Rousdon, Lyme Rural economic decay in Victorian England, with Regis, Dorset.

~i:i~ ~ !/i i ~ i i' i?~ i i "ii~ ~ i WORK IN PROGRESS 117 The development of breeds and types of draught Yorkshire, with particular reference to changes in horse in the to 1939 landownership, expenses, and the personalities CHOLMOI~ELEY, A. J., Department of Geography, involved. University of Birmingham. CSlZMARIK,J. I. G., io Grand Avenue, London, NIO Changing pattern of marketing in Worcester- 3BB. shire, c. 17oo-194o. Diffusion of barley and similar cereal crops in CLEMENT, D. W., Northern Ireland Polytechnic, prehistoric times. ffordanstown. Historical geography of brewing, milling, and Development of land-use in central and north- allied industries. east Wiltshire, 1866-1975. DAVlSON, A. J., 47 Linston Crescent, Sprowston, History of woodlands and of afforestation in Norwich. north-east Ireland. Great Hoekham in 1599: a study of the fields of a COLLINS, Dr E. J. T., Institute of Agricultural His- parish on the margin of Breckland. tory, Uuiversity of Reading. DENNETT, Dr M., Department of Agricultural The coppice and underwood trades in England, Botany, University of Reading. 175o-1914 • (with ELSTON, Dr J.,) Historical analysis of The Orsett estate, Essex, 1743-1914. crop yields and climate. COLLINS, Miss M. A., Department of Geography, DEw~Y, P. E., Department of History, Royal Hollo- King's College, London. way College, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey. Past land-use and present-day soils on the South British and European agriculture, 1914-18. Downs. Mechanization in late-nineteenth-century COLYER, Dr R. J., Department of Agriculture, Uni- British agriculture. versity College of Wales, Aberystwyth. DEWlSON, P. L., Department of Geography, Univer- The Welsh cattle trade, 8oo-19oo, with par- sity College, London. ticular reference to trade routes and drovers. The interface between individual and society Welsh agriculture in the nineteenth century, with and its effects upon agricultural activities, with particular reference to the agricultural activities special reference to communities in Dorset, of landlords. I85I-7I. British agricultural history and nineteenth- DILLEY, R. S., Department of Geography, Lakehead century literature. University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. COOPER, Miss J. R., 29 Thacl~eray Manor, Manor Perceptions of agrarian systems and attitudes Park Road, Sutton, Surrey. towards agrarian change in Cumberland, c. 17oo- The Royal Society and agricultural improve- 185o. ment, 166o-175o. DINSDAL~, Miss S. M., Department of Geography, COItLEY, T. A. B., Department of Economics, Univer- University College of Swansea. sity of Reading. Field systems in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Agricultural servicing and processing industries Dolm, J. P., 21 Townfield Lane, Frodsham, via in Reading. Warrington. CORNTHWAITE, Miss Una M., Gipsy Hill College, The 1854 crop returns for England and Wales. K÷ngston-upon- Thames. The Gloucester tanners' guild. Agriculture in Derbyshire during the seventeenth DODCSHON, Dr R. A., Department of Geography, century. University Coolege of Wales, Aberystwyth. COULL, Dr J. R., Department of Geography, Univer- Changing landholding and settlement in Scot- sity of Aberdeen. land, 145o-175o. i (with STONE,J. C.) Evolution of settlement in the Origins of the two-and-three-field system in Buchan district of Aberdeenshire since the six- England. teenth century. DODCSON, J. MEN., University College, London. Cox, B., 95 Wilford Lane, West Bridgford, Notting- Kent place-names, including field names. ham. DOE, Dr Vanessa, Division of Continuing Education, (with FIELD, J.) Leicestershire and Rutland field University of Sheffield. names. Agrarian history of upland Derbyshire in the CREASEY, J. S., Institute of Agricultural History, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. University of Reading. The making of the Derbyshire landscape. Bibliography of English agrarian history and its DORMER, T., Department of Geography, University libraries. College, London. CROWTI-IER, Mrs J. E., I St Margaret's Close, Cot- Economic and social benefits and investment tingham, East Yorks. returns from flood protection and soil drainage in Parliamentary enclosure in the East Riding of the Fens of eastern England, 175o-192o. i d!'T" !!:i !i "

II8 THE AGRICULTURAL HISTORY REVIEW DYER, C. C., School of History, University of Bir- Jand since the seventeenth century: a study of :';i ~ : mingham. function and morphology. ii,i ! Agrarian history of west Midlands, 135o--15oo. FERGUSON, M., Institute of Agricultural Itistory, Peasant living standards. Univ~'sity of Reading. EDMONDS, T. F., Department of Geography, Poly- Settlement and land use on the Bagshot Sands, technic of North London. I8oo-194o. Rural settlement patterns in north-west Norfolk FIELD, J., 23 Fishery Road, Hemel Hempstead, Herts. from the age of the agricultural improvers to the Euglish field names. present day. The field names of Manshead hundred, Bed- EDWARDS,Miss E., Pitt Rivers Museum, Parks Road, fordshire. Oxford. (with Cox, B.) Field names of Leicestershire and Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century hill farm- Rutland. ing, especially in Cumbria. FISHER, J. R., Department of Economics, University iI : Seventeenth-century agricultural implements. of Newcastle, N.S.W., Australia. EDWARDS, P., 42 Rosebery Road, Epsom Downs, Cattle diseases and their containment in the

i Epsom, Surrey. second half of the nineteenth century. The horse trade in England and Wales in the six- FITCH, H. J. L., 15 Tunbridge Close, Bottisham, teenth and seventeenth centuries. Cambridge. EDWIn, S, W. J., Department of Geography, Uni- The enclosure of Bottisham (Cambs.), I79 o-- versity College of Wales, Aberystwyth. ISIo. Social structure of rural communities in nine- FORSTER, G. C. F., School of History, University of teenth-century Shropshire. Leeds. ELLIOTT, B., 8 Branksome Avenue, Barnsley. County government in Stuart Yorkshire. The parish of Royston (Yorks.), 15oo-19oo. The making of the North Riding landscape. ELuS, Dr J. R., 3 Tke Linx, Bletchley, Milton Town and country in Stuart and Georgian York- Keynes. shire. Enclosure by Public General Acts. FOWLER, Dr P. V., Department of Extramural i EMERY, F., Department of Geography, University of Studies, University of Bristol. 2 Oxford. Two recently discovered ards from England. Innovation in pre-industrial Wales, particularly Pre-medieval fields of Bristol region. of new crops and farming systems. (with THOMAS, Prof. C.) Agrarian archaeology Rural change in England during the early nine- and history of the Isles of Scilly. teenth century. Fox, Dr H. S. A., Department o/English Local His- EW,NS, Dr E., Department of History, University of tory, University of Leicester. Lancaster. Medieval agriculture, with particular reference Land reform in the nineteenth century. to field systems and marketing in Somerset and Cumbrian agriculture, 164o-175o. Gloucestershire. Evm,~s, T. A. R., c/o School of History, University of Local agricultural associations and farmers' clubs Birmingham. in England, I75o-i9bo. The Peasantry of fourteenth-century Stafford- FRANKLIN, P., c/o School of History, University of shire. Birmhtgham. EVERITT, Prof. A., Department of English Local The Manor of Thornbury (Glos.) in the four- Itistory, University of Leicester. teenth century. The making of the Kentish landscape. FRIERMAN, Miss L., Institute of Historical Research, -!i Senate House, London WC1. Aspects of the history of Northampton, c. 155o- i i I78o. The agricultural statistics movement in mid- Market towns in the Industrial Revolution. nineteenth-century Scotland. FAITH, Miss R., Manor Farm, Bletckington, Oxon. FULLER, Mrs H. A., Department of Student Affairs, Marriage-fines in medieval England. University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. FARRANT, Dr S., I2 Dudwell Road, Woodingdean, Rural landownership in Lindsey (Lines.), with Brigkton. special reference to large estate owners and their Agriculture in the Ouse Valley south of Lewes, role as agents of landscape change. I78o-I93o. FUSSELL,Dr G. E., 55 York Road, Sudbury, Suffolk. Agriculture in the parishes around Brighton from Bibliography: Old English farming books, 1792- c. 17oo 19oo. FENNELL,R., Civic Trust/or theNorthEast, 3 4 Saddler GARNER, R., Department of Geography, University of Street, Durham. Leeds. Rural and urban settlements in mid-Northumber- Changing uses of common land in the urban

,i!i! 'v il:i~ ii t!: ilC ii :IL, Jv.. WORK IN PROGRESS II 9 areas of Leeds, Bradford, and Wakefield, 175o- HARDWlC~, J. H., Department of Geography, Uni- I97I. versity of Durham. GELLING, Mrs M., 3I Pereira Road, Birminghant, Landownership and land-use in the Barony of Bz7 9JG. Gilsland, Cumberland, 16oo-185o. Shropshire place-names, including field names. HARLEY,Dr J. B., Department of Geography, Univer- GIBB, A., Department of Geography, University of sity of Exeter. Glasgow. Land surveyors and cartographers as agents of Evolution of settlement in mainland Argyll in the rural change. prehistoric and early historic periods. HARRIS,Dr A., Department of Geography, University Evolution of settlement in west Stirlingshire of Hull. during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Crop rotations and artificial manures. GODDARD,N. P. W., SchoolofGeography, Cambridge- HARRIS, P. A., The Grammer School, Harrogate, shire College of Arts and Technology, Cam- North Yorkshire. bridge. Changes in agriculture, settlement and rural The Royal Historical Society of England and society in Wharfedale and Nidderdale, 1735- agricultural progress in the nineteenth century. 1871, with special reference to the role of the GOODACRE, Dr J., Ashby Parva, Lutterworth, large estate. Leicestershh'e. HARRISON, B., Department of History, University of The role of the early modern market town in Lancaster. agrarian change in the Midlands. Poor law administration in south Westmorland, GOUCH, Miss P. M., Shenstone New College, Broms- c. 179o-185o. grove. HARRISON, S. R., 22 Northumberland Street, Walls- History and distribution of woodland and down- end on Tyne, Tyne and Wear. land in south-west Wiltshire from the Middle East Riding of Yorkshire agrarian society, 15oo- Ages to 186o. I64o. GOWlNG, D., Maria Grey College, Twickenham. Comparison of open and closed villages in nine- Labour migration in Gloucestershire, 166"~- teenth-century Holderness. 1865 . HARTE, N. B., Department of History, University GRACE, D., 8I Chesterton Lane, Cirencester, College, London. Gloucestershb'e. The English linen industry. The development of the agricultural engineering Flax-growing in England. industry, c. I78o-1914. HARVEY, Miss M., Goldsmiths' College, London. GREEN, F. H. W., Department of Agricultural Morphogenetic analysis of field form and farm Science, University of Oxford. holdings in Holderness. History of climate during the nineteenth century, HARVEY, Prof. P. D. A., Department of History, with special reference to the distribution of snow University of Durham. in north-west Europe and to the water balance in The form and development of manorial accounts. Great Britain. The heaping of medieval corn measures. GREGORY. Miss C., blstitute of Agricultural History, Aspects of Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Buckingham- University of Reading. shire, Hertfordshire, and Oxfordshire agrarian The British pig industry, 188o-194o. history, 135o-15oo. GRECORY, P., 'Brendon', Chester Avenue, Richmond, HAVlNDEN, M. A., Department of Economic History, Surrey. University of Exeter. Apple orcharding and cider-making in England, The history of the Somerset landscape. 15oo-i8oo. Peasant societies in Europe and Africa. - GRIFFITHS, M., Department of Extramural Studies, HAYFIELD,C., Church Garth, Clock Lane, Bickenhill, ::i University College, Cardiff. Nr SoIihull, Warwickshire. ~', )] Kirtlington, an Oxfordshire community, 15oo- Settlement and land-use in Wharram Percy 175o. (north Yorks.). Inheritance and social structure in the Vale of HELLEN, Dr J. A., Department of Geography, Univer- ir i Glamorgan, 16oo-175o. sity of Newcastle upon Tyne. HAMSHERE,J. D., Department of Geography, Univer- Wheelhouses in north-east England. sity of Manchester. HERNAMAN, Mrs M. O., Department of Geography, [(i Evolution of settlement and rural economy in the Birkbeck College, London. medieval west Midlands. Land-use and settlement in the Avon Valley ,I (with BLAKEMORE,M. J.) Computer-aided analy- (Wilts. and Hants.) before 185o. ;! sis of Domesday data relating to Midland coun- HEY, Dr D. G., Division of Continuing Education, ties. University of Sheffeld. I20 THE AGRICULTURAL HISTORY REVIEW Internal trade in early-modern England, with HOUGHTON, J., Department of History, University of particular reference to Derbyshire and south Lancaster. li:;'! i] ,! Yorkshire. Tenant farming in north Lancashire, 1850-1914. !: i: Hloyamw, Mrs M. C., Ivy Bank School, Burnley, HOWELL, Dr D. W., Department of History, Univer- ir.i i Lancashire. sity College, Swansea. Settlement and customs of the forest areas of The landed gentry in Wales in the eighteenth /: north-west England. century. HILL, Miss M., Directorate of Ancient 2]/lonuments HOWELL, Dr S., Wolfson College, Cambridge. );i • : ' , and Historic Buildings, Department of the En- The size of agricultural holdings in England, ?: vironment, Fortress House, 23 Savile Row, c. 1279. London, WIX 2AA. HOWELLS, B., Department of Welsh History, Uni- History and development of market places before versity College of Wales, Aberystwyth. 1914, with special reference to the east Midlands. Agrarian history of south-west Wales. HILL, R. C., Department of Geography, University HOYLE, R. W., Daisy Mount, Oldfield, Keighley,

:! College of Wales, Aberystwyth. West Yorks. i Agricultural progress in England, 176o-189 ° , Agrarian change and feudal decay in Craven. with special reference to Herefordshire, Shrop- Stinted pastures, from the sixteenth to the twen- shire and Worcestershire: a study of spacial dif- tieth century. fusion processes. HUNT, 1" W., I Dynevor Terrace, Fairford, Glos. HILTON, Prof. R. H., SchoolofHistory, Universityof The effect of enclosure on the agriculture, land- Birmingham. scape, and social life of Fairford. Analysis of court rolls of Alrewas (Staffs.), HUTCHINS, Miss K. A., Department of Geography, Lakenheath (Suffolk), and Kirton Lindsey University of Edinburgh. (Lines.) for demographic, economic, and social Agrarian change in Argyllshire, Ayrshire, Lan- history in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. arkshire, Dumbartonshire, Renfrewshire, and HODD, Dr A. N. L., Department of Geography, Stirlingshire, 1793-1873. University of Dundee. HUTT,IV[. B., Schoolof Economic Studies, University Computer simulations of the spread of agricul- of Leeds. tural innovations in Scotland during the nine- The limestone industries of Yorkshire, 16oo- teenth century. 1914. HODGSON, R. I., School of Geography, University of IBBOTSON, P. J., North Clifton, Newark, Notts. i ¸ : Manchester. Agricultural history of Cuckney (Notts.) in the Interrelationships between population, agricul- seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. ture, and industry in County Durham, 155o- ISAAC, J., C/O School of History, University of Bh'- 185o. mingham. Enclosure in north-east England. The Estates of Farewell Priory, Staffs. The 18Ol crop returns. JARVlS, P. ]., Department of Geography, University HOLDERNESS,Dr B., School of Economic and Social of Birmhzgham. Studies, University of East Anglia. Introduction, spread, and uses of alien trees and Agricultural progress in eastern England, I6oo- shrubs in England, and English horticultural and 1800. sylvicultural innovation, 15o0-19oo. Messrs R. & W. Paul Ltd, Ipswich, and the grain Effects of age, management, and environment on trades, 185o-195o. hedgerow structure and ecology in Warwickshire, HOLLAND, D., 4 Laburnum Road, Balby, Doncaster. Derbyshire, and the North Riding of Yorkshire. History of the south Yorkshire landscape. JENNINGS, Prof. B., Department of Adult Education, HOOD, Mrs A., Department of Geography, Bedford University of Hull. College, London. Agrarian history of Yorkshire, 16oo-19oo; in- Historical Geography of the Medway Valley cluding a gazetteer of tithe and enclosure awards. (Kent), 16oo-19oo. JEWELL, C. A., Institute of Agricultural History, HOPPEN, Dr K. T., Department of History, Uni- University of Reading. versity of Hull. The history of cultivation practices, with special i~ i i~!~ The politics and social organization of Irish reference to south-west England. :1 ii !~ landed estates, 183o-85 . JOHN, Prof. A. H., London School of Economics, HORN, Dr Pamela, II Harwell Road, Sutton Courte- London, WC2A 2AE. nay, Abington, Oxon. The marketing of agricultural produce, 175°- The rural community, 177o-1815 . 185 ° . Effects of the French wars on rural life, 179o%- JOHN, E. L. T., c/o School of History, University of 1815 . Birmingham.

~!!! j WORK IN PROGRESS 121 A critical edition of the Warwickshire Hundred Dyeing industry in England, 156o-162o. Rolls of 1279. LARGE, P. F. W., Wolfson College, Oxford. JONES, Dr A., 23 Lime Tree Road, Matloch, Derbys. The manor and custom in English rural society, Manorial customs in England south of the Trent, 16oo-18oo. 115o-135o , with special reference to their inci- The English forests and forest law during the dence, names, and local variations. sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. JONES, G. E., Agricultural Extension and Rural LAWTON, Prof. R., Department of Geography, Uni- Development Centre, University of Reading. versity of Liverpool. The history of agricultural extension in the Population trends and migration in nineteenth- British Isles. century England and Wales. JONES, Prof. G. R. J., School of Geography, Univer- LE Roox, Mrs J., Department of Geography, Birk- sity of Leeds. beck College, London. Land tenure in Wales. Parliamentary enclosure in Bedfordshire, 179o- Early territorial organization in England and 184o. :i Wales. LINDSAY, Dr J. M., Department of Geography, Poly- KAIN, Dr R. J. P., Department of Geography, Uni- technic of North London. versity of Exeter. Role of woodland in the rural economy of Scot- Tithe surveys and the rural landscape of England land before 185o. and Wales. LOCKHART, Dr D. G., Department of Geography, KENNEDY, M. J., c/o School of History, University University College, Swansea. of Birmingham. Estate villages in Scotland and Ireland, 17oo- A critical edition of the Register of Malton 19oo. Priory, Yorks. Lotted lands in Scotland, 175o to the present day. KENNETT, D. H., 497 Ititchin Road, Stopsley, Luton, }~cCLosKEY, D. N., Department of Economics, Bedfordshire. University of Chicago. North-east Bedfordshire, 167o--185o. English open fields as insurance and enclosures as Luton before the hat trade: the social fabric of a exchange. rural town, 177o-I 84o. McCLURE, P., Department of English, University Bedfordshire vernacular buildings. of Hull. KERR, Miss B., Grants Farm, Gallows Hill, Ware- Field names of Ashendon, Bucks. ham, Dorset. MACDONALD, Dr S., Department of Economics, Rural sanitation and land drainage during the University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, nineteenth century. Australia, 4o67. KEY, N. E., 223 Gano Street, Providence, R.I., Innovation and communication in agriculture. o29o6, U.S.A. The early threshing machine. The relationship between landed capital, en- Northumberland agriculture. closure, and the "agricultural revolution" in MACFARLANE,Dr A., Department of Social Anthro- Norfolk in the late eighteenth century. pology, University of Cambridge. KIN~, W., 51 Abbeydale, Burscough, Lanes. Social and economic history of Earls Colne Economic change in the Rossendale area, 166o- (Essex) and Kirkby Lonsdale (Westmorland). 1851. McFAULDS, J., Department of Geography, Univer- KINGSBURY, J. G., Department of Geography, Uni- sity of Glasgow. versity of Cambridge. Landownership in Angus, c. 16oo- c. 1715. Social and spatial change in the distribution and MCKINLEY, R., Department of English Local His- character of landownership, parliamentary en- tory, University of Leicester. closure, land tax redemption, and the performance The origins of Lancashire surnames. of the market in agricultural land, in Essex, MACPHERSON, Dr A. G., The Memorial University 178o-1918. of Newfoundland, St Johns, Newfoundland, KUNZE, Dr N. L., Department of History, Northern Canada. Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizova, 86001, Historical demography of the ScottishHighlands, U.S.A. 13oo-185o, with special reference to modal Rural housing reform in late Victorian England: migration, social structure, and occupation. ideas and assumptions. MARSHALL, Dr J., Centrefor North-West Regional 1 'i LANE, Miss C. H., 869 Clifton Road, N.E. Atlanta, Studies, University of Lancaster. Georgia, 30307, U.S.A. Development of agrarian wealth as shown in The introduction and diffusion of plants of Cumbrian probate inventories, 166o-175 o. economic importance into England during the MAR'tIN, Dr J. M., 17 Shaa Road, Goldsmith sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Charity, London W3.

:)): l!!'iis:i;l ~1! !; i; I~ r[ i'' THE AGRICULTURAL HISTORY REVI]EW Population and demographic history of Stint- The life and contributions to science and horti- ford-on-Avon, x55 °-184 °. culture of Thomas Andrew Knight (1759-1838) . Agrarian and demographic patterns in Warwick- NASH, A. E., Department of Geography, University shire, 1650-I83 o. of Cambridge. MASLEN, G. P., Department of Geography, Queen Late medieval population change in Castle Combe i~: :i Mary College, London. (Wilts.), and Long Ashton (Somerset), with Parliamentary enclosure and communities in related issues. Wiltshire. Morphometric analysis of field sizes in medieval MASTERS, P., Durham County Conservation Trust, Sussex, 32 Old Elvet, Durham. NEWCOMB,Dr R. M., 125 North Cedar St, Apt. 305, Relationship of age and management history to Glendale, California 9z2o6, U.S.A. the vegetation of hedgerows in south-east Wales Planned preservation of the rural landscape and and north-east England. the recreational uses of such historic features and MEAD, Prof. W. R., Department of Geography, Uni- monuments as are to be found there, particularly versity College, London. in Denmark, U.K., and U.S.A. Ridge and furrow in England. NICHOLAS, S., School of Economics, University of :i !i .~ MEIRION-JONES, Dr G. I., xx Avondale Road, Fleet, New South Wales, P.O. Box I, Kensington, Hampshire. N.S.W., Australia, 2033. The representation of houses on early maps of the Supply elasticities, rationality, and structural British Isles. change in Irish agriculture, 1850-1925 . MILLER, Mrs C. A., 5 Tan House Court, Shirenewton, Structural change in British agriculture, 1868- Chepstow, Gwent. 1925 • Farmworkers in Victorian Gloucestershire. NODDLE, Miss B., Department of Anatomy, Univer- MILLS, David, Queen Mary College, London. sity College, Cardiff. Place-names of Dorset, including field names. Analysis of domestic animal bones from archaeo- MILLS, Dr Dennis R., Open University Regional logical sites of all periods, with emphasis on Office, Foxcombe Hall, Boars Hill, Oxford. sheep. Community reconstitution. NUNN, P. J., 84 Louth Rd., Sheffield, Szz 7AW. The nineteenth-century peasant tradition, in- The management of the Rockingham-Fitz- cluding dual occupations. william, Norfolk, Wharncliffe, and other large Melbourn (Cambs.), c. 184o. estates in south Yorkshire, 17o0-185o. MINCHn~TON, Prof. W. E., Department of Economic OAKES, J., Allerton Grange School, Talbot Avenue, History, The University of Exeter. Leeds, LSz 7 6SF. The history of cider in Europe. Diffusion of new crops in Cornwall during the MINGAY, Prof. G. E., Rutherford College, The Uni- nineteenth century. if:: versity, Canterbury, Kent. O'CONNOR, Prof. K., Tussod~ Grasslands and Moun- Aspects of eighteenth-century enclosure. tain Lands Institute, P.O. Box 56, Lincoln Travellers' accounts of eighteenth-century Eng- College, Canterbury, New Zealand. land. New Zealand pastoral history. MITCHELL, I., I59 Charlton Church Lane, London, Natural and cultural history of New Zealand SE 7 7AA. landscapes. Markets of some west Kent towns from the O'GRADY, Sister M., La Sainte Union Convent, seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries; catch- Avenue Road, Herne Bay, Kent. ment areas, functions, operation, response to food Reconstruction of the agrarian history of Eastry il ; shortages. and Chartham manors (Kent), c. lO86-135o. MOIR, I., Department of Geography, University of OLNEY, Dr R. J., 26 Danby Street, Peckham Rye, Aberdeen. London, SEz5 4B U. Impact of the improvers on the agricultural Farming families of north Lincolnshire, c. 1775- 5 ;:' landscape of north-east Scotland, 17o0-188o. I875. MONTAGUE, E. N., 9 Devonshire Road, Sutton, OSBORNE, Dr B. S., Queen's University, Kingston, Surrey. Ontario, Canada. The herbal industry in Mitcham. Encroachments, enclosure, and agriculture in MORGAN, Mrs R., Institute of Agricultural History, Wales, 15oo-19oo. University of Reading. OVERTON,M., Department of Geography, University Cropping innovation in England, 1650-188o. of Cambridge. i: :i:il i MYLECHREEST, M., Department of Rural Studies, Agricultural change in East Anglia, 15oo-175o. Worcester College of Itigher Education, Hen- The application of computer techniques to wick Grove, Worcester. historical data.

!(::i ¸ II/!i;

ivl:i I:iiiii~ J!ili:, WORK IN PROGRESS I23 OWEN, A. E. B., University Library, West Road, Nineteenth-century patterns of landownership in Cambridge. Herefordshire. Land drainage and reclamation in east Lincoln- Investment in farm buildings in nineteenth- shire and the marshland district of Norfolk. century England. PAra, S. J., 6 Peartrees, Ingrave, Brentwood, Essex. Influence of weather on agricultural produc- Farming in Essex, c. 185o-1914, particularly the tivity: the case of the Sutherland estates (Salop response of farmers and landlords to the econo- and Staffs.) in the nineteenth century. mic changes of the period. PHILLIPS, D. C., Institute of Agricultural History, PAaI~ER, W. K., Ossington House, Broad Street, University of Reading. Presteigne, Powys. History of the Wantage Engineering Company. Parliamentary enclosure in Herefordshire, 178o- PHYTHIAN-ADAMS, C. V., Department of English 1820. Local History, University of Leicester. The agricultural revolution in Radnorshire. Origins of Warwickshire and Cumberland. The MSS. journals of Walter Davies, covering Popular culture in pre-industrial society. his tour in Wales, 1799-1817. PICKERSGILL, Dr B., Department of Agricultural PATCHETT,D. M., West View, Welwick, North Hum- Botany, University of Reading. berside. The origins of agriculture in the New World. The East Riding agricultural labourer, I87o- The origins and development of chile peppers. 1914 • PINNOCK, A. C., IO Peaseland Close, Cleckheaton, PEEL, Dr L. J., Department of Agriculture and Horti- West Yorkshire. culture, University of Reading. Agricultural origins of industry in north Staf- History of agricultural science. fordshire in the seventeenth century. History of animal production. PITWOOD, A., Institute of Agricultural History, PERKINS, J. A., School of Economics, University of University of Reading. New South Wales, P.O. Box z, Kensington, Rural industries in England since 192o. N.S.W., Australia, 2o33. PLATTS, G., c/o School of History, University of Harvest technology and technique in Britain and Birmingham. Germany, 175o-1914 . Handlyng Synne and south Lincolnshire rural Sugar-beet in Britain and Germany, 1835- society in the early fourteenth century. 1935. POSTLES, Mrs S. N. F., 2 Fleeman Grove, West PERKINS,John M., Western College, Miami Univer- Bridgford, Nottingham. sity, Oxford, Ohio, 45o56, U.S.A. Topographic and demographic reconstitution of History of insect-control technologies, especially the parish of Barkby (Leics.), 1539-178o. 1937 to the present day. PRATT, D., The Grange, Welsh Frankton, Oswestry, Environment history, especially in the twentieth Salop. century, with strong emphasis on food produc- The dissolution of Valle Crucis abbey. tion. Fourteenth-century Marford and Hoseley: a PERREN, Dr R., Department of Economic History, Welsh "Maerdref". University of Aberdeen. The lordship of Bromfield and Yale. Transport charges and market integration in the RAE, K., c/o School of History, University of Bir- U.K., 18oo-7o. mingham. PEARY, Dr P. J., Department of Geography, Univer- Popular religion in rural Warwickshire in the sity of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. fifteenth century. High farming in nineteenth-century Britain. READMAN,A. E., 15 Finch Gardens, North Bersted, Archdeacon Anthony Huxtable as an agricultural Bognor Regis, Sussex. experimentalist. Agricultural change on the Lincolnshire Wolds, PETERKEN, Dr G. F., Nature Conservancy Council, :75o-187 o. Monks Wood Experimental Station, Abbots REDMONDS, Dr G., Oak Cottage, 5 Knotty Lane, Ripton, Huntingdon. Lepton, Huddersfield. Long-term changes in the distribution, manage- Yorkshire surnames and family histories. ment, and composition of woodlands in Rocking- REED, Dr M. A., Department of Library Studies, ham forest. University of Loughborough. Effects of historical factors on the flora of wood- Enclosure by agreement in north Buckingham- lands in central Lincolnshire. shire, 155o-175 ° . PHILLIPS, A. D. M., Department of Geography, The disafforestation of Bemwood, 155o-17oo. University of Keele. RlCrlAI~S, P. S., 43 Knaresborough Road, Wallasey, Underdraining in England in the nineteenth Merseyside. century. The restoration of derelict land from clay pits in i ,!: rI ~ , Ill I ,ii t~"~l,d, ; :,.t ',

;!,5! Pi !I]':

h :1 , , 124 THE AGRICULTURAL HISTORY REVI~-W the Oxford Clay Vales (attached to former brick- SHEPHERD, I. D. H., Department of Geography, works) by filling in the holes with fly-ash from Middlesex Polytechnic at Hendon. power stations. Spatial patterns of markets and fairs in Wales. RIDCARD, J. M., Dennington Place, Dennington, Evolution of patterns of rural settlement in the Woodbridge, Suffolk. Black Mountains (Breconshire) since c. i8oo. ~i~~ i!i Food production and distribution in East Anglia, SnEvv~am, Dr June A., Department of Geography, ii! ; : C. 1250--C. 14oo. Queen Mary College, London. ROBERTS, Mrs A. R., 12 Ajax Close, Grimsby, South Origins and evolution of village plans in York- Humberside. shire, with special reference to medieval regular Effects of nineteenth- century urban and industrial plans. !ill ~ development on agriculture in the West Riding SHORT, Dr B. M., SchoolofCulturaland Community ? of Yorkshire. Studies, University of Sussex. ROBINSON, G. M., School of Geography, University Agrarian history of south-east England, 164o-- of Oxford. 19oo. i%, • Agricultural development in the west Midlands Population mobility and agricultural change. from 175o. SIDDLE, Dr D. J., Department of Geography, Uni- ROBINSON, Dr P., Ulster Folk and Transport Mu- versity of Liverpool. seum, Cultra Manor, Holywood, Co. Down, Social structure and land use history in Haute Northern Ireland. Savoie, 173o to the present day. Fences and field boundaries in Ulster, 17oo- SLATER,T. R., Department of Geography, University 19oo. of Birmingham. ROEBUCK, Dr P., Department of History, New Uni- Agricultural and urban changes in the Cotswolds, versity of Ulster, Coleraine. 175o-1914. Landownership and estate management in SMEE, Dr Dora K., Haselbech Gate Cottage, North- Yorkshire, 164o-176o. ampton. The Chichester (Donegall) estates in Ulster, Open fields and ridge and furrow in England 1599-176o. since 15oo. Earl Macartney's Irish estate, 176o--18o6. SMITH, D. C., History Department, University of RowE, W. J. , 4 R oslin Road, Irby , Wirral, Merseyside. Mahze, Orono, Maine, U.S.A. o4473. Emigration of British agriculturists overseas in History of the Maine Agricutural Experiment the nineteenth century, principally to North Station, 1885-1975 . America and Australia. Climate and weather history for New England,

-~ ~ i ~ ROWLEY, G., Department of Agricultural Botany, particularly since I77O. University of Reading. SMITH, K. W., 16 Barnstaple Rd, Thorpe Bay, Origins of cultivated tea-roses. Essex. RUSSELL, N. C., 27 Hatcliffe Close, Blackheath, Essex agriculture, c. I87o--95. London, S~'3. SMITH, Dr R. M., Cambridge Groupfor the History : i!) Development of animal breeding in the early- of Population and Social Structure, 27 Trump- modern period leading up to Bakewell arm the hlgton Street, Cambridge. late-eighteenth-century improvers. Regional population trends in England, 125o-- RUSSELL, R., II Priestgate, Barton on Humber, 15oo , with special reference to family formation South Humberside. strategies as they were influenced by the land- iii: Nineteenth-century rural communities. market, non-agricultural employment, and in- SALT, Dr J., Department of Geography, University heritance customs. College, London. STANES, R., Culver House, Paymembury, Honiton, Strip lynchets in the Peak District. Devon. SCHERIL Miss J., 2z Caledonia Place, Clifton, Enclosure of the east Devon commons. ,]i Bristol. Waste edge settlement in east Devon. i~!I!I:I ~ Somerset place-names, including field names. STINSON, Miss M., School of Economic Studies, SCHUMER, Miss B. P., Flat z, Manor Gate, I2 St University of Leeds. Johns Avenue, London, SWI5 2AD. Social and economic history of the Honour of The Wychwood region in the early Middle Ages. Wakefield, 13oo-15oo. SHEAIL, Dr J., Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, STURMAN, C. J., 30 Broadbank, Louth, Lincolnshire. Monks Wood Experimental Station, Hunting- Agriculture and population in the north- don. east Lincolnshire coastal marshlands, c. 12oo- Impact of past land-use and management on ~84o. wildlife. The Lincolnshire coastal salt industry in the History of rural planning in Britain. sixteenth century. WORK IN PROGRESS IZ 5 TANN, Dr Jennifer, Management Centre, Maple Influence of the London food market on agricul- House, 158 Corporation Street, Birmingham. ture in the Home Counties during the nineteenth The application of steam power to agriculture century. in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth Locational rationalization in the British brewing centuries. industry from c. 18oo. The productivity of the corn-milling industry in TURNER, Dr M., IoI Cannock Road, iylesbury, the late eighteenth and early nineteenth cen- Buckinghamshire. turies. The 18Ol crop returns considered nationally. The transfer to the factory system in the corn- Agricultural change and food supply during the milling industry. Napoleonic Wars. TATTERSFIELD,B., Agricultural Extension and Rural Parliamentary enclosure in its historical, geo- Development Centre, University of Reading. graphical, and economic settings. The history of agricultural education before UNDERHILL, D., Climatic Research Unit, School of 195 o, with special reference to southern England. Environmental Sciences, University of East TAYLOR, A. J. C., 53 Elmgrove Road, Farnborough, Anglia. Hampshire. Season-by-season descriptions of climatic con- Locational factors in the emergence of the wool- ditions from the beginning of the historical record cloth weaving industry of Suffolk inthe thirteenth to c. 18oo. and fourteenth centuries. UPEX, S. G., 6 Highgate Green, Elton, Peterborough. TAYLOR, O. F., Kesteven College of Education, Landscape evidence of open-field agriculture. Grantham, Lincolnshire. WALTON, J. R., Department of Geography, Univer- Diffusion of the cultivation of sugar beet in the sity College of Wales, Aberystwyth. east Midlands, 1910-36. Agrarian change in Oxfordshire, 175o-188o. TENNANT, A. J., II4B. Coleshill Road, Water Orton, Diffusion of improved livestock breeds in Britain Nr Birmingham. during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Brailes (Warwicks.), and its region, 15o0-1851. Social and economic constraints on the adoption THIRSK, Dr Joan, Modern Histmy Faculty, Indian of agricultural innovations in nineteenth-century Institute, Broad Street, Oxford. Britain. The agrarian history of England, 15oo-174o. WARD, Dr S. B., Institute of Agricultural History, Rural industries. University of Reading. Comparative agrarian history in England and Land reform in Britain and Europe since Europe. 18oo. THOMAS, B. A., Department of Geography, Univer- WAREING, J., Department of Geography, Polytechnic sity College, Swansea. of North London. Medieval field systems in Surrey. Land-holdings in Middlesex, 178o-1832. THOMAS, Dr C., Department of Geography, New WARNER, P., 17 Steeple End, Halesworth, Suffolk. University of Ulster, Coleraine. Medieval settlement in Suffolk. Aspects of demographic, economic, and land- WATKINSON, M. A., ;9 Broadlands, NetherfieM, scape change in rural Wales from the thirteenth Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. to the nineteenth century. The social and economic development of a group THOMAS, Dr W. S. G., West Sussex Institute of of north Lincolnshire parishes, 1540-1914. tliger Education, Upper Bognor Rd, Bognor WHEELER, Dr P. T., Department of Geography, Regis. University of Nottingham. West Sussex glasshouse-crops industry. Development of agricultral implements in Lost villages in south-west Wales. England since c. 18oo. THOMPSON, Prof. F. M. L., Institute of Historical WHETHAM, Miss E. H., 3I Ozdstone Road, Cam- Research, Senate House, London. bridge. Ownership of land and the development of rural History of agricultural economics in Britain from society, 175o-185o. 185 ° . The horse since the Industrial Revoiution. History of the livestock breed societies, 1850- British agricultural output in the nineteenth 1910. century. WHITTINGTON, Dr G., Department of Geography, TIMPERLEY, Mrs L., Department of Geography, University of St Andrews. University of Edinburgh. Origins and development of agriculture in Fife Landownership in Scotland, c. 177o. using palynological, palaeolinnological and TRICKER, M. J., Department of Architectural Plan- palaeomagnetic methods. ning and Urban Studies, University of Aston in WHYTE, Dr I., Department of Geography, Univer- Birmingham. sity College, Swansea. I16 THE AGRICULTURAL HISTORY REVIEW Historical geography of lowland Scotland from particularly stock husbandry and the organiza- the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, with tion of pastoral practices on upland wastes. special reference to agriculture, rural settlement, WORTHINGTON, R. A., Faculty of Education, Gwent and marketing. College of Higher Education, Caerleon. WILLIAMS, D. J. B., Department of Geography, Evolution of settlement and field systems in University of Keele. Gwent since Roman times. Agricultural developments in Monmouthshire, Changes in landownership and landscape in iil ,. i i ~ I815-19oo. Gwent during the nineteenth century. llii~il ~ WILLIAMS-DAVIS, :[., Welsh Folk Museum, St WRATHMELL, S., Department of Archaeology, Uni- Fagans, Cardiff. versity College, Cardiff. Changes in the agricultural life of Wales during Desertion and shrinkage of settlement in North- the nineteenth century. umberland since the thirteenth century. WINCHESTER, A. J. L., Department of Geography and YELLING, Dr J. A., Department of Geography, Bir- Itistory, Sunderland Polytechnic. beck College, London. Medieval settlement and agriculture in Cumbria, Enclosure of common fields in England.

Notes and Comments

ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND AGM, 1978 would prove only temporary. There had been some The twenty-sixth Conference of the Society was further problems with the publication of the English held at Traherne Hall, University of Wales Institute translation of Professor Abel's book on agrarian ! of Technology, Cardiff, on 3-5 April 1978. The crises and fluctuations, but it was hoped that conference papers were by the President, Miss Methuen & Company would undertake the publica- Edith Whetham, 'The trade in pedigree livestock, tion. The I979 Spring Conference would be held in I85O--I9IO'; Dr Joanna Martin, 'Glamorgan Yorkshire on 9-11 April 1979 and further details estates and industrial development, 166o-i76o ' ; Dr would be announced later. Finally, he thanked the J. Chapman, 'Land use change in late I8th- and retiring Secretary, Mr Michael Havinden, for all early x9th-century Monmouthshire'; Mr R. J. the services he had rendered the Society over the Colyer, 'Landlords, tenants, and limitations to past thirteen years. , i I : agricultural development in early i9th-century The Treasurer reported that, despite rising Wales'; Dr D. Howell, 'Welsh landlords and estate printing costs, the Society's finances were satis- management, i64o-i75o'; and Mr E. Scourfield, factory at present with a surplus of income over ii !i I' !: 'The agricultural collection of the Welsh Folk expenditure of £774 (compared with only £3 t in the Museum, St Fogans'. Mr Scourfield kindly con- previous year) and reserves of £6,4o 7. i! i ducted a tour of the Welsh Folk Museum and the The Editor reported that he had received members were given an excellent tea there. twenty-four articles and would have twelve in hand The Society's twenty-sixth AGM was held on when he had brought out the next two issues. He ! ii 4 April 1978. Miss Edith Whetham was re-elected had managed to reduce the backlog of reviews and President and Mr C. A. Jewell was re-elected to cut the publication delay to eighteen months ii!:! : Treasurer. Mr M. A. Havinden having resigned, after the receipt of an article. Dr J. A. Chartres was elected Secretary. The four The meeting ended by passing a vote of thanks to vacancies on the Executive Committee were filled Dr David Howell for organizing such an enjoyable :i ii ~ :: ii ~ by the re-election of Dr E. J. T. Collins, Professor conference. W. E. Minchinton, and Dr Joan Thirsk; and by the election of Mr M. A. Havinden. HOLKHAM MSS IN MICROFILM In his Chairman's report, Dr W. J. Rowe Part of the agricultural material in the Holkham announced that membership had increased from Collection has been published in microfilm by EP 82o to 835, but that this included twenty-six mem- Microform Ltd, Bradford Road, East Ardsley, bers in arrears, so that it was doubtful if there had Wakefield, West Yorkshire WF 3 2JN. The docu- really been an increase. He hoped this situation (contimled on page r5-°)

!iil :: !/: ]i