l

LUNDS UNIVERSITETS ARSSKRIFT. N. F. Avd. 1. Bd 30. Nr 1. ,~ ,j .11 . i

~ .l i THE jl; ENGLISH HUNDRED-NAMES

BY

oL 0 f S. AND ER SON ,

LUND PHINTED BY HAKAN DHLSSON I 934 The English Hundred-Names xvn

It does not fall within the scope of the present study to enter on the details of the theories advanced; there are points that are still controversial, and some aspects of the question may repay further study. It is hoped that the etymological investigation of the hundred-names undertaken in the following pages will, Introduction. when completed, furnish a starting-point for the discussion of some of the problems connected with the origin of the hundred. 1. Scope and Aim. Terminology Discussed. The following chapters will be devoted to the discussion of some The local divisions known as hundreds though now practi­ aspects of the system as actually in existence, which have some cally obsolete played an important part in judicial administration bearing on the questions discussed in the etymological part, and in the Middle Ages. The hundredal system as a wbole is first to some general remarks on hundred-names and the like as shown in detail in Domesday - with the exception of some embodied in the material now collected. counties and smaller areas -- but is known to have existed about THE HUNDRED. a hundred and fifty years earlier. The hundred is mentioned in the laws of Edmund (940-6),' but no earlier evidence for its The hundred, it is generally admitted, is in theory at least a existence has been found. The question of its origin has given rise district assessed at 100 (or 120) hides.' Evidence of this is given to much controversy. The older view 2 that would associate the Eng­ by Round,2 Chadwick 3 and Maitland! In practice this is not lish hundred with similar institutions on the Continent 'and in always discernible; the hundreds of many counties are rated at a Scandinavia seems now to be generally abandoned. According lower (or higher) figure. In many cases there is evidence for to the view that now holds the field the hundred dates from the assuming that a previously higher assessment may have been 10th century only, though it may have been preceded by some reduced,o but tbe discussion of the variations in the number of older division, possibly one with a popular basis." But Chadwick' hides from hundred to hundred and from county to county involves gives evidence for thinking that the West Saxon hundred consisted many technicalities that need not be entere'd upon here. originally of a district annexed to a royal estate. This view has In Domesday and in 12th and 13th century records certain hundreds are distinguished as 'double hundreds', 'hundreds and a recently been further developed by Miss Cam.o Corbett 6 assumes that the hundredal system was extended to the counties between half' or 'half hundreds'. Such hundreds are to be found only in the Thames and the Welland and to East Anglia and Essex in the , By the time of Domesday the hide was a unit of assessment, but reign of .fEthelstan. Liebermann 7 was inclined to assign the originally it must have denoted a family holding. OE hIgid, hId is con­ hundredal organisation as a whole to this reign. nected with hiwan, hiwscipe 'family, household', it is rendered teTra unius tamilice by Bede, and in charters teTra unius manentis, teTra unius casati, 1 Liebermann, Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen II 516. teTra unius tributarii; mansa; cf. Maitland, Domesday Book and Beyond 2 Cf. e. g. Stubbs, Constitutional History I 96 ff.; Vinogradoff, The 358 f. The older view of the origin of the hundred was that a hundred Growth of the Manor 144 f. originally ,consisted of a hundred householders or warriors. The view 3 V. Round, Feudal England 97 f.; Liebermann op. cit. s. v. hundred. expressed in more recent works is that the hundred is a district, on which , Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions 233ff., 239-62. an assessment of a hundred hides has been imposed. , ERR 47, 353---76 (1932). 2 Op. cit. 49 f. • Cambridge Medieval History m 366 (1924): as regards East Anglia, • Op. cit. 240 ff. cf. also Douglas, Medieval East Anglia 58 (1927); EHR 43, 380 (1928); 4 Op. cit. 451-60. Feudal Documents from the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds CLlI et passim 5 Cf. e. g. Round op. cit. 49 ff., VRNp I 260; lIIaitland op. cit. 457 ff.; (1932). Tait, VHSa I, 281 f.; The Domesday Survey of Cheshire (Chetham Society 7 Op. cit. 518, 10c f. N. S. 75) 16 ff. 2* XVIll O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names XIX certain counties, as far as my material goes chiefly in the east of A term that also seems, at least occasionally, to denote a com­ England. In the opinion of Miss Cam,' 'though double or half­ bination of hundreds is the 'ship-soke' (OE scipsocn, scipfyllefJ), hundreds may occasiona.lly indicate the fusion of two or the divi­ for which cr. BCS 1135. BT s. v. scipfyllep quote the passage from sion of one, in many cases the terminology undoubtedly is due this charter relating to the ship-soke, and also refer to ASC s. a. to the imposition of two hundred, or a hundred and fifty, or fifty 1008 where it is apparently stated that from every three hundred 1 hides upon a district'. Cases of double hundreds 2 where this may hides one ship should be furni~hed to the national fleet. The word hold good are Babergh Sf, Na.ssaborough Np and Normancross 3 also occurs in the Leges Henrici,' and three of the four War­ Hu, but it does not seem impossible either that at least the two first­ wickshire hundreds (Knightlow, Kington and Hemlingford, below mentioned might be due to the combination of two earlier hundreds. p. 132 Cf.) were so termed in the 12th century. BT explain the ship­ There is no record of such a procedure in these cases, it is true, soke as a combination of three hundreds, ,and a similar view is but there are some later instances of 'double .hundreds', undoubt­ held by Dr Round, who makes the further suggestion that if the edly created out of two single ones (Blackbourn Sf, Sutton, service were. due at the rate of one man from every five hides, Fawsley Np) which might be quoted as parallels. Cases of 'hund­ three hundreds would supply 60 men, which seems to have been reds and a half" might seem more directly to support the view the normal crew of one of Alfred's warships" One of the War­ that such hundreds merely reflect differences of assessment, but wickshire ship-sokes, that of Knighllow, actually consisted of three it is perha.ps worth noticing that such hundreds always (i. e. as hundreds (Brinklow, Marton and Stoneleigh), but the other two far as my material goes) occur in groups of two or together with do not seem to conform to the rule; Kington consisted of four a half-hundred: Mitford and Forehoe; Freebridge and Clackclose hundreds, and in Hemlingford only one hundred has been traced. NI; Samford and Cosford (half-hundred) Sf; Guilsborough and The Domesday hidage of these hundreds does not seem to sup­ Nobottle Grove; Wymersley and Higham Ferrers Np. This might port the view that a shipsoke consisted of 300 hides (three lend some colour to a theory of division and combination. In one hundreds),' but it is perhaps worth noticing that the County case (Plomesgate Sf) a hundred formed in the l2th century Hidage 5 assigns 1200 hides to Warwickshire, which would be just through the combination of a hundred with a half-hundred is four blocks of three hundreds each. Blocks of three hundreds are sometimes actually termed a hundredum et dimidium. Examples also met with in Buekinghamshire.6 of half-hundreds that adjoin are Diss and Earsham Nf, Lothing­ The employment of the hide as a unit of asseS8ment is seen land and Mutford Sf. In one or two cases, however, hundreds formed at a late period are termed half-hundreds merely on Sudbume hdT' 1160 P). - When in Abbot Samson's Kalendarium all the leets of Babergh hd are termed ferthings (cf. Douglas, Feudal Documents account of their small areas (Exning and Thredling Sf). - A from t.he Abbey of Bury St Edmunds p. CLXVI) one may perhaps su­ division of hundreds in four parts known as ferthings occurs in spect a generalisation; it is perhaps worth noticing that one of the leets East Anglia.,~ and a unique Thredling in Sf (below p. 91). (the last in the list) seems actually to have been the fourth part of (one of) the (two) hundred(s). - Round, Feudal England 101, points out that • ERR 47, 374 f. Sudbury was also a quarter of Thingoe hd, and mentions the parallels of 2 OE two. hundred; Latin duo hundreda. Hunlihgdon and Wisbecb. • The remaining Huntingdonshire hundreds, though in reality double 1 Cf. also the note to the passage in Earle-Plummer's edition. hundreds, are not expressly so termed. 2 VI, 1: Ipsi uero comitatus in centurias et sipessocna distinguntur; • OE oper healt hundl'ed; Latin hundredum et dimidillm. cf. Liebermann op. cif.. s. v. Schiff. • Examples are: Ludham terding (Stenlon, ERR 37, 226 and note 3), 3 VHWo I 248; also Vinogradoff, English Society in the 11th Cen· a fourth part of Rapping hd Nf; (in) Ferdingam de Ealdham (Aldham, Cos­ tury 31. ford hd Sf), terting de Almeham (the fourth part of Wangford hd, which • Cf. B. Walker, The Hundreds of Warwickshire, Ant.iquary 39, 183. , belonged to the bishop of Thetford, cf. RH JI 191) both in DB, and (de) 5 Maitland op. cit. 455 f. terdingo de Suoburna 1159 P (Sudbourne, Plomesgate hd; it is called • Liebermann op. cit. 519, 16a, and reference. xx O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Name~ XXI clearly in such cases as the hundreds of Chester, Shrewsbury and connexion mention may also be made of the ma.rcher lordships. Cambridge mentioned in Domesday.' Shrewsbury hd, though in· A hundred of Ellesmere is often mentioned in records,' but this cluding practically only the town of Shrewsbury, is rated at 100 doubtless refers to the marcher liberty of Ellesmere, and the same hides, and already Eyton remarks that this cannot be a territorial may be true of the hundred of Os,"estry often mentioned in the hundred of the common kind;2 it must represent the assessment 12th and 13t.h centuries, though Eyton seems to take a different laid upon the town itself. Nothing is gained by dealing with view! In the statute abolishing the marcher lordships (1535), these hundreds in the etymological part, and they have cOllse­ Oswestry is expressly stated to have then been made into a quently been omitted. hundred, like Wigmore, Huntington and Ewyas Lacy He." ­ In the case of Chester the term hundred had also another 'Hundreds' of this kind have been omitted from the etymological application; it seems here to be used of the borough-court of part - some are noticed in passing below - as they only Chester.s There is further evidence of a similar m:age lat.er, the represent late extensions of the meaning of the term hundred! term hundred being often applied to the courts of boroughs, THE WAPE!'Bridgnorth from Shropshire.' Shrewsbury is sometimes later In the counties of the northern Danelaw a division into wapen­ referred to as a hundred;" and an additional instance from takes is met with, corresponding to the hundreds of sout.hern Eng­ Shropshire is no doubt llundr' Abbatis de Forieta 1203 Ass 732 land, and the term hundred is here applied to an altogether m 3, referring to the liberty of Abbey Foregate 6 mentioned in different division.' The word wapentake is of Scandinavian origin RH (ll f. 97). An example from Worcestershire is Hundr'm de (ON vdpnatak), and the wapentake organisation itself is generally Duddeley 1276 RH referring to the barony of Dudley.7 Other acknowledged to have been founded by the Scandinavian immi­ 6 .. cases are mentioned by Ballard.s There is explicit reference to grants of the 9th and 10th centuries. The use of the word to this practice as regards the manor of Wotton in Gloucestershire;9 denote a territorial division seems to have been an innovation on in the time of Elizabeth the earls of Warwick and Leicester English soil, for no divisions so named are known from Scandi­ 'endeavoured to erect a liberty therein and to call the same th8 navia. In ON the word means 'a vote of consent expressed by hundred of Wotton ... wherein they at last prevailed'. - In this wa.ving or brandishing weapons', and hence 'a vote or resolution of a deliberative assembly'. The relation between this use of the

1 Cestre hvndr' f. 266 (2); Hvnd' Civitatis, Sciropesberie hd' f. 252; word and that found in England can only be tentatively ex­ Bvrgvm de Grentebrige pro uno hvndret se defendebat f. lS9. Instances pressed (v. NED s. v. wapentake). from East Anglia are: Dimidium Hundl'et de Gipesuuid II f. 289 (Ipswich; By the time of Domesday, Yorkshire (partly), Lincolnshire, also; Dim. hundredum de Gipeswiz 1199 P); H' de Norwic II f. 116 (Nor­ Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Rutlandshire wich); H' de Tetfod II f. 118 b. (Thetford). 2 Antiquities of Shropshire, VI 347 and note 2. , Eyton op. cit. X 242-5, 251. • Tait op. cit. 32. 2 Op. cit. -X 313 f. • Op. cit. V 192 and note 39; I 297, 306. 3 Statutes lit Large, 27 Henry VIII; Chapter XXVI. 5 E. g. 1205 Ch 142: villam de Salopesberia cum hundredo ad illam • The 'hundreds' of Brackley Np; Barton and Camps Ca, mentioned pertinente . .. predictum burgum Tel hundredum. in 1428 FA, apparently refer to deaneries; why they are termed hundreds 6 Abbey Foregate is now an eastern suburb of Shrewsbury. It was here is difficult to say. granted to Shrewsbury Abbey by Earl Roger (Mon III 519). " On these 'Danelaw hundreds' see more fully below p. XLV. , The hundred-court of Dudley is also referred to in the rpm II 14. 6 From the general point of view imposed on the material, the wapen­ • British Borough Charters passim. takes might seem to fall outside the scope of the present study, but a 9 J. Smyth, Lives of the Berkeleys (Bristol and Gloucester Archreolo· glance through the following chapters and the material collected in the gical Society 1883-5) II 319. I owe this reference to the kindness of etymological part, will, I think, show that it is hardly possible to carry Miss H. M. Cam. through such a distinction. I

1 XXII O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names XXIII were divided into wapentakes. The term is also met with in the arranged in hundreds; it might also be noted that many wa,pell­ Northamptonshire part of the survey where two hundreds (Opton takes are named from meeting-places bearing' English names, gren and Wicesle) are cal1ed alternately hundreds and wapen­ which might be taken to point to the previolls existence of some takes, but otherwise it has not been found in use in the southern similar English division. But too mueh stress should not be laid 1 Danelaw. The extent of the wapentake division in the north is on this, and the whole question must be left open for the present. not quite clear. In Domesday no wapentakes are mentioned in In the latter half of the 12th century the wapentake division the western part of the North Riding of Yorkshire (Richmondshire, had been extended to the whole of Yorkshire and to Lancashire, except Halikeld wap), and none in the north-western portion of but later the use of the term was gradual1y restricted, and it has the West Riding (Craven), or in the adjoining parts of Lanca­ now been superseded by 'hundred' in Rutlandshire, Leicestershire, shire, Cumberland and Westmoreland, which were ineluded with Derbyshire and Lancashire. For some reason unknown to me Yorkshire in the survey. In the remaining counties in the north three of the Lincolnshire divisions (Louthesk, Hill and Calceworth) of England no wapentakes are known to have existed, except are now also known as hundreds. 'Wapentake' began to be ousted Sadberge wap Du, which is, however, in al1 probability a late by 'hundred' in Rutlandshire, Derbyshire and Leicestershire at extension of the system! If the wapentake division original1y the end of the 12th or the beginning of the 13th century. In the had the extent seen in Domesday (or approximately so), it would 13th century there is vacillation between the two terms, but in l more or less coincide with the extent of the Danish eolonisation the 14th century 'hundred' is generally used. In Lanca;,;hire the 3 in the north of England. The question whether there existed a change did not occur till later. The reason i~ no doubt that hundredal division here before the Danish invasion is interesting. 'hundred' was in use in the greater part of England and was a This was assumed by the old school of historians,' but if the more familiar term than the foreign 'wapentake'; it is more diffi­ wapentake and the hundred date from approximately the same cult to account for the fact that the latter term was retained i!l period, it is, of course, highly improbable. On the other hand, it some counties. has been shown by Professor Stenton 5 that the hide was still the Some of the points raised above in the discussion of the I agrarian unit in the Danelaw at the beginning of the 11th century, terminology peculiar to the hundred also apply to the wapentake. and it does not seem impossible that these hides might have been No 'double wapentakes' or 'wapentakes ~md a half' are on record, but there are a few cases of 'half wapentakes', though in these , 1 Cr. also, however, the mention of eal wepentac in BCS 1130. As re­ cases usage seems to have varied (Halikeld, Oswaldbeck, Newark, gards the wapentake of Optongren, the mention in LNPetrob (c. 1125) of duo hundreta de Wapentach de Burch (p. 167) seems to suggest that Lith, Rushcliffe; for Newark cf. Reg Ant 21). There are also some the term wapentake was only applied to the combined hundreds, but that cases of overlapping between wapentake and liberty, manor or they were called hundreds singly; the Domesday usage might be due to the like (Whitby Strand, Allerton, Howdenshire; probably also confusion of the original distinction. If so, this seems to be an example of Ollerton, Plumtree and Risley below p. 38). On the relation hundreds being combined to form a wapentake. Other instances have between soke and wapentake v. Stenton op. cif. 44 f. been adduced from the East Riding of Yorkshire, but the interpretation of these cases is still an open question (cf. below p. 11). The Lancashire wapentakes were formedy also known as 2 A district around Bamburgh (Nb) is sometimes in medieval times 'shires', and some remarks might be appended here on the shire­ called the wapentake of Bamburgh (Mawer PNNb XIV), but this seems to system met with in the north of England. Districts called 'shires' be quite sporadic and is doubtless due to analogy. are known from several of the northern counties; but although 3 Cr. also Jolliffe EHR 41,42. they are mostly small areas, wapentakes are seldom so called • Cr. e. g. Taylor's explanation of the East Riding hundreds, below p. 1l. outside Lancashire. The examples from Nb and Du are collected • Types of Manorial Structure in the Northern Danelaw (Oxford by Mawer (PNNb XIV). North Riding examples are Allertonshire, Studies in Social and Legal History, vo!. II), 88 H. Mashamshire; also sometimes Gillingshire, Han!leshire, Halikeld­ /-. .~ 1 XXIV O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names xxv shire, Bulmershire/ all names of wapentakes. From the East Westmoreland is divided into four wards: Lonsdale ward, Kendal Riding only one instance is known, viz. Howdenshire, but the ward, East ward, and West ward. The last-mentioned seems to be refer­ red to as Le Westwarde 1371 Pat, though it is assigned to Cumberland in West Riding offers several examples: Borgescire, Cmvescire DB the index, but otherwise no early references to the Westmoreland wards (Aldborough and Craven); Ripsire 1173 YCh 123, Rypshire 1375 have been met with. No wards are mentioned on the assize or subsidy rolls; Pat (Ripon); Sorobisir' 1196 Cur, Sourebysyr' 1234 Cl et passim at the assizes the whole county (corpus comitatus) was represented by 12 (Sowerby); Kyrkebyscire 1254 et passim Fount (Kirkby Malzeard); jurors, and the viii of Appleby by 12 jurors. the only instance that has survived to the present day is Hallam­ Northumberland is di""ided into six wards; from the north: Glen­ dale ward, Bamburgh ward, Coquetdale ward, Morpeth ward, Castle ward, shire (Halumsira 1161 YCh 1268 et passim; cf. p. 2 ib.). Most of and Tindale ward. Certain liberties were not included in any ward, as these names apparently denote a district dependent on a manor, Norham and Islandshire, Bedlingtonshire, Bellingham and Redesdale. The Borgescire the district dependent on Aldborough, Ripsire that latter is sometimes called Redesdale ward (Kelly). Six of the townships dependent on Ripon and so on, but exceptionally 'shire' is added of Elsdon par are also known as wards (Elsdon ward, Monkridge ward, to the name of a district, as in the case of Craven, or to that of a Otterburn ward, Rochester ward, Troughend ward, and l,voodside ward), but no early references to these wards have been met with. In the early wapentake meeting-place, as Hangeshire, Halikeldshire. The assize rolls the county is divided into two wardS, or ballivO?; in 1256 origin and history of the shire have been investigated by Jolliffe! (Surt 88) into Balliva ex parte australi de Koket (the river Coquet), or He finds evidence for the existence of a shire-system in Lanca­ ballh'a inter Tynam et Coket (p. 103); and Balliva de Northekoket or shire, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Northumberland, Durham, in Balliva ex aquilonari parte de Coket (p. 131); on this roll balliva de the western part of the North Riding of Yorkshire, and in the Tyndal' is also mentioned. In 1279 (ib.) the divisions are called Pars Comitatus ex parte boreali ultra aquam de Coket, and Pars Comitatus northern part of the West Riding. According to him the shire­ citra Coket; the same terminology is found on the 1293 roll (Ass 651); the system represents an old Northumbrian institution, which was latter division is here also called Ballia i1lter Tyne et Coket (m 19), or partly superseded by the organisation of the Danelaw. Ballia cytra Coket (m 12). In RH (1275), on the other hand, a divis'on approaching that now in use is met with; Wam'a de Glendale, Warda de TilE WARD. llammeburg' (sic), Warda de Kokedal', and Warda de Tindale are mentio­ The four northern counties, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Northum­ ned, but the modern :r.Iorpeth and Castle wards are still called Tyne et berland and Durham are divided into wards, a division commonly regard­ Coket. In the SR of 1297 (SR 158/1), the latter district is divided into two ed as equivalent to the hundreds and wapentakes of the rest of England. wards corresponding to :r.Iorpeth and Castle wards, but called Ward' inter In the 13th and following centuries the ward had the same fiscal and juris­ Wanspick (the Wansbeck) et Coket, and Ward' inter Tynam et Wanspik' dictional functions as the hundred and the wapcntake, it is true, but there respectively; the former name was later shortened to Warda de Inter can be little doubt that it is of quite distinct origin. There seems to be a (Ward' Inter Wanspick et Coket ... Summa totius Warde de Inter SR 158/1 consensus of opinion that the wards are of post-Conquest creation, and m 30-23, Warda de Inter 1346 FA, Interward 1360 Pat; in 1346 FA the a late origin seems also to be suggested by the nature of their names. present Castle ward is also included under Inter). No early references It has consequently not been found necessary to include the names of the have been found to the names of Morpeth and Castle wards (cf. also J. wards in the etymological part, but some notes on this division might be Hodgson, History of Northumberland pt Il, vol. Il 369). They are derived useful, and may suitably be appended here. from those of Morpeth and Newcastle (NolJum Castrmn super Tynam) Cumberland is divided into five wards: Allerdale ward above Der­ respectively. went, Allerdale ward below Derwent, Cumberland ward, Eskdale ward, Durham is divided into four wards: Chester ward, Darlington ward, and Leath ward. They are mentioned as ballivQ' in 1279 (Lith' et· Eske­ Easington ward, and Stockton ward, named from Chester le Street, Dar­ dale; Ball'ia de Cumb' et Aleredale Ass 131 m G, 9d), and are called lington, Easington and Stockton respectively. The earliest reference to wards in 1332 (Warde de Lyth' (gen.), Eskedale ... Warde, Allerdale ... the Durham wards, and the earliest reference to the organisation as a Warde SR 90/2 m 6, m 14-17, m 18--20 d). whole, that has been met with is from 1237 Cl, where they are called ballia de Cestr', ballia de Derlint'. ballirt de Esington', and ballia de Stoketon'.

1 Hichmondshire seems to have ranked as a separate county, v. The same arrangement is met with in the assize roll of 1242 (Warda de PNNR 218. Esigtone; balliua de Stoketone, Derlingtone). The u'ard Of Cestre is men­ 2 EHR 41, 1-42. tioned in 1277 Pat. Cf. also VHDlI III 191 ff., but the view taken there of 1 Q

1 XXVI o. S. Anderson ] The English IIundred·Names XXVII J the date of the organisation of 8tockton ward, L e. lhat it dales from the The second group of hundred-names, those denoting hundred 13th or early 141h century, cannot be upheld. meeting-places, also includes names of different types. Typical The names of the wards indicate that they were organised OD old 1 divisions detennined by rivers and river valleys, or as districts dependent I examples of such names are e. g. Staine Ca 'the stone(s)', Ham­ on some castle or manor. The practice, illustrated by the Dames of the fordshoe Np ~Eanferpls hill', Alnodestre1} Sa '..~Unopls tree'. Northumberland wards, of describing a district as lying between two ri"vers Names like these) which [Ire mere natnre-names must denote the was not limited to these names but is of common occurrence in this part place where the men of the hundre'd used to gather. Though not of England. Durham is sometimes called. 'between TynE' and Tees'; Northnmberland and Durham aTe called inter l'heyse er 1'1'pde 1226 Pat. all the pla.ces in question can be proved to have been used for Expressions like inter l'ynam et Coket, inter l'uedam. et Coket (e. g. 1212 this purpose, there is direct evidence of meetings having been Fees) are often met with. The only name that might seem to be of the held at them in a sufficient number of cases to render this certain. same type as is common in the hundred-names of ~outhefJl England is Hundred-names like Spelhoe Np 'the speech-hill', or Hundredesberi Leath Cu, from ON hliiJ 'slope', but it seems quite possible that this may be Do lthe barrow of the hundred1 (Fa.gersten) are suggestive. an old name of the district included in this w:nd; similar names of di­ stricts are found in Yorkshire (ef. below p. 3 ff., a.lso PNNR 42); it is Of a slightly different nature are those cases where a hundred­ perhaps t.he district-name that is often added to the name of Ainstable in name is' preserved in the name of a settlement. In cases like early sources (Amstapelid' 1178 P, Einstapeleth 1210 FF (Y), v. Lindkvist Cosford Sf, Normancross Hu, Foxley, l\-Iawsley NP1 Pathlow Wa, 41). Seisdon, Totmonslow St, 'Vittery Sa, Elsdon He, and among wapentake-names Aggbrigg, Staincross Y'VR, and others, which n. Types of Hundred-Names. Changes. English and according to maps and gazetteers denote hamlets, farms and the Scandinavian Names. like, there need be no hesitation that the hundred-names originally denoted meeting-places and that such hundreds ,vere named, not Three main types of hundred-names may be distinguished, from the hamlets, farms etc. themselves, but from the same naturSll names denoting a district, a meeting-plac.e, or a manOr. The names features that gave names to these places. Such Rettlement:: arc of the first of these group8 are of various kinds. Some are old probably for the most part late - some are aPPilrently quite tribal name::, as Happing, Lodding Nf, Ludinga, Blything Sf, recent - and may have arisen quite accidentally :\t.a hundred probably Dickering YER (w~lpentake), derivatives in OE -ingas; meeting-place. If 'Vittery Sa is to be derived from OE *-u:itena Mersete, probably Rvesset Sa, and perhaps 8tepleset He, treo meaning 'the tree of the men of the hundred' this is of course compounds in OE sretan; Clenc1.rare and Lymrare Nf in OE ware. ~ clear case. A name like Happing belong~ to the earliest strata of English When we pass on to hundred-names that are also names of PNs, and here a modern hundred-name corresponds to the name more important places, villages and the like, there may be room of a community dating from the Anglo-Saxon settlement. Other for more hesitation. Though there are a numbu of well-defined examples of ing-names are found in the Saxon area and in Kent. cases that must be assigned to the third of the groups mentioned Examples of hundred-names in -siPtan have been found only in above, including hundred-names derived from the capita of hundreds, the western eounties. The names in -ware adduced from Norfolk it is difficult to draw a hard and fast line between this group and are doubtful cases, see below p. 63 f. - Late hundred-names group two. Further it might be argued that even though a hundred denoting areas are generally of small interest. They are common doe'S not take its name from a village because it ha.d its ad­ in the north~ in the names of wapentakes, as Pickering Lythe, ministrative centre there, it may do so because the hundred-court RyedaJe, LOJlsdale etc. Cases in point are also e. g. Biscopes hd, was held in its vicinity, and that the name thus does not denote Sf. Nassaborongb hd Np, East hd Rn, Halfshire hd Wo, WirraJ] the actual meeting-place. This may, of course, sometimes be the hd Ch, etc. Often these late names have replaced earlier names reason/ but I think that it may be assumed even here that in of meeting-places. 1 Certain examples of this are found, but lhey are late and sporadic: XXVIII O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names XXIX many cases a hundred bearing the same name as a village in the has been met with 1 it has as a rule been noted in each case below. hundred was not necessarily named from this village itself, but It is hardly possible for lack of evidence to distinguish neatly that, on the other hand, village and hundred were named from the between groups two and three, but the uncertain cases are fairly same natural feature or object, i. e. from the hundred meeting­ few in number." place. There is nothing very remarkable in this, for there are Hundred-names differ from place-names in general in being many known instances of towns, villages and the like being far more unstable. It is rare for a place to change its name, but named from meeting-places, e. g. Finedon Np, Fingest Bk, Thing­ hundreds very often do so. Especially in certain of the counties hill He (OE ping); Matlask Nf (OE mmpel-f£se); Modbury Dv, dealt with hardly any of the hundred-names found in Domesday Mottram Ch (OE gemot); Spellow La (OE spell); Spetchley Wo have survived up to the present time. It seems probable that (OE spiRe), and others. If OE stow may have the sense of 'meeting­ such' changes may have taken place also before Domesday; the place' as suggested below, the hundred-name Stow (Sf, Ca) is a case hundred-names recorded in OE are few, and there is thus not in point. A clear case is Lackford Sf, the name of a hundred and a much to go upon, but there are at least one or two examples of village, because here the village is not in the hundred of Lackford, changes in hundred-names taking place already in OE times. A but in the adjacent hundred of Thingoe, and can obviously not change in name is often connected with a change in area. or with have given name to the hundred. Both village and hundred alike the combination of two or more hundreds. This is chiefly true of must derive their names from the ford at Lackford Bridge, about the cases in' which old names of meeting-places are replaced by a mile to the north-west of the village, on the boundary of Lack­ others of the same kind, and as a matter of course more seldom ford hd, which must have been the hundred meeting-place. I think applies to cases where the new name is of a different type from evidence of this kind entitles' us to judge other similar cases in the old one, i. e. where old names of meeting-places are replaced the same way, such, for instance, as Whittlesford Ca or Stretford by district-names or by names denoting capita of hundreds. ~ He; other possibly analogous cases are Blofield Nf, Claydon Sf, Changes of the latter kind are frequent, and a collective Cheveley, Thriplow Ca, and others. Hundred-names which are ~lccount of them may not be devoid of interest. Examples of the not original nature-names are more doubtful. Hundreds like former category are: Die: Pickering Lythe, Maneshou: Ryedale Tunstead, Shropham (if from OE ham) Nf, Willaston Ch, Patton YNR; (?)Blackwell: High Peak Db; Diean or Opton.qren: Nassa­ Sa may be named from originally holding their courts at the settle­ borough Np; Cressela1_', Cl ent, Came and Eseh : Halfshire Wo; ments so named, or else from meeting somewhere in their neigh­ Willaston : Wirral Ch; sometimes there is vacillation, but the olel bourhood, but there seems to be no means of deciding which name may hold its own, as Wormelow: Archenfield Hc. - Examples alternative is the correct one; on the whole such names seem to of names denoting meeting-places being replaced by such be of less interest. 1 The whole question of the hundred and the hundredal manor is To the third of the groups mentioned above :3uch hundred­ fully dealt with by Miss Cam (ERR 47,353-376). I owe much to her sug­ names are assigned as are obviously derived from the names of gestive handling of the problem. manors to which the hundreds were appurtenant, and where they 2 The names belonging to this group are of little interest for the line of investigation followed in this thesis, and might have been omitted from had their administrative centres. If direct evidence to this effect the etymological part. But for the reason just stated this was hardly practicable, and from a practical point of view also it seemed better to Strafforth wap YWR is once referred to as the wap of Mexborough, appa­ include them, as their omission would have left awkward gaps in the rently because its meeting-place was at a ford in Mexborough. Cleley hd series of hundred-names. They have generally been very summarily dealt Np is once referred to as Potterspury hd, because meeting near that place. with, however; if possible, a reference only has been given, and in the case Forehoe hd Nf meeting near Carleton Forehoe is called hd of Fourehowe of late names, Dot recorded as hundred-names in Domesday, no etymology Carleto71 1363 Pat. Other possible examples are noted llelow under Apple­ has generally been given. This may have led to some inconsistency, but, tree Db, Radfield Ca and Willybrook Np. Cf. also below p. XXXVII. it is hoped, none of a serious character. I

xxx O. 8. Anderson The English Hundred-Names XXXI denoting capita of hundreds are: Bolesford: Bulmel' YNR; Ham­ Plegeliet) Webtree He (constituents uncertain).' As regards menstan: Wirksworth Db; Lith: Thurgarton Nt; (?)Winfarthing: Knightlow and Oswaldslow, forming 'ship-sokes', it seems fairly Diss Nf; Alboldestou:Sutton, Foxley:Green's Norton, Grauesende certain that the constituent hundreds besides having courts of and Alwardeslca: Fawsley Np; 1'remelav, Honesberie, Fexltole and their own also had a common court from an early period at the Barcheston: (?)Kington Wa; Hamestan: Macklesfield, Middlewich place from which the new name is taken. A somewhat similar :Northwich, Warmundcstrov: Nantwich, Dudestan: Broxton Ch; explanation might apply to combinations of two hundreds, but Witetrev: Chirbury Sa. Cases of vacillation are: Blackenhurst: on this mOre will be said below. Evesham Wo; North Greenoe: Wighton NI. - The displacement It is rare for one single hundred to exchange the old name of of names denoting meeting-places is thus a common phenomenon; its meeting-place for another of the same type. Examples are it may almost be said to amount to a general tendency. It does Birdforth YNR (uncertain), Claro YWR (the Domesday Gereburg not seem too bold an assumption that some hundreds named from may be the name of an old meeting-place, but the regular older their administrative centres in Domesday may have had earlier name is Borgescire, the name of the district), Barlichway, Hemling­ names of meeting-places, but nothing definite can be proved. Miss ford Wa, Blackenhurst vVo, Brimstree, Stottesdon, Purslow Sa. Cam would put the association of hundreds and manors back to Hemlingford is, however, perhaps to be judged differently, as this very early times, and, if I am not mistaken, is inclined to see in was a 'ship-soke', and may possibly have consisted of more hund­ this practice the origin of the hundredal system.' It seems to me reds than one. Blackenhurst, Brimstree and Stottesdon have under~ that the evidence of the nomenclature might point in a different gone great changes in area, and hardly correspond to anyone oM direction, but it would lead too far to enter upon this question here. hundred. Some cases, e. g. Ford Sa, Repton Db, Skirbeck Li, are When two or more hundreds are r,ombined there is, quite uncertain. It is not known whether, in these cases, the new name .. naturally, bound to be some change in the nomenclature of the denotes a meeting-place. - Pimhill Sa is the only case that has hundreds. Often when the constituent hundreds are named from been noted of a hundred exchanging the early name of its caput their respective meeting-places, it is only a question of applying for an apparently later name of a meeting-place. But it seems the name of the meeting-place of one of the hundreds to the whole permissible to assume that the hundred-name of Pimhill may have of the new one; instances are: Blackbourn, Plomesgate Sf, Huxloe, been in existence at the time of Domesday, though perhaps tem­ Orlingbury, Wymers)ey Np, Bucklow Ch, Radlow, Greytree He;2 porarily replaced by that of Baschurch, the caput of the hundred. but occasionally a new name of this type is met with. Examples - Cases like Witchley: East and Wrangdike Ru, where an old are Knightlow Wa (Brinklow, Marton and Stoncleigh), Oswalds­ hundred has been split up into two new ones will be dealt with low Wo (Cuoburgehlawe, Wulfereslaw and Winburgetrowe),' below. (?)Eddisbury Ch (Roelwl) and Risetone); Bradford Sa (Hodnet A considerable number of the names of the hundreds and and Wrockwardine); Mnnslow Sa (Cvlvestan and Patton), Grims­ wapentakes of the Danelaw are of Scandinavian ori~in. They are, worth He (Stepleset and C1.,tethorn) , Broxash He (Thornlav and as might be expected, most numerous in counties like Lincoln or York; in Lincolnshire the Scandinavian hundred-names, if not in 'Op. cit. 370 ff. the majority, are at least as common as the English ones; but 2 In some, generally late cases both old names are combined, e. g. they also occur in considerable numbers in the southern Danelaw, lIforIeston and Litchurch Db, Bradley Haverstoe, Boothby Graffoe, Winni­ most frequently in Norfolk, but instances are also met with in briggs and Threo Li, Galowebrothyrcros Nf; Mutford and Lothingland, Bosmere and Claydon Sf. Suffolk, Huntingdonshire and Northamptonshire. The distribution • Oswaldslow hd can hardly be said to be combined from three of the Scandinavian hundred-names has important historical hundreds, but as the question here is of names only, it is perhaps per­ missible to express the relation in this way. 1 The East Riding cases offer problems of their own, and have not been included here. I

XXXII O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names XXXIII bearings, and some notes on it might be given here. The ground has been covered previously by Professor Ekwall;l for particulars Ill. Names of Meeting-Places. reference may also be made to the etymological part. Scandi­ navian hundred-names may be taken to be a clear indication of As. regards the names belonging to the first and to the third of the groups dealt with in the preceding chapter the notes that Scandinavian ascendency,2 and it has been assumed that such names may have replaced earlier English ones;' but it is certainly have already been given may suffice, but the second group of possible to place a quite different .interpretation on the evidence. names, those denoting places where hundred-moots were held, No detailed treatment of the historical aspects of the question is invites a more detailed examination. The subject may be ap­ aimed at, but it may be worth noting that there are a few cases of proached from different angles - an investigation of the meeting-, hundreds bearing Scandinavian names, where the place-nomen­ places from the point of view of arch:£ology or folk-lore, for in­ clature as a whole points to a strong Scandinavian element among stance, is sure to yield interesting results - but here a grouping of the names on philological lines is chiefly aimed at. the population. One is Walec1'Os (Repton) Db (cf. below p. 36), another is Flegg Nf, the most thoroughly Scandinavianised part English and Scandinavian names may be dealt with separately, of the county with many names in -by! It might also be noted for though of the same general type, and though to some extent that in Norfolk there is a group of hundreds with Scandinavian revealing similar fashions in the choice of places of assembly, yet names (Grimshoe, Guiltcross, Wayland, S. Greenhoe) in the from' a linguistic point of view they had better be' kept apart. neighbourhood of Thetford, which may be assumed to have been Within each of these groups different kinds of names may be a centre of Scandinavian colonisation." 'fhingoe Sf (with Risby), distinguished. Certain names denote the place itself, in or by though a less marked case, also points to the existence of a which the gatherings took place, but in other cases a reference to Scandinavian colony." In Huntingdonshire two out of four hund­ some object, a tree, a stone, or the like, was thought sufficient to t reds have Scandinavian names. These cases, on the other hand, mark the meeting-place of a hundred. In few cases only is there ~p, might point to a different issue, for here place-nomenclature direct reference to the activities carried on there (Spelhoe generally does not indicate any considerable Scandinavian im­ Nf, perhaps Wittery Sa; cf. also Carlford Sf. Thingoe Sf is an migration. The two hundred-names are actually the only instances example of a Scandinavian hundred-name of a similar kind). of Scandinavian PNs that have been noted in these hundreds! A large group of hundred-names refers to hills or mounds. But very likely the Scandinavian element was stronger than indi­ Some of these at least are very conspicuous hills, which afford a cated by the place-names. commanding view of the country-side fOT miles around. It seems likeJy that such sites were chosen as being' remote, and where 1 IPN 87 f. interference was most easily avoided. 2 Op. cit.

3 Cf. PNBeds 180. OE hyll itself is not very common in the district now dealt with. Examples • In Lincolnshire, for instance, there is of course evidence of a strong are: Hill Li; IIarthill YER, Coleshill Wa, Pirehill St· (very likely 'look-out Scandinavian element in many hundreds bearing Scandinavian names. but hill'), and Pimhill Sa. Other elements are: this is not particularly striking, as the Scandinavian element is strong in OE hOh: ?Claro YWR; ?Sparkenhoe Le; ?Graffoe, Elloe Li; ?GalIow Nf, the county as a whole. It is possible, however, that a detailed study of Staploe Ca; Spelhoe, Hamfordshoe Np. the PNs might elicit cases similar to those mentioned above. It is perhaps OE cUt: Staincliff YWR, Rushcliffe Nt. worthy of note that in Holland where Scandinavian PNs generally are OE dun: (?)Repton Db; Loveden Li; Smithdon Nf; Claydon Sf; Seisdon St: not very numerous (Ekwall op. cit. 83) all three old hundred-names seem Tunendune, Risedon Ch; Stottesdon Sa; Elsdon He. to be English. " Ekwall, op. cit. 82. The first elements of Loveden, Tunendune and Elsdon are pns. " Op. cit. 83. In the case of Loveden it seems very likely that the hill was 7 PNBeds XIX f. named from one of the men buried in a tumulus on its top, and 3· I j

XXXIV O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names xxxv a similar explanation might apply to the two other names. :Many able that many hundred meeting-plaees are on Roman roads, or hundred-names in OE ltliiw and beorg that have pns for their first on other old important ones. This emphasises the large part these elements no doubt also refer to meeting-places ;.t burial-mounds. old roads must have played in communieation from early times This seems certain in the case of Offlow St, and very likely as onwards. The names themselves seldom refer to roads - the only regards Thriplow Ca. Local investigation might decide the sense instances that belong here are Barlichway Wa, Wolmersty Li and of these elements in a greater number of the names, but in a consi­ Ainsty YVVR, if English - but there is a large group of namefl derable number of the cases the sites are unknown. Strictly, such in OE ford (wa;d), which may be referred to this group. Water­ of these names as denote mounds should not be grouped with those ways were an important and easy means of eommunication, denoting hills; for reasons of convenience both groups are dealt espeeially at an early periou, and a ford that might beapproaeheu with here, though I do not regard this arrangement as final. both by road and by river would therefore be a partieularly eli­ Examples are: gible spot for gatherings. In several cases the fords that are OE Mow: Beltisloe Li; Thriplow Ca; Huxloe Np; Cui}burgehlal1'e, Wulteres­ known to have been hundred meeting-places earried a Roman law, Oswaldslow Wo; Offlow, Totmonslow St; Purslow, ?Munslow Sa have road, and -in two instanees there is speeial reference to this pns as first elements. Some of these doubtless denote mounds, but e. g. (Strafforth YWR, Stretford He). Oswaldslow Wo seems to denote a hill. Tremelav Wa, if correctly explai­ Other instances are: (?)Birdforth, Bultord YNR; Eynsford, Mitfard, ned below no doubt denotes mounds; other cases of which this may be also Depwade Nf; Carlford, Cosford, Lackford, (?)Mutford, Samford, true are Bassetlaw Nt and Pathlow Wa, though at least the latter may Wangford, Wilford Sf; Armingford, Chilford, Whittlesford, Witchford Ca; also be the name of a hill. Names that are more likely to denote hills are Navisford Np; Hemlingford Wa; Bradford Sa. Knightlow, Brinklow Wa, Cresselav Wo, Bucklow, Roelav Ch, Thornlav, OE brycg may also be said to belong here; examples are: ?Winnibriggs .. Radlow, Wormelow He. Some of these are known to do so. (De)rinlav Sa Li, ?Freebridge Nf, Risbridge Sf; though such names would seem to be of I is doubtful. a more modern character than those in ford. Hut Risbridge, far instance, OE beorg: ?Langbargh YNR, Babergh Sf, Honesberie Wa, Fissesberge Wo. must have denoted a very primitive sort of a bridge. The first of these denotes a hill; the second may denote either a hill or a mound. The sites of the twa last-mentioned are lost. There is a well-marked group of hundred-names denoting meeting-plaees in clearings or woous. Here belong names in OE There is a group of hundred-names in OE stow, whose meaning leak; examples are: Bradley Li; (Fuwelege Nf); Cheveley, Wether­ is not quite certain, but which may perhaps be mentioned in this ley Ca; Alwardeslea, Cleley, Foxley, Mawsley, Wymersley Np; connection. When occurring alone as a hundred-name it seems Witchley, Martinsley Uu. Some of these doubtless denote possible that the sense of the word may be 'meeting-place' (cf. clearings, such as Bradley, Wetherley, Cleley; perhaps Foxley; above), but occasionally it is compounded with a pn as a first el. but those whieh have pns for their fin,t elements may theoretically Examples are Broxtowe Nt, Alboldestov Np, and Alstoe Ru. A case at least denote woods, in whieh the hundred-courts were held. like Alstoe which is now the name of a tumulus may suggest that Such hundred-names might be compared with the common such names denote burial-places, and if this is correct these three Scandinavian names in lundr. But as these hundred-names names may be grouped with those of the names jUf't menticmed - with the exception of Bradley and Fuwelege - have a markedly which denote burial-mounds. loea,] distribution, one should perha,ps rather aSflign the same A good meeting-place should be easily accessible from different meaning to the whole group. Names certainly denoting woods are quarters. As a rule one finds hundred meeting-places situated on few in number in the counties now dealt with. The only examples roads or tracks, often at a point where two or more roads or are Holt Nf and Nobottle Grove Np; Orlingbury Np may be another. tracks join or cross. This is so common that 1t seems likely that Blackenhurst anu Dryhurst Wo may also belong here; d. also cross-roads may have been regarded as especially advantageous Grauesende Np. - Names of the same nature as those in lCah are for other reasons than convenience also. It is particularly notice- Blofield Nf, and Radfield Ca in OE feld. ,

XXXVI O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names XXXVII

Hundred-names denoting earth-works are Guilsborough Np, Names like these probably refer to some single, prominent tree.' perhaps Eddisbury Ch, and probably Stotfold Np. Launditch Nf .Most of the names in treo have pns as first elements; the fact that and FIendish Ca denote meeting-places on dykes. - A number of such trees were often named from persons perhaps indicates that other names belonging to the type dealt with in the preceding they were boundary-marks of the estate of the man or woman paragraphs, but not included here, will be found in the material. from whom they arc named, for hundred meeting-places are often No completeness has been aimed at, and many of the remaining on boundaries. Or they may sometimes mark a burial-place; in names cannot now be assigned to definite groups. In these as in two Sussex charters 2 the same place is referred to as Tatmmmes the following paragraphs only a selection is given in order to apolder and his beorgels. illustrate the grouping of the names. As a large part of the OE stun occurs in: Staine Ca; Hammenstan Db; Guthlaxton Le; CuttJeston material remains to be published, the inclusion here of every name St; Dvdestan, Exestan, Hamestan Ch; Cvlvestan Sa; Hurstingstone Hu; dealt with, in the etymological part seemed to no purpose. A Morleston Db; Leightonstone Hu; Coltrewestan Np. complete survey of the names on lines similar to those indicated in this chapter will be a feature of the completed volume. In onc case only have we the word stan itself without qualifica­ In the hundred-names dealt with above there is a general tion, but similar hundred-names arc met with elsewhere. In the reference to the site where the meetings took place, but fre­ majority of cases there is a pn as qualifying element. It seems quently hundred-names refer to some particular spot or object, a reasonable assumption that these were stones erected in memory which may be assumed to have been the centre of the gather­ of some important person, a chieftain or the like, round which the ings of the hundred-court. These sites generally share the cha­ men of the hundred used to gather. One might compare the com­ racteristics of those referred to above; they are often on hills or mon Scandinavian hundred-names in -cross. In onc instance roads, or they may have been in clearings; but the difference is (IIurstingstone) the first cl. is a tribal name, and in the three in­ that here those general features were not uppermost in the minds stances mentioned at the end the stone is distinguished by refe­ of the name-givers. Occasionally hundred meeting-places may rence to a neighbouring place. This type of hundred-name is not have been marked by a post or the like for recognition - a possible limited to those in stan, however. The instances that have been instance is Staploe Ca -, and we know that at a later period they met with are the following: Morleston Db, Leightonstone Hu, were often provided with some erection for the convenience of Optongren, Nobottle Grove, Coltrewestan Np; Bingham wap Nt those attending the court, but the cases here alluded to are those is similarly called Bingameshov in DB, but in later sources the where a hundred was named from some object which for some name is invariably Bingham only. Similar vacillation is met with particular tradition or convention had been chosen as the centre in the case of Optongren, Nobottle Grove and Coltrewestan. A of its gatherings. The most common names of this type are those case in point is perhaps also Bassetlaw Nt. Here may also be in OE stiin and treo with names of different kinds of trees; reference mentioned cases like Louthesk Li, Wormelow He, which have a t may also be made, however, to what ,was said above as regards It river name for their first cl. The meaning of such names is no OE hliiw and beorg. i doubt generally 'the stone etc. near' such and <'Ueh a place, but ~ names like Optongren and NDbottle Grove may mean 'Upton Com­ OE treo: ?Yarlestre YNR; Thedwestry Sf; Doddingtree, Winburgetrowe j Wo; Warmundestrov Ch; Alnodestrev, Brimstree, Condetret, Wittery Sa; 1 It has been suggested that OE treo may mean 'cross' in PNs (PNBeds Greytree, Webtree, Wimundestrev He. I XXXVIII), on the strength of the W form eroes Oswald (e. g. 1254 Norwich) Names of different kinds of trees: ii of Oswestry (Oswaldestreo). But it seems hardly possible to draw any Compounds in OE treo: Appletree Db; Hesetre He. ~ 1 general conclusions from this isolated case. It might also be noted for OE fic: Skyrack YWR. what it is worth that in Giraldus Cambrensis Oswaldestroe is glossed by OE IESC: Esch Wo; ?Chikenesse Wa; Bromsash, Broxash He; possibly i ~ Oswaldi arborem. Louthesk Li; Barkston Ash YWR may also be mentioned. } 2 BCS 834, 1125. OE porn: Cvtethorn He; cf. also Thornlwv ib. ':1 f XXXVIII O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names XXXIX

mon' and 'the wood common to the men of Nobottle', for a notable Also here there are traces of a local distribution of the elements. feature of hundred meeting-places is that they are often on The names in lundr belong to the southern part of the Dallelaw, commons or heaths; cf. also .Manhood hd Sx, and Mallgrave PNNp 9. but those in kross are more common in the north and north-west. It will have been noticed from the foregoing exposition that Haugr is the distinctive element of the Lincolnshire, and to some there is a marked distribution of different hundred-name elements extent the Norfolk, hundred-names of Scandinavian origin. It has to different parts of the district included. Hundred-names in ford been suggested that names in lundr may have been used to denote are, as already noted by Professor Mawer,' very common in East sacred groves, but this seems doubtful on account of their Anglia (with Cambridgeshire), but they are rare in the rest of common occurrence.' These names generally have a pn as first the area included. Names denoting trees, on the other hand, are el., and the only one of them (Wayland Nf) which has been a1most exclusively limited to the western counties. Names in assumed to embody heathen religious associations,' must be huh have not been met with west of Northants, but in the western regarded as unsolved. The names in kross also, with one exception counties names in hliiw are much more common than in the eastern (Staincross), have pns as first elements. No doubt at least some ones. Hundred-names in leak are (apart from Bradley Li and the of these denote memorial crosses of the kind well-known from doubtful Fuwelege Nf) limited to Cambridgeshire, Northampton­ Scandinavian England. shire and RutJand where they are common. It would be of some An interesting feature of the Scandinavian hundred-names, interest to see how far this distribution is continued in the Sa.xon and especially those in haugr, is the frequency with which a area, but no complete survey can be undertaken here. There are hundred-name may be associated with the name of a place in the a fair number of -fords in Essex, and four tree-names in same hundred (wapentake), apparently derived from that of the Gloucestershire; the area where hundred-names in leak are com­ same person. This was noted by Bugge,' who suggests that it I mon apparently extends into Buckinghamshire. The distribution may be due to the men of the wapentake meeting near the place of the different types of hundred-names is no doubt, to some extent where the chieftain who was the most important man in the wapen­ at least, to be connected with the distribution of place-name take may have lived, at a mound dedicated to him, or at some elements generally; place-names in -tree for instance aTe probably other place associated with his name. This view is adopted by more common in the western counties than elsewhere, but it is Professor Ekwall,' who gives a list of the cases in question. They hardly possible to work this out in detail at present. It is also are: from YER: Buckrose: Bugthorpe (almost certainly); from Li: t partly due to the nature of the country-side. Names in leak, Aswardhurn: Aswarby; Aveland: Avethorpe; Calceworth: Calceby; for instance, can only be common in a well-wooded district. Candleshoe: Candlesby; Haverstoe: Hawerby; Walshcroft: Wales­ by; Wraggoe: Wragby. Two other similar instances, though not Of Scandinavian hundred-names those in lundr, haugr and hundred-names, are known from Li. 5 The only one of these cases kross are the most common types. in which the wapentake meeting-place is known is Aveland, but this case corroborates the view just mentioned, for Avethorpe ON lundr: Framland Le; Aveland Li; Wayland Nf; Toseland Hu: Neves­ (now lost) and Aveland must have been close together. lund Np. ON haugr: Maneshou YNR; ?Huntow, Toreshov YER; Aslacoe, Candleshoe, 1 Cf. PNBeds 220; PNNp XXVI, 267. ?Graffoe, Haverstoe, Langoe, Threo, Wraggoe Li; '?Gallow, N. and S. Greenoe, Grimshoe, Forehoe Nf; Thingoe Sf. 2 Bugge, Vikingerne II 289. B Op. cit. II 318, 327 f. ON kross: Buckrose, Snecvlvcros YER; Ewcross, Osgoldcross, Staincross YWR; Walecros Db: Walshcroft Li; Brothercross, Guiltcross Nf; Norman­ • IPN 87 f. cross Hu. • Cf. op. cit. 88, and reference.

1 Place-Names and History 25.

11 XL O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names XLI tion I have tried to point out cases where it may be assumed, IV. Hundredal Topography. either that the nature of the country-side favoured the existence of a large land-content of the hide, or else that the geldable area The hundreds' often vary greatly in size from county to was once smaller than now owing to the exi:stence of old forests county, and even within one and the same county. The great and the like. As regards the wapentakes' also considerations of differences in extent between the hundreds of Kent or Sussex on these kinds are no doubt to be taken into account. the one hand, and those of some of the midland counties on the The most normal type of hundred is that consisting of a more other are well known, and have been considered to form a serious or less circular area surrounding a central meeting-place, but there obstacle to any general theory of the oJ;igin of the hundred.' We are frequent variations from the type. In many cases the hundred are not now concerned with these questions, but even within the meet.ing-place is not central; sometimes it is even on or near the district dealt with there are some remarkable cases of variation hundred boundary. Some of the Suffolk hundreds (Wangford, in extent. A general notion of the extent of the hundreds of the Wilford, Lackford; no doubt also Armingford Ca, perhaps Mitford midlands may be gathered from the statistics given in the ety­ Nf, and others) are examples of the latter type. Occasionally the mological part, but some more exact figures may be useful. A obvious explanation of such cases is that the part of the hundred hundred like Holt Nf, which may be regarded as fairly represen­ in which the meeting-place is, was in early days its most important tative of East Anglia, contains 26 pars and about 65 square miles. part, or else that the area of the hundred may have been added A normal Northamptonshire hundred like (old) Orlingbury contains to later owing to the early existence of forests, marsh-land, or other 9 pafrs and about 25 square miles. The Cambridgeshire hundreds uninhabited regions. Examples will be pointed out below. A case are of the same order of extent as the Northamptonshire ones, like Seisdon hd St, which has been considerably diminished in but several of them are smaller. In the counties farther west the modern times through part of its area being added to Shropshire, hundreds are sometimes about the same extent as those of need of course not be specially mentioned. Northamptonshire, but there are considerable variations in area, Hundreds of this type are often hemmed in by natural and many are much larger. This is especially the case as regards boundaries, rivers, forests, mountains and the like, which might Staffordshire and to some extent Cheshire. In the whole of point to their representing old communities and centres of cultiva­ Staffordshire there are only five hundreds. Questions concerning tion. This is sometimes clear even to-day, as in the case of the extent of hundreds are bound up with matters relating to Happing and Flegg Nf,' Colneis Sf, Nassaborough Np and others, hidation and assessment, of which no detailed treatment can be but often the character of the country-side has changed, and it is expected here. One point may be noticed. Professor Tait points possible to show the existence of old boundaries only by reference out 3 that the proportion between taxation and area (and conse­ to medieval conditions (cf. below passim). An investigation of the quently tha extent of the hundreds) may be influenced by 'the place-names of a district may also reveal the existence of old varying land-content of the family holding in different parts of forest-areas and the like, forming old divisions between hundreds. the country, according to the density of the population and the If a county contains a considerable river, the hundreds are as a intensity of cultivation'. In the course of the following investiga­ rule grouped on either side of it; examples will be found below under Db, Nt, Nf, Np, Wa, Sa, He; but sometimes, especially in 1 The wapentakes need not be considered in this connection. A hundred consists theoretically of a hundred hides, but there is no given districts of a hilly or broken character, the hundreds may be number of carucates in each wapentake; variations in the extent of the centred in the river-valleys, as Pirehill St, and partly in Db and wapentakes are therefore less remarkable. As a rule the wapentakes are Y. - Roman roads are often chosen for boundaries between larger than the hundreds of the midlands. hundreds, as between parishes. 2 Cf. H. M. Cam, EHR 47,373. 3 VHSa 1280. J Cf. also VHNf II 4 f. I

XUI O. S. Ander80n The English Hundred·Names XLIII

In many cases the shape of hundreds is irregular and stragg­ comparison with these counties the hundredal systems of East ling. Many hundreds include outlying portions isolated from their Anglia, Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, for instance, are main areas. Examples will be found in the material. Some of remarkably stable. Also in some connties farther west, notably these cases may be explained from various historical or tenurial Staffordshire, the old hundredal division is kept unchanged from causes. Oswaldslow hd Wo, which includes a great number of Domesday till modern times. This on the whole also applies to isolated portions scattered all over Worcestershire, and till recently the counties divided into wapentakes. The tendency is for two, also some isolated areas in Gloucestershire and Warwickshire, was three or more hundreds to be combined int.o larger units. Only apparently made up from the estates belonging to the bishop and two cases of the reverse process, the division of an older hundred monks of Worcester.1 A similar explanation applies tq Pershore into two new ones, have been noted,' viz. vVitchley Ru and Guth­ hd Wo. Dugdale 2 makes it probable that an isolated area be­ laxton Le. The cases in which three or more hundreds have been longing to Kington hd Wa may be due to similar causes. Eyton combined are fairly few in number (Knightlow, Kington Wa, Half­ gives an explanation on identical lines for some isolated portions shire Wo; ~or Oswaldslow Wo see above). In by far the larger belonging to Baschurch hd Sa in 1086; here the case is doubtful,3 number of cases two old hundreds are combined to form one new but Beckbury Sa, which though locally in Alnodestrev hd is hundred. The following cases have been noted: Smithdon Nf, referred to Patton hd in Domesday, may have been included in Blackbourn, Plomesgate Sf; Huxloe, Corby, Rothwell, Orlingbury, the latter hundred because belonging to Wenlock Abbey! Profes­ Wymersley, Sutton, Fawsley Np: Bucklow, Eddisbury Ch; Brad­ sor Tait is inclined to assign a similar reason to a case of isolated ford, 'Munslow Sa; vVigmore, Grimsworth, Broxash, Radlow, areas in Cheshire.' The curious arrangement of the hundreds of Greytree, (?)Webtree He! One might ask why the combination east Leicestershire may perhaps to some extent be due to of two hundreds is so particularly frequent. In some cases (Corby, I the existence there of the soke of Rothley, just as a detached Sutton, Fawsley Np) the rea;;:on is obviously that two hundreds portion of Goscote hd, locally in Framland hd, may be so ex­ were appurtenant to the same manor, and were organised into plained.6 On the whole I believe that in the majority of cases of I this kind it would be possible to find some similar explanation. 1 It often occurs in the 14th century and later that large hundreds or wapentakes are divided into two parts called 'East' and 'West' or the Sometimes nO doubt other reasons may be found. An example of like (e. g. Gilling and Hang YNR, Goscote Le): sllch cases are not con­ this is the arrangement of the DB hds of Gallow and Brothercross sidered here. There are also some earlier instances of a similar kind, as Nf, which has been explained from reasons of local economy.' N. and S. Erpingham, E. and W. Flegg Nf, N. and S. Naveslund Np, the There is a tendency for the older, regular type of hundreds to first two mentioned as early as Domesday. Though there is no record of disappear through changes and combinations of two or more the existence of one single hundred corresponding to these, it seems very hundreds into larger units. In certain counties in particular, e. g. likely that E. and W. Flegg, for instance, once formed one hundred which was divided owing to the difficulty of communication between its E. and those of the west midlands, this is a prominent feature of the W. parts. It seems more doubtful if N. and S. Erpingham could have for­ hundredal organisation. In some of these counties hardly a trace med one hundred for it would have been far larger than any in its neigh­ is left of the old hundredal division as seen in Domesday. In bourhood. The Northamptonshire case is also difficult to judge of; here it seems at least theoretically possible that two earlier hundreds, while retaining their independent organisations, assumed a new name from a 1 Cf. VHWo I 238. common meeting-place (cf. below). Witchley hd Ru is similarly called • Antiquities of Warwickshire (1730), e. g. sub Packwood. Hwicceslea east and u'est in the Geld Roll (v. below p. 129). • VHSa I 283. 2 The later cases mentioned above (p. XXX note) in which both old • Op. cit. 285 note. hundreds are mentioned together in records throughout the 13th and fol­ • The Domesday Survey of Cheshire (Chetham Soeiety N.S. 75) 14. lowing centuries, and where both old names are still preserved have not • Stenton, Types of :Manorial Structure in the Northern Danelaw 46. been included here; cf. on these, H.:M. Cam in Historical Essays in Honour 7 Below p. 66. of James Tait (1933), p. 14. ,

The English Hundred-~ames XLV XLIV O. S. Anderson one hundred named from the manor itself on that account. On the Shropshire hundreds are not mentioned in records between Domes­ whole, such cases are strictly nothing but late cases of 'double' day and the assize roll of 1203, and the older hundreds or hund­ I hundreds though rarely expressly so termed (Blackbourn, Sutton red-names may well have disappeared at different times within and Fawsley are sometimes actually described as 'double hund­ this period. In other counties, Northamptonshire, Warwickshire, reds', Plomesgate as a 'hundred and a half'),' and the same prin­ \Vorcestershire and, to some extent, Herefordshire there is more I ciple that caused the formation of such hundreds might be assumed direct evidence for the gradual fusion of the older hundreds! to have been at work here. It might be suggested as a possibility Note on the 'Danelaw Huudreds' (cf. above p. XXI). - In Lincoln­ that such hundreds had some business in common, which may shire, Rutland, Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Leicestershire the term hundred was formerly applied to a subdivision of the wapentake. have led to their becoming united into one! The cases where I The nature of this division is best known as regards Lincolnshire, which is such combined hundreds assume a new name of the 'meeting­ proved by Domesday, the LiS,' and other documents 3 to have been wholly place' type suggest that at least some of them may have had a divided into such hundreds. The Lincolnshire evidence is dealt with in common court. This would have a parallel in e. g. the 'ship-sokes' detail by Professor Stenton.< According to the LiS each hundred consisted I of Knightlow or Oswaldslow, the constituents of which, besides of 12 canlCates. Domesday also gives evidence of the existence of half, double and quadruple hundreds of this kind. Originally the hundreds seem having separate courts, also seem to have had a common court to have been "imply subpartitions, probably for fiscal purposes,' of the from an early period (above p. XXXI). number of carucates imposed upon each wapentake, for there were wapen­ Eyton was of opinion that the rearrangement of the Shrop­ takes that were divided into three hundreds and a half and three bovates I shire hundreds which took place after Domesday was carried (Bradley), or into six hundreds and six carucates (Horncastle) ; but at a through at one time, and that it was the work of Henry 1.' The later period at least they seem, partly at any rate, to have been real ter­ rearrangement of the Shropshire hundreds must, however, be taken ritorial units capable of acting as a corporate body;" and land could with the rearrangement of the hundreds of those other counties 'In some cases the boundaries of hundreds have been rearranged, that have just been mentioned, which took place in the course of apparently quite arbitrarily, at a recent peri"Od (cl. below under Morley the 12th and 13th centuries. On the whole it seems more likely YWR and Appletree Db). This may be explained from what is said in the introduction to the Census Report of 1851 (Parl. Papers; I, ":01. i, p. LXV) I that this was a gradual process which need not presuppose royal as regards the organisation of Sessional divisions: 'The divisions existing in initiative. In several of the cases referred to by Eyton there is all counties of England and Wales for the· purposes of special and petty only a change in name, but otherwise no rearrangement of the sessions are in general based on the hundreds and other ancient county area of the hundred; and it does not seem very likely that this subdivisions. By the authority of various Acts of Parliament (references) I should have been done on royal orders. Various reasons may be the justices at Quarter Sessions may alter and re-arrange these sessional divisions. . .. In the exercise of these powers justices have occasionally found for the rearrangement. of the Shropshire hundreds - as transferred parishes and places from one division to another ... and annexed for that of the hundreds of other counties; the disappearance for such parishes to others in a particular hundred of the division to which they a time of Oswestry hd in west Shropshire may be due to the fact have been assigned. By this transference, the parishes thus dealt with for a I that this part of the county became marcher land, and was not special purpose have come to be considered, for all purposes Whatever, parts reunited to Shropshire till the 16th century. The creation of the; of the hundreds to which they have been added, and have thenceforward been deemed as much part of the hundred as any parishes which may have liberty of Wenlock in the 12th century,' for instance, may account been named as belonging to the hundred in the Domesday Survey'. I for the disappearance of the Domesday hd of Patton. :Most of the • For a list of the hundreds mentioned in these records v. LiDB 312. 3 Professor F. M. Stenton has most kindly informed me of the exi­ , In so far as such hundreds are merely cases of single hundreds rated stence of a fragment of a 12th century survey of the same nature as the at 200 hides the comparison is not. to t.he point. Lindsey Survey, but relating to Kesteven and Holland also. I • Cl. H. M. Cam, op. cit. p. 15 I. • LiDB XIV f.; DC LXIII-LXX. • Antiquities of Shropshire I 23, IV 242, et passim. • Stenton, Types of Manorial Structure in the Northern Danelaw 89. • Op. cit. III 222. • Op. cit. 89 note; DC LXV. - There is evidence of this also as re­ gards Leicestershire; v. Round, Feudal England 200. I I

XLVI O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names XLVII

be described as lying in a certain one of these hundreds.' There is evi­ The Leicestershire hundreds offer problems of their own.' They can dence for the survival of the system in Lincolnshire into the 13th century, hardly have been real territorial hundreds of the common kind, for as and mention is made of these hundreds even in the 14th century! A stated in VHLe 2 they are 'intermixed with each other to such an extent trace of this ancient division is also preserved in the name of the Eight that it is impossible to represent their complicated boundaries on any Hundred Fen on the boundary of Kesteven and Holland 3 (Hautehunderfen intelligible map'. Nothing definite seems to be known about the prin­ 1279 Pat, Hathhunderffen 1283 Abbr, le Egthundirdfen 1348 Mise, La ciple on which the Leicestershire hundreds were arranged, but anyhow it Eghthunderfen 1352 Pat). On the whole the Holland hundreds seem to is clear that they cannot be 12 carucate hundreds like those of Lincoln­ have been especially long-lived. - The names of these hundreds are of shire. On the contrary, the assessment of the different hundredS shows no particular interest in this connection; they were invariably taken from considerable variation, and most of the hundreds are rated at uneven and (one of) the vill(s) of which the hundred was composed. The only oue of occasionally fractional figures. A certain regularity may be traced; the them that is of a somewhat remarkable character is Algarhnndred, in which assessment of Framland wap may be split up in groups each containing is the village of Algarkirk; the relation between these two uames is an even multiple of 18 carucates; this seems also to some extent to be obscure.' - The reason why these divisions were called hundreds is true of the other two wapentakes included in the LeS, but here the survey uncertain. Dr Round, starting from the formula found in the Lincolnshire, is not complete; this might suggest a duodecimal grouping of the hundre­ Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire part of Domesday relating dal totals." But on the whole these hundreds are still a riddle. to breaches of the peace, suggests that these hundreds were so called because each of them may have contributed eight pounds to the geld, which, if the habet ... II bovatm ... Una est in Soca de Sudwelle et alia regis, sed tamen ora was 16 pence, would be equivalent to 120 - a 'long hundred' - ores." ad hundredum de Sudwelle pertinet. - But the conelusion does not seem to This view seems now to be abandoned, for no mention is made of it in be absolutely neeessary. the more recent works quoted above. But the explanation that has repla­ 'DC LXIII note 4. - The only evidenee of the existence of these ced it,· viz. that these divisions were called hundreds on the analogy of hundreds is the so-called Leicestershire Survey (1124-9) printed by Round, the hundreds of southern England, does not seem to me very eonvincing. Feudal England 197-203; also VHLe I 339-54. The Rutlandshire hundreds, which were apparently hundreds of 12 2 VHLe I 341. I carucates,7 fall into line with the Lincolnshire ones, but here they do not " Op. cit. I 342. seem to have had special names. The evidence as regards Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire is scanty. In Nottinghamshire three hundreds are men­ tioned,S and in Derbyshire only one," but there is nothing against the view that these were 12 carncate hundreds of the same kind as the Lincolnshire ones, though only fragments of the system have survived.'·

I LiDB LXII f.; DC LXIII. 2 There are several 12th and 13th century references to the Li hund­ reds: Algarhundredum is mentioned in 1200 Cur, and often; Richehundre­ dum ib. and 1202 Ass (Rike-); Hund' de BeaU' (Belton, Axholme) 1200 SR 242/113; cf. further DC, Introduction, LXIV-LXX; and LiDB I. c. • Kindly pointed out by Professor Stenton. • Cl. LindkYist 226. " Feudal England 73; cf. also VHDb I 320, VHNt I 242. • LiDB XV. 7 In Alfnodestov Wapent' sunt II Hundrez. In unoquoque XII carn­ catre ad geldum . _. In Martinesleie Wap' est I hundret in quo XII carucatre terre ad geldum DB l. 293 b. 8 Blidworth (Blidevorde hd' DB), Plumtree (Pluntre hund' ib.), and Southwell. • Sawley (Morelestan Wapentac. - Salle lld' ib.). 1. In VHNt I 218 the hundred of Southwell is equated with the soke of Southwell on the strength of a passage in Domesday: In Farnesfelt (

MATERIAL.

Durham. Sadberge wap was formerly the name of part of Stockton ward. It included two blocks of parishes, one in the NE. part, the other in the SW. part of the present ward. The former consisted of the pars of Hart, Hart­ lepool, Stranton, Elwick Hall and Greatham (except the township of Claxton); the latter of the pars of Stainton, Elton, Long Newton, Egglescliffe, Midd­ leton St George, Low Dinsdale and Hurworth, and the townships of Coatham Mundeville and Sadberge (in Haughton le Skerne par); the pars of Conis­ cliffe and Gainford in Darlington ward also used to belong to the wapentake (v. VrrDu III 191 f.). - The wapentake is first mentioned as Sadberga­ wapentacum in 1185 P; at that time it was included in the county of Northumberland and belonged to the Crown (cf. also Fees 203; Ass (Nb) 354). In 1189 the manor and the wapentake of Sadberge (manerium .,. de Seber.qe cum wapentaeo ad idem manerium pertinente) was granted to the bishopric of Durham (Ch III 393; also 1200 Ch). The reason why this part of the county was made into a wapentake, a division not otherwise known to have existed in Durham, is probably that it was not originally included in the Palatinate of Durham, and thus in need of a separate organi­ sation; it retained a certain degree of independence even after its inclusion in the Palatinate; it is often spoken of as a separate county, 'the county Qf Sadberge'; the official title of the county of Durham was 'the county of Durham and Sadberge' down to 1836 (v. VrrDu III 192 f.). - The name of the wapentake was derived from that of the manor of Sadberge, no doubt because it was appurtenant to that manor.

Yorkshire. The North Riding. The wapentake system found in the North Riding of Yorkshire is, as regards its eastern part, mainly identical with the system found at the time of the Domesday Survey, but several of the modern wapentakes have different names from their Domesday counterparts. Thus the Domesday waps of Bolesford, Die, Gerlestre and Maneshou correspond to the modern waps of BUlmer, Pickering Lythe, Birdforth and Ryedale. Part of the Domesday wap of Langeberg (Langbargh) went to form the post-Domesday liberty of Whitby Strand. In this part of the Riding the wapentakes are I

O. S. Andel"son 2 The Engli&h Hundred·Names 3

chiefly located in the plains and the river-valleys. Bulmer, Birdforth and de Whiteby 1276 RH, 1316 FA, WytebU Strand 1283 Whitby. It is called Allerton waps occupy the Vale of York. Ryedale is in the valleys of the the u'apentake of Whitebystrand 1316 Pat, but as far as I have been able Rye and the Derwent. Piekering Lythe wap chiefly consisted of the district to find that is an isolated instance. -- Whitby Strand also occurs as addi­ N. of the Derwent in Piekering Vale. Langbargh wap is on the Tees and tion to PNs, as: Neuton in Wytebystrond 1261 Ch, Neuton in Whitbystrande the North Sea. The moorlands forming the upper parts of this portion of the 1325 AD n, Neuton' in Whytebystrand' 1337 SR 211/10; Hoton' in Wytebi­ Riding were thinly populated and must have been of little importance strande 1301 SRi Esington in Wytbistrande 1268 l"F; Bolleby in Whiteby­ from the point of view of the wapentake organisation. - In the west part strande 1363 FF; Seton in Whitbistrand 1367 Fine; Neweham (Newholm) of the Riding, known as Riehmondshire, only the wap of Halikeld is men­ in Whyteoystraunde 1303, Normanby in Whytebystrand 1309, Sneton (Snea­ tioned in Domesday, where it is included in the West Riding. The two ton) in Whitebystrande 1360 Pat. The first five of these names, referring remaining wapentakes, Hang and Gilling, are not mentioned till the middle to Newton Mulgrave, Hutton Mulgrave, Easington, Eoulby and Seaton Hall of the following century. It is possible that the wapentake organisation respectively, show that the name of Whitby Strand was not originally was not extended to these parts till after the Conquest, a view held by limited to the liberty of Whitby as it is now, but was earlier applied to a Dr Farrer (VHY Il 135; d., however, VHNR I 17). district on the coast to the north, as well as to the south, of Whitby itself. The modern usage is seen in the following passage: in villa, liberfate ac Langbargh wap. dominio suo. (i. e. the Abbot of Whitby's) de Whitby, ac soca sive Stranda Includes the north-eastern part of the Riding north and east of the ejusdem vocata Whitby-strande c. 1450 Whitby. - Whitby (Hvitabyr Cleveland Hills and the moorland district. It is bounded on the west by Heimskringla III 376) is from ON hvltr and byr 'the white village' (so Bugge, Birdforth and Allerton waps. In 1086 it also included the present liberty Vikingerne Il 243, Ekwall PNLa 114). This is far more likely than the of Whitby Strand (with the exception of Haekness par), but when the derivation from the pn H1)iti given by Dr Smith (PNNR 126). The second liberty of Whitby was formed shortly after the Conquest, this district was part of the name is from ON strpnd or OE strand 'shore'. separated from Langbargh wap. Langeberg 1086 DB, 1219 Ass 1053 m 15, 1279 YI, 1339 Guis, Pickering Lythe wap. Langeberge 1086 DB, 1170 p. (-berge) , 1219 Fees, 1200-22 Guis, I Includes the eastern part of the Derwent valley extending north­ 1242 P, 1288 YI, 1293 Ass 1098 m 108d, Lankeberga 1166, Lange­ wards into the moorland district, S. of Langbargh wap and Whitby liberty, berga 1181, 1188, 1193, Langebergewapentaeum 1185 P, Langeburg bordering in the west on Ryellale wap, from which it is divided by the 1222 Fine, Langebrigg' 1226-8 Fees, Langebergh' 1231 Ass rivers Seven and Rye. 1043 m 11, Langberwe 1272 Cl, Langebereue 1273 YI, Lange­ The modern wapentake corresponds in the main to the Domes­ berghe 1273 YI, 1335 Guis, Langberghe -bereh 1285 FA, Lange­ day wap of Die, though there are several minor differences in the bergh 1300 Pat, 1303 Cl, 1327 Pat, 1349 Ipm, Langeberyghe 1301 boundaries; in the west it did not include Kirkby Misperton and SR, Langbergh 1303 FA, 1316 Pat, 1345 Ipm, Langebury 1347 Cl, Sinnington, which were in the Domesday wap of .~laneshou (now Lang(e)bargh 1428 FA, Langbarghe 1539 LP, Langbarffe 1599 NR Ryedale), but included Lastingham, now in Ryedale; in the east (PNNR). - The wapentake met on a high ridge of moorland to it included Filey, now in the East Riding, and Hackness, now in the east of the hamlet of LANGBAURGH in Gt Ayton par (VHNR II Whitby Strand liberty; for later changes see VHNR II 419. - The 226), referred to as Langberg 13 Guis, from which it takes its Domesday name, from OE die or ON dik 'dyke' no doubt refers to name. It is either from OE lang or ON langr and OE be(o)rg or ON the meeting-place, now lost, of the wapentake. After Domesday berg 'long ridge', but it is hardly possible to decide between these the wapentake has the name of Pickering or, more rarely, alternatives. Pickering Lythe: Wapentac ... de Pikerinqis 1157 (16) yeh 401, Wap' de Pieheringe 1166, Pikeringewapentacum 1185 P, wapen­ Whitby Strand liberty consists of a district on the coast, mainly S. taeum de Pikeringe 1190 P, 1255 YI, Pikering'u:apentaeum 1197 P, of Whitby, inclUding the pars of Whitby and Sneaton and the chapelry of Fylingdales, originally forming the SE. part of Langbargh wap, and the wapentaeum de Pykering' 1198 Fees, 1231 Ass 1043 m 4d, 1301 SR, par of Haekness, originally in Piekering Lythe wap. It is: Wytebistrand hundred' de Pikering' 1218 Cl, Wapentacurn de Pykering, Peker­ 1200-22 Guis, (de) libertate de Whiteby 1231 Ass 1043 m 22d, (de) libertate ing 1285 FA, libertas de Pikering' 1327 SR 211/6; wapent[aehiuml Abbatis de Whyteby Infra (Extra) Burgum 1268 Ass 1051 m 42d, 43, Libertas de Pikeringelid 1158 (16), u7apentaeh de Pikaringalith 1176-9

\ \ 1

4 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names [)

(16) YCh 403, 406, Wapentach de Pikeringelith 1189 (16) Riev, seem to be used for this purpose, and the contrary would seem to be proved for Thornton by forms like: Thorntone in valle de Pykerynge 1248 1198 (1252) Ch, U'apetac' de Pikaringalith' 1201 Ch (all referring Whitby, Thorneton in Valle de Pickeringe 1276 Abbr, Thornton in valk de to the same grant); liberta.tem de Pikerynglith 1428 FA, Pikring­ Pikering 1279 Bridlington, where 'vallis de Pykerynge' etc. is probably a lith 1542 LP, the 1J)apentake and liberties of Pickering-lythe 1569 D. Latin form of Pickering Lythe. Cf. also e. g. Atona (Ayton) in valle de The former name is taken from the manor of Pickering, no Pickeringh beside AtonaJin Pykeryngelyeth n. d. Whitby. - It should also doubt because the wapentake was appurtenant to Pickering Castle be noted that there were two other districts with names in -lith to the west and south of Pickering Vale, viz. lloldelythe, the old name of the S. part (VHNR II 419). The modern wapentake nearly corresponds to the of Ryedale wap (PNNR 42; cf. also: (vicariis de) Ridal(a) et de Pykering­ sokes of the Domesday manors of Falsgrave and Pickering (ib.). lidh et de Holdelith c. 1160-85 YCh 196, where it cannot be a question For forms and discussion of the name of Pickering (Picheringa of wapentakes; and Hertforth. Lyth, the name of the northern slopes of 1086 DB, Pieheringis 1100-21 (1414) Ch, Pikeringes 1109-14, the Wolds on the opposite side of the Derwent to Piekering Vale, exten­ Picaringes 1119-35 PNNR) see PNing 96, PNNR 85. It corre­ ding from Norlon (on the Derwent opposite Malton) to Filey: Haverforthelith, vallis de Haverdford' 1204 Ch; also in the name of SHERBURN YER: Schire­ sponds to OE *Pieeringa:~ which may be formed from an r-derivative burne in HerUordlyth 1279 Guis, Shyreburne in Harefordlithe 1287 Yr, of a pn related to OE Pie, Piichil (LVD). - Pickering Lithe is Shireburn' in Hareforthlith' 1292 QW, Shireburn in Harforlith 1329 FF, marked on Saxton's map 1577 over the district S. of Piekering and Shireburne in Harefordlyth 1341 rpm, Shirburn in HnTfordlith 13i6 Pat; on Speed's map 1610 over the SW. part of the wapentake.' It is also FoU,-eton in Hertforthlith n. d. YCh 1180; Bynyngton in Harforthlyth also found in a map of Yorkshire by Morden and in Blaeuw's 1328 Percy; and Hallerston in Harfurthlythe Hy8 NRN (Heslerton) ­ (cf. River Hertford on the modern map and ERN 195). -- In the light of Atlas 1662, and seems accordingly to have denoted a district in these parallels it becomes very natural to take Pickering Lythe to have the south part of the wapentake, probably identical with the been originally the name of a similar district. modern Vale of Pickering. It can hardly denote the meeting-place of the wapentake, as seems to be suggested by Dr Smith, but is Ryedale wap. no doubt to be regarded as a name of the whole district included Includes the district between Pickering Lythe wap to the east and in the wapentake, for though the Vale of Pickering includes its the Hambleton Hills, in the valleys of the Rye and the Derwent. It is bounded on the east by the river Seven and on the south, where it includes south part only, this part was the most important and might come the pars of Malton, Appleton, Barton, Slingsby, Hovingham and Gilling, by to represent the wapentake as a whole. Lythe is from ON hUa Bulmer wap and the Derwent. 'slope', and the probability is that the modern Vale of Pickering With the exceptions mentioned above under Pickering Lythe it (Valle de Pikering' 1226 Cl etc.) is a French (or Latin) rendering corresponds to the Domesday wap of Maneshou. This is a com­ of the vernacular Pickering Lythe, which survives as the name of ponnd of a pn probably corresponding to OSw, ODa Manne (Bjork­ the wapentake. man NP 95) and ON haugr 'mound', either with analogical English Pickering Lythe also occurs as addition to PNs. This is most regular gen.-ending or with the pseudo-genitival s common in DB. The in the case of THoRNToN DALE: Thorneton in Pykeringlithe 1276 yr, Thornton post-Domesday name of the wapentake appears as: Wap' de Ridale in Pykeringlith 1283 Ipm, Thorneton' in Pykeringlyth' 1293 Ass 1098 m 98d, Thorneton in Pikeringlithe 1310 Pat, Thornetoll in Pykerynglith 1325 Misc, 1166 P, c. 1160-85 (15) YCh 195 (decanatus), 1268 Ass 1051 m Thornton in Pykeringlith 1327 Cl, Thornton in Pikerynglith 1335 Ipm, but 19,1285 FA, 1298 YI, 1343 Ipm, RidaleU'apentacuJn 1188 P, Rydal' also e. g. in Hotuna in Pikiringelit 1135--55, Hot~n in Pikerlinglid 1145--8, 1219 Fees, Wapent' de Ridal' 1231 Ass 1043 ID 7, Rydale 1238 Hotona in Pikringlith 1172-9 YCh 377, 872, 379, Hoton in Pikring Lithe Guis. 1288 YI, 1301 SR, 1360 Pat, wapp' de Ridall 1279-81 QW, 1487 Ipm (Hutton Bushell), and in many other names of places mostly in 1428 FA, Rydalle 1283 Ebor, Rydaill 1285 FA, Rydall u'ap 1539 the S. part of the wapentake. The distinctive addition to these names might be taken to be the wapentake name, but hundred·names do not LP. It is a name of the type common in the north of England, for instance in the names of the wards of Cu and Nb. It was originally the name of the district, the Rye valley, and its use as a wapen­ , 1 No wapentakes are marked on Saxlon's map; on Speed's map the wapentake is called Pickering wapentake. take-name must be secondary_

~ I

6 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 7 Bulmer wap. Birdforth wap. Consists of the southern portion of the Vale of York, between the A district round Thirsk, N. of Bulmer wap and W. of Ryedale wap, Derwent and the Ouse, bounded on the north by Ryedale and Birdforth mainly W. and SW. of the Hambleton Hills. Welbury and S. Otterington, waps. Part of the wapentake is entered under the City of York in Domesday, locally in the liberty of Allerton, are detached portions of Birdforth wap. otherwise its area is practically the same as it was in 1086. In VHNR Il 2 Feliskirk and Kilburn pars are stated to bc in the Wcst In Domesday the wapentake has the name of Bolesford(e) Riding. Hawnby and E. Harlsey, now in Birdforth, are entered under Wapentac, taken from a lost place in Sutton on the Forest par, AlIcrton wap in DB. referred to as: (molendinum de ponte de) Buleforda 1148 (15), The wapentake is called Gerlestre Wapentac in 1086 DB from Buleforda 1156-7 (1308), (molendinum de) Buleford 1158-66 its meeting-place, at a later date apparently the meeting-place (1294) yeh 179, 354, 175, (in molendino de) Buleford' 1231 Ass of the whole Riding: thrithingum de Yarlestre 13 RichReg 122d,

1043 m 7, Bulford Toftes (in Sutton) 1331, (Sutton. 1 claus' voc' 1279-81 QW, the trithings of Craykhou 1 and Yarlestre 1271 Pat, Intake juxta) Bulforthe Milne 1427 Ipm. The exact site of this the Thrythinge of Yarlestre 1298 YI, ad trithingum de Yarnestre place can be determined from a perambulation of Galtres Forest 1321 Abbr, the tTithing (courts) of Craykhowe and Yarlescros in 1316, quoted in PNNR 8. The bounds of the forest are said to 1343, the ti-ithings of Crakho-we and Yarlestre 1353 Ipm. The run along the river Foss to le Brendmilne de Ferlinton and then site of the place is unknown. If the name is from OE *eorles­ along the river to the mill of Bulford and from thence to Strensall. treo-w 'eorl's tree' as assumed by Dr Smith, the early a-forms must The Foss forms the N. boundary of Sutton par for about a mile presumably be due to influence from ON jarl after it had assumed and a half, and the ford was probably at one of the tracks this form. The whole name may well be Scandinavian from ON that cross the river about a mile E. (If the Suttoll-Farlington jarl and tre 'tree'. The form in -cros is, I suppose, a mistake, due j road.' - The post-Domesday name of the wapentake is: Wap' de to the numerous wapentake-names in -cross. - The modern name Bulem's1!r' 1166 P, Bulemer 1219 Fees, 1252 YL 1285 FA, appears as: Bruthewrthe scire 1088 LVD 50d, Wap' de Brudeford Bullemere 1226--8 Fees, Wapent' de Bulmer 1231 Ass 1043 m 6d, 1166, Brideford Wap' 1170, Brudeford-wapentacum 1188 P, Bru­ 1276 RH, 1316 FA, -wap of Bulmere 1272, of Bolemer 1279 YI; deford' 1219, 1231 Fees, 1279 Ass 1057 m 24d, Bruddeford' 1219 Bulmerschire 1238 Guis II 136, 1291 Ebor, Bulm'eschyr' 1279-81 Ass 1053 m 13d, 1279 Ass 1057 m 25, 1~01 SR, Brudeford 1268 QW, Bulmersheire 1298 Abbr, BulmerskJ/l"' 1303 SR 242/124, Ass 1051 m 17, 1316 FA, 1334 Pat, Brudesford' 1279--81, -wapp' Bulmershire 1309 Orig, 1319 Cl, 1353 Pat, 1542 LP. et trithing' de Brodeford 1281 QW, Brudford 1285 FA, 1360 Pat, The name is derived from that of BULMER, a village in its NE. corner: Brydford', Brydeford' 1293 Ass 1098 m 69, 88, BT"iddeford 1314 Bolemere, Boleber 1086 DB, Bulemer c. 1100--15 YCh 1001, 1130, 1156 P, Ebor, Bridford 1320 Ipm, 1322 Pat, Bruddeforth' 1332 SR 211/7A, 1215 Ch (all p), 1251 Ch, 1286 Ebor, Bulimer (p) 1166 RBE, Bulemer' 1227 Cl, Bulmer 1242 Fees, 1287 Ebor, Bolemere 1268 Ass 1051 m 28d, Bulmere Brideford 1354 Pat, Birdforde 1535 VE, Birdfurthe 1542 LP. 1268 FF, 1319 Cl. The reason for the change of name is difficult to ac­ The name is derived from that of BIRDFORTH, a hamlet in Coxwold count for; perhaps, as the district is also called Bulmer~hire (the old par, on the Sun Beck at the point where it· is crossed by the York-ABer­ name of the deanery), this case may be analogous to that of the later wap of ton road: Bridef' 1198 Cur,' Brudeford 1199 Pap, 1219, 1247 FF, 1252 Ass, Claro (YWR) which in Domesday seems to be called both Gereburg (per­ 1254 YI, 1261 FF, 1301 Cl, Burdeford 1226 Pat, Bruddeford 1262 YD Il, haps the name of its meeting-place) and Borgescire (the old name of the 1 This is the name of the meeting-place of the East Riding; it was district). Nothing seems to be known of the" reason why Bulmer was according to VHY rr 134 in Gardham on the Wolds between Bcverley and regarded as the caput of the wapentake. Market Weighton. - The courts for the West Riding were held at Win­ First el. of both names OE bula 'bull' (PNNR 13, 40; cf. EPN gate Hill (32 A 3), as kindly communicated by Dr Smith. It is Tlzrithinge s. v.; Holthausen's view (Et. W. s. v.) that the word is a loan from Of Wyndeiates 1298 YI, et pass. ON boli is obsolete). Second elements OE ford and mere 'pool', 2 The identification is certain and need not be queried as done in the index. 1n the entry from which the form is taken Henry de Malebiss' claims the church of Bridef', and the Malbiche family is proved by the FA 1 Apparently not in StrensaB as is assumed PNNIVl c. 1285 (p. 52) to have had lands in Birdforth. 8 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 9

1286 YI, 1291 Fine, Brouddesforlh (p) 1296 YI, Br.1Jdeford 1298 Pat, Alfertonsyr' 1237 Lib, Alvertonsyl'e 1243 FF et passim, Libertas de Alu­ Birdeford c. 1300 YD I, Brudford 1316 FA, Brydeforth 1545, Burdfortk erton'schyre 1305 Ass 1108 m 16, the liberty of Northalverton and North­ 1574 FF. - The relation between the tW(} hundred-names of Gerlestre alvertollshire 1360 Pat; libertatem de Alverton' 1233 Cl, Libertas de and Birdforth may perhaps be the same as suggested above for Bulford Alt'erton 1285 FA, de Alverton' 1301 SR et passim; wapentagium de and Bulmer (cf. the form Bruthell·rthe scire above), though the change of Alt-ertone 1279 Ebor, wap of Alvertonschire 1316, wap of AUerton 1354 name may be due simply to a change of meeting-place. Pat, Alverton .. infra wappentagium 1428 FA, wap of Allertonshire 1569 The first el. of the name is no doubt, as suggested by the D. - The name is derived from that of NORTHALLERTOX, the caput of the early forms in -i-, -y-, OE bryd 'bride', which became brud- through liberty; Aluertune, Aluerton, Aluretulle 1086 DB, Aluertuna 1088 LVD 50d, influence from its ON cognate brz'tar. In the earliest form the Alvertuna c. 1121-28, 1153--c. 1160 YCh 936 f., Aluerton' 1188 P, 1219 Ass 1053 m 14d, Auverton' 1200 Ch, 1208 Cur, Alverton' 1208--10 Fees, 1236 consonant seems also to share its influence. Other names probably Cl, Auuerton' 1231 Ass 1043 m 10d, Awerton' 1251 Cl, Northalverton' 1292 containing OE bryd are e. g. BRIDFORD, BRIDWELL PNDv 423, 537. Ebor. It is identical etymologically with ALLERTON MAULEVERER (YWR): The meaning of such compounds is uncertain. The ford at Bird­ Aluretone, Alvertone 1086 DB, Alvertona 1109-14 France, 1180-9 YCh forth may perhaps have been in some way associated with bridal 730, Aluerton' Mauleuerer 1231 Ass 1043 m 11, Alverton' 1242- Fees, Al­ ceremonies, or it may have been a particularly easy ford which verton MauleJJerer 1272 Pat, Allerton 1301 YI. The first el. of these names may be OE JElfhere pn (PNNR); ON Alfarr may also be thought of; the lat­ might be conveniently used by brides.! ter name may be found in ALVERTHORPE (YWR): Aluerthorp' (p) 1231 Ass 1043 m 16d, Alvirthorpe 1274, Alverthorpe 1285 WCR (Goodall), possibly also Allerton liberty or wap consists of the district round Northallerton, in ALLERSTON YNR (d. Lindkvist 22; differently PNNR 93). NW. of Birdforth wap, and of several scattered pieces in Langbargh and Birdforth waps; for further particulars see VHNR I 397 H. In Domesday this district, which is practically identical with the soke and berewicks of £aIling wap. the Domesday manor of Northallerton, is termed wapentake, but this The NW. part of the Riding, N. of the Swale and W. of the Wiske. appellation is rarely met with in later records; it is usually called the It was divided into two parts, Gilling East and Gilling West, in the 13th liberty of Allerton or Allertonshire, and it would seem most probable that century. Of these Gilling West, which includes large tracts of moorland, the term wapentake is only used somewhat loosely to describe the soke or is by far the largest. The boundary between Gilling E. and W. is just E. liberty. - From the end of the 11th down to the middle of the 13th of Gilling. century the liberty seems to have been included in Birdforth wap for the Gillyngschire, Gillyng wap 1157 (15) RichReg 82d, 82 (PNNR), purposes of jurisdiction (VHNR I. c.),> and it does not seem unlikely that Wap' de Gillin.qe 1166, 1170 P, 1285 YI, GillingwapentaCUrrt it may once have formed an integral part of Birdforth wap, just as the 1188 P, Wapentak de Gilling' 1225 Cl, 1276 RH, Wap' de Gylling' post-Domesday liberty of Whitby Strand once formed part of Langbargh 1043 m 3, 1232 Pat, 1268 wap, though in the case of Allerton liberty there is no record of such a 1231 Ass Killing de Gyllinge Ass state of things. Its general lay-out in relation to Birdforth wap does not 1051 m 21; (the first) wapentac of Gilling (after Michaelmas, n seem to preclude such a possibility. - The liberty is called: Alvretone, commonly called 'Frendleswapentac ) 1261 AD Ill; Gillyng Est, Alvretvn Wapentac 1086 DB, Aluertune scire )088 LVD 50d, Alvertone West 1285 FA, Gillyngest, Gilling West 1366 Pat. scire 1091, Alvertonescira 1153-7 (16) YCh 928, 952, baronia Alverton­ The wapentake is named from the viI. of GILLlNG, 3 m. N. of Rich­ cherie 1208-10 Fees, Alvertonesira 1217 (16) Riev, Alvertonsir' 1237 Cl, mond, perhaps because it had its meetings there: ?Ingetlingum c. 730 (8) Bede, Ghellin.q(h)es, GeUinges 1086 DB, Gillinge 1088-93 (14), Ghillinga 1 The suggestions offered in PNNR 190 are hardly satisfactory, as 1156-7 (14) YCh 350, 354, Gillinges 1241 Ch. Dr Smith himself seems to admit (StNPh 11 79); the derivation from a For full forms and discussion of the name see PNing 94 (from possi~!l,thoqgh_ river-name *Bride suggested 1. c. is' perhaps not parti­ OE *Getla pn (from *Gautilan), an I-derivative of the stem of OE cularlv convincing. / // Geat), PNNR 53, 288, Zachrisson, SpvS 1925-7 pp. 39--51, 2 ·Cf.: In Wap' de Brudeford debet X m. Soca/dll' Aluertun' ... 1166 Pi also RH I 123 (1276): Item dicunt quod Iib~5te tenentes de Aluerton­ StNPh V 17 (from OE *gyll 'pool', d. MLG gole 'swamp'). schire solebant respondere cum duodena d\ti Brudeford omni tempore

scilicet quatuor de Aluertonschire et octo de /Brudeford usque ad tempus 1 For 'Frendleswapentac' see VHNR I 17, Surt 67 p. 51, note. J. de Oketon videlicet VIII annis qui tunc fuit' vicecomes ... 10 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 11

Hang wap. of OE halig and celde 'well', though the latter word has been Occupies the south part of Richmondshire, mainly S. of the Swale, found with certainty only in south-eastern dialects (v. EPN s. v.; including the valley of the Ure and the south side of Swaledale. In the in Anglian dialects the c- would remain guttural [k]): finally ON 13th century it was divided into Hang East and Hang West, Hang West kelda may have been substituted for OE uella or the like, though being like Gilling West by far the larger of the two divisions. Hangeschire 1157 (15) RichRcg 82d (PNNR), Wap' de Langer­ this seems less likely. schire 1166, Hangewapentacum 1188 P, Hang' 1201 P, 1229 Cl, 1276 HH, 1293 Ass 1098 m 73, 1301 SR, Hanqe 1225 Cl, 1231 Ass Yorkshire. The East Riding. 1043 m 4, 1301 YI, Hanger 1268 Ass 1051 m 8, 1290 Abbr, Hangil' The East Riding now contains six wapentakes, Dickering, Buckrose, 1279 Ass 1057 m 1, Hengest, Hangest 1280 YI, Hangest, Hangwest Harthill, Howdenshire, Ouse and Derwent, and Holderness, which, however, 1366 Pat. - The wapentake is named from HA"G BANK, a small are not Oil record till the second half of the 12th century. In Domesday hill just N. of HUTTON HANG, no doubt the meeting-place of the a wholly different. organisation is found, the whole Riding being divided wapentake (PNNR 229, 248). Hutton Hang derives its distinctive into 18 hundreds. According to the well-known theory of Canon Taylor] each wapentake was formed from three hundreds, these being a survival addition from the same hill. It is: Hoton' Hange 1268 Ass 1051 m of the English hundred-system. This might be true of Dickering, Buckrose 24d, 1282 YI, 1290 Ch, lloton Hang 1280 YI, 1285 FA, Hotonhang' and Holderness, each consisting of three hundreds (those of Holderness 1327 SR 211/6, Huton' Hang' 1337 SR 211/10, Hunton Hanger are, however, different from the rest; they are called simply Nort, Mith Hy8 YAS 80. - Hang is from OE hangra 'wooded slope'. The and J7th hvndret (South, according to Dr Farrp,r), and elearly presuppose -(e)r has been lost in most of the ME forms, but the mark of an existing larger unit), but it seems to me that Taylor's system fails to account for the arrangement of the rest of the Riding, and I do not. think sllspension usually appended after the 9 of Hang in MSS should that it is, on tbe whole, possible to accept it, at least in its present form: j probably be taken to represent -er at least in ,')ome cases (e. g. in no detailed criticism need be given here. The fact that several of the 1201 P, where the form is extended to Hanger in the index). hundreds have Scandinavian names denoting meeting-places seems also to indicate Scandinavian rather than English origin for the hundreds as well Halikeld wn.p. . as for the wapent.akes. There are some cases (noted below) of correspon­ Between Swale :md Ure, SE. of Hang wap. It is the smallest of the dence between hundreds and sokes, but I must leave it open whether this North Riding wapentake's, only including the pars of Burneston, Kirk­ could help to explain the Domesday arrangemeut. - The modern wapen­ lington, Pickhill, W. Tanfield. Wath and, detached, CundaH and Kirby takes differ much in ext.ent, and like the hundreds of Domesday on the Hill. whole have no regard to topography; Harthill wap, in the SW. of the Riding, Halichelde Wap' 1086 DB, Halikeldshir' 1157 (15) RichReg extends on either side of the \Volds, and this also to some extent applies 82d (PNNR), Halikeld Wap'ntak 1184 ib. 83d, 1230 Pat, 1284 YI, to Diekering and Buckrose. 1346 FA, llalikeld' 1219 Ass 1053 m 15d, 1225 Cl, 1231 Ass 1043 Dickering wap. m 4 (Dimid' Wapet'), Hailekeld n. d. (15) fount, Halikelde 1268 Contains the NE. part of the Riding, including in the weSl the pars of Ass 1051 m 2.5, 1301 SR, Alikelde 1285 YI, Halikild', Alikild' 1293 Ganton, Butterwick, Langtoft, Cottam and Garton on the Wolds and in Ass 1098 m 72, 70d, Hallykelde 1569 D. -- The wapentake is the south t.hose of Nafferton, Wansford, Brigham, Foston on the Wolds, named from HALLlKELD SPRlKG, 'a fine spring near Melmerby' (Surt Cembling, Gransmoor and Fraisthorpe. It corresponds to the Domesday hundreds of Tvrbar, Hvntov and Burton (Agnes). 94 p. 36 note), no doubt the site of the wapentake meeting-place, TO/'bar hund' (1), Tl'rbar h1Jndret (2) 1086 DB consisted of referred to as tontium de Halikeld' 1202 FF. - The name means the north part of the wapentake, including Folkton, Muston, Hun­ 'holy spring', but its ultimate origin is somewhat uncertain, as manby, Burton Fleming, Argam, Fordon and Wold Newton, and there are two or three derivations to choose between. It may be a district in the south part of the wapentake, including Nafferton, from ON heilagr and kelda, with the substitution of OE hiilig for Wansford, Brigham, Foston on the Wolds, Gembling, Gt and Lt ON heilagr (the Fount form, if correct, might presefe a trace of the original di phthong); or it may be of English origin, consisting 1 Domesday Studies, cd. P. E. Dove, London 1888, vol. I, p. 67-76.

I I

14 o. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 15

Dr Smith suggC8ts derivation from ON Q!dum, dat. pI. of ON Dritel Hund', Dritelt lwndret 1086 DB contained the ~E. Qkkla 'allele' found in Norw PNs. This might suit the position of corner of Harthill wap, including Tibthorpe and Bainton in the Acklam YER, for the village stands near a projection of Acklam west and Button Cranswick and Rotsea in the south. It is named Wold, which might be the 'ancle' referred to; but Professor EkwaII from Gt DRlFFJELD, the hundred being nearly coextensive with the points out that it would be remarkable if both these names were Domesday soke of Driffield (DB f. 299b, 306b): (on) Driffelda 1121 of definite WSc origin. :More probably they represent the dat. pI. (s. a. 705) ASC(E), Drifelt, Drifeld 1086 DB, Driffeld 1100--8 (14) of OE *ac-leah 'oak-clearing'; cf. AB 32, 256 f. YCh 426, 1179 P, Driffeld' 1156 P, 1201 Ch, Drifeud 1226--b Bucroswapentacum 1188, Mucroswapentacum 1195 P, Buccros Fees, Major Driffeld late 13 BM; - from OE dryge and teld 'dry c. 1180-1201 YCh 1081, 1219 Fees, 1278 YI, 1285 FA, 1310 Ipm, field'.' Bukros 1219 Ass 1053 m 11, Bucros' 1267 Ebor, Bukcros 1269 Warte hund', TVartre BVlIdret 1086 DB was W. of Driffield Ebor, 1279 Ass 1057 m 40, 1285 FA, Bucros 1271 Pat, 1279 Yr, hd, N. and W. of Warter, with a detached portion in the present Buckros 1285 FA, 1301 Ebor, Bukrosse 1289 YI, Buccrosse 1302 Ouse and Derwent wap, ineluding Naburn, Water Fulford, Ebor, 1428 FA, Bokros 1309 Ipm, Bukcro~se 1322 Pat, 1332 SR Heslington and Langwith. It is named from the viI. of WARTER, 202/17, Bugcros 1365 Pat. -- The name should no doubt be associ­ 4 m. E. of Pocklington: Wartre, Wa:rte 1086 DB, Wartre 115!} ated with that of BUGTHORPE, a village in the S. part of the (14) YCh 1388, 1165 P, R r Cm, 1206 FF, 1236 Fees, 1239 wapentake, c. 3 m. E. of Stamford Bridge ': Bvghetorp, Bvchetorp Ebor, 1246 FF, 1254 Yr, rVartria 1162-5 YCh 1120, c. 1200 BM, 1086 DB, Bugetorp 1086 DB, 11n1 pep), 1242 Fees, Buggatorp Wardra 1166, lVartra 1168 P, Watra 1194 CurP, Wardre 1268 1156--7 (1308), Bugatorp (p) 1155--65 (15?) YCh 354, 981, Bugge­ Pat, Waretr. 1286 B.M; - derived by Professor EkwaII (PPN 91) torp late Hy2 BM, 1195 P (p), 1207 BM, Buchetorp (p) 1194-8 YCh from OE wearg-treo 'gallows'. The ON cognate1:arg-tre might 1082, Bugethorp 1208 Cur (p), 1252 FF, 1282 YI, Buggethorp 1221 also be thought of, but OE weard (or ON ·vara-) 'guard', which .Pat (p), 1280 Ebor, Buggthorp 1226 FF, Buketorp (p) 1230 Ebor, is theoretically possible for the first eL, seems less likely on , Buketorp' (p) 1242 P, Bukethorp (p) 1244 FF, 1307 Cl, Bucthorp' 1287 the topographical side, as the village is in a valley. Ebor, Bukthorpe 1365 Pat; cf. JPN 87. - The first el. of Bugthorpe Poclinton Bund' 108H DB consisted of the NW. corner of is doubtless a pn corresponding to OSw Buggi. If the first el. of IIarthill wap, W. and NW. of Pocklington; also a district W. of Buckrose derives from the same pn the medial vowel may have the Derwent, including Elvington, Wheldrake, Escrick, Deighton, become slurred between the gutturals g and k (second el. ON Kelfield, Stillingfleet and Aloreby. Here hd and soke are not kross 'cross'), in which case the g would, as a matter of course, coextensive; according to Domesday (f. 299b) the soke of Pock­ become assimilated to the k. lington embraced only a comparatively small part of Pocklington hd, beside a considerable part of Warter hd. - The hundred is Harthill, Howdenshire and Ouse and Derwent waps. named from POCKLlNGTON: Poclinton 1086 DB, Pokelintona 1107? In 1086 the district now contained in these wapentakes was divided into (14), Pocalintona 1100-15 (14), Pokelington 1136--40 (14) YCll nine hundreds. The present wap of Harthill, on record since 1166, consists 427 f., 431, Pokelinton' 1169, 1187 P, 1200 Cur, 1201 Ch, 1228 Cl, of the part of the Riding that is W. of the river Hull and S. of Dickering and Buckrose waps, except the liberty of Howden, also known as Howden­ et passim, Poclinton' 1177, 1195 P, 1203 FF, 1241 Cl, Puklinton' shire wap, and the district between the Ouse and the Derwent, known as (p) 1205, Pokelintun' 1217 Cl, Pokelington 1219 Ass 1053 m 10d, Ouse and Derwent wap from about 1200. - Following the arrangement cho­ ---- sen for the two preceding wapentakes, the names of the Domesday hundreds 1 The meeting-place of the hundred was perhaps near Spellow Farm are given first, and those of the modern wapentakes are dealt with at the and Spellow Clump (6"), c. 2 m. N. of Gt Driffield (Spellow Gate is a end. road a mile further east; 6"); from OE spell 'speech'; though it would be near the NW. boundary of the hundred. There is also a Moot-hill in Gt 1 Cl. also BUG DALE (6"), C. 1 m. SE. of Bugthorpe. Driffield (from OE gernot 'assembly'). I

Hi O. S. Anderson The English Hund~ed·Kames 17 1233 Ebor, Poekelinton Cp) 1276, Pnkelinton (p) 1277 Cl. - The 764, 1220 BM, 1250 Ebor, 128H Yl, Hasele 1176-86 (15), Hasla first el. may be an OE pn *Poeela of the nickname type, a dimi­ 1180-90 (15) YCh 673, 765, Besel on Humbre 1254 Pat, Hesell nutive of OE Poh/w, *Poeca pn (cI. OE pohha, poheha, poeca 1255 FF, Beselle (p) 1274 Ebor, llesyl 1276 YI; - from ON hesli, 'bag', BT; NED s. v. pough sb., PNBeds 176 f., Holthausen s. v., OSw h(£sle 'hazel', 'hazel-wood' (in PNs); cf. the Norw PN Hesle and Hedin 77); connection with OE pileel 'goblin' (of related (NG 1 (6); Sw Hassle, Hassleby (OSw hesleby) (Hellquist); HESSLE etymology) is less likely, as the two forms in -u- quoted are the YWR (in Wragby) is of the same origin: Hasele, Asele 1086 DB, only ones that have been met with, as against about a hundred Hesela 1121 (16) YAS 80, 1120-22 (c. 1250) YCh 1430, forms in -0-. Second el. OE tun 'farm'. 1215 Ch, Besel 1153-5 (c. 1250) YCh 1497, 1242 Fees, Hesyll Snee1,lferos hVlld' 1086 DB, Suecolfros Hundred (for Sne-) 1402 FA. early 12th Surt 5, was the district N. and NW. of Beverley, S. Welleton hrndret 1086 DB was W. and N. of Hessle hd with of Driffield hd, including Watton, Bracken and Middleton on the a detached part including Lund, locally in Sneevlfe7'Os hd. - It is Wolds in the north and Cherry Burton, Molescroft and Beverley named from WELT0~, a village 5 m. W. of Hessle: Welleton(e) in the south, with a detached portion in the modern wap of Ouse 1086 DB, W~lletunam 1088 LVD 50d, Wellentone 1100, Welle­ and Derwent, including Scoreby, Dunnington and GrimstoD. ­ tuna c. 1125--8, Welletun 1137-46 YCh 965, 977, 968, Welle­ From ON Snd3k6lfr pn and ON kross 'cross'. This pn is found ton' 1204 Ch, 12:'31 Ass 1043 m 8, 1272 Ebor, Weleton 1249 Pat, independently in England as Snaeulf in Symeon of Durham Welton 1249 Ch; - from OE 10ella and tun 'farm by the spring(s)'. (Bjorkman NP 125). On the Ordnance map 'Springs' are marked just north, and 'Spring Wiestvn hvn!lret 1086 DB consisted of the district round Hill' just west of Welton; in the village itself is 'St. Anne's Well'. Market Weighton, W. of Sneevlfe7'Os hd and S. of Warter hd, Cave hvndret 1086 DB consisted of a district on the Humber, including Holme on Spalding Moor in the west. South Burton W. of Hessle and Welton hds, S. of Weighton hd and E. of the was a detached part of this hundred. It is named from MARKET liberty of Howden; and another district on the west side of Harthill WEIGHTON: Wicstun 1086 DB, Wichtona 1133 (14) YCh 132, 1175 wap, including Thornton, Melbourne, Seaton Ross, Laytham, P, fVictona c. 1150-60 BM, rVihtun' 1156 P, ?Wictun 1160-70 Foggathorpe, Gribthorpe, Aughton, Ellerton and E. Cottingwith. (15) YCh 443, Wieton' 1201 Ch, 1204 Cur, 1219 Fees, Wigtone - It seems to be named from the viI. of NORTH CAVE (VHY): 1210-12 RBE, Wiehton 1219 FF, Wyhton 1230 Ebor, 1252 Ch, Ca1)f!, alia Ca1'e, Caua 1086 DB, Cava c. 1135-4R (15?), 1145-60 Wycehton 1230 Ebor, Wyehton 1246, Whyton 1268 FF, Wihton (Hy4), Nort Cm'a 1148 (15), :Vorthka1'e 1148-56 (15?), Noreava 128G, Wighton 1298 Cl; -- from OE wletiln; cf. Wyton PNHu 1173 (15) YCh 1123, 1827, 17U, 1124, 197, Northcave c. 1165-80 230, Witton PNW0 289.' (14) YCh 683 f., 1240 FF, 1282 Yl, Cave 1204 Pat, 1242 Fees, Hase hvndret 1086 DB consisted of a district round Hessle Northcaue 1231 Ass 1043 m 8, Northkave 1244 FF, Nortcaf D. d. in the SE. corner of Harthill wap, mainly identical with the YD VII; cf. also SOUTH CAVE, 1'/2 m. SE. of N. Cave: Cave 1086 Domesday sake of North Ferriby (DB I. 325), and a detached DB, 1173 (14) YCh 1826, Cava 1119-23 (14), 1154 (14), Kava portion in the west part of the wapentake on the Derwent, 1153 (14) YCh 1822, 1824, 1823, Sutheave 1228 Pat, Suthcaue including Wressell, Spaldington, Willitoft, Bubwith, Breighton and 1231 Ass 1043 m 8, Sudcave 1245 1"1"; Marcacava 1173 (15) YCh Gunby. - It is named from the viI. of HESSLE, on the Humber, 197, Marehedcave 12 (1314) Pat. The places are on the steep 3 m. W. of Kingston upon Hull: Base 1086 DB, Besla (p) c. 1140, western slopes of the Wolds, on different branches of the same early Hy2 DC, Besel llM--7 (1308), 1180-95 (15) YCh 354, small stream. The name has been explained by Professor Ekwall (in lectures) as a river-name derived from OE eaf 'quick'. , LIITLE WElGHTON, 8 m. to the SE., is of different origin, it is: Wide, Hoveden ht'ndret 1086 DB corresponds, at least approximately, ton(e) 1086 DB, Witheton 1276 Ch, Wytheton 1282 YI, 1316 FA, 1366 BM. I with the Domesday sake of Howden; it was mainly E. of the I 2 I I "

18 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 19

Derwent, but partly W. of the Derwent including Riccall, (YCh 49, A.D. 1170-c. 1182). In 1286 YI, William de llerthull Skipwith and Thorganby in the north. It is named from the ot Schupton is mentioned, and in 1287 (ib.) he and others made town of HOWDEN: &t HeafuddfYne, to Hcca{uddene, to Heofod­ an extent of the manor of Everingham. This would seem to dene 959 (c. 1200) BCS 1052, H01;edene, Houeden 1086 DB, indicate that Harthill was somewhere to the west of Market Houendene 1088 LVD 50d, Hnuedene c. 1121-8, c. 1125-8 Weighton, perhaps in Shipton or Everingham. - The obvious YCh 936, 977, Houendena 1130 P, Houenden' (p) 1172 1', 1186 explanation of the name is from OE *heor(o)t-hyll 'hart's hill'. -94 YCh 1000, Houeden 1174--6 YCh 979, 1219 FF, 122f) Some of the earliest forms seem to suggest OE leah for the second Ebor, Houedena (p) 1175 1', 118B-c. 1191 YOh 999, Houeden' el., but they are probably weakened forms of OE hyll; BRINKHILL 1191, 1196 1', 1199 FFP, 1200 Ch, 1212 Cur (p), 1224 Cl, Li (below p. 133; second el. probably OE hyll) shows similar Houendene 1217 Pat, Houden 1231 FF, Haueden 1249 Cl; variation between -le and -hil(l) in early forms; cf., however, from OE *heatod-denu with substitution of ON hQtua for OE Zachrisson, Melanges ... Vising 187. heatod; cf. IPN 66. The exact meaning of the compound cannot The district west of the Derwent is now known as OUSE A"D DER­ be decided without local investigation; it may be perhaps 'the WENT WAP. fn 1316 (FA) it only included the northern part of the district, valley in the head-land (heatod)', though the country-side seems as far south as Skipwith, the rest belonging to Howden liberty. - In 1197 to be fairly flat, or 'chief valley', cf. Headacre PNSx 12. P homines inter Vsam et Dereu:ent are mentioned, but the first explicit refe­ There can hardly be any direct connection between the Domesday rence to the wapentake is: Wapentacum inter Vsam et Derewent 1200 P 46. hundred and the modern HOWDENSlllRE WAP, the latter being merely a Later examples are: Wapen(' Inter Vse et Dere1l'ent' 1231 Ass 1043 m 5, different designation for the liberty of Howden or Howdenshire, and rarely Wapp' Inter Vse et Derewente 1268 Ass 1051 m 29d, Wapentacum inter met with in early records; for similar cases cf. Allerton and Whitby Strand Usa m et Derwent 1316 FA; le wappyntak in lloudenschyre inter Usse et supra p. 2, 8. The liberty consisted of the district round Howden E. of the Derwent 1285 FA (including the whole of the present wapentake), Wap­ I Derwent, and a district W. of the Derwent extending northwards as far as pentachium inter V et D 1305 Ass 1108 m 21d, Owse et DerU'ent 1428 FA. _ Riccall, N. and S. Duffield (inclusive). The modern Howdenshire wap only The name was not used exclusively of the wapentake, but of the district includes the district E. of the Derwent, the rest being included in Ouse and between the Ouse and the Derwent generally; in 1200 Ch, for instance, Derwent wap. The liberty is referred to as: Houedenesyra 1165-c. 1185 toresta in[ter?] Usam et Derewente is mentioned, and similarly 1219 Fees, (16), Houendenesir' 1186-94 YCh 988, 1000, Houedenesir' 1199 FFP, Hodene­ 1220 Cl, et passim. The name is of a type common in the North, for in­ shire 1229 FF, wapentacum de Hertle cum parte de Houedenes' 1230 P, stance the old names of the wards of Nb. Hogdenes.1Jr', Houedensir' 1237-9 Lib, Houedenscyra 1281 Ebor, Houedene­ shyr' in Herthill' 1305 Ass 1108 m 13d, Libertas de Houeden 1316 FA, the Hohlerness wap. wapentakes ot Herthill and llouedenshire 1354 Pat, libertas de Houeden­ Identical with the peninsula and liberty of Holderness, E. of the Hull schyr 1412 FA, wap ot Howdenshire 1569 D. and S. of Dickering wap. For the Domesday arrangement of this district in three hundreds, see above p. 11. Wap' de Hertle 1166, 1201, 1230, Hertlewapentacum 1181, Wap' de Heldcrnesse 1166, Heldernes wap' 1170, Holdernesse­ Hertelwapentacum 1185 1', Hertle 1219 Fees, Hertl', Hertell' 1219 wapentacum 1178, Holdemeswapentacurn 1183, Heldernessewap­ Ass 1053 m 9 f., Hertel 1226-8 Fees, 1268 Ass 1051 m 36d, entacurn 1188 1', wapentacum de llouderness' 1219 Fees, Wapent' Hertl', Herthill' 1231 Ass 1043 m 8, 9d, Bertyl 1240 YD I, Hert­ de Holdernesse 1268 Ass 1051 m 31,1276 RH, 1285 FA, de Heuder­ hill 1255 Misc, 1316 FA, HeTtulle 1268 Ass 1051 m 37, Hertil' nesse 1268 Ass 1051 m 32, 1303 FA. - In the following examples 1269 Ebor, Herthull 1271 Pat, Herthil 1275 Ebor, Hert(e)hille there is no explicit reference to the wapentake: Heldernesse, 1278 f. YI, llartill 1348 Ipm. - The site of the place from which Heldrenesse 1086 DB, HeldTenesia 1098-1102 YCh 1300 (copy), the name is derived, no doubt the meeting-place of the wapentake, Heldemeis 1130 1', Heoldernessa c. 1160--2 (1287) YCh 1307; seems now to be lost, but a 12th century charter records a grant Hildernessa 112~-32 BM (1135-9 (1401) YCh 1144); Holdernes by Thomas de Everingham to the monastery of Watton of land 1087-95 (14), lloldernesa 1115 YCh 1299, 1304, Holdernessa in Hertle et Westlanges, presumably in or near Everingham 1120-7 (c. 1350), 1138-54 (15) YCh 1318, 1305, 1166 1', Hol­ ... ,

20 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-1\amcs 21 dernesse 1154-64 (Hi) YCh 193, et passim; in ON sources the 1156 P, Burg 1130 P, 1177 BM, (Knaresbur' et) burgum 1200 Ch, following forms occur: Hellomes Heimskringla III 197, Hallornes Burg' 1219 Ass 1053 m 7d. 1230 P; (in) Veteri Burgo 1203 FF, ~var. Hallames) Orkneyinga saga. -- The name has been explained 1226~8 Fees; Aldeburg1l'ata 1212 Cur; Aldeburg' 1233 Fine, 1276 from ON *HQldarnes, the first 1'1. being the gen. of ON hQldr, the RH; also in the name of BOROUGHBRIDGE, near Aldborough: (ad) second ON nes 'headland'. The early -e-forms may be due to an pontem de BUl'go 1155 YCh 75, Pontebure 1169, Pontdeburc 1171, old gen. lwliJr of the cons.-stems; v. further Ekwall in Festskrift Punt de Burch' 1173 P, Pundeburg' 1203 Ch, 1238 Cl, Punteburg' til Finnur Jonsson, Kobenhavn 1928, pp. 215-18. 1205 Cl; Borebrig 1258 Pat, Burbrigg 1293 Cl, Burghbrygg (p) 1298 Pat. - Another name of this district is probably: Gerebvrg Yorkshire. The West Riding. Wapent' 1086 DB (mentioned in the summary, sub Skyrack). If this is correctly regarded as denoting the whole of the present The wapentake division of the West Riding is in the main identical wapentake (VHY), it may be the name of an old meeting-place with the division found in 1086, except as regards the NW. corner of the Riding, the modem wap of Staincliff and Ewcross, which is not mentioned of the district; if so, it is perhaps identical et.ymologically with in Domesday, the district being there surveyed under its alternative name Yarborough Li: Gereburg, GerebergLiDB, from ON jariJborg or of Craven (Crave, Cravescire DB); part of Ewcross wap belonged to Lons­ OE eorpburh, referring to some earthwork, perhaps even to that dale. In VHY JJ 135 it is suggested that this district may at that date not at Aldborough itself. yet have been completely incorporated with the county of Yorkshire. - As Wap' de Clarehov 1166 P, Clarhou 1168 P, 1219 Ass 1053 m regards the general topography of the wapentakes it may be noted that especially those in the north part of the Riding are bounded by the large 6d, 1230 P, 1268 Ass 1051 m 7, 1293 YI, 13H; FA, Clarhowapen­ rivers running west and east. The wapentakes are of varying size, largest tacum 1185, 1188, 1197 P, Clarau late 12th (15) Fount, Clarho in the west and north, fairly small in the east. This is no doubt mainly due 1231 Ass 1043 m 2, Clarehou 1279 Ass 1057 m 15d, Clarow 1285 to the nature of the country-side; the west part of the Riding is to a large FA, 1322 Pat, Clarehou:e 1290 Abbr, 1323 Ipm, Clarhowe 1303 extent moor-land, little attractive to settlers and of secondary importance FA, 1334 Ipm, 1360 Pat, Clarowc 1327, Clarrehowe 1354 Pat, in the wapentake organisation. This is also indicated by the sites of the wapentake meeting-places; in the western wapentakes of Staincross, Agg­ Claroo 1539 LP. - The wapcntake is named from CLARO HILL, brigg and Morley they are all very far east. on the Great North Road, 1 m. NE. of CLARETON (in Allerton Mauleverer), which has the same first el.: Clareton(e) 1086 DB, Claro "\Vap. Clarton' 1176 P (p), 1268 Ass 1051 m 8, Clareton' 1242 Fees, In the N. part of the Riding, N. of the Nidd, N. and E. of the Wharfe, bordering in the west on Staincliff wap and in the south on Skyrack wap. Clareton 1267 Ebor, Clarton 1285 FA, 1301 YI. - The first 1'1. In Domesday the name of this wapentake is: Borchescire, of the names is uncertain. The pn Clare found once in OE might Borgescire, Bargescire TVapentac; this name is met with later as be thought of, but it is itself obscure and probably late (v. Redin the name of the rural deanery corresponding to the wapentake 133). One might al80 sugge,;t eomparison with CLARBOROUGH Nt (cf. decanus de BUl'hscyre 1175-85 YCh 70), and as a distinctive (Claureburg 1086 DB, Claverbw'c 1189 P, Cla-verburg' 1275 RH, addition to the names of Marton and Thorpe Underwoods: Thorp Clareburgh 1291 Tax; v. 31utschmann). In that case the first el. in Burghsira 1175-99 (15) YCh 519, Thorp in Burgesire c. 1200 would be OE cliefre 'clover', and the second elements OE hoh and (15), in Burgm'sire early 13th (15) Fount, Thorp in Burghsehire tUn 'clover hill' and 'clover farm', but no certainty is possible 1317 Fount, Thorpeunderwood in Burghshire 1320 Abbr; Marton in view of the absence of early forms in -v- of these names. in Burgesir 1219 FF, Marton' in Burgschire 1286 Ebor, Marton Ainsty wap. in Burehskire 1310 Ch, Martone in Burghsehire 1348 YD IV, Between the lower Nidd and Wharfe, SE. of Claro wap, including Marton in Burghshire 1535 VE, 1564 FF. - The name is descrip­ Tockwith, Bickerton and Walton in the west. It belonged to the City of tive of the district or 'shire' (v. supra p. XXIII) belonging to York and is also called 'the Ainsty of the City of York'. ALDBOROUGH: Bvrc, Bvrg 1086 DB, Bure 1100-8 (14) YCh 426, Ainesti, Einesti, Anestig, Annesti 1086 DB, Wap' de Einestia I

22 0_ S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 23

1166, Ainstiwapentacum 1180, Einstiwapentacum 1183, Einesti­ place.! - No doubt from OE *scir-iic 'oak where the shire meets', wapentacunt 1190, AnestiwapentacU1n 1195, 1199 P, Ainesti 1191 with subsequent Scandinavianisation; v. Lindkvist 77, IPN 64. -1203 YCh 1122, Anesty 1208 Ch, 1219 Fees, 1230 P, Eynesti Cf. Schirakes, Schiraykes 13 Selby (in Holme on Spalding Moor c. 1212 (c. 1350) Pont, 1281 Ass 1043 m 5d, Ainsty 1222 Cl, YER), and the modern name SKYRAKES in Gargrave; SHIREOAKS Nt Heynesti c. 1226 (c. 1350) Pant, Aynesty 1226--8 Fees, 1260 YI, (Shirakas early 12th Man VI 118, Sc~rakes 1154-67 (1316) Ch, 1316 Pat, Aynsty 1265 Mise, 1290 YI, 1303 FA, 1357 Pat, 1548 D, Sireakes 1189--1201 YCh 1411, Shirakes 1286 Ch) is near the Anesti 1268, Aynstik' 1275 Ebor, Hainsti 1295, Aynstigh 1334 junction of the shires of Notts, Derby and York. - If the shire­ Ipm, Ansty 1428 FA. - The wapentakc is named from AINSTY system met with in some of the northern counties once extended Cliff (6"), just S. of Bilbrough. In 1255 YI there is a reference to the West Riding (v. supra p. XXIII), the reference was perhaps to 'the street from Bilburg' (var. Bewebrug' = Bow Bridge in to one of these small shires. Steeton?) towards Aynesty'; in 1276 RH the wapentake of Ainsty is stated to have been held at Bilbrough (coram wap' apud Rarkston Ash wap. Bilburg'). - From ON einstigi or OE anstzg (anstiga) 'narrow Between Wharfe and Aire, E. of Skyrack wap. path'; names like ANSTEY, ANSTIE in the south of England are Barcheston(e) fVapentac 1086 DB, Wap' de Barchest' 1166, from OE anst'ig or anstiga (EPN s. v., PNSx 261, Pl\TDv 335); Barkeston'wapentacum 1195, 1199, Barcston'wapentacum 1197 P, cf. also Lindkvist 42. Barkeston' Wap' 1219 Ass 1053 m 4, -1226--8 Fees, 1231 Ass 1043 m 5, 1310 Ebor, wap ot Barkeston 1265 Mise, 1316 FA, Skyral~k wap. Barkston 1303 FA, Barston 1312 Ipm, 1354 Pat, wapentag' de 2 Between Wharfe and Aire, S. of Claro wap, including Micklethwaite, Barkston Ashe lt102 YAS 3. -- The modern form of the wapen­ I Collingham, Wothersome, Aberford, Parlington, Garforth and Kippax in the take name, which has not been found before the 17th century, is east, and IIkley, Morton and Bingley in the west. taken from BARKSTON ASH, marked on the OS map just W. of Siraches Wapentac 1086 DB, Wap' de Scirac 1166, Schireie­ BARKSTON; otherwise the name of the wapentake is derived from wapentacum (for -eic-) 1180, Schireikwapentacum 1183, Schirac­ that of the village itself: on Barcestune c. 1030 YCh 7, Barchestvn wapentach' 1189 P, Scirhac late 12th YD HI, Schirac ante 1210 1086 DB, Barkeston 1153-4 (14) YCh 155, 1219 Ebor, 1297 Ipm, (c. 1350) Pant, Scyraik' 1219 Ass 1053 m 6, Skyrec 1219, Skyraic Barkeston' (p) 1185 P, 1200 Cur, Barston 1376 FF. - Doubtless 1226-8 Fees, Skireyk' 1231 Ass 1043 m 12, Skyrrayk' 1268 Ass from ON BQrkr (gen. Barkar) pn and OE tun 'farm'; v. Bjorkman 1051 m 4, Skyrek 1279 Ass 1057 m 5d, Skireocke 1279, Skireyke ZEN 22. 1288 YI, Skyrayk 1285 FA, 1316 Pat, Shirak 1322, Skirack 1341 Pat. - According to tradition, the meetings of the wapentake OsgoIdcross wap. were held under an old oak in Headingley, NW. of Leeds; the S. of Barkston Ash wap and the Aire, extending southwards as far as name is (or was) preserved in the name of an inn in Headingley,' Kirk Bramwith, Owston, Skelbrooke and S. Kirkby (inclusive), and west­ also apparently in SHIRE OAK Road and SHIRE OAK Street (6" 203 wards as far as Badsworth, Huntwick, Featherstone, and Castleford (inclu­ sive). In the east it includes Snaith, Rawcliffe and Goole and the marsh­ SW) in Headingley, On the other hand Dr Smith kindly points land E. of these places. out a reference to wapentac de Scirakes apud Burcheleiam early ·Osgotcros, Osgotgl'OS 1086 DB, Osgodecros 1166, Osgodescros 13th Kirkstall; Burcheleiam he would take to refer to Burley in 1167, Osegotecroswapentacum 1180, 1183, Osegotescroswapentacum Wharfedale, which for several reasons would be a good meeting­ 1188 P, Osgotecros c. 1210 (c. 1350) Pont, 1219 Ass 1053 m 3, 1286

1 Cf. G. L. Gomme, Primitive Folk-Moots, London 1880, p. 210 f., and I Cf. also, however, coram Wapentachio de Sciraiches, ad molendinum references. Wichdunie (Wigton, 5 m. N. of Leeds) ib. 2 I owe this reference to the kindness of Dr A. H. Smith. ,

24 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 25 YI, Osegotecros 1252 Cl, 1293 Kirkstall, OsegodecTOs 1268 Ass Stllincr-oss wap. 1051 m 2, Osegotecrosse 1280 YI, Osgodcros 1284 Kirkstall, NW. of Strafforth wap, on the upper Dearne, S. of Aggbrigg wap, inclu­ Osgotcrosse 1316 FA, 1327 Ipm, 1360 Pat, Osgodcrosse 1322 Pat, ding the pars of Hcmsworth, Wintersett, Notton, Wooley, W. Bretton, Skel­ manthorpe, Cumberworth and Thurlstone in the north. 1402 FA, Osgoodcross 15G9 D; - from ON Asgautr pn (v. Bjork­ Staincros 1086 DB, 1204-9 YCh 1784, c. 1210 (c. 1350) Pont, man NP 14 f., ZEN 16; Lindkvist 138 f.) and ON kross 'cross'; 1276 RH, Stancros 1086 DB, 1219 Ass 1053 m 2d, Steincros 1166, the site of the cross is lost. 1170, Steincroswapentacum 1193 P, Steyncros 1231 Ass 1043 m 15, StayncTOs 1233 BM, 1268 Ass 1051 m 10, 1286 YI, Stayncross Straft'orth wap. 1252 Cl, Steyncrosse 1300 Pat, Stayncrosse 1322 Pat, 1428 FA. A large district in the SE. part of the Riding, on the upper Don and Dearne, S. of Osgoldcross wap, including the pars of Gt Houghton, Darfield, - STAINOROSS is a village and railway-station, 3 m. N. of Barnsley, Wombwell, Hoyland, Ecclesfield and Bradfield in the west. Its size is no no donbt named from the same cross from which the wapentake doubt to be explained to some extent from the nature of this district: in takes its name. - From ON steinn and kross 'stone-cross'; cf. the east are the Hatfield Moors and other marshy districts, and in the west Lindkvist 86. it extends into the moor-land of the Pennine Hills. The liberty of Tickhill was also within its limits,! and the whole wapentake is now usually called Aggbrigg wap. 'the wapentake of Strafforth and Tickhill'. On the Calder, N. of Staincross wap and VV. of Osgoldcross wap, inclu­ Strafordes Wapent' 1086 DB, Wap' de Straford' 1166 P. ding Morley, Batley, Dewsbury, Ravensthorpe, lIfirfield and Huddersfield in Stratford 1170 P, 1266 :Mise, 1307 YI, 1428 FA, Straffordwapen­ the north. . lacum 1178, Strafordwapentacum 1185 P, Stratford 1197 P, 1219 Hagebrige, Agebrvge 1086 DB, Aggebrige 1166, Aggebrige­ Fees, 1260 FF, 1316 Pat, Stratford' 1219 Ass 1053 m ld, 1230 P, 'wapentacwn 1180, 1188, Agr.briga 1181, Agebrigg' 1197 P, Agge­ Stratford' 1231, 1268 Ass 1043 m 16d, 1051 m 13, Stretford 1292 brig' 1219 Ass 1053 m 1, Aggebrigge 1231, 1268 Ass 1043 HI QW, Strafforthe 1330 yl) V, Stratforth 1334 Ipm. - The meeting­ 16d, 1051 m 9, 1276 RH, 128G YI, 1345 Pat, Akebrygg' 129~ place from which the wapentake is named was at an old ford Ass 1098 m 28, Aggebregg' 1305 Ass 1108 m 9, Akbrigg 1322 over the Don at Mexborough, where the name is preserved in Pat, Agbrig 1402 FA. - AGBRIGG (Aggebrigg 1277 WCR, Agge­ STRAFFORTII Sands, a name given to some low-lying lands near brigge 1286 YI, (the repayringe of the easte ende of) Aggbrigge Mexborough,' whence the wapentake is also called Mekesburgh 1572 YD HI, Agbrigg 1601 FF), now a hamlet, is 1 '/2 m. SE. of wapentac' 1321 Inq aqd (ct. also: in wapp' de Stratford . . ad curiam Wakefield, on the Aire and Calder Navigation Canal; the hamlet de Sekesburgh (sic) 1279-81 QW). The road that crossed the doubtless takes its name from the old bridge where the wapen­ Don here was according to Hunter S of Roman or British origin; take used to meet; in 1286 YI an inquisition is said to have been the name is from OE stret and ford 'ford where the (Roman?) held at this place. - From OSw Agge, ODa Aggi pn (a short form road crosses the Don'. The regular forms in -a-, which cannot of names in Ag-; cf. Bjorkman ZEN 11) and ON bryggja 'bridge'. represent the dialect-development of the district, may be due to ~[orle)' wap. Norman influence; v. Trafford PNLa 32; or to south-country S. of the Aire and Skyrack wap and N. of Aggbrigg wap. Curiously scribes; cf. also Startforth PNNR 304. Brandl's explanation enough, Morley itself is in Aggbrigg wap at present, but this must be due (influence from OGael strath) is unsatisfactory; cf. Forster 231. to a recent change, for it was included in Morley wap in 1610 (Speed); for an explanation of this and similar cases, see above p. XLV note. Morelei(a), Morelege Wapentac 1086 DB, Morlei Wap' 1166 P, 1 The liberty is sometimes described as a wapentake, as in 1276 RH, Morlay wapentacum 1181 P, 1219, 1268 Ass 1053 m 5, 1051 m 6, 1316 Pat (wapentakes of Stratford and Tykhill), 1379 SR 206/49. 'J. Hunter, South Yorkshire, London 1828, I p. VII, XII, 390; also 1428 FA, Morlewapentacum 1188 P, Wapent' de Morley 1231 Ass VHY II 33. 1043 m 12d, 1288 YI, 1316 FA, Wapp' de Moreley 1279 Ass 1057 3 Op. cit. I p. VII, 390. m 14.

-" 26 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 27

The wapentake is named from the town of MORLEY, S. of Leeds: Mo­ Yuccrosse 1340 Pat, Yuecr[ossj (for Yuccr?) 1343 Ipm, Youkcros Telei(a), (silua) Morelege 1086 DB, JloTlai 1121 (16) YAS 80, 1202 FF, 1347 Pat, Yocrosse 1358 Pat, 1428 FA, Yewcrosse 1539 LP. ­ 1215 Ch, Morlay 118~1200 (c. 1250) YCh 1617, 1209 FF, 1280 Ch, MOTlei 1190-1210 (13) YCh 1618, Morle 1226 FF. - The exact spot for the The first el. may be a short form *Juki of an ESc pn *Jukell meetings of the wapentake was perhaps at TrNf;LEY, a hamlet 1 m. SE. of corresponding to ON l6kell (second el. OR kross; for the loss of Morley: Tyngelawe (p), Thingeslau:e 1208 FF, TyngeloU'e (p) 1284, Thynge­ the medial vowel cf. Buckrose, above p. 14; if this alternative lau'e (p) 1296 WCR, Thinglow (p) 1321 YD VI; - from OE ping and hlaw is correct YOKEFLEET YER may be compared: Ju,qufled, Lukufled 'hill of assembly'; cf. Goodall 285. 1086 DB, Jukeflet 1165--c. 1185 (16) YCh 988, 1200 Cur, From OE mor and le(a)h, but the exact meaning of the compound ./ukefluet, Yukkeflet 1180-9 YCh 984, 986, Yukesflet 1231, is difficult to determine ('the wood on the moor'?). The character Yukeflet 1240 FF, Youkflete 1299, Yucflet 1327 Cl); - or, of the country-side is seen from names like 'Moor Head', 'Moorside' especially if the forms in Yue- are correct, it may be a short some two or three miles NW. of Morley itself. form of a name corresponding to ON lodlfr, l6arr or the like. Stainclitf and Ewcross wap. The locality from which the wapentake is named is mentioned in an The NW. part of the Riding, W. of Skyrack and Claro waps. It inclu­ inquisition cbncerning the bounds of the chase of Burton in Lonsdale des Craven, which is coextensive With Sta.incliff wap, and part of Lonsdale. made in 1307 (YI). The boundaries run from 'the top of the hill of Pene­ Staincliff and Ewcross were formerly two separate wapentakes, the latter gent (Pen-y-ghent) ... to Durlaykhege, and so ... to Youcrosse, and from including the NW. part of the district; in 1316 (FA) E'Ycross comprised Youcrosse to Whettyngstan', and from Whettyngstan' to a place called Burton in Lonsdale, Bentham, Ingleton, Clapham, Austwick, Horton in Langemangrave ... and so by Knate .. (lacuna; for Knotteranum 2.5 D 7?) Ribblesdale, Sedbergh, Dent and Thornton in Lonsdale. to Caldestan' (Cold Stone 25 D 6) ... and from Caldestan' by a place cal­ Steinclif 1166 P, 1231 Ass 1043 m 14d, 1253 Pat, Steinclif­ led Harlaw (Gt IIarlow 25 D 6) to le Tong' of BrOlmmore (Burn Moor 25 C 6) .. .'. I have not been able to determine the exact position of Ewcross 'Wapentacum 1195 P, Stainclit'e early 13th Pudsay, Stainclif' 1219 ( from this list with the maps at my disposal, but it was probably in the Ass 1053 m 5d, 1230 P, Staynclyf 1268 Ass 1051 m 1, 1276 RH, south part of Rorton in Ribblesdale, or in the south·east part of Austwick 1311 Ipm, 1428 FA, StainclYfe 1285 FA, Steync1eve 1301 YI, par, near the wapentake boundary. - The place was the meeting-place of Staynclyve 1309 Cl, Stainclitfe 1303 FA, 1317 Ipm, Stanecliff the wapentake, as appears from an entry on the 1305 Assize Roll (Ass 1108 1303 FA, Stanclif 1334 Cl; Staynil 1293 YI, Stainhill 1295 Ipm. m Gd) recording the trial of one Henry Blese for various offences, among - Whitaker mentions a place called STAINCLIFF, near Stainton (3 m. others for 'roberiis factis hominibus de Yuccrosse apud crucem de Yuccrosse de bonis suis'. W. of Gargrave), from which the wapentake may derive its name! It is a Scandinavianised form of OE stan-clif 'cliff, crag'; cf. Lancashire. IPN 66.' Juccros 1219 Ass 1053 m 6, YOCI'OS 1231 Ass 1043 m 13, The county of Lancashire is of post-Conquest origin; its full recognition Yhucros 1248 Orig,Yucros 1251 YI, 1279 Ass 1057 m 1, 1301 YI, as a shire seems to date from the end of the 12th century.' In Domesday the part of the present county that is S. of the river Ribble was surveyed Youcros 1293 Ass 1098 m 1, 1297 SR, 1298 Ipm, Yuckros 1293 with Cheshire, under the_ heading Inter Ripam et Mersham. Lancashire N. Ass 1098 m 87, Youcrosse 1300 Pat, 1303 FA, 1360 Pat, Yuccross' of the Ribble, like the soutfi.\rn parts of the modern counties of Cumberland 1305 Ass 1108 m 6, Youcross 1316 FA, Yuecross (for Yucc-?) and Westmoreland, was included with Yorkshire in the survey. Lancashire 1316 Pat, Yuccros 1317 Cl, Youkaosse 1322, Yukcrosse 1338, S. of the Ribble was divided into six hundreds in Domesday, viz. Black­ burn, Leyland, West Derby, Warrington, Newton and Salford; the hds of

1 'Staincliff juxta Stainton in one of the charters of Sallay Abbey Warrington and Newton were later merged in West Derby hd. Each of the among the Towneley MSS'; Th. D. Whitaker, The History and Antiquities hundreds of S. Lancashire was identical with a royal manor and could be of the Deanery of Craven, Leeds 1878, p. 9. called either a manor or a hundred (Blachebvrne... Ad hoc Manerium • The phrase inter Airnam et Steinclif usque Merebroc 1155-60 (1230) Ch (also YCh 1475, 1665) refers to Staincliffe, 1 !. m. N. of Dewsbury; cf. 1 V. Tait, Medireval Manchester and the Beginnings of Lancashire, ' Mon V 136. Manchester 1904, p. 181. 1

\ i 28 o. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names 29

uel hundredum adjacebant XXVIII liberi homines DB l. 270a; and similarly Amounderness hd. SaHord, ib.). All the hundreds of this part of Lancashire were named The district between Lonsdale hd and the Ribble; Ribchester par in the from the manors to which they belonged. Tn Lancashire N. of the SE. part of the district now belongs to Blackburn hd (with the exceptiQn Ribble no hundreds or wapentakes are mentioned in Domesday, though the of Alston with Hothersall township), but it was surveyed with Amounder­ names of Lonsdale and Amounderness occur as names of districts later ness in 1086. included in the hundreds so called. - Tn the second half of the 12th cen­ tury the whole county was divided into wapentakes. The extension of the Wapentac de Agmlllldernesse 1194 La Ch, wapetac' de Aumun­ wapentake system to the whole of Lancashire no doubt took place after d'rnesse 1199 Ch, Wapentacum de Agmundernes 1206 LPR, the time of the Domesday survey,' probably in connection with its growth wapentaki de Aumundirnes 1212 Fees, Amundernes 1215 LPR, into a separate shire;2 it must be due to adoption of the system found in 1246 Fees, wap af Augmanderness 1226 LT, wapentacum de the counties to the east. The use of the term hundred in Domesday for the Aumundemesse 122u-8, de Aumendrenes 1242 Fees, Wapentach' later wapentakes of Lancashire S. of the Ribble might be due to its being combined with Cheshire, which is divided into hundreds. In explanation of de Amllnndernp-sse 1327 SR. - Further examples, not explicitly the peculiar use of the terms 'manor' and 'hundred' in the portion of the referring to the wapentake, are: A[g]hemundesnes 930 (14) YCh survey relating to this part of Lancashire, it has been suggested that the 1, Agemyndrenesse 1086 DB, Agmundernesia 1094 La Ch (copy), Domesday surveyors here met with a stmcture of society different from provineia quae vacatur Agmundernes 1123 SD, Aumadernesse that of southern England, viz. an organisation into 'shires' characteristic 1166 RBE, 1218 Cl, Almunriernesse 1178 LPR, Almundernies' of the old Northumbrian kingdom; the terminology of the survey might reflect the uncertainty that was the result of dealing with this district on 1206 Cl, Amunderness' 1208 Cur, Agmodernesse 1214 Cl, Augma­ the same lines as southern England.' - The change back from 'wapentake' dernesse 1243 Pat. - ON *Agmundar-nes from ON Agmundr to 'hundred' did not occur till modern times.' (Ogmundr) pn and ON nes 'head-land'. The view that the name denoted the whole peninsula between the Cocker and the Ribble Lonsdale hd. estuaries (v. PNLa 139)" seems to me most likely; cf. Holderness This hundred now consists of two separate parts, one including the YER and Ness Li, also Nassaborough Np (from OE nmss). Lancashire portion of Lonsdale proper, called Lonsdale hd S. of the Sands, the other, known as Lonsdale hd N. of the Sands, including Cartmel and Blackburn hd. Furness. The earliest examples probably refer only to the former part of On the Yorkshire border, mainly S. of the Ribble where it includes the the hundred, as Furness is mentioned as a separate wapentake in 1185 (P). pars of Blackburn and Whalley, but also including a small district to the The hundred is bounded on the south by Amounderness hd, from which it north of the Ribble (see above); it borders on SaHord hd in the south, from is separated by the Cocker and by vast peat mosses. which it is separated by high moorlands; and on Leyland hd in the west. Lanesdele -dale Wapentacum 1169, Lanesdala Wapentacum 1188 Blacheb1!1"n hvnd' 1086 DB, Blakeburne Wapentacum 1188 LPR, Lunesdal'wapentacum 1197 P, wapentac de Lanesdal' 1199 LPR; Blakeb1.lrnescira 1147-54 (13) YCh 641, wapentacum de Ch,wapentacum de Lanesdal', Launesdal' 1226--8, de Launesdale Blakeburnesir' 1226-8, de Blakeburnsir' 1242, de Blakeburnschyre 1246 Fees, wapeltacci de Lanisdal' 1235 Cl, wapentach' de Lanes­ 1246 Fees, wap af Blakeburnechire 1292 LT, Wapentach' de Blake­ dale 1292 QW, 1327 SR. - The hundred-name is adapted from burneshire 1327, de Blackburnshil" 1332 SRi wap af Blakeburn the old name of the district, the Lune valley; v. further PNLa 167, 1323 Pat. - It is named from the manor of BLAcKBuRN: Blachebvrne ERN 270. 1086 DB, Blakeburn' 1187 P (p), 1242 Fees, Blakeburn 1256 FF; - from OE blmc and burna 'black stream', the old name of the 1 Op. cit. 152; VRLa I 271; ERR 41, 28. 2 Cl. Tait op. cit. 177 l. river Blackwater (v. PNLa 74).' , V. Jolliffe, ERR 41 pp. 1--42, and on the shire system in general 1 Clitheroe castle was the caput of the hundred (v. VRLa VI 231), and more fully above p. XXIII. it is sometimes called the wap of Clitheroe, as in 1322 Mise, 1349 Ipm, 1361 , Cf. Chetham Miscellanies N.S. vo!.;) (pt. 3) p. 7 and see above p. Fine. Cf. also QW 382: quo ad wapentach' de Blakeburnesyre dicunt quod XXTIT. ipse habet curiam suam de Clyderhou que vulgaliter appellatur wapentach' de Blakeburnesyre ubi omnes homines ejusdem wapentaehi placitare de· bent ... a tempore quo non extat memoria ... 30 o. S. Anderson I The English Hundred·Names 31 \! Leyland hd. (VHLa 1. c.). The name is derived from that of the manor of W. of Blackburn hd on the Ribble, including in the south amI the west WARRINGTON: Walintvne 1086 D.l?, Werineton' 1228 Cl, Werinton th.e pars of Standish, Eccleston, Croslon, Rufford, Tarleton and Hesketh, 1236 Fees, 1278 Ass, Werington 1246 FF, whose first el. is a bordering on Salford and West Derby hds. It is separated from Salford hd by hills and moor.land, and from West Derby hd partly by the river derivative of the name-theme found in OE pns in Tl'(er-; v. PNLa Douglas, and (formerly) Martin Mere. 96. - This hundred is not met with after Domesday. Lailand hvnd' 1086 DB, Lailand Wapentacum 1188 LPR; Derbei hvndret, hvnd' Derbie, (homines) Derberire 1086 DB~ Leilondesir' 1199 Ch, wap of Lailondesire 1226 LI, wapentacum Derebi Wapentacum 1188, Derebiscire 1197 LPR, Hundl'edwn de de Lelandsir' 1226---8 Fees, de Leiland' 1229 Cl, de Leylandesir' Derbisir' 1212, wapentacum de Dereby 1219 Fees, wap of West 1242, de Leylaundesyre, Lailondesir' 1246 Fees, Wapentach' de Derebe 1226 LI, wapentacum de Derbisir' 1242 Fees, Westdere­ Leilondshire 1327 SR. - The hundred is named from the manor of bisire 1257 1..1, Wapentach, de Derbishir 1327 SR, wap of West­ LEYLAl\D, with which it was coextensive except for Pcnwortham derbishire 1338 FF. _. The hundred is named from the manor of (VHLa VI 1): Lailanfl 1086 DB, Leilandia, Lailanda 1153--60 WEST DERBY: Derbei 1086 DB, Derbeium 1094 France (copy), La Ch, Leiland 1212 Fees. The name is derived by Professor Derbeia 1153 BM, Derbi 1169, rVestderbi 1177 LPR. The name is Ekwall (PNLa 133) from OE Wig-, cognate with ON lrigr 'low', identical with that of DERBY Db, from which it is distinguished OIIG lagi, and OE land, and is thus identical with ModE lea-land, by the prefix "Vest-; both most probably derived from ON dyr, lay-land 'fallow land' (v. NED s. v.). diflr 'deer' and byr 'village'. For a full discussion of the names see PNLa 114 f. West Derby bd. Salford hd. The SW. part of the county on the Irish Sea and the Mersey, W. of I Leyland and Salford hds. Its eastern boundary runs from the Snoter Stone The SE. part of the county, E. of West Derby hd and S. of Blackburn at Hundred End on the Ribble estuary through Martin Mere (now drained) and Leyland hds. to the Douglas near Rufford, along the Douglas to Wigan, and then, inclu­ Salford hvnd' 1086 DB, wapetach' de Salford' 1199 Ch, ding the pars of Wigan and Leigh, to the GIazebrook which it follows to hundredurn de Sarnford 1200, Wapentacum de Sau/or'd 1203 LPR, the Mersey. - In Domesday this district was divided into the three hds of Salfordesire 1212 Fees, Saufordsir' 1218 CI,wapentacurn de Sal­ Newton, Warrington and Derby; Derby hd then only occupied the W. part of the present hundred. forsir' 1226-8, de Salefordesir' 1242 Fees, Wapentach de Sal­ fordshire 1327 SR. - It is named from the manor of SALFORD: Neweton hd' 1086 DB, including roughly the modern pars of Salford 1086 DB, 109,1 La Ch (copy), 1177 LPR, Sauford 1169 LPR, Wigan and Winwick (VHLa III 1 note), is named from NEWTON Saleford 1189-93 (1287) La Ch. - From OE salk and ford IN MAKERFlEUl: Neweton 1086 DB, Ni1Oeton 1177 LPR, Neuton' 'willow ford'; v. PNLa 32. 1212 Fees, Neuton Macreffeld 1257 Ch, Neuton in Makerfeld 1298 Cl; v. PNLa 98. This hundred-name has not been found after Domesday, but the district is sometimes called the wap of MAKER­ Derbyshire. FIELD in later sources: Machesfeld Wapentacum 1169 LPR, Wap­ pentak of Makefeud 1246 Ass, wapentach' de Markefeld, wapp' Derbyshire now consists of six hundreds, viz. High Peak, Scarsdale, Wirksworth, Appletree, Morleston and Litchurch, and Repton and Gresley. de Derebyshyre et Makerfeld 1292 QW; for Makerfield see PNLa As far as the evidence of Domesday goes, the wapentakcs found in 1086 93 f.; it is explained as a compound of Brit *macer, W magwyr on the whole correspond to the modern hundreds, with the difference that 'wall, ruin', and OE feld 'field', and it is suggested that it wa~ Morleston and Litchurch were then separate wapent akes. Two modern originally the name of Ashton or Newton. hundreds, those of Wirksworth and Repton and Gresley had different na­ IFalintvne h'cnd' 1086 DB seems to have been identical in the mes in Domesday; no name is given in Domesday to the modern High Peak hd. Two additional wapentakes appear in the 12th century, viz. main with the modern pars of Prescot, Warrington and Leigh Blakewell, perhaps an early name for High Peak hd, and a wapen­ 32 o. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names 33 take called Aslakestouwapentacum 1179, Aselakestouwapentacum 1185, Fees), and a hamlet of Blackwall near Wirksworth, and the Hatelakestowapentacum 1188 P. The latter of the two has not been identi­ identification cannot be regarded as certain. fied; it was possibly in Nottinghamshire t (in 1185 it seems to be assigned to Derbyshire, but Hatelakestouapentacum is mentioned among the Not­ wapentaci de Pecko 1208 Pat, Altum Pechum 1219 Fees, tinghamshire wapentakes; the two counties are combined on the rolls); the Wapentacwn de Alto Pecco 1242 Fees, 1252 Cl, 1275 RH, 1316 name seems to consist of the ON pn Aslakr (OESc Aslak) and OE stau' FA, Hundredum de Alto PeccG 1428 FA, High Pekk hd 1539 LP. 'place', a compound of an unusual kind, but perhaps the second el. should - HIGH PEAK is the name of the N. part of the Peak district, as be read scou, i. e. ON skr!gr 'wood'. - The hundreds of Derbyshire vary distinct from Low or Lower Peak, approximately corresponding much in extent. High Peak and Scarsdale between them occupy the whole of the northern half of the county; either of these hundreds is several to Wirksworth hd (v. NED s. v. peak sb 1); another name of the times the extent of one of the hundreds in the south of the county. This district is perhaps Nordpech 1174 P. The wapentake name is is no doubt mainly due to the different nature of the conntry-side in the adapted from the name of the di~trict! different parts of the county: its northern and especially its north-western The name of the Peak enters into; Pecsa;tna 7 (c. 1000) Tribal Hid, on part is hilly and contains large areas of moor-land; the hundreds of south Peaclond 924 ASC (A), Pecheters (for Pechesers; v. NED I. c.) 1086 DB; it Derbyshire are more level and fertile and could sustain a larger population. appears as; in monte qui vocatur Pee c.1130 HH, Pech 1157,1186 P, del Pec The central parts of the hundreds of north Derbyshire were the river-val­ 1228, del Pek' 1244 Cl, le Pek 1254 Pat, Peek' 1306 SR 242/69, le Peek 1336, leys where communication was easy; High Peak hd includes the valley of the Peke 1341 Pat, la Pek 1341 Cl, Haut Peck 1345 BM, the hee peke 1494 the Wye and the upper part of the Derwent valley, Scarsdale hd the valleys HMC Var 11. The name was probably originally applied to the highest parts of the Rather and the Amber; the boundary between these two hundreds of the Peak Hills and later transferred to the whole district. NED points is the ridge of moorland to the east of the Derwent, the Derwent-Rother out that in the 12th and 13th centuries it seems to have been apprehended watershed. In the south of the county the hundreds are not as a rule sepa­ as the proper name of Castle Hill at Castleton. Altum Peccum or Altus rated by natural boundaries; the only exception is Repton and Gresley hd, Peccus is a Latinised and Haut Peck a French form of the name. For the which is separated from the rest of the county by the Trent. Some of these etymology v. PNBeds 176 f. hundreds are very irregular in shape or have parts of their areas detached from their main bodies. Scarsdale bd. The NE. part of the county, E. of High Peak hd, including in the south Higll Peak lld. the pars of S. Wingfield and Alfreton, bordering on Morleston hd. The NE. part of the county, the Peak Hills and the valleys of the Wye Scarvedele, Scaruesdele 1086 DB, Scaluesdale 1130, Scarewes­ and the Derwent, including Hathersage, Baslow, Beeley and Darley in the east, and Birchover, Winster, Ivonbrook Grange, Harthill, Gratton, Youl­ dalawapentacmn 1179, Scarewedalawapentacum 1185, Scaruesdale greave, Monyash, Flagg, Chelmorton, Kingsterndale, Buxton, Burbage and 1189 P, Scaruesdal. 1182-9 BM, Scarvedal' 1204 Ch, 1220 Cl, Fernilee in the south and south-west. Skervedal' 1219 Cl, Scarvisdale 1219 Fees, Skerverdale 1238 FF, The hundred is not mentioned in Domesday, but an early Scal'vesdal' 1252 Cl, 1275 RH, Scarvedale 1284-6 FA, Scharvis­ name may be preserved in Blakewell'- Blakewellewapentacum dale 1295 lpm, Scarvesdale 1302 FA, 1304 Ipm, Scaresdale 1428 1195 ff. P, if this name is to be associated with that of BLACKWELL, FA. - The first el. is probably a pn corresponding to ON Skarfr a village on the Wye, 3 m. SW. of Tideswell, in High Peak hd: ()r OSw *Skarve (Bjorkman NP 122; Lundgren-Brate 229); second Blacheuuelle 1086 DB, Blacowella in Pecco c. 1100 (1316) Mon €I. ON dalr 'valley'. V 111, Blacwelle 1109-22 (1356), Blacowell' 1155-8 (1316) Ch, The place from which the hundred is named is lost, but to judge from Blakewell' 12:30 Cl, Blakewelle 1231 FF, Blackwelle in le Hautepek references to Wodethorp in Scharvisdale 13 BM (N. Wingfield par) and 1330 QW; - from OE blrlJC and wella 'black spring'; but there is Stmtton in Scarvesdale 1322, 1331 Cl (N. Wingfield par), Scarsdale might be an old name of part of the Amber valley. At least as regards Woodthorpe it another Blackwell in this county near Alfreton (Blacwell' 1242 does not seem likely that the distinctive addition is the name of the hundred

t It is identified with Aslacoe Li in PRS vol. 34 p. 112 note, but this is 1 The hundred is called uapentac de Bauchull' 1199 P, from Bakewell, hardly possible. its chief town. 3 I

34 O. S. Anderwn The English Hundred·Names 35 itself, for the only other Woodthorpe in this county (in Stavelcy) is also in (Ashbourne) cum wapentaco was the subject of a grant; in 1212 Scarsdale hd. - On the 6" OS map a building called SCARSDALE Terrace is marked about a mile NE. of S. Wingfield, just E. of the Amber, but this may Fees maneriurn de Wirkewrth' cum wapentakio is mentioned). be a modern name. The modern SUTTON SCARSDALE derives its distinctive WIRKSWORTH (WyTcesuuyTthe 835 (13) BCS 414, WeTche"uuoTde 1086 DB, addition from the Earls of Scarsdale, who had their residence at Sutton WeTcheswoTda 1130, WeTkeswuTda 1169, WeTchewuroa 1175, WeTkewuTda in the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Lysons, Magna Britannia V 271 f.). 1182, 1194 P, WaTkewoTth' 1196 Cur, WiTkewTde 1203 FF, WiTkeswuTth' Earlier forms of the name are: (in) Sudton et (sic) in Dal' 1203 Cur, Sutton' 1205 Cl, WiTkewoTth' 1254 Fine; and later forms generally containing -i-, in Dal 1242 Fees, Sutton en Dal 1289'Ipm, Sulton in le Dall 1431 FA; -y- and -so) belongs to a numerous group of names in Work-, Wark- and Lysons calls it 8utton-in-the-Dale. the like (cf. Wallenberg 176; also Walkwood PNWo 321, Warkton PNNp 188), generally derived from an OE pn *Wearc-; at least in some of the cases Wirkswortb bd. derivation from OE (ge)weoTc 'fortification' seems to me more likely; cf. Mainly W. of the Derwent, S. of High Peak and W. of Scarsdale hd, especially Warkworth Nb; the circumstance that most of the names have the extending eastwards as far as Matlock, Tansley and Wirksworth (inclusive) first el. in the genitive is remarkable, but need not prevent the derivation and southwards as far as Kirk Ireton, Hognaston, Kniveton and Ashbourne suggested. (inclusive), bordering on Appletree hd. In Kirk Ireton the boundary is Appletree bd. marked by a Wapentake Lane and a Wapentake Plantation (6" 39 NW). In the SW. corner of the county, on the Dove, S. of Wirksworth hd, The modern hundred corresponds, at least approximately, to from, which it is partly divided by the Henmore Brook, and W. of Morleston the Domesday wapentake of Hammenstan (1), Hamelestan (2). and Litchurch hd. In the east it includes the pars of Hilton, Etwall, Rad­ This has been identified with HAMsToN Hill (6" 38 NW; in Thorpe bourne and Brailsford, and the townships of Mercaston and Ravensdale par, in the SW. eorner of the hundred) by Williamson. If correct Park, but also a narrow strip of land extending eastwards nearly to the Nottinghamshire border, almost dividing Morleston and Litchurch hd in the identification would tell in favour of the correctness of the two, consisting of the pars and townships of Heage, Bclper, Holbrook, first of the Domesday forms '; on the other hand it seems doubtful Duffield, Kedleston, Breadsall, Chaddesden, Spondon, Stanley and Mapper­ if Hamelestan could be regarded simply as a Norman variant of ley. In 1431 (FA) Breadsall, Chaddesden, Spondon and Mapperley were Hammenstan. A definite etymology is hardly possible with this in Morleston and Litchurch hd, but Kedleston in Appletree hd; on the material. If the first form is correct the name might be compared whole the boundaries between Appletree and lIforleston and Litchurch hds seem to have been much changed in late times. I with Ham(e)stan Ch (below p. 148), perhaps from OE Hama pn. Apletreu 1086 DB, Apeltrewap' 1169, 1185, Apeltreu 1169, If Hamelestan is a genuine form the first el. is most likely a pn Appeltre hundredum 1180 P, Apeltr' 1242 Fees, Apiltre 1275 RH, *Hamela (cf. PNLa 155, Mawer NoB IX 56 ff., ERN s. n. Hamble). 1298 Ipm, Appeltre 1280 Ass 147 m 11, 1305 Pat, Apeltre 1302 Second e1. OE stan 'stone'. FA, 1327 Ipm. - OE a'ppeltreo11! 'apple-tree'.' Werkewurdewapentacum 1180, Werkewurthewapentacum 1183 P, Wapentak' de Wurkcsworth' 1212 Cl, wapentacum de Wirkes­ IIlorleston and Litclmrch hd. wurth' 1242 Fees, de Wirkeworth' 1253 Cl, wapentak' de Wirkes­ N. of the Trent, E. of Appletree hd and S. of Scarsdale hd. The townships wurth 1275 RH, Wirkesworth 1316 FA. -' The- name is taken of Crich, E. of Wirksworth, and Clifton and Compton, near Ashbourne, are from the manor of WIRKSWORTn, to which the hundred was appur­ detached parts of this hundred. Morleston and Litchurch were originaiJy separate hundreds; according to the SR of 1327, Litchurch hd included the tenant (In 1203 Ch totum manerium de Wirrkeswrth' et Esseburne part of the present hundred that is between the Derwent and the Trent; they are mostly coupled in records from the latter part of the 13th century , It seems rather doubtful if the identification can be correct, however. onwards. The name given above from the 6" OS should probably be connected with Hanson (Grange) (53 A 6), c. 2 m. N. of Thorpe, which is Hanzedane in 1 The site of the tree is unkown, but the court of the hundred was held Domesday (VHDb I, 331) and Hunston Grange 1490 Middleton. If so, there at Sutton on the Hill in the 14th century (Duchy of Lancaster Court Rolls, can, of course, be no connexion with the name of the Domesday hundred. bdle 43, nos 482, 488; from transcripts kindly placed at my disposal by Miss As I have now no opportunity of seeing the 6" map, I m1!st leave the mat­ H. M. Cam), and it may possibly have been near that place. In 1322 Cl ter undecided for the time being. the hundred is called the hd af AppeltTe and Sultan. I

36 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 37

Morelestan 1086 DB, Morleistan 1166, 1195 (-wapentacum), name here. -- The original post-Domesday name of the hundred Morlestanwapentacum 1185, 1194 P, Morleystan 1226 Fees, Mor­ is: waupentac et hllndredruJn de Rapendona probably 1158 DC, leghston 1265 Mise, llJorleyston 1269 Ipm, 1280 Ass 147 m 16, Wapentac de Rapendon' 1lfi6, Rependon'1vapentacum 1185, 1194 P, 1302, 1431 FA, Morlegston' 1275 RH, Morleystayn 1281 QW, wap of Rapindon 1202 FF, Hundr' de Rapendun' 1218 Cl, hd of Morleston 1316 FA, Morlegheston 1317 Fine; also: wap of Morle Repindon 1265 Mise, hundr' de Repindon' 1275 RH, 1280 Ass 1252 Mise. - The name is a compound of the name of the viI. 147 m 17d (wappentach'), Wapentacum de Repyndon 1302 FA. of MORLEY,' 4 m. NE. of Derby, and OE stiin, meaning 'the stone The name is derived from that of the viI. of REPTON, in its NW. corner, at Morley' or the like. The exact site of the stone is unknown. near the Trent: jEt Hrypadune 848 (c. 1200) BCS 454, Hrypadun 10 (c. 1050) - Morley is: Morlege 1002 (11) Thorpe 546, Morleia, Morelei Guthlac 1; on Hreopadune 891 (s. a. 755), to Hreopedune 891 (s. a. 874, 875) ASC(A), Hreopedune c. 1025 Saints, on Hreopandune c. 1100 (s. a. 755) 1086 DB, Morle c. 1200 BM, Morlega 1208-26 Werb, Morlegh ASC(F), to Hreopendune c. 1100 (s. a. 874) ASC(D), on Reopandune 1121 1231 Pat, Morleye 1236 FF, Morleygh 1295 Ch; -- from OE mol' (s. a. 755) ASC(E), Rapendun(e) 1086 DB, Repedona Stephen BM, Rependone and le(a)h; cf. MORLEY YWR above p. 25. 1154-60 Db Ch, Rapenduna 1158 France, c. 1162 Db Ch, Rappendona ?1175 Db Ch; Rependon' 1197 FFP, 1200 Cur, 1236 Cl, Repedon 1198 BM, Litlecherehewapentacum 1185, 1194, Wapentaeum de Litt­ Repindon' 1253 Cl. leehurehe 1230 P, wap of Littelehirch 1265 Mise, Loehirche wap As explained by Professor Ekwall (in lectures), the name is 1269 Ipm, 1J'apent' de Litilehirche 1275 RH, wappentach' de to be connected with that of R1PON YWR: Inhrypum c. 730 (8) Lutcherch' 1280 Ass 147 m 13, Dimidium wappentaeum de Bede, Inhreopmn c. 890 (11) OE Bede (MS B), eet Hryopan c. 1025 'Lueltirche 1284-15 FA, Luechurch' 1327 SR 91/6. Saints, both deriving from a tribal name, an i-stem of obscure The hundred is named from the viI. of LITCHURCH, now in the borough of origin. The eo-forms are to be explained from u- (and a-) umlaut Derby: Ludecerce 1086 DB, Luchercha 1154-76 (1337) Ch, Lutchurch' 1212 of OE y, cf. OE seylon, sciolon (Btilbring § 252), a phenomenon, Fees, Lutchirche 1221----30 Fees, 1251 Ch, Lucchirch' 1229 Cl, Ludchurch y 1234 Fees, Lotchirche 1235 FF, Littelchyrche 1258 FF, Litelchirche (P) which, in the nature of things, is very rare, as OE seldom occurs 1275 Cl. in a position where umlaut is possible. - The later a-forms are OE lfitel and cirice 'small church'. due to Norman influence, v. IPN 112. Second e1. OE dun 'hill'.

Repton and Gresley hd. In the 13th century and later, part of the hundred is called the hd of Includes the S. part of the county, S. of the Trent; and Barrow upon GRESLEY. It is first mentioned soon after 1200 (waps of Rapendon and Trent, Swarkeston and Chellaston to the north of the Trent. Overseal and Gresley c. 1232 Db Ch, wapentacwn de Greseleg' 1242 Fees), later the name Netherseal were in Leicester till 1893, when they were exchanged for is generally coupled with that of Repton hd. In RH (ll f. 297) it is 8aid to Appleby, Stretton-en-le-Field, Oakthorpe, Donisthorpe and Willesley, whieh consist of one half of Repton hd (medietas hundredi de Repindon' guro till then were in this hundred. vocatur hundredum de Greseleg'), which shows that Repton hd was the The modern name of the hundred is post-Domesday; in 1086 older name of the district. The origin and the extent of this hundred cannot be detertnined without special investigation. It is remarkable that it does DB the hundred is called Waleeros Wap'; this name is probably not occur in the headings of the assize or the 8ubsidy rolls (it is mentioned identical with WALSIICROFT Li (Wale(s)cros 1086 LiDB, see further in the text of one assize roll; Ass 166 m 2d, A.D. 1330), which suggests that below p. 52), from ON Fdli pn and kros:s. It is to be noted that it was not regarded as being on a par with the other hundreds. It is there must have been a strong Scandinavian colony in this part named from the viI. of CASTLE GRESLEY, in the southern part of the hundred of Derbyshire and in the adjoining part of Leicestershire (cf. (Gresel[e] (p) 1124-9 LeS, Griseleia, Greseleia (p) 1166 RBE, Greselea (p) 1176 P, Castelgresele 1252 FF). IPN 86), which explains the existence of a Scandinavian hundred­

1 The Latin has Ripadum. 1 There is a place called MORLEY PARK (Morie 1330 QW) in the north of the hundred, 2 m. NE. of Belper, but there seems to be no reason to associate the hundred-name with that place. I

38 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Xames 39

Nottinghamshire. festow (p) c. 1180 Genealogist N.S. XVI 155, Brokelestoua (p) 1182, Bra­ culuestowe (p) 1187 P, Broculvestowe c. 1200 Middleton, 1212 Fees, Bro­ The mQdern wapentakes of Nottinghamshire are on the whole iden­ colvistow 1242 Fees, Brocoluestoue n. d. AD VI, Brocholwestouwa al. tical with those in existence at the time of the Domesday survey; the mo­ Brakestou 1457 BM. dern waps of Broxtowe, Bassetlaw, Thurgarton, Newark, Bingham and The first el. has been derived from an otherwise unrecorded Rushcliffe are all found in DB, but two Domesday wapentakes, viz. those of OE pn *Broc7Vulf, v. Crawford Charters p. 70; second el. OE stOl/) Lith and Oswaldbeck, have since been merged in Bassetlaw and Thurgarton waps respectively. To judge from the somewhat scanty evidence of Do­ 'place'. mesday, the wapentake boundaries have remained practically unchanged since 1086. - Just as in the case of Derbyshire, there is great variation. Bassetlaw wap. in the areas of the Nottinghamshire wapentakes; they are smallest in the In the north of the county, N. of Broxtowe and Thurgarton waps, south and the east, whereas for instance the wap of Bassetlaw occupies including in the south the pars of Warsop, Clipstone, Rufford, Bilsthorpe, almost all the northern half of the county. This may to some extent be Eakring, Ompton, Laxton, Egmanton, Tmdord, Darlton and Ragnall. The explained from topographical conditions; Sherwood Forest must have NE. part of this district, corresponding to the modern North Clay division of covered a large part of Bassetlaw wap, and also parts of the waps of Brox­ the wapentake, was formerly a separate wapentake, known as: towe and Thurgarton; the northern part of Bassetlaw wap also includes OSYJardebec, Wardebec Wapentac 1086 DB, Oswardebec TVa­ considerable areas of thinly-populated marsh-land. The Nottinghamshire pentac 1153 BM, Dim' Wap' de Oswardesbech 1169, dimidium wapentakes are divided into two blocks by the Trent. Broxtowe, Bassetlaw and Thurgarton are N. and W. of the Trent; Newark, Bingham and Rush· wapentacu1n de Oswardesbec 1180, Oswardesbecwapentacum 1183, cliffe are E. and S. of the river. The three first-mentioned wapentakes were Oswardesbechwapentacum 1194 P, wapentaca de Bers' et Oswar­ separated by Sherwood Forest, but the three wapentakes in the south and debec 1242 Fees, dimid' u'appentach de Osewardebek 1280 Ass the east of the county are not divided by natural boundaries. The wapen­ 667 m 1, Wapentach' de Bersetlawe ... cum dimid' wapp' de I takes are as a rule regular in shape and compact if regard be taken to the Osewardbek' 1329 Ass 683 m 13. nature of early Nottinghamshire, except Newark wap, consisting of the long, narrow strip of land to the east of the Trent. - (In the 13th and 14th The wapentake is named from OSWALDBECK, a lost manor, c. 6 m. NE. of centuries there are repeated references to wapentakes called Plumtree, Retford: Oswardesbec 1130, Oswardebech' 1165 P, Oswardebec 1212 Fees, Ollerton, and Risley (Db); (1264 Ipm, 1275 RH, 1311 Ipm, 1325 Pat, 1327, 1216 Cl, Oswaldebec 1217 Cl, 1228 Fine; in the 18th century it still existed I as a hamlet,' but the name is now only preserved in the name of the OSWALD i330 Ch etc.). In 1264 they are stated to belong to the manor of Kneesall, and in 1311 to that of Castle Donington (Le); the nature of these 'wapen­ BECK, a small tributary of the Trent, in West Burton par; - Oswaldbeck takes' cannot be determined without special investigation; they are pro­ was also the caput of a soke (Socha de Osewardesbec 1169 P, Osewardes­ bably simply examples of the term wapentake being used for manor or beksokene 1349 Pat, Oswalbeksokne 1411 Ipm). liberty or the like; as they are accordingly of no particular interest for the ON Asvarar, ODa Asvarth pn and ON bekkr 'stream'. For matter in hand, they will not be further noticed here). the form Osward v. Bjorkman NP 10, s. n. Asbeorn and passim; and for the relation between the wapentake and the soke of Broxtowe wap. Oswaldbeck, Stenton, Manorial Structure 44 f. In the west of the county on the Derbyshire border, N. of the Trent and mainly W. of the Leen, including in the east the pars of Mansfield Wood­ Bernedeselawe, Bernedela'we, Bernesedelawe 1086 DB, Dersete­ house, Sutton in Ashfield, Newstead, Papplewick and Arnold. lawahdl" 1157, Bersetela"im 1166, 1180, 1188, 1194, Bersetewap' Brocolvestov, Brolvestov Wapentac, BrochelestOll Wapent' (Ru) 1169, Bersetelawewap' 11"70, 1186 P, Bersetelaw 1219 Fees, 1275 1086 DB, 1166, lVapentac de Broculuest01lJe Brocoluestowe Wap' RH, Bersetelawe 1230 P, 1280A8s 667 m 1, 1303 FA, Bersetelowe 1169 P, Broculvestowe 1212, Brocolvistow.1219 Fees, Brocolstowe 13Hi FA, BersetllJwe 1327 SR 159i4, Barsettelowe 1331 Fine, 1275 RH, 1285 FA, wap of Brokolvestowe 1276 Pat, Wapp' de Barsetlow 1377 SR 159/26, Bassetlowe 1402 FA. - Nothing defi­ Brokholstow 1280 Ass 667 m 9d, YJap of Brokestowe 1315 Pat.

The wapentake is named from BROXTOWE, a hamlet, 3 m. NW. of Not­ 1 Thoroton's History of Nottinghamshire, pub\. by JOhn Throsby, Lon­ tingham: Brochelestou 1086 DB, Brocolvestou (p) c. 1175 Middleton, Brokel- don 1797, III 334. ,

40 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 41 nite is known about the site of the place from which the hundred Torgartone, Turgastune (Ru) Wapentac 1086 DB, Turgartone is named. The hundred-name is perhaps to be connected with Wapentac 1130, Turgarton"wapentacum 1183, Turgardton'wapen­ pratum de Bersebrigga early 12th Man VI 118 (also Ch III 295), tacum 1194 P, Turgarton' et Lithe wapentacum 1219 Fees, wap of near Worksop; on the other hand, Professor Stenton kindly suggests Turgerton and Lye 1274 Ipm, wapentacum de Thorgerton et Lythe that the place may be identical with BLYTH LAW Hill, near the 1316 FA. Ryton, about 4 m. NE. of Worksop, as this is the only name in The wapentake is named from the viI. of THURGARTON, 3 m. S. of South­ 'low' in the district; but these possibilities need not be mutually well: Tvrgarstvne 1086 DB, Turgaston 1156-7 (1308) YCh 354, Turger­ tona 1175 P, Turgarestun' 1205 Pat, Turgerton' 1207 Cur, 1242 Fees, Thur­ exclusive. - The etymology of the name is uncertain. Professor gerton 1225 Pat, 1280 Cl, Thurgarton 1228 Pat, 1303 Cl, Thurkerton' 1242 Ekwall (AB 25, 199) compares BARNSlDF. La (Bernesete 1258, Fees, Thurgeirton 1271 Pat. 1296 PNLa 88) from OE Beorn or ON BiQrn, Biarne pn and set ODa (runic) PurgiR (OSw Pm'kir (runic), Thorger; ON Porgeirr) 'shieling'. On the other hand, it has been suggested that the first pn, v. Bjorkman NP 156, ZEN 86; and OE tun 'fa.rm'; cf. Lind­ el. is a compound in OE siidan 'settlers' but it is not easy to find kvist 94. :- In the 12th century the court of the wapentake was an explanation of the first member of such a compound; if the held at IVERSHAGH, in Oxton par, as appears from a reference to suggestion is correct, and on the assumption that the Domesday Wappent' de Thurgerton apud lverishaghe .. , existens c. 1180 forms are genuine, the most likely connection might seem to be (14) MS Harley 3640 fol. 92b '; this is the place where Camp is OE bcernan or OE beornan 'burn'. One might think of OE bcernett, marked on the Ordnance Survey a mile north of Oxton village bernett meaning 'burning' but also 'burnt clearing' in PNs (v. (cL IPN 160 note 3). EPN); it seems doubtful if the first el. of the compound could be this word itself, but it might be some derivative formed on Newark wap. similar lines and with a similar sense-development. - The -d- of E. of the Trent on the Lincolnshire border, including in the north the the Domesday forms is an AN spelling, v. IPN 109. Second el. pars of N. Clifton, Thorney and Broadholme, extending southwards as far as Syerston, Sibthorpe, Shelton, Flawborollgh and Alverton (inclusive), OE hliiw 'hill, mound'. bordering on Bingham wap. In some sources it is stated to be half a wapentake. Thurgarton wap. Neuuercam, Newerca, Newerce Wapentac 1086 DB, wapentac W. and N. of the Trent, S. and E. of Bassetlaw and Broxtowe waps. The ... de Niwercha 1123-35 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, Niwewerch wapen­ northern part of the district was originally a separate wapentake, the (half) tacum 1176, dimidium wapentacum de Niwerc 1180, Niwewerc­ wap of LITH or LYTH. The two wapentakes are generally combined in records from the 13th century onwards; as late as the 18th century Thur­ wapentacum 1183, Niwercwapentacum 1196 P, wapentacum de garton wap was known as Thurgarton-a-Lee (Throsby op. cit. I 1). Lith wap Newerk' 1242 Fees, dimid' wapp' Newerk 1276 RH, villata de corresponded approximately to the North Division of the present wapentake Newerk' et dimid' wappent' ejusdem 1280 Ass 667 m 7. extending southwards to Maplebeck, Caunton, Bathley and N. Muskham The wapentake is named from the manor of NEWARK (upon Trent), (inclusive). which was also the capu.t of a soke, coextensive with the wapentake; for Lide Wapentac 1086 DB, dim' Wapentac de Lide 1166, dimi­ the relation between the soke and the wapentake v. Stenton op. cit. p. 44. dium wapentacum de Lie 1180, Lithewapentacum 1185 P, Lithe - NEWARK is: Newarcha 1060-66 KCD 818 (copy), Newerca 1061 (c. 1225) 1219 Fees, Lye 1274 Ipm, 1280 Ass 667 m 5, Lith 1303, Lythe' Reg Ant, Neuuerc(h)e 1086 DB, Newercham 1090 (c. 1225), Niwerca 1101­ 15 (c. 1225), Neewerc 1139 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, Niwerc 1140 (c. 1200) Reg 1316, 1428 FA, Lith' 1327 SR 159/4, Lyth 1348 Pat, Lithe 1542 Ant, 1167 P, Niu'ewerch' 1180 P. LP. - The wapentake name is no doubt - as kindly pointed OE neou'e and yeweorc 'new fortification'. out by Professor Stenton - to he connected with that of the locality called Lythe 1316 Ch, near Normanton on Trent; - from 1 I owe this reference to the kindness of Professor Stenton. ON hlio 'slope'; cf. IPN 87. 42 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names 43

Bingham wap. 1269 Ipm, 1316 FA, Dimid' Wapentac de Risecliue 11613, 1182, S. of Newark wap and the Trent on the Leicestershire border, bounded Risecliuewapentacum 1179, dimidium wapentacum de Risecliua on the west by Rushcliffe wap, from which it is separated by the Fosse 1185, 1194, Risecleuawapentacutn 1195 P, Risclil!c 1266 Pat, Way farthest south and including the pars of Clipston, Tollerton and 3, Gamston farther north. Reseclif 1280 Ass 667 m 8d, Riseclif 1305 Ass 676 m Risclef Bingehamhov, Bingamesho'/J Wapentac 1086 DB, Bingeham 1332 SR 159/5, Rysclyf 1339 Fine, 1539 LP, Rysclive 13,16 FA, Wap' 1169, Bingehamu:apentacum 1177, Binghamwapentacum Risclif 1362 Cl, Risshclyve 1428 FA, Rushcliff 1569 D. - There 1179 P, Bingham wapentacum 1219 Fees, wapp' de Byngham is a small station called Rl:SHCLIFH Halt 1 on the Nottingham­ 1276 RH, 1280 Ass 667 m 7d, 1316 FA, 1332 SR 159/5. - In Loughborough railway-line, about a mile N. of East Leake. It is the 18th century the court of the wapentake was held 'in a cer­ in a range of low hills running east and west, called RUSHCLIFFr. tain pit on the top of the hill on the contrary side of the Fosse Hills locally (East and West Leake Hills on ma.ps). The wapen­ Way, near the most westerly corner of Bingham lordship, called take must be named from these hills, and its meeting-place was :Moot-House Pit', though it was usually adjourned to the neigh­ no doubt somewhere near here (the exact spot may be Court Hill, bouring village of Cropwell Butler (Throsby op. cit. I 139). The 2 m. NW. of E. Leake). - The name is from OE hris or *hrisen place is a mile W. of Bingham, just south of the crossing of the (cf. PNBk 170, PPN 57 note) and clir. 'brushy slope', an apt name; Fosse Way with the Bingham-Nottingham road. l\loothill farm is for the northern, steeper slopes of the Rushcliffe Hills are in places marked at this spot on the 1" OS map (lithogr. ed.). thickly covered with brushwood. The modern form of the name The wapentake name is derived from that of the town of is due to association with ModE Tush, OE hris having become BINGHAM, approximately in its centre. The Domesday name is obsolete. composed of the name of Bingham and OE hoh (or ON haugr) Leicestershire. 'spur of land, hill', no doubt referring to the same hill where the courts of the wapentake were held in 'Thoroton's day. BINGHAM: Leicestershire is now divided into six hundreds, viz. Goscote East and West, Guthlaxton, Sparkenhoe, Gartree and Framland; in 1086 the num­ Bingheham 1086 DB, Binyeham 1165 P, 1226 Pat (-ham), Bingham ber was four; Sparkenhoe hd is of post-Domesday origin, and the partition 1205 Cl, Byngham in Le Vale 1578 BM, should be compared with of Goscote hd into two does not seem to have taken place till the 14th cen­ BlNGLEY YWR: Bingheleia 1086 DB, Binggeleia 1182-5 (15) YCh tury. It will be seen that the old hundreds must have been of very wide 199, Bingelea 1196 P, Bingele 1208 Cur, 1227-30 YD I, 1254 Pat, extent. Goscote and Guthlaxto·n hds, which occupied the west part of the and BlNGFlELD Nb: Bingefeld' (p) 1181 P (PNNb 22); cL also county, were roughly equally large, but either of these hundreds occupied about twice the area of either Gartree or Framland hd. The hundreds as a binguuellan 772 (c. 1300) BCS 208 (Bexhill S-x), and perhaps rule consisted of compact areas, but on the east side of the county parts of wowbincg, wopbinc BCS 982, 1319 (Meon Ha). The el. common Gartree, Goscote and Framland hds are intermixed in a curious manner. to these names is an OE eognate of ON bingr 'boxed off chamber', They are on the whole not separated by natural boundaries, except for Sw binge 'bin', Norw binge 'boxed off chamber, stall', G Binge Goscote and Guthlaxton Ms, separated by the broken country of the 'hollow'; v. Torp, Hellquist. The meaning of.OE *bing- is difficult district known as Charnwood Forest; the circumstance that these two hundreds were partly forest may also help to explain their comparatively to determine exactly; it may have meant 'hollow, valley'; cf. PNSx large areas. The Fosse Way was chosen for boundary between Guthlaxton 464 s. n. Bingletts. and Sparkenhoe hds, and the boundary between E. and W. Goscote hds Rushcliffe wap. fo ]lows the Soar. In the SW. corner of the county, S. of the Trent and W. of Bingham Goscote East and West hds. wap. It is sometimes accounted half a wapentake; in 1280 Ass it is treated Occupy the northern half of the county, extending from Derbyshire to as half a wapentake, represented by six jurors only at the assizes, but in the Rutlandshire border, bordering on Sparkenhoe and Gartree hds in the 1305 it is treated as a full wapentake represented by twelve jurors.

Riseclive 1086 DB, 1130 P, 1219 Fees, 1265 :Misc, 1267 Pat, 1 Marked on the map in Kelly's directory: v. also Barth. 44 O. S. Anderson The English Uundred·Names 45 south and on Framland hd in the east, there including the pars of Old Dalby, of land, called Guthlaxton Meadow in Cosby par (S. of Nar­ Wartnaby, Asfordby, l"riEby, Ashby Folville, Gt Dalby, Thorpe Satchville, Twyford, Lowesby, Halstead, Whatborough and Launde. The division of borough); this place was clearly near those marked on the the hundred into two parts is said in VHLe I 304 to have taken place in Ordnance Survey. 1346, though no authority is quoted for this statement.. Sparkenboe bd. Goseeot(e), Goseneote (1) Wapent' 1086 DB, Goseeote Wap' The SW. part of the county, ·W. of Guthlaxton hd and S. of Goscote 1124-9 LeS, f166, et passim P, 1229 Ch, 1247 Fees (hundredum), hd. It is of late occurrence, and Nichols (op. cit. IV pt 1 pp. 8, 669 note 10) 1284 Ass 457 m 42 (llundredum), 1296 rpm (hd), 1327 SR 133/1, states that it was created in 1346. To judge from the first reference given hundredum de Goseeot' 1242 Cl, 1260 Ass 456 m 1, Gosekote 1252 below, however, it was far older, though it is remarkable that it is not Fees, Gosseeote 1275 rpm, Goseote 1316 FA. - First el. probably mentioned on the assize rolls or on the subsidy rolls prior to the reign of Henry VI. It is coextensiva with the deanery of Sparkenhoe, first men· OE gosa 'of geese'; second el. OE cot, -It, for which see PNLa 9. tioned in the early part of the 13th century. One of the Domesday forms might point to an OE pn *Gosa Hundret de Sparchenhou Hy I Sloane Roll XXXI 7 m 12,' which, in spite of Forssner's doubts (p. 130 note 2), would deeanatus de Sparkeno 1209-35 WellsR, Sparkenho 1254 Nor­ seem to have existed (cI. PNSx 514 s. n. Gostrow), but the wich (deanery), 1428 FA (hundredum), Sparkenhowe 1291 Tax evidence is in this case not decisive. - The place from which the (decanatus), 1340 SR 133/8 (decanat'), Sparkenhou 1342 Pat hundred takes its name is not known with certainty, but it may (deanery), Sparkn01lJe 1402 FA (hd), Sparkynhowe 1428 FA have been in Syston where, according to Nichols,' the hundred­ (deanery), hd ot Sparkenhoe 1571 D. -- Etymology uncertain; court used to be held, at a place called 'Mowdebush-hill'. the first el. may be connected with OE spree 'shot, twig', Norw GutblaxtQn hd. sprek 'slender, dry twigs'; v. further Torp p. 515, Holthausen This hundred originally included the whole SW. part of the county, s. v. sprax, in which. case the second el. would be OE hoh 'spur but now only consists of the eastern part of this district, E. of the Fosse of land'. Cf. SPARKEN HILL, 1 m. S. of Worksop Nt (no early forms Way, S. of Leicester, including in the east the pars of Oadby, E. Wigston, found). Kilby, Arnesby, Shearsby, Knaptoft and N. Kilworth; the rest of the old Sparkenhoe is probably to be connected with the group of names in hundred is now known as Sparkenhoe hd. Spark- dealt with in PNDv 520; further examples are SPARK FORD (lost?) in Gvtlaeistan, Gvtlagi.stan Wap', Gutlacis Wapent' (1) 1086 DB, Hintlesham Sf (Spurkeford' (p) 1229 Cl, Sparkeford 1262 AD Il). SPARK­ Gudlaeheston Wap' 1166, Gudlaehestanwap' 1167, Gudlakestan­ FORD (lost) in Winchester Ha (Sparkeford 1323 Pat, 1385 BM); cf. also 'wap' 1170, Gudlaekistan1.Oap' 1175, Gudlacstanwapentaeum 1180, SPARKET CUi and Sparkmedwe 1283 AD III 82 (Henley in Arden Wa). Gudulue!,tan1Vapentaeum 1t 93, Guthlakeston'wapentae 1195 P, SPARCHFORD in Diddlebury Sa (Sparcford 1209 Eyton V 178, Sparcheford 1395 AD VI) seems to have a pronunciation with [tf] and does perhaps not Hundredum de Guthlakestan 1247 Fees, Gutlacston hd 1255 rpm, belong here. 1265 Mise, Guthlakstan 1260 Ass 456 m 12, Guthlaston 1276 RH, Gouthelaston' 1306 Ass 467 m 5, Guthlaxton 1316 FA, Goulaston Gartree 'hd. 1327 Cl, Gudlakston 1342 Pat, 1428 FA. - OE Gilplac pn .:'nd In the SE. of the county, E. of Guthlaxton hd and S. of Goscote East stan 'stone'. The name is preserved in GUTHLAXTON Bridge (Old 1" hd, including in the north the pars of Scraptoft, Houghton on the Hill, Bil­ lesdon, Rolleston, Goadby, Hallaton and Horninghold. It has two detached OS), 1 m. SW. of Narborough, carrying the Fosse Way across areas farther north, on the Rutlandshire border, surrounded by Framland a tributary of the Soar (also in Guthlaxton Gap 6" 43 NE, in the and Goscote hds, one including Pickwell and Leesthorpe and the other Fosse Way); according to Nichols (op. eit. IV pt 1 p. 140) there BUl'rough on the Hill, Marefield, Knossington, Owston and Newbold. was a tradition that the hundred-court used to be held on a piece Ger(e)trev Wap', Geretre~7Ves TVapent' 1086 DB, Gertrewap' 1175, 1185, 1193 P, Gertru'Wapentaeum 1176, Geretrewapentacum 1 John Nichols, The History and Antiquities of the County of Leicester,

1795-1815, vol. Ill, pt 1, pp. 2, 453. 1 I owe this reference to the kindness of Professor Stenton.

'­ 1

46 O. S_ Anderson The English Hundred-Names 47 ~ 1186, 1188, Gertriewapentacum 1193 P, Gairtrieu'apentacum 1203 there are traces of a similar division in Kesteven; cf. Nesse Wapentac et P 49, Gertre 1226 Fees, 1265 .Misc (hd), 1266 Pat (hd), 1292 Fine, totum Treding 1086 LiDB, though later evidence seems to suggest that this designation was used of the whole of Kesteven; cl. H. M. Cam, The Hundred 1302 Ipm, 1316 FA, 1354 Fat, 1428 FA, Hundredum de Gayretre and the Hundred Rolls p. 14f. and references; the three wapentakes of 1247 Fees, Gertree 1260 Ass 456 m 3, Gartre 1285, 1331 Cl, Holland are referred to as Treys wapintakes, III U'apintak', tria wapp' in

Geyrtree 1306 Ass 4/57 m 9. - The name is probably identical ~ 1275 RH I f. 275a, 307b). - The number of wapentakes is nearly the same \vith Gartree Li q. v.; cf., however, Lindkvist 49 note 2. The now as in 1086; the wapel).take boundaries are also nearly identical. Four of hundred is named from GARTRE BUSH in Shangton par, near its the Domesday wapentakes (Epworth, Haverstoe, Boothby and Threo) have been combined with other wapentakes ~ince Domesday; Skirbeck wap is centre. It is on the Gartree Road or Via Devana, a Roman road a post-Domesday name for the Domesday wap of Wolmersty. The number running south-east from Leicester, half a mile N. of Shangton of wapentakes is now twenty-nine. - There are great variations in the areas village. Nichols has a detailed description, with plans, of the of the Lincolnshire wapentakes. The smallest of them, for instance Lud­ place (op. cit. II pt 2 pp. 431, 791); according to him the county­ borough or Boothby (now in Boothby Graffoe wap), only number as many courts used to be held there. as eight or nine parishes, whereas the largest, as Elloe and Yarborough, occupy many times the area of one of the former wapentakes; but as a rule Framland hd. they are fairly uniform in extent, their areas being somewhere in the middle between these extremes. As regards the Holland wapentakes, it In the NE. corner of the county, E. of Goscote East hd, and mainly N. of the rivers Wreak and Eye. S. of these rivers it includes the pars of Kirby should be taken into account that they include much marsh-land that was Bellars, Burton Lazars and Stapleford, and a narrow strip extending south­ not brought under cultivation till a comparatively modern period. -- The eastwards to the Rutlandshire border, consisting of the pars of Little Dalby, Witham forms the boundary between Kesteven and Lindsey, and the An­ Somerby and Cold Overton; Withcote is a detached part of this hundred; cholme that between the North and the West Ridings of Lindsey, but on v. also Gartree supra. the whole the wapentakes join on to one another without being separated by natural boundaries. In the eastern part of Lindsey, however, the Lin­ I Fran(e)lvnd, Franel1'n, Franland (1), Frandone (1) Wap' 1086 colnshire Wolds form the division between the wapentakes on the coast DB, Pramelaund 1124-9 LeS, Franelun 1130, Franelundwap' 1167, and those farther inland, though at present both groups of wapentakes in­ 1183, 1193, Fralundwap' 1170, Freneslund'wap' 1175, Frenelund­ clude parts of the Wolds district. In Kesteven, the ridge that carries Ermine wapentaeum 1176, Fremelundwapentacum 1180, Framelundwapen­ Street southwards from Lincoln separates Langoe and FlaxwelI waps on \ one hand and Graffoe and Loveden waps on the other; on the east the taeum 1184, Freneslundwapentaeum 1191, Frenelun'wapentacum Kesteven wapentakes are bounded by the fen district. The Holland wapen­ 1195 P, Frarnelund 1226 Fees, 1260 Ass 456 m 12 (hundr'), 126;' takes are divided by the rivers Witham and Welland. Misc (hd), 1307 Fine (hd), Frameslund 1247 Fees, Framelund' 1247 Ass 455 m 14, 1252 Fees, Framelond' 1260 Ass 456 m 9, Frame­ Lindsey. laund 1284 Ass 457 lJl 39, Framelalld 1337 Pat, 1428, FA. - The hundred is named from GREAT FRAMLANDS, 2 m. N. of Melton Mow­ The West Riding. - Manley wap. Consists of the NW. corner of the county including the Isle ofAx­ bray, referred to as (in) bosea de Framelund 1276 RH; cf. IPN 85. holme, W. of the Ancholme, bounded by Corringham and Aslacoe waps on - From OE Frrena, Frena, Frana pn (from ON *Frceni, *Frdni, the south, where it includes the pars of Messingham, Manton, Hibaldslow, according to Bjorkman (NP 42) identical with the weak form of Redbourne and Waddingham. ON [rann 'flashing', Sw [ran), and ON lundr 'grove'. In Domesday the Isle ofAxholme is treated as a separate wapentake, called Epeurde Wapentae (it forms a separate wapen­ Lincolnshire. l take also in the LiS, but is there surveyed under the heading In Haxehalm) , named from the town of EpWORTH: Epeurde 1086 The wapentake division of Lincolnshire follows the old division of the county into three districts, Lindsey, Kesteven and Holland, and of the first LiDB, Appeu'rda c. 1145 Mon VI 3HI, Appe(l)u'urda (p) 1179 P, of these into three Ridings: North, South and West Riding (Norttreding, Epewurd c. 1200 DC, Appew'd' 1212 Fees, Eppewarth 1233 Pat, Sudtreding, Westreding 1086 LiDb, from OScand priojungr, v. IPN 86; 1234 WellsR, 1282 Cl, Eppe1Durth 1241 Lib, Eppelwrth' 1254 Nor­ 48 0_ S_ Anderson The English Hundred-"Narnes 49

wich, Epewrthe Hy3 B.M, Epworth 1327 Tpm; - from OE Eop(p)a Coringeham wap l1H)~-18 LiS, 1130 P, 1138-9 (c. 1225) pn (Redin (5) and war!) 'enclosure, farm'. Reg Ant, 1168 P, 1200 SR 242/118, 1202 Ass, Corinham Wap' Manelinde 1086 LiDR, Jlaneli 1115-18 LiS, Maneslei 1130, 1166, Cornehamwapentacum 1195 P, lVapentacum de Coringham Manlea 1166, Manelea 1167, lllannelaiwap' 1168, 1I1.anlewap' 1170, 1202 Ass, 1265 Mise, 1300 Tpm, 1316 FA.

1183, 1191, Mannesleawap' 1175, Manleawapentacum 1181, 1188, The wapentake is named from the viI. of CORRINGHAM, 4 ffi. E. of Gains­ 1193 P, Manled Hy2 (1311) Ch, Manlet 1185 Rot Dom, Malle­ I borough: Coringeham 1086 LiDB, 1100-15 (c. 12"25) Heg Ant, 1162 P, wapentacum 1195 P, Manle 1200 SR 242/113, 1202 Ass, 1219 Fees, Coringham 1086 LiDB, 1163 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, 1196 P, Coringheham 1115 ~18 LiS. 1275 RH, 1301 Cl, 1327 SR 135/11, Manlei 1202 Ass, ManleJj 1265 For the etymology v. PNing 140; PNSx 371 s. n. Corsley.l .Mise, Manlee 1285 FA, 1300 Ipm, Manlayh 1319 Tpm. - The earliest forms seem to indicate that the second el. was not origi­ Well wap. nally OE leah 'clearing'; the LiS form points to ON hliiJ 'slope' On the Trent, S. of Corringham and W. of Aslacoc and Lawress waps, (the Domesday -linde might be due to the scribe having read 1: including in the east the pars of Upton, Kexby, Willingham, Stow and instead of i in the original return). If this is so, the first el. may Sturton by Stow, and in the south those of Kettlethorpe and Newton on Trent. be derived from ODa Manne pn (Bjorkman NI' 95; IPN 185), Welle 1086 LiDB, 1115-18 LiS, 1123--33, 1135--9 (c. 1225) which is apparently also the first el. of MANBY in :Manley wap, 2 m. SR W. of Broughton: Mannebi 1086 LiDB, Manneby 1257 Ch, 1316 Reg Ant, 1168 P, 1202 Ass, 1275 RH, 1327 132/11, Welle­ wapentacwn 1090 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, 1181 P, Well' 1202 Ass. FA; Manley: Manby might be a case analogous to those mentioned above p. XXXIX. The meeting-place of the wapentake might in this - OE wella 'spring'! case have been somewhere on the slopes to the west of Manly. Aslacoe wap. - If the second el. is after all OE leah, which in my opinion is S. of Manley and Corringham waps, E. of Corringham and Well waps, unlikely,' the name may be compared with names like MANHOOD W. of the Ancholme, bounded by Lawress wap on the south, where it includes PNSx 79, MAN.4DON, MANLEY PNDv 246, i>49, and references, whose the pars of Cammeringham and Hackthorn. first el. is OE (ge)mijjne 'common'! Aslacheshou 1086 LiDB, Aslocahou 1115-18 LiS, Aslachou 1130, Aslacheho 1166, Oselacheho 1168, Aselachishowap' 1175, Corringham wap. Haselakeshowapentacum 1178, Aselakeshowapentacum 1183, Ase­ In the west of the county on the Trent, S. of Manley wap, including lakehowapentacum 1191, Oselakeshowapentacum 1193 P, Aslahou in the south and the east the pars of Lea, Corringham, Springthorpe, Heap­ ham, Southorpe, Grayingham, Kirton in Lindsey and Cleatham, bordering 1200 SR 242/113, ·llaselachog', Aselakeho 1202 Ass, Aslachow on Well and Aslacoe waps. 1242 BM, Aslachou 1254 Norwich, 1300 Tpm, Aselachou 1265 Mise, 1316 FA, Aslakhowe 1287 Tpm, 1332 SR 135/16. - ON

1 The 12th century forms Manled and Jlanlet might also be quoted in support of ON hlio, but it seems more likely that they are errors of transcrip. 1 Coringatune c. 1066 (c. 1200) Thorpe 595 (Li) might be compared, tion for Manlea and Manlec respectively; for Manlec cf. the form of the but it has been identified with Kirmington (LiDE XLII), or Quarrington name of the deanery, below. or Cockerington (Karlstr(jrn 82); in either case the form in Thorpe must be • The name of the rural deanery corresponding to the wapentake, has corrupt. But it may possibly be the name of a lost place, to be connected a different form; it is Decanatus de Manlack 1254 Norwich, Manlak 1291 with Corringham etymologically. Tax, 1347 Pat, 1428 FA, Manloke 1526 SR, Manlake 1535 YE; see also • The wapentake was also known as the wap of Stow: del wapentac del the map in VHLi II 79. In view of this form being restricted to the name Estou 1093---7 (e. 1225) Reg Ant, Wapentac del Estou 1130 P, de wapen­ of the deanery, the most likely explanation is perhaps that it was modelled taco del Estowa 1155--8 (1329) Ch, Stou Wapentac 1156 et passim P, wapen­ on the pattern of (BEVERLEY:) BEVERLAC(UM), just across the Humber, which tak de Stowa 12J.5 Ch, from Stow St Mary. The wapentake is coextensive ought to be well-known to ecclesiastics, cf. also Zachrisson. Latin Influence with the soke of Stow, which is apparently the reason for this name; cf. p. 18. DC p. CIX note 5. 4 I I 1 1 1 l

50 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·~alI1es 51 Asl6kr, OESc Aslak pn and ON haugr 'mound'; cf. Bjorkman NP Bradley Haverstoe wap. 20, Lindkvist 175, IPN 87; and for the LiS form IPN 62. On the coast S. of Yarborough wap, including the pars of Rothwell, Cuxwold, Beelsby, Hatcliffe, E. and W. Ravendale, Swinhope, Wold Newton, Lawress wap. Hawerby cum Beesby, N. Thoresby and Marsh Chapel in the south. Bradley A district to the north of Lincoln, bounded on the south by the Wit­ and Haverstoe were till recently separate wapentakes, the former inclu­ ham, on the west by Well, on the north by Aslacoe and on the east by ding the N. part of the district, extending southwards as far as Swallow, Wraggoe waps, including in the east the pars of Faldingworth, Busling­ lrby, Bradley, Scartho, Holton le Clay and Tetney (inclusive). thorpe, Friesthorpe, Snarford, Dunholme, Scothern and Barlings. Bradelai wap 1086 LiDB, Bredelai wap 1115---18 LiS, 1166 P, Lagvlris 1086 LiDB, Lagolfris 1115---8 LiS, Laulris c. 1155 DC, Bradelaewapentacum 1181, Bredelawapentacum 1182 P, Braitele Lauriswap' 1168, Laulriswap' 1170 P, Lauelris 1202 Ass, Lauris -wapentak' 1185 Rot Dom, Bradeleawapentacum 1188, Bradelawap' 1200 SR 242(113, 1202 Ass, 1254 Norwich, 1265 Mise, 1316 FA, 1189, Bradelewapentacum 1191 P, Bradeleia wap' 1200 SR 242/ La Wris 1242 Fees, Laurys 1275 RH, 1287 Ipm, Laweris 1276 RH. 113, Bradel' ll'apentak 1202 Ass, Wapentacum de Bradele 1242 Lawris 1285 FA. - First el. no doubt an ON pn *Lag-Ulfr, as Fees, 1265 Mise, Wappentacmn de Bradelee 1316 FA, Wap'n' de suggested already by Streatfeild: Professor Ekwall (IPN 88) com­ Bradeleye 1327 SR 135/11. pares Icel. names like Laga-Ulfli6tr, LQg-Skapti. Second el. ON The wapentake is named from the viI. of BRADLEY, 2 m. SW. of Grimsby: hris 'brush-wood, coppice'. The name should perhaps be connected Bredelou 1086 LiDB, Bredelai 1115-18 LiS, Breidala c. 1150 BM, Bradela with that of RISEIIOLME, 2 m. N. of Lincoln: Rismu BCS 22 (spurious; . (p) 1163, Bradelai (p) 1170, Bredelay 1177 P, Braidela (p) 1175--81 DC, 14th cent.), Risun 1086 LiDB, 1115---8 LiS, 1207 FF, Rison c. Bradele before 1183 DC (p), 1212 Fees, Bradeleg' 1196 P, 1204 Pat. 1100 LN Petrob, 1123 France, Risum 1229 Ch, 1234 Cl; - from OE brad and le(a)h 'wide clearing'. The forms in -e- and -ai­ I ON hrisum (or OE hr'isum) dat. pI. of hris. (ei) are due to influence from the ON cognate breior. Hawardeshou 1086 LiDB, 1115--18 LiS, 1238-11 Fees, 1275 The North Riding. - Yarborough wap. RH, 1316 FA, HmJJardesho 1168, 1185 (-wapentacum), 1201 P, The NE. part of the county on the Hllmber, E. of the Ancholme and Manley wap, and N. of Walshcroft and BradleyHaverstoe waps, including 1202 Ass, HaiwaTdho 1185 Rot Dom, Hawurthehowapentacum 1200 in the south the pars of N. Kelsey, Nettleton, Caistor, Gt Limber, Keelby P 46, Hawardishou 1219 Fees, Hawardeho 1230 P, Hawardhou and Stallingborougb. 1242 Fees, 1265 Mise, Hay1L'ardeshow 1275 RH, 1281 QW, Hawar­ Gereburg, Gereberg 1086 LiDB, lerburc 1115-8 LiS, Gereburc deshow 1288 Ipm, Hawardeshowe 1327 SR 135/11, llawardshowe 1162, Yerburc 1166, Yereburc 1168, lerburcwapentacum 1179, 1428 FA. - ON Havaror, OSw Havardh, ODa Hawarth pn and Gerburcwapentacum 1183 P, Jareburg 1185 Rot Dom, Jereburg ON haugr 'mound'; v. Lindkvist 181 f. - The viI. of HAWERBY, 1200 SR 242/113, Gierbu1'c', Yerdeburga 1202 Ass, Jerdebrug' in Haverstoe wap, no doubt takes its name from the same man; 1219 Fees, Jordeburg 1238 Gross, Jorburg' 1238--41 Fees, lerde­ cf. IPN 87 f.; it is: Hawardeb'i 1086 LiDB, 1196 P, 1202 BM, burg' 1254 Norwich, Yerdeburg 1265 Mise, Jertheburg' 1275 RH, Hawardabi 1115-18 LiS, Hawrtherbi 1204 P 50 rot. 5 m 1, Yardeburg 1288 Ipm, Jordeburgh 1316 FA. - The wapentake is Hawardeby 1204 BM, 1244 Gross, 1261 FF.1 named from Y.ARBOROUGH CAMP, an earth-work 7 m. NE. of Brigg, Walshcroft wap. \ on the boundary-line between Melton Ross and Croxton pars, a S. of Yarborough and Bradley waps, bordering on Aslacoe wap in the mile NE. of Melton ROBS viI., approximately in its centre. - From west, from which it is separated by the Ancholme, and on Wraggoe wap ON jara-borg 'earth-work' (Streatfeild), or, less likely, from OE in the south, where it includes the pars of Binbrook, Stainton le Vale, corp-burh. YARBURGH, 4 m. NE. of Louth (Louthesk hd) has the 1 The same name is found in HAWTHORPE (Irnham par, in SW. Lines): same origin (Gc-reburg 1086 LiDB, lerburc 1115-18 LiS, Gerdebur Awartorp 1086 LiDB, Hawrtorp early Hy2, Hawrthorp c. 1160 DC, Ha­ (p) c. 1175, Jerdeburc (p) late 12th DC, lerborc 1195, Jerdeburg wartorp 1202 FF, Hauerthorpe early Hy3, Hagherthorpe 1297, lluuurthorpe 1208 FF, Jertheburg (p) 1276 Cl). 1325 BM. . 52 O. S. Anderson The English Hunched-Names 53 Tealby, N. Willingham, Linwood, Middle Rasen, Newton by Toft and Toft· Wrackou 1212 Fees, Wragho 1254 Norwich, Wraggehow 1288 Ipm, nexL Newton. Wraghowe 1323 Cl, 1327 SR 135/11, Wraggowe 1428 FA. - The Wale(s)cros 1086 LiDB, Walescroft 1115--18 LiS, 1166, 1168 first el. is explained by Bjorkman (ZEN 94) from an unrecorded P, 1200 SR 242/113, 1202 Ass, 1254 Norwich, 1316 FA, Waliscros­ pn *Wragge of Scandinavian origin; second el. ON haugr 'mound'. wap' 1175, lValescroswapentacum 1183, Walescroftwap' 1189, - The same man no doubt also gives name to the town of WRAGBY, Walecroft1Dapentacum 1191 P, Walsecroft 1238 Gross, Walscroft in the west of the wapentake, 7 m. S. of Market Rasen: Waragebi 1242 Fees, 1276 RH, Walscros 1275 RH, Walshecroft 1287 Ipm, 1086 LiDB, Wrag(h)ebi 1115--18 LiS, Warkebi (p) c. 1150-60 1327 SR 135/11; cf. Alsi de Walescroft 1130 P (Li). - FiI:st el. DC, Wraggebi Hy2 DC, 1194 P, 1202 Ass (p), 1221 Cl, Wrracheby probably ON Vdli pn (OSw *Vale, ODa *Wali in PNs); second (p) 1154-72 (1407) Gilb, Wragebi c. 1175 DC, 1200 Cur, Wrage­ el. ON kross 'cross'. - The viI. of WALESBY in this wapentake, nebi 1200 Cur, Wrackebi 1212 Fees, Wraggeby 1226 FF; v. IPN 3 m. NE. of Market Rasen, no doubt takes its name from the 87. - Cf. WRAGBY YWR: Wraggebi 1160-c. 1170 (c. 1250) YCh same VdU; cf. IPN 87 f.; it is: Walesbi 1086 LiDB, 1115--18 LiS, 1597, Wraggeby (p) 1308 WCR. 1154 BM, 1188 P (p), 1204 Cur, Walesby 1187 (1409) Gilb, 1227 WellsR, 1240 FF, Walebi 1196 Cur, Waleby 1239 Gross, 1246 Pat. Gartree wap. On the Witham, S. and E. of Wraggoe wap, bordering on Louthesk and Ijudborough wap. Hill hds and the Soke of Horncastle in the east, where it includes the pars of A small district S. of Haverstoe and E. of Walshcroft waps, including Donington on Bain, Stenigot, Cawkwell, Scamblesby, Belchford, Hemingby, the pars of Wyham, Ludborough, Fulstow, Covenham St Bartholomew Edlington, Woodhall, Langton, Thornton, Martin, Dalderby, Scrivelsby, and St 1tIary, Utterby, N. Ormsby, Fotherby, Lt Grimsby and Bracken­ Kirkby on Bain, Tumby and Tattershall. In 1086 its area was considerably borough. In 1086 (DB) and 1316 (FA), Fulstow was in Haverstoe and smaller than at present (v. map in LiDB). Brackenborough in Louthesk wap. Cheiretre 1115--18 LiS, Gertrie 1167 P, Geretre 1168, 1185P, Ludeburc wap 1115--8 LiS, Lueburc Wap' 1168 P, Luburg' 1234 WellsR, Gertrewapentacum 1178, 1188, 1193 P, Jeretre 1185 wap' 1200 SR 242/113, Luburc', Lueburga Wapentak 1202 Ass, Rot Dom, Gairtre 12 (14) Bardney 88, 1201 P, 1219 Fees, 1332 wapentacum de Luburg 1238-41 Fees, wap of LUdebur 1265 Mise, SR 135/16, Geirtre 1200 SIl 242/113, 1202 Ass, Gaertre 1202 Ass, uJapentag' de Ludeburg 1275 RH, de Ludeburgh 1316 FA, de Lud­ Gayretr' 1212, Gertre 1242 Fees, Gertr' 1254 Norwich, Gayrtre burgh' 1327 SR 135/11. 1265 Misc, 1275 RH, 1327 SR 135/11, 1428 FA, Gayrretre 1275 RIT, The wapentake is named from the viI. of LUDBOROUGH: LudebuTg 1086 Gartre 1275 Misc, 1526 SR, Gayrtree 1316 FA. - Derived by LiDB, LudebuTc 1115-18 LiS, Hy2 (1409) Gilb, LudbuTC (P) 1177, LubuTC Lindkvist (p. 49) from ON geiri 'gore' and ON tre 'tree'; cf. 1191 P, LeubuTC 1197, LubuTg 1210 FF, LuthbuTg (p) 1245 Gross, Luthe­ bUTg 1269 FF, LouthebuTgh 1297 Pat. GARTREE Le (above p, 45); also GARSTANG PNLa 163. The occur­ First el. the river-name LUD, second el. OE burh 'castle'; rence of this first el. in compound with a word for 'pole' twice, v. ERN 262. and with one for 'tree' twice (probably) casts some doubt on the etymology proposed by Lindkvist; at least, these compounds may The South Riding. - Wraggoe wap. have had some technical sense, now lost. In the west of the Riding, S. of Walshcroft wap, including in the east and in the south the pars of Ludford Magna, Burgh on Bain, Biscathorpe, Louthesk hd. Benniworth, Sotby, Hatton, Langton, Apley and Stainfield, bordering on On the coast, E. of Wraggoe and Gartree waps, and S. of Bradley Louthesk and Gartree hds. Haverstoe and Ludborough waps, including in the south the pars of Farforth Waragehou 1086 LiDB, TVraghehou 1115--18 LiS, Wrangho cum 1tIaidenwell, Ruckland, Burwell, Authorpe, Castle Carlton, Great Carlton 1166, Wragehou 1168, TVraghowapentacum 1180, 1193, Wrangho­ and Saltfleetby, bordering on Hill and Calceworth hds. wapentacum 1183 P, Wrchou : 200 SR 242/113, Wraghog', H'raggeho Ludes 1086 LiDB, Ludesc 1115-18 LiS, Ludesca c. 1155 DC, 1202 Ass, Wraghou 1206 Ass, 1242 Fees, 1285 FA, 1332 SR 135/16, 1209-19 WellsR, Ludeswap' 1168, Ludheswap' 1175, Ludhesche

, I I

54 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names 55

1176, Ludese-wapentacum 1183, Ludeschewapentacum 1188, Ludesc­ takes its name from the same man; cf. IPN I. c. It is Calesbi 1086 'Wapentacum 1197 P, Luddeske 1200 SR 242/113, Ludeske, Luth­ LiDB, 1115--18 LiS, e. 1150-60 DC, 1198 Cur (p), Kalesbi (p) esch 1202 Ass, Luthesk' 1212 Fees, 1254 Norwich, 1276 RH, 1206 Ass, Calcebi 1219 FF, Calesby 1209-35 WellsR, Calseby Luthesch 1219 Fees, Ludescha early Hy3 (1409) Gilb, Ludesh' 1242 Fees, 1254 Norwich, Calceby 1269 Grav.' 1233 WellsR, Luthesk 1265 Mise, Ludesk 1270 Grav, 1316 FA, Lutheeske 1275 RH, Ludesch 1288 rpm, Louthesk' 1327 SR 135/11. Candleshoe wap. - 'The ash-tree of Louth'; v. ERN 262; the first eI. is the river­ On the coast S. of Calceworth hd and E. of Hill hd, bordering in the south on Skirbeck wap in the Parts of Holland, including in the west and name LUD,' the second a Scandinavianised form of OE G?sc, or in the south the pars of Driby, Dalby, Partney, Ashby, Gt Steeping, Firsby, OScalld eski; cf. IPN 87. Irby in the Marsh, Bratoft, Croft, Wainfleet All Saints and St Mary, and Friskney. Hill M. Calnodeshou 1086 LiDB, 1115-18 LiS, Calnodesho 1167, A small district in the Wolds, S. of Louthesk hd, and E. of Gartree wap and the Soke of Horncastle, including in the west the pars of Fulletby, Cainadehou 1168, Canleshowap' 1170, Canleshou-wapentacum 1178, Greetham, Scrafield, Winceby, Hameringham and-Claxby Pluckacre, in the Candlesho-wupentacu1n 1183, Candeleshowapentacum 1193 P, south those of Hagworthingham, Aswardby, Sausthorpe and Langton by Candleshov 1200 SR 242/113, Kand(e)lesho 1202 Ass, Cande­ Spilsby, and in the east those of Harrington, Brinkhill, S. Ormsby cum leshou 1212 Fees, Candleshou 12tj5 Mise, Candelshou 1275 RH, Ketsby and Walmsgate, bordering on Calceworth hd. 1316 FA, Candelleshowe 1327 SR 135/11, Candeshou 1428 FA. Hylle 1086 LiDB, 1209-19 WellsR, 1242 Fees, 1275 RH, Hille - The same first el. is found in CANDLESBY, in Candleshoe wap, 1086 LiDB, 1168 P, 1202 Ass, 1212 Fees, 1265 Mise, 1287 Ipm, 3 m. E. of Spilsby: Calnodesb'i 1086 LiDB, Calnosbeie early 12th J 1316 FA, Hula 1115-18 LiS, Hille-wap' 1170 P, Hul(le) 1275 RH. YCh II p. 435, Canlouesbi 1140-60 (early 13th) Kirkstead 3/8, -- OE hyll 'hill'. Kannosbi (p) 1166 RBE, Calosbi (p) Hy2 DC, Kanleby (p) 1196 FFP, Calceworth hd. Kandlobi 1200 SR 242/113, Candlouebi, Kand(e)lesbi 1202 Ass (p), On the coa~t, S. of Louthesk and E. of Hill hds, N. of Candleshoe wap, Canloueby 1202 FF, Candluobi, Candlouby (p) 1212 Fees, Kanlouby including the pars of Ulceby, Claxby, WiIloughby, Hogsthorpe and Anderby 1245 Ch, Kanloby 1247 FF, 1250 rpm; Candelesby 1238 FF;-alld in in the south. Legbourne and Lt Cawthorpe, locally in Louthesk hd, are a CAUNTON Nt: Calnestune 1086 DB, Kalnadatun (p) c. 1150-60 DC, detached part of this hundred. Calnodeston 1167, Calnaton' 1194 P, Caltnadtun early 13th, Kal­ Calsvad 1086 LiDB, Calsuad 1086 LiDB, 1167 P, Calswat 1115 nadton early Hy3 BM, Calnetheton' 1241 Ebor. - In PNDv 276 -18 LiS, early Hy2 DC, 1242 Fees, Hy3 BM, 1275 RH, Cals-wath­ it is suggested that the first el. may be an OE pn composed of wap' 1168, Calshowad 1169, Caltwait-wapentacum 1178, Cals-wad­ OE calu 'bald' and nO!1 'daring'; or could it be a Seandinavianised wapentacum 1181 P, Kalsewath 1185 Rot Dam, Gals-watwapen­ form of OE CeolnOf!? - Se~ond elements ON hau,gr 'hill, mound' tacum 1196 P, Calswath 1200 SR 242/113, 1209-19 WellsR, 1359 and byr 'village' and OE tun 'farm'. Candleshoe and Candlesby Ipm, 1428 FA, Calswat', Kalswath' 1202 Ass, Calswad early Hya are no doubt named from the same man; cf. IPN 87. The Rev. BM, Cals-wath' 1242 Fees, 1827· SR 135/11, Calsewat 1265 Mise, Canon C. W. Foster kindly suggests that Candleshoe may be Calsewath 1284 BM, 1316 FA, ralcewath 1431 FA, 1526 SR, identical with CANDLESBY HILL, half a mile N. of Candlesby. 1539 LP, Calsewaythe 1535 VE,· Calseworth 1585 D; cL also: Gillebertus de Calsuade 1193 P Cc.i). - ON Kdltr, OSw Kalt, Bolingbroke wap or soke. 1 Occupies a district in the south of the Riding W. of Candleshoe and ODa Kalft pn and ON vad 'ford'; v. IPN 87. - The viI. of CALCEBY Skirbeck wilPs and S. of Hill hd, including in the west the pars of Asgarby, on a small stream on the western border of the hundred probably Miningsby, Revesby, Westville and Frithville, bordering on Horncastle soke. 1 The ford may be the one marked on the OS map just W. of Calceby; cl. IPN 88. 1 Bjiirkman (ZEN 50 f.) derives this name from ON Kali pn, but there can scarcely be any doubt that it is to be connected with Calceworth. 56 o. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 57

Bolinbroc wap 1086 LiDB, 1115--18 LiS, Bulinbroc wapen­ wapentacum 1180, Langhou'apentacum 1185 P, Langhov 1200 SR tacum 1140-47 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, Bulingbroc Wap' 1168, 242/113, Langehowe 1285 FA, Langho1J'e 1323 Cl, 1327 SR 135/10. Bullingbroch'wap' 1175 P, Wapentac de Bulinbroc 1202 Ass, wapp' - ON langr a.nd haugr 'long mound or hill'; cf. IPN 87. de Bulingbroc 1275 RH, soka de Bolingbrok 1316 FA. The wapentake and the soke, which are coextensive, are named from Boothby Gra:lfoe wap. the manor of BOLINGBROKE: Bolinbroc 1086 LiDB, c. 1135 DC, Bullinbroca Formed from the two wapentakes of Boothby and Graffoe; the former c. 1145, Bulingbroch 1142-53, Bulinbroc' 1151-3 DC, Bulincbroc 1154-60 consisted of the E. part of the modern wap, including the pars of Wadding­ (c. 1225) Reg Ant, Bulinbroc 1190 DC; Bulebroc 1200 Cur, Bulingbroc 1202 ton, Harmston, Coleby, Boothby Graffoe, Navenby, Skinnand, Wellingore Ass. and Welboum; the latter included its western and larger part, on the Notts OE bula 'bull' or Bula pn (cf. PNing 145) and brac 'brook'. border extending to Stapleford and Carlton le Moorland (inclusive) in We On the relation between the wapentake and the soke, v. Stenton, south, bordering on Loveden wap. Manorial Structure 44 f. Hobi Wap' 1166 P, Bobi u'ap' 1168, 1178 P, 1200 SR 242/113, 1202 Ass, 1212 Fees, Boby wapentak' 1219 Fees, 1276 RH, 1327 Horncastle wap or soke. SR 135/10, wapentacum de Botheby 1285, 1316 FA. Consists of an irregular, straggling district between Bolingbroke soke The wapentake is named from the viI. of BOOTHBY GRAFFOE, 8 m. S. of and Gartree wap surrounding Horncastle, and a detached portion on the Lincoln: Bodebi 1086 LiDB, Bodebeia 1094 France (copy), Bobi 1198 Cur, Witham, including Coningsby, Wildmore, Thornton le Fen and Langriville. 1244 Fine, Bothebi 1202 Ass, Boby 1211-12 RBE, 1233 Cl, 1245 FF, 1288 The area included in Horncastle wap in DB was considerably larger than Ipm, Botheby 1209-19 WellsR, 1257 Ch. - Cf. also BOOTHBY PAGNELL, on the that of the present soke; see above under Gartree. river Glen, 5 m. SE. of Grantham: Bodebi 1086 LiDB, before 1183 DC (p), Hornecastre U'apentac 1086 LiDB, Hornecastra wap 1115-18 Boebi (p) 1147-66 (1409), Bodeby (p) c. 1150-60 (1409) Gilb, Boebia Hy2 LiS, Wapentac de Hornecastr' 1166, Hornecastra Wap' 1168 P, DC, Bobi 1202 Cur, Boby 1203 Cur, 1238 Gross, Botheby 1274 Cl, 1304 Jpm; Wapentacum de Hornicastr', Soca de Hornecastr' 1202 Ass, wapp' - BOOTHBY in Welton (Candleshoe wap): Bodebi 1086 LiDB, ?Bothebi (p) 1170 P, Boebi 1212, Butheby 1242 Fees, Botheby 1276 RH, late 13th BM, de Hornecastr' 1275 RH, soka de Horncastre 1316 FA, Libertas de 1431 FA; - and Bodebi 1086 LiDB, probably an extinct hamlet Cl or near Horncastr' 1332 SR 135/16; Thornton Curtis (near Barton upon Humber). The wapentake or soke is named from the manor of HORNnASTLE: Horne­ Bjorkman (NP 27) suggests that the first el. is OESc Bo pni castre 1086 LiDB, Hornecastra 1130 P, Hornekastra 1153--69 DC, Hornecastr' 1158 P, Horncastre 1230 BM, Homecastle 1317 Ipm. but the forms without a medial [Cl], on which this derivation is rested, are merely spelling-variants, due to Norman scribes (cf. OE horn and ceaster 'the castle in the tongue of land'; v. IPN 109 ff.), of the original form in [0], which must accordingly Ekwall StNPh II 35. On the relation between the soke and the be chosen for a starting-point; the first el. may be OSw bop, Da wapentake, v. Stenton op. cit. 44 f. bod 'hut, shed' as suggested by Streatfeild; second el. ON byr 'village'. Kesteven. Grafhoo 1166 P, Grafho 1167 P, 1219 Fees, 1223 WellsR, Langoe wap. Grafho-wap' 1175, 1180, 1193, Gralhohundredum 1195 P, Grafhov On the Witham SE. of Lincoln, bordering in the west on Boothby Graffoe wap and in the south on Flaxwell wap, including the pars of 1200 SR 242/113, Grafhow', Graffo 1202 Ass, Grafhou 1212, 1242 Washingborough, Canwick, Heighington, Branston, Potter Hanworth, Nocton, Fees, 1276 RH, 1281 QW, 1345 Pat, Graffho 1245 Gross, Grapho Dunston, Metheringham, Blankney, Scopwick, Kirkby Green, Martin, Tim­ 1254 Norwich, Graffhou 1265 Misc, 1285 FA, Grafhow 1275 RH, berland, Thorpe Tilney, Walcot, Billinghay and N. Kyme. 1287 Ipm, Graffo11J 127'7 Grav, 1428 FA, Graffhowe 1327 SR Langehou 1086 LiDB, Langeho 1130 P, Langhou c. 1155 DC, 135/10, 1402 FA. - Probably from OE gr{jf 'grove' and hOh 'spur 1212 Fees, 1276 RH, 1316 FA, 1328 Pat, Langho 1166 P, 1185 of land'. Less likely to be connected with Sw gravhog, Da gravhfJj Rot Dom, 1202 Ass, 1254 Norwich, Langeh01oap' 1168, Langhou- (Streatfeild), as this seems to be a modern compound. I

58 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names 59

Loveden wap. brigg' 1275, Wym'brigg' 1276 RH, Wynyerbrig' 1281 Ass 486 m On the Nottinghamshire border, S. of Boothby Graffoe wap, bordering 5, Wymerbrigg . (for Wynier-?) 1287 Ipm, Winnebrigg 1316 FA, in the east on FlaxwelJ wap, from which it is divided by Ermine Street, Wynierbrigg' 1327 SR 135/10, Wynerdbryg 1402 FA. - First el. and in the south on Winnibriggs and Threo wap, including in the east perhaps OE Winegiir (-ga:r?) pn; if so, the second el. is most likely the pars of Leadenham, Fulbeck, Caythorpe, Normanton and Ancaster and in the south those of Carlton Scroop, Marston, Foston and Long Bennington. OE brycg. If the second component of the pn was -ga:r, the palatalisation of the -g- may have a parallel in the development Lovedun(e) 1086 LiDB, Louendene 1130, Luuendon' 1166, Louedonewap' 1168 P, Luuedon' 1170 P, 1227 Cl, Lodunewapen­ of OE Eadgfjp. - The wapentake is named 'from an insignificant tacum 1183, Louendon' 1185, Louendenwapentacum 1186, Louedon' bridge over the Mowbeek(?) on the Harlaxton road, called 1193, Luvedun 1201 P, Louedun 1200 SR 242/113, Lovedon' 1202 Winnibriggs'! Ass, 1242 Fees, Lovedon 1265 Mise, 1288 Ipm, 1316 FA, 1342 Pat, Trehos, Treos waft 1086 LiDB, Treho 1130 P, 1202 Ass, 1428 FA, 1585 D. - OE Lufa pn (Redin 51; also in lufan mere Trihous Wap' 1166, T1'eiho 1168, Trihowap' 1169, 1180, Trehowap' 1170, Threhowap' 1171, Trahowapentacum 1185, Treowapentac~lm BCS 21e.) and dun 'hill'. The name is taken from LOVEDEN HILL, 1196 P, 1200 1202 Ass, 1212 near Gelston. Trihou SR 242/113, TTehow' Trehou Loveden Hill, the traditional meeting-place of the wapentake, is in Fees, 1265 Mise, 1281 QW, Treou 1212, Threho 1226-8 Fees, Hough on the Hill par half a mile NW. of Gelston vi!. It is a conspicuous Threhow 1275 RH, wapp' de Trehowes 1281 QW, 1332 SR 135/15, hill with a commanding view of the surrounding country-side. A broad Trehous 1316 FA, Wappent' de ThTehowes 1327 SR 135/10, 1402 FA, grass road leads up to it from the village, and on its top, in the centre of Threhows 1428 FA, Threhose 1535 VE, Thmhoe 1585 D. -- 'Three a large field, is a tumulus which has recently been excavated and found mounds', from ON prir, OSw prir, pre and ON haugr 'mound'; cf. to contain the remains of several burials. The finds may be assigned to the half century of which A.D. 600 is the central year. For a full descrip­ FOREHoE Nf, below p. 78. tion, v. C. W. Foster in Associated Societies' Reports vo!. 38 pp. 313 ff. Flaxwell wap. If Lufa was the name of one of the men buried in this tumulus that would E. of Loveden wap and Ermine Street, S. and W. of Langoe wap, furnish a means of dating this PN approximatel~T, but it is impossible to and N. of Aswardhurn wap, including in the east the pars of Ilowston, know with certainty. Digby, Dorrington and Ruskington, and in the south those of Anwick, Winnibriggs and Threo wap. New Sleaford, Holdingham and S. Rauceby. On the Leicestershire border, S. of Loveden, N. of Beltisloe and W. of Flaxewelle, Laxewelle 1086 LiDB, Flaxwell' 1166 P, 1202 Ass, Aswardhurn and Aveland waps, containing in the east the pars of Wils­ 1275 RH, 1327 SR 135/10, PZaxwelle 1168, 1176 P, 1185 Rot Dom, ford, Heydour, Braceby and Sapperton, and in the south those of Humby, 1202 Ass, 1242 Fees, 1265 Mise, 1;~32 SR 135/15, Flaxewellewap' Boothby Pagnell, Gt Ponton, N. and S. Stoke, Easton and Wyville. Until re­ 1175, Flaxwelle hundredum 1176, Flexwellewapentacum 1178, cently, the wapentake consisted of the waps of Winnibriggs and Threo, the former consisting of the western portion of the present wapentake, mainly 1183, 1188, 1191, 1201 P, Flaxewell' 1200 SR 242/113, 1221 W. of Grantham, including Gt Gonnerby, Barrowby, Harlaxton and Gt and WellsR (-wll'), Fla:rweil1275 RH, 1316 FA. - OE fZ(px, flex, flea x Lt Ponton in the east. 'flax' and wella ':;:pring'. Winegebrige, Winebruge 1086 LiDB, Winerbrugge 1167, Winer­ Aswardhurn wap. brigewap' 1168, Winneurebrigewap' 1170, Wenebriggewap' 1175, S. of Flaxwell and Langoe waps, E. of Winnibriggs and Threo wap, Wimeresburcwapentacum (for Winier-?) 1183, Winierbrigewapen­ bordering on the Parts of Holland in the east, and on Aveland wap in the tacum 1186, Winierebrigewapentacum 1188, Winieresbrigewapen­ south, where it includes the pars of Aunsby, Aswarby, Scredington and Hel­ tacum 1191, Willebrigewapentacum, Winierebr' 1193, Winierbrigg' pringham. Ingoldsby, locally in Beltisloe wap, is a detached part of this wapentake. 1195 P, Winierebrigge 1200 SR 242/113, 1202 Ass, Winieuebrig'

1202 Ass, Wineirebrig' 1212, Winardebr' 1226-8, Wynerburg' 1 B. Street (Curate of Grantham), Historical Notes on Grantham, p. 36. 1242 Fees, Winesbrigg 1255 Pat, WJJnierbrig 1265 Mise, Wyneth- I owe this reference to the courtesy of Professor StenIon. 60 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names Gl Aswafdetierne 1086 LiDB, Haswertherne 1130, Hasewardes­ The same man no doubt gave name to the lost viI. of AVETHoRPE, thirne 1166, Oswardtirne 1168, Aswardehirnewap' 1175, Aswar­ in Aslackby par, the site of which must have been near that of deschirne 1176, Aswardeskirnewapentacum 1178, Aswardeskerne­ the Aveland (cf. LiDB I. c.): Auetorp 1086 LiDB, 1202 Ass (p), wapentacum 1185 P, Aswarehirne 1185 Rot Dom, Aswardethirne Hy3 BM, Auethorp' c. 1170 Genealogist N. S. XV 224, Auethorp 1200 SR 242/113, 1212 Fees, ASf:10ardethirn', Asewardesthirne 1212 Cur {p), 1264 Ipm, 1316 FA, 1363 Pat, Authorp 1316 Ipm, 1202 Ass, Hasewrtheshurn 1209-19 WellsR, Aswardhyrne 1265 1354, 1371 Pat, 1402 FA, Haugthorp' 1327, Hauthorp' 1332 SR Misc, 1332 SR 135/15, Asewardthyrne, Asewardthirn' 1275 RH, 135/10, 15, Athorp 1359 Ipm.1 Asewardhirn' 1275 RH, 1327 SR 135/10. - ON Asvaror, ODa Aswarth, Os ward pn and ON pyrnir 'thorn'; v. Lindkvist 175 f., Beltisloe wap. 1 In the SW. part of the comity, S. of Winnibriggs and Threo wap, and IPN 87. - The viI. of ASWARBY in the south-west of the wapen­ W. of Aveland and Ness waps, including in the east the pars of Lenton, take is no doubt named from the same man; cf. IPN I. c.; it is: Keisby, Irnham, Edenham, Toft and Lound, Manthorpe, Witham on the Wardebi 1086 LiDB, Aswardebi 1086 LiDB, Hy2 (14) Bardney Hill, Careby I)-nd Aunby. 61d, Aswardbi 1212 Fees, Assewartheby c. 1219 WellsR, Aswarby Belteslau 1086 LiDB, 1200 SR 242/113, 1212 Fees, Belteslau'e 1242 Gross, Assewardeb' 1253 Cl, Aswardeby 1254 Norwich, 1086 LiDB, 1202 Ass, 1240 Gross, 1275 RH, 1288 Ipm, 1360 Pat, 2 1263 Grav. 1428 FA, Belteslawewap' 1168, 1195, Belteslewap' 1170, Beltele­ wap' 1175, Belteslawawapentacu1n 1178, 1193, Belteslaw'hund­ Aveland wap. redum 1181 P, Balteslawe 1185 Rot Dom, Beltislowe 1242 Fees, S. of Aswardhurn wap and E. of Winnibriggs and Threo wap, bordering Belthislowe 1265 ~fisc, Belteslauhe 1268 BM, Beltislawe 1277 in the east on the Parts of Holland and in the south on Ness wap, extending southwards as far as Bourne (inelusive). Grav, Beliteslawe 1316 FA, Belteslowe 1327 SR 135/10. - The first eI. may be an OE pn "'Belt or the like; cf. Beltinge PNing 159. Am;lunt 1086 LiDB, Auelun 1130, 1162, Auelundwapentac Second eI. OE hlaw 'hill, mound,.2 1163, 1180, 1193, Hauelundwap' 1170, Auelund'wap' 1175 P, Auelund' 1200 SR 242/113, 1226---8 Fees, Avelund 1202 Ass, Ness wap. 1212 Fees, 1240 Gross, 1254 Norwich, 1287 Ipm, 1316 FA, The southernmost part of Kesteven on the Welland and the Northamp­ Avalund' 1223 WellsR, Avelound 1276 RH, Auelound' 1327 SR tonshire border, including the pars of Carlby, Braeeborough, Wilsthorpe 135/10, Avelond 1428 FA. - The wapentake is named from the and Thurlby in the north. AVELAND, a moated site c. 1 m. W. of Aslackby village; cl. LiDB Nesse 1086 LiDB, 1185 Rot Dom, 1202 Ass, 1226-8 Fees, p. XLVIII. It is said that, till about 150 years ago, the Sessions 1265 Mise, 1288 Ipm, 1316 FA, 1332 SR 135/15, 1402 FA, Neswap' opened there and were then adjourned to the market town of 1168, 1189 P, Nes 1212, Ness 1219 Fees, le Nessee 1277 Mise. Folkingham (kindly communicated by the Rev. Canon C. W. - ON nes 'headland'. Streatfeild (p. 194) thinks the wapentake Foster). - OSw, ODa Ave pn (Bugge), and ON lundr 'grove'. was so named from projecting into the fen-land to the east; cl. Nassaborough below p. 114.

1 The Pipe roll forms in -ch-, -k- are due to the substitution of -ch- for -h- (-ch- might also be for -th-), and of -k- for -ch- in the process of copying Holland. this entry from one roll on to another; the -k- was later also introduced Skirbeck wap. into entries relating to new pleas. The northern portion of the Parts of Holland, N. of the Witham. • The Rev. Canon C. W. Foster suggests that Aswardhurn may be identical with Mount Plantation, a moated enclosure, 3 m. NE. of Aswarby, 1 The forms from BM, Ipm, FA and Pat are wrongly indexed under which is referred to as: (super) ilium montem qui voeatur Pinghon (for -hou) Hawthorpe (in Irnham); for this name see above p. 51 note. juxta Caldmarham c. 1150-uO Genealogist N.S. XVI 77, and aeeordingly • The site of the place is unknown but in the 13th century the court an old meeting-place; cf. Lincoln Record Soc. vo!. 17 p. L; vo!. 19 p. LXI. for the hundred was held at Corby (cf. RH I, f. 262 b.). J

1 The English Hundred-Names 63 62 O. S. Anderson l In Domesday this wapentake is called Ulmerestig wap, named Elleho 1086 LiDB, 1168 P, 1202 Ass, E1neho 1158, E1no :159, E1ho 1160, 1188 (-wapentacum), Hellowapentacum 1195 P, Hellov ) from WOLMERSTY, a lost place in Wrangle par (v. LiDB p. LXXI): Wu1meresti (p) 1185 P, Wlmeresti late 12th (14) Goxhill 142, 1200 SR 242/113, Hellog', Hello 1202 Ass, Ellou 1212 Fees, 1275 1206 Ass, Wolmeresti (p) 1200 Cur, 1202 Ass, W1maresti (p) RH, E1hou 1242 Fees, Hellohu 1265 "Mise, Ellowe 1266 Pat, 1316 1202, Wlmerstig, W1mol'stig' 1206 Ass (p), Wu1mersti 1206 Ass (p), FA, 1327 SR 135/14. - OE Ella pn and hOh 'spur of land'; cf. Ekwall StNPh II 35. The name is preserved in ELLOE Stone, 1311 Pat, Wolrnal'esty 1225 FF, Wulmeresty 1242 FF, 1254 Cl, Wu1mersty 1250 FF, 1276 RH, Wolmersty 1275 RH, 1329 Pat, at a cross-road 3 m.W. of Holbeach, near the boundary of Walm'sty 1276 RH, Wolmaresti (p) 1282 AD IV; probably from Moulton and Whaplode pars; v. Lincolnshire Notes and Queries vol. I pp. 141-4. OE Wulfmer pn and stig; cf. Bjorkman NP 166 note 2. An OE *wu1f-mere-stig 'wolf-pool path' is also possible. Norfolk.

Scirebech Wap' 1168, 1188 P, Schirebech wapentak' 1185 Rot Norfolk differs from the counties already dealt with in being originally Dam, Schirbec lVapentac 1202 Ass, Wapentacum de Scirbec 1242 divided into hundreds, not into wapentakes. There is no trace of the latter Fees, wap of Skirbeck 1265 Misc, Skirebek wapentak' 1275 RH, division in the East Anglian counties, though these also belonged to the Wapentach' de Skyrbeck' 1332 SR 135/14. Danelaw. The division found in the south of England was here adopted or retained. There are now 32 hundreds in Norfolk, all of which are mentioned The wapentake is named from the viI. of SKIRBJ;:CK, SE. of Boston: in Domesday. Two additional hun~eds are mentioned in Domesday, viz. Schirebec 1086 LiDB, 1188 P (p), R I Cur, 1238 Gross, Scirebec 1086 LiDB, those of Docking and Winfarthing, for which see further below. The 1189 (1308) Ch, 1212 Fees, 1237 Cl, Scirbec late Hy2 DC (p), 1200 Cur, Skir­ hundred-boundaries are the same now as in 1086, with exception of the bek c. 1200 (1411) Gilb, Skirebec 1202 FF, Sirebec 1202 Ass, Skirbec 1210 boundaries of some of the hundreds of the north-western part of the county. FF, Skirebeck 1254 Norwich. I The hundreds are as a rule compact; they are comparatively small in Most likely from ON skirr and bekkr 'clear stream'. area in the east, but they grow in size towards the west and south-west, in the parts adjoining the fen dist.rict. In the north and east of the county Kirton wap. the general arrangement is: one row of hundreds along the coast and one 1 The part of Holland that lies between the Witham and the Welland, on either side of the rivers Yare and Wensum, which form hundred-boun­ including Gosberton, Surfleet and Fosdyke in the south. daries for almost all their lengths. In the west there is no such general Chirchetone wap 1086 LiDB, Cerchetone Wapentac 1130, arrangement, though the hundreds are partly divided by rivers and heath­ land. - In a fragmentary survey dating from the middle of the eleventh K'irketon' Wap' 116S P, Chircheton' Wapentak' 1185 Rot Dam, century 1 there appears a list of some other hundreds, which have not been Kierketon'wapentacum 1197 P, Kirketon' Wapentacum 1202 Ass, found in later sources. They are seven in number and are localised in the Kirketun wapentacum 1212 Fees, wap of Kirketon 1265 Misc, northern part of the present Freebridge-Marshland hd, and their extent was 1275 RH, 1316 FA. consequently of a quite different order from that of the present Norfolk The wapentake is named from the viI. of KIRTON IN HOLLAND, 3 m. S. of hundreds. As they cannot be brought into line with the Domesday hundreds, Boston: Chirchetune, Cherchetune 1086 LiDB, Kirketon' 1170 P, 1202 Ass, they are best mentioned here. They are: Elsington hundred, Spelhoge hundred, In hundred, Fuwelege hundred, JErnehogo hundred, Clencware 1237 Cl, Kirketon' in Hoyland' 1209~35 WellsR, Kirketon in Holand 1268 hundred, Lynware hundred. The first two of these names are identified Pat. by Dr Douglas with ISLINGTON' (Tilney cum Islington par) and SPELLOW Most likely a Scandinavianised form of an OE *cirictiln 'churCh FIELDS (6"'; in the north part of Tilney All Saints par).' The last two are village'; cf. Kirkham PNLa 152; Peakirk Np IPN 66, PNNp 241; PPN 34 f. 1 Printed by D. C. Douglas, ERR 43, 381 ff. (The MS seems to date from the 11th century), ElJoe wap. • llsinghetuna, Ilsinghatuna 1086 DB, llsingtune 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, In the SE. part of the county on the Norfolk border, S. of the Wash Ilsington 1196 FFP. K. and E. of Kirton wap. , Spelhohe 13 Lewes Cartulary f. 269 (kindly communicated by Dr O. 64 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names 65 clearly connected with CLENCIIWARTON and LYNN! The remaining three are Fredebrvge If' et dim', H' et dim' de Fredrebruge, H' de Fridre­ unidentified. Dr Douglas suggests that these hundreds are a Norfolk coun­ bruge (1), Fredreburge 1 H' et dim' (1), H' et dim' de Fredrebruga terpart to the system of small hundreds found in Lincolnshire and in some other counties of the northern Danelaw. It should be noted, however, that (1), Pridebruge 11' (1) 10R6 DB, Fridebriqge }wn' et dim' 1086 these Norfolk hundreds have names different from those of the Lincoln­ (c. 1180) lE, Fridebrygge Hundret 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, shire hundreds. These latter are invariably named from a vill in the hundred, Fredebruge Hy I (1327) Pat, Fredebr'/mnd' 1156, Freoebr'hdr' and many of them have Scandinavian names. Of the Norfolk names in I 1160, 1166, Freoebrigehdr' et dim' 1168, Fredebriggehundredum question, on the other hand, two are old names of districts, and one, Spel­ et dimidium 1183, Fredebregg'hundredurn 1195 P, Frethebrigg' hoge, is a typical name of a meeting-place. Fuwelege (probably OE fugol 'bird', and leah) and /Ernehogo (OE *earna-hOh, 'eagles' hill') may also be 1199 Fees, 1206 Cur, 1208 Ass 558 m 2, Frethebrig' J Ass 55\) names of meeting-places. (In is more uncertain: OE 'inn 'dwelling, house'?). m 1, 1220 Fees (in hoc hundredo et dimidio), 121)8 Ass 569A m - This in my opinion makes Dr Douglas's conclusion somewhat doubt­ 32 (Hundr' et dimid'), Prethebrigge 1219 Fees, 1306 Ipm, Frethe­ ful.2 brug 1244 Lib, Frethebruge. Frithebruf] 1250 Ass 562 m 24 f., Frethebrig 1265 Mise, Frethebrigg 1273 Ipm, 1316 FA, Hundr' et Freebridge hll. dirnid' de Frethebregg' 1286 Ass 573 m Id, Frythbrugg 1295 Pat, A comparatively large district in the western part of the county, on Frethbrigg 1302 FA, Frethebrugge 1306 Cl, Frethbrigg' 1332 SR both sides of the Ouse. It is divided into Freebridge-Lynn and Freebridge­ Marshland, the latter part including the district west of the Ouse extending 149/9, Frebrigge 1428 FA. - The first el. of the name may be southwards as far as Emneth and Wiggenhall St Mary (inclusive), the for­ identical with that of FREEBY Le (Fredebi 1086 DB, Fredebia 1124 mer that east of the Ouse bordering in the south on Clackclose hd, from -9 LeS, Fretheby 1227 Ch, 1265 Pat, Fritheby 1322 Cl; cL perhaps which it is divided by the river Nar, including in the east the pars of also FREETHoRPE.Nf: Infrietorp 1086 DB, Frethorp 1234 FF, 1286 Castle Acre, Gt and Lt Massingham and Harpley bordering on Launditch Cl), which is supposed by Dr Smith (PNNR 50) to be ODa Frithi and Gallow hds, and in the north those of Anmer, Dersingham and Wolferton bordering on Smithdon hd. In Domesday it is also made to include Snettis­ pn; but English origin is also possible. In that case the most ham, now in Smithdon hd. It counted as a hundred and a half. likely connection would seem to be with OE fripu, freopu 'peace, protection'; the meaning of such a compound offers difficulties, Schram), Spellowe 1293, Spelhowe 1302, Spelhogh, Spelhouwe 1310 FF(p) but it may be suggested that the name refers tu a bridge put from OE *spell-hoh 'speech-hill'; cf. Spelhoe hd Np infra p. 122. under protection for the holding of the hundred-court. Connection 1 Ecleuuartuna 1086 DB, Clenchewarton' 1190 FFP, Clencwarton' 1205 with OE fyrhp, fyrp 'frith, wood' is also possible theoretically. Cur, Clenchwarton 1209 FF, Chlenswartone 1210-12 RBE, Clenchewardeton but seems more doubtfu1. 2 1228 FF, Clenchewartun' 1236 Cl, which seems to be a compound of an OE element *clenc, probably to be connected with ModE clench, clinch, OE Smithdon hd. clencan (cf. Linscott PNDv 121), OE ware 'inhabitants' and tun. The On the coast, E. of the Wash, N. of Freebridge hd and ,W. of Gallow hundred-name was formed before the original meaning of Clencware had and Brothercross hds, including in the east the pars of Gt Bircham, Birc­ been lost. LynU'are is formed in a similar way from the name of LYNN: ham Torts, Barwick, Stanhoe, Docking and Brancaster. Lena, Lun 1086 DB, Lenn 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Lynna 1103-6?, Linna In 1086 the eastern part of Smithdon hd seems to have formed 1136---45 BM (copies), Luna 1121 AC, Lenna 1167, Len 1177 P. a separate hundred called: Il' de Dochinge, Dochinga, Dokinga, • Some other hundred-names of various kinds are mentioned now and Dechinga then in early sources: hundredum de Kaustun (Cawston) 1222 Pat is identi­ 1086 DB, which has not been found after Domesday. fied with S. Erpingham hd, but the reason for the name is not clear. The 1 The second r is written above the d. same applies to the hd of Plumpstede 1341 Ipm (= Blofield hd ?). The hd 2 The last alternative might seem to gain support from the OCCurrence of of Walpol 1331 Ipm may be an instance of the term hundred applied to a several FRITH Fields (6") in Tilney All Saints par, in the western part of manorial court (cf. Intr. p. XX). Keteringehamhundredum 1193 P is pro­ the hundred (del Frio 1170 P, Frid (p) 1197 FF, Frith' (p) 1199 Cur 1,1228 FF, bably a scribal error for Keteringeham owing to the preceding Sud-, Fridh (p) 1200 FF, del Frith' 1205, in Frith' 1207 Cur, del Frith 1250 Ass Nordherpingehamhundredum. 562 m 25), but the early forms of the two names do not agree, and it is probably a mere coincidence. 5 ~ I

66 O. S. Anclerson The English Hundred-Names 61

It is named from the village of DOCKING, for which see PNing 76. GalgoD, Galhou, Gi1hov (1) 1086 DB, (;-a1ehohdr' 1158, Galho - Smithdon hd is: S-metheduna, 11etheduna (1), S-mezeduna (1), hdr' 1168, 1196, Ga1eehhohdr' 1109 P, Galeho 1185 Rot Dom, 1219 Smeteduna (1), Smethetuna (1) 1086 DB, Smethedune Hy I (1327) Fees, 1250, 1282 Ass 562 m 14, 570 m 2d, Galehohundredum 1195, Pat, Smeoedun'hdr' 1168, Smeoedenehdr' 1170, Smeoedon'hdr' Galewhohundredwn 11\:17 P, Ga1ehog' 1220 Fees, 1275 RH, Gale­ 1172, 1177 P, Smethedon' 1208 Ass 558 m 1, 1220 Fees, Smededon' hOll) 1235 Ass 1173 m 7d, 1295 Pat, 1428 FA, Galehowe 1265 Mise, J Ass 559 m 1, Smethedun' 1212 Fees, 1243 Cl, Smethedun 1265 1302 FA, Galeghowe 1316 FA, Ga1hou 1319 Cl, Galhowe 1329 Mise, Smethedon 1275 RH, 1320 Pat, Smeddune 1284 Ipm, Smedon SR 149/7, Gallou'e 1394 Ch. - First el. OE g(e)alga or ON galgi 1295 Pat, Smethdone 1302 FA, Smethdon 1359 Pat, 1593 BM, (OSw ga1ghe, ODa galie); second el. OE hoh or ON haugr, 'gallows Smythedon 1486 Ipm, Smythdon 1535 YE. - OE smede and dun hill'. The place has not been identified with certainty, but Blome­

'smooth down'. field 1 notes a place called Galehoges 1312-3 in 'Dunton field', The site of the place from which the hundred is named is lost; but to which he thinks may have given name to the hundred. judge from the entry: (Robertus de Monte Alto implacitat Robertum atte Stone et XV alios per eo quod ceperunt wreccum maris) apud Smetheton, North ~reenoe M. Hecham et Hunstanston infra hundredum SUUln de Smetheton ... 1318 Abbr, On the coast, E. of Brothercross, N. 01 Gallow and W. 01 Holt hds, in­ it may be somewhere on the coast, near Heacham amI Hunstanton. chIding in the east the pars of Stilfkey, Cockthorpe, Binham, Field Dalling and Hindringham, and in the south those of Barney, Thursford, Gt Snoring, Brotbercross bd. Gallow hd. Houghton St Gill'S and Egmere. These two hundreds are E. 'tIf Smithdon hd. Brothercross hd consists Grenehov, Grenehoga, Grenaho!la (1), Greneov (1) 1086 DB;, of a small district on the coast, including the pars of Burnham Deepdale, Burnham Norton, Burnham Overy, Burnham ThOrPe, Burnham Market, N. Northgrenehohundredum 1183, Nordgrenehohundredum 1185, 1188 and S. Creake and Waterden. Gallow hd is S. of Brothercross and N. P, North Greneho 119tl Fees, Northgrenesho 1208 Ass 558 m 2, Greenoe hds, extending eastwards as far as Fulmodeston and Stibbard Northgreneho 1212 Fees, 1257 Ass 568 m 28, 1337 Cl, Norgreneho (inclusive) and southwards as far as Gt and Lt Ryburgh, Testerton, Pud­ 1226-8 Fees, Northgrenhou 1266 Pat, Northgrenehog' 1275 RH, ding Norton, Toftrees and K, S. and W. Rainham (inclusive). In Domes­ Northgrenehowe 1287 Ipm, 1302 FA, North Grenehowe 1316 FA, day the joint area of the two hundreds was the same as now (Saxlingham, 2 now in Holt hd, seems to have been included in Gallow hd), but it was divi­ Northgrenhoo 1352 Pat. - ON gr(Enn, OSw gran and ON haugr ded between them in a different manner. Brothercross hd seems to have 'green hill', v. IPN 87, but derivation from OE grene and hoh included almost all the western part of the modern Gallow hd, the boundary 'spur of land' seems also possible. North in distinction from S. between them being for some distance the Wensum, whereas the .latter Grecnhoe below p. 74. -- The meeting-place of the hundred may hundred included the eastern part of the modern Brothercross hd, exten­ have been at Grel1ehowhyll (Wighton par) 1470 Binham Cartulary ding northwards to the coast. In VHNf (ll 5) it is suggested that they were 3 so arranged 'to give each hundred a proportion of salt-marsh for its sheep'. f. 130b. The two hundreds are often mentioned together, and in 1373 Cl they are Holt bd. treated as one hundred called the hd of Galowebrothyrcros. Brodereros, Brodeseros, Brodeeros (1), Dros eros (1) 1086 DB, On the coast between N. Greenoe hd to the west, N. and S. ErPingham hds to the east and Eynsford hd to the south, including in the east the pars Brodeerose (var. Brodrecrose Hamilton) 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Brode­ of Weybourne. Bodham, IJempstead and Edgefield and in the south those of eros 1130, 1230 (var. Brodereros), Brooereros 1168, 1185, Broder· Briston, Melton Constable and Swanton Novers. croshundredum 1190 P, Brod'ereseros 1199 Fees, Brothereros 1212, 1220 Fees, 1250 Ass 562 m 14d, 1265 Misc, 1295 Pat, 1347 Ipm, 1 Francis Blomefield, History of Norfolk, 1805---9, vol. VII p. 2; Dun· 1428 FA, Brotheeros' 1219 Fees, Brother Croz 1242 P, Brothere(s)­ ton is in Brothercross hd in DB. eros 1275 RH, Brothereors 1361 Pat. - First el. a pn correspon­ • The hundred was appurtenant to Wighton manor and is sometimes called the hd of Wighton, as in 1223 Cl. ding to OSw Brodher, ODa Brother (Bjorkman NP 30, ZEN 27); 3 Kindly communicated by Dr O. K. Schram. second el. ON kross 'cross'. The site of the cross is unknown. 68 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 69 H' de Holt 1086 DB, hdr' 1163,' Holthdr' 1168, 1188, 1195 Ho The first eI. of the name is derived by Professor EkwalI from P, hundredum de Holt' 1201 Cur, Hundr' de Holt 1250 Ass 562 a short form of OE names like EOl'p1Veald, Eorpwine (PNing 136; m 15d, 1261 Ipm, 1275 RH, 1304 Cl, 1346, 1428 FA, hundr' de cf. also IPN 172), Second eI. OE Mim 'home', Haut 1275 RH, 1290 Mise. The hundred is namcd from the town of HOLT, near its ccntre, where '!'unstead hll. its meeting-place may have been': Halt 1086 DB, 1242 Fees, 1287 Ipm, A narrow, irregular district between N. and S. Erpingham hds on the 1316 Cl, Holte 1203 FF, IIout 1205 Cl, 1236? Fees, HouU 1254 Norwich, Holt west and Happing hd on the east, extending from the river Bure northwards Market 1321 FF. to the coast, bounded on the east by the river Ant. OE holt 'a wood'. hundreduTn de Tunstede 1044-7 (lB) KeD 785 (spurious), North antI South Erpingham hds. Ton(e)steda H', l'unesteda H', H' Stunetada (1) 1086 DB, Tunste­ E. of Halt and Eynsford hds. The former is on the coast, extending de hundred 1101-7 (13) BH, 1177 P, Tunstedahundredum 1193 P, southwards as far as Plumstead, Matlask, Aldborough, Thurgarton, Han­ Hltndr' de TunstaZZ' J Ass 559 III 1d, hundredum de Tunstede worth, Gunton, Suffield and Antingham (inclusive) and eastwards as far 1206 Cur, 1302 FA, !lundr' de Tunsted 1250 Ass 562 m 19d, 1316 as Trunch, Knapton and Mundesley (inclusive). The latter includes a di­ FA, hd of Thunstede 1265 Mise, hundr' de Thunsted' 1268 Ass strict S. of these parishes, round Aylsham, on the upper Bure, including 569A m 20, hd of Tonstede 1295 Pat. the pars of Heydon, Cawston, Hevingham, Rtratton Strawless, Buxton, The hundred is named from the village of TUNsTEAD, 5 m. S. of N. Hautbois, Lamas, Coltishall, Bclaugh, Scottow, Swanton Abbot, Skeyton, Walsham: Tunesteda 1086 DB, Tunstede 1185 Rot Dom, 1233 Cl, 1254 Nor­ Tuttington and the pars N. of these. wich, 1272 Ipm, Tunsteda 1187 P, Tunsted 1199 FF, 1262 Pat, TOl1stude Erp'ingeham Nort(h) H', North- Norterpingeham H', Erpingaham 1236 Fees, Tansted 1275 RH, Tonsted 1361 Cl! nort (Nord) H', Erpinham North Hvndret (1), Erpincham nord OE tilnstede 'farmstead'. Hund' (2) 1086 DB, Nonlherpingehamhundrcdum 1193 P, Norther­ pingham 1212 Fees, 1265 Mise, 1302 FA, Northerpingeh' 1219 Happing M. Fees, Northerpingeham 1257 Ass 568 m 26, Northerpyneham 1302 On the coast, E. of Tunstead hd and the river Ant and N. of W. Flegg FA. - Erpincham Svd 11', £rpincham s'vd H', Svderpincham, hd, from which it is separated by the Thurne R., called Hundred Stream in its upper part. Between the Ant and the Thume the boundary is formed by Sud Herpincham, Erpingaham Svd, Erpingeham Suth', Sud Her­ a Hundred Dike. On the north it includes the pars of E. TInston and pingeham 1086 DB, Suterpingehamhdr' 1168, Sudherpingeham­ Walcolt. hundredum 1188, 1193, Suderpingehamhundredum 1191 P, and Hapincha, Hapill,qa 1086 DB, Happinygehundred Stephen further forms corresponding to those of N. Erpingham. (l3) Mon III 88, Hapinyeh' 1156, llappinyehdr' 1168, 1177 P, The hundreds are named from the village of ERPINGHAM, just S. of the Happing' 1168, 1195 P, 1212 Fees, 1268 Ass 569A m 27, 1275 RH, boundary-line that divides them: Erpingham 1044-7 (13) KCD 783 (spu­ 1332 SR 149/9, Hundredum de Happinges 1185 Rot Dom, 1266 rious), Erpincham, llerpincham 1086 DB, Arpingeham (p) 1177 P, Herping­ ham 1185 Rot Dam, Erpingham 1200 Cur, 1210-12 RBE, 1242 Fees, 1234 Pat, Hundredum de Happi'ges 1230 P, Happing 1265 Mise, 1302 Norwich, Erpingeham (p) 1201 FF, Arpyngham 1545 AD V. Fine, hundr' de Happingges 1286 QW, lIappinge 1250 Ass 562 ill 27, Happyng 1302 FA. - OE *ha?ppingas derived by Professor 1 The entry runs in full: Ricardus Vetulll XXIIII s. numero per breve Ekwall (PNing 77) from a pn related to OHG Heppo, and probably Regis in Sochemannis de Ho hdr'. It is copied on the roll of each following to OE gehcpp 'fit', The same person no doubt gave name to the year at least up to 1242, but by a scribal error H6 hdr' became Hiidr' on the roll for A.D. 1172, and on the roll for 1190 cum was substituted for de. viI. of HAPPISHURCiH in this hundred: Hapesburc 1086 DB, Hapes­ The identity is proved by an entry on the Rotuli de dominabus (1185), viz.: 1 Rye (Hundred Courts ... in ::"orfolk. ::"orwich 1920, p. 33) thinks that Ricardus Vet[ule] ... habet in hundredo de Halt XXIIII s. de redditu quos the meeting-place of this hundred was at the Hundred Hill on Bradfield pater suus habuit ex don0 Regis (Rot Darn 56). Common, but as the hill is 'on the very extreme boundary of Tunstead and • In 1203 FF there is a reference to a place caned Thinghou in Halt, N. Erpingham hundreds', it is more likely to mark the boundary of the which may refer to the meeting-place of the hundred (kindly communicated hundred than its meeting-place. by Dr O. K. Schram). 71 70 O. S. Andersoll The English Hundred·Name8 burg Hy I ~lon HI 330, Apesburga Stephen France, Hapebllre, outside Flegg hd. Cf. also: (locus qui vocatur) Fleggisdam 1303 Happesburc 1208 Ass 558 rnlI, Happesburg 1229 Pat. Abbr (in Wroxham), Stephanus Atteffleg' de Wyrham (Wereham) 1323 Abbr. East and West Flegg bds. The district S. of the river Thurne, E. andN. of the Bure. There is a WaJsham M. natural boundary between the two hundreds formed by the broads (Filby A narrow, straggling district between the Yare and the Bure, including Broad, Rollesby Broad, and Ormesby Broad) and marshland. the par of Woodbastwick in the north-west and in the west, bordering on East (Est) H' de Flee, Easttlee Ht/nil' 108G DB, Esttleggehdr' Blofield hd, the pars of Remblington, Beighton and Moulton St Mary. 1175 P, Fleg' 1212 Fees, Esttleg' 121\-) Fees, 1268 Ass 569A m 28, H' Walessam, Walesham llund', Walesam H' (1), II' de Wa­ 1275 RH, 1303 SR 149/1, Esttleg 1250 Ass 562 m 27d, 1265 Mise, lassam (1) 1086 DB, Walesham/ulr' 1168, 1180 P, Walesham 1302 FA, Esttlegg 1302 Fine, 1346 FA, Est Fleg 1310 Mise, 1428 1199, 1220 Fees, Hundr' de Walesham 1235 Ass 1173 m 7d, 1266 FA, Esttlegg' 1329, 1332 SR 149/7, 9, Esttlege 1334 Fine, Esttlegge Pat, 1286 Ass 573 ID 49, Hundr' de Walsham 1275 RH, 1302 FA, 1361 BM. - Flee rVest H', Flecwest H' 1086 DB, Westtleghund­ 1313 Cl, 14:?8 FA. redum 1183, 1193, hundredum de Westtleg 1195 P, and further The hundred is named from the viI. of SOUTH W ALSHA~I, 3 m. NW. of forms corresponding to those of E. Flegg. - The two hundreds Acle: Suowalsham 1044-7 (13) KCD 785 (spurious), Walesam, Walessam, Walsam, Walassam 1086 DB, Walesham 1086 DB, 114&.-9 (13) BH, 1166 probably once formed a whole (see Intr. p. XLIII). In 1168 P they RBE, 1203 Cur, 1250 Ass 562 m 20, Suthwalesham 1141-9 BH, 1227 Pat; ­ are referred to as 1/ hd," de Fleg, and they form one deanery cl. also NORTH WALSHAM (Tunstead hd): Norowalsham 1044-7 KCD 785, (Deeanatus de Fleg 1254 Norwich). Walsam 1086 DB, Norwalesham 1169 P, 1199 FF, North Walesharn 1196 FF, 'Flegg' is also often added to PNs as: Stikisby Flech 1275 RH, Stokesby 1235 Ass 1173 m 7d, Norhwalesham 1213 Pat; and WALsIlAM-le-WILLoWS Sf: in Fleg' 1319 Cl (Stokesby); Burg in Fleg 1286 FF, Burgh in Fleg 1305 FF, Walesam, Walsam 1086 DB, Uualsham 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Walesham 1342 BM, 1378 AD IV, Burgh in Flegg 1307 Cl, 1369 FF, Borgh in Flek 1371 1166 RBE, 1236 Fees, Walesham' 1185 Rot Dom, Walsham 1254 Norwich, Pat (Burgh SI, !lfargaret or Flegg Burgh: Flegburg 1232 FF); Ecles in Fleg 1282 Cl. 1294 Cl (Eccles, Rapping hd); Castre in Fleg 1311 FF, 1323 AD IV (Caister); OE *Wales Mm from OE w(e)alh 'serf, foreigner, Briton'; or OE 111alteby in Fleg 1332 FF (Mautby); Reppes in Fleg.q' 1333 Inq aqd, Reppys W(e)alh pn (Redin 8), and OE Mm 'homestead'. in Fleg 1448 FF (Repps); Heringby in Fleg 1362 Cl (Rerringby); Askeby in Fleg 1379 FF (Ashby) etc. - Also in pns: Nicholas de Fleg 1172 P, Simon Blofield M. de Fleeg' 1196 Cur, Henricus de Fleg 1199 Fees, de Flee (Fleg) 1200 Cur etc. N. of the Yare, W. and S. of Walsham hd, extending from Norwich The name is probably identical with the word ftlegge (idem City in the west to Freethorpe and Limpenhoe (inclusive) in the east. quod segge) recorded in the Promptorium Parvulorum/ here used Blate/da H', Blawetelle H' (1), Blastevda H' (1) 1086 DB, of marshy land Qvergrown with flags. 'I'his is no doubt to be Blatelde Hundret 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Blatelda c. 1129-33 identified with ModDa theg, a name applied to various kinds of BM, Blateld hundr' 115t3, Bladteld' 1168, Bladteldhdr' 1189 P, water-plants, chiefly such with broad, sword-like leaves. - Dr Blateld 1212 Fees, 1265 ::\lIisc, 1311 Fine, Blateld' 1220 Fees, Bla­ Schram would take the name to refer to the marsh on Flcgg Burgh teud 1254 Norwich (decanatus), 1275 RH, Blauteud 1275 RH, Common, S. of Burgh St. Margaret, which might have been the Bloyfeld' 1286 Ass 573 m 40d, Blauteld 1302 Fine, Bloteld 1302 meeting-place of the district, but I think it is more likely a name FA, 1330 Ipm, 1428 FA, Blonteld (for Blou-) 1303 Cl. applied originally to the whole district. This seems to be suggested The hundred is named from the viI. of BLoFIELD, or both are named by the numerous places that are said to be 'in Flegg'. The district from the same 'field' probably the heath N. of Blofield: Blauuetelda, Bla­ is referred to in: (in) regione qU(E dieitur Flee 1014? (c. 1100) telda 1086 DB, Bladteld Hy2 (1306) Mon IV 17, 1193 pep), Blateld 1199 FF, 1212 Fees, 1252 Ch, Blatteld,' 12iiO Fees, Bloteld 1286 FF, Blowfeild MemStEdm. If the reference to EGles in Fleg given above is 1621 BM. trustworthy, there would seem to have been a district so called

1 As kindly pointed out by Di' O. K. Schram. 72 O. S. Ancterson The English Hundred·Names 78

The first el. is probably an OE "'parish and seat, Gm. NW. of 1257 Ass 568 m 7d, Laundiz 1268 Ass 569A m 33, 1275 RH, 1293, Norwich on the Wensum: Tauerham, Tauresham 108B DB, Taverham Wm2 1305 Ipm, Laundieh' 1268 Ass 569A m 11, 1329 SR 149/7, Landizeh' (1806) Ch, 1199 FF, 1210" Cur (p), 1225 Pat, 1242 Fees, 1254 Norwich, 1292 Ch, 1814 AD II, 1319 Cl, 1il24 tpm, 1355 BM, Taucrham (p) 1168 P, Thaverham 1275 RH, Landieh 1286 QW, Lallndich 1295 Pat, 1316 FA, Laundyz 1272 Ipm, 1291 Tax, 1321 Ipm. 1302 FA, 1332 SR 149/9, Laundych 1428 FA, Laundish 1151 Ipm, The first el. is perhaps OE teator 'red lead, tiver' (on which Lawndieh 1593 B.M.- The hundred-name is the old name of the see Forster AB 34, 100 ff.); cf. Tceaterseeat KCD 721; and Fager­ Devil's Dyke (in Lawendieh and Diewude 1203 FF), in the western sten 230 s. n. Evershot. The place is N. of the river between two boundary of LONGHAM par, 'where at the crossing of it by the Nor­ marked bends, and the second el. is no doubt OE hamm: 'river­ wich road the hundred was anciently kept' (Blomefield, op. cit. IX bend where red lead is found'? p. 456). Longham is: La Wingham 1086 DB, Lawingh' 1200 Cur, Eynsforll bd. Laningham (for Lau-) 1242 Fees, Langeharn 1250 Ass 562 m 1, Mainly N. of the Wensum and W. of Taverham and S. Erpingham hds. Laungham 12(i8 Ass 569A m 10, Lavyngham 1300 Ch. - The first To the south of the Wensum it includes the pars of Ringland, Morton on el. of the hundred·name is explained by Professor Ekwall (PNing the Hill, Weston Longville, Lyng and Elsing. It is bounded on the west by 138) from OE *Liiwa pn, the first el. of Longham being derived the Wensum, which separates it from Launditch hd, and by Gallow hd. from the same name (*Uiwan die, "'

1181, 1188, 1191, Einestorthll1lndredum 1180, Amesfordhundredum 1 According to Blomefield (op. cil. VIII 182, cf. also p. 248) the hundred (for Aines-) 1185, -iEinest07'd'hundredum 1186 P, Einetord' 1185 was 'so called from some ford over the riyer Eyn, which was (as is said) Rot Dom, 1199 Fees, Einestord' 1208 Ass 558 ID 8, Eynestord' at Repeham'. This is apparently the stream running E. of Reepham. Unless it. is an antiquary's invention, the llame may furnish a clue to the site of the

1 Found according to NED in haui-blauum (Erfurt Gloss. 1152), glossing ford. blat(t)a, pigmentum. 74 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Kames 75

South Greenhoe hd. ODa Klakki pn and OE hlose 'pig-sty', though clacces wadlond The district round Swaffham, S. of Launditch hd and the Nar, including 744 (11) BCS 216 ' may point to the existence of a native name in the west the pars of Narborough, Swaffham, Cockley Cley, Caldecote *Clacc-. - According to the court-rolls of the hundred for A.D. and Oxboroagh bordering on Clackclose hd, in the south those of Foulden, Didlington, Langford and Bodney bordering on Grimshoe hd, from which 1294, its courts were then sometimes held at Clakhose (AuIt 155). it is partly separated by the river Wissey, and in the east those of Gt and Blomefield says (op. eit. VII, 268) that the place, which he call., Lt Cressingham, N. and S. Pickenham, Houghton on the Hill, Holme Hale Clackclose-hill, was on the common at Stradsett.' and E. and W. Bradenham bordering on Wayland and Mitford hds. Grenehov, Granahou (1), Greneho (1) 1086 DB, Greneshou Grimshoe lid. (var. Grenehou Hamilton) 1086 (e. 1180) IE, Sudgrenho 1156, In the south of the county, on the Little Ouse R., E. and 8. of Clack­ close and S. Greenhoe hds. It is bounded on the north.by the Wissey and Suthgrenehohdr' 1158, 1166, Suthgrenehogehdr' 1167, Sudgren­ on the east, where it inclulles the pars of Stanford, Sturston and Croxton, hohdr' 1168, Sudgrenehohundl'edum 1185 P, Sudgreneho 1197 P, by Wayland and Shropham hds. 1226--8 Fees, 1268 Ass 569A m 13, Sud Greneho 1199 Fees, Grimes.hou 1086 DB, 1086 (c. 1180) lE, 1199 Fees, 1257 Ass Suthgreneho 1208 Ass 558 m ld, 1219 Fees, Sudgreneho 1218 Cl, 568 m 6, Greneshou (1) 1086 DB, Grimeshohdr' 1158 P, Grimesho Suthgren(e)ho 1250 Ass 562 m 2d, 6d, Suthgrenehowe ib. m 7d, 1212 Fees, 1250 Ass 562 m 4, Grimeshowe 1265 .Mise, 1275 RH, 1305 Ipm, Suthgrenehow 12'95 Pat, South Grenhowe 1346, Suth 1302 FA, 1328 Ipm, Grymeshowe 1268 Ass 569A m 3, 1302 FA, Grenehogh 1428 FA; - v. N. Greenoe above p. 67. According 1341 Cl, Gremmeshowe 1275 RH, Grimeshogh 1291 Mise, Grenehow to B10mefield (op. cit. VI p. 1) it takes its name 'from the green 1295 Pat, Grymysho1De 1310 Ipm, Grymsew 1428 FA. Cf. Edw' hills or tumuli lying by the London road to Swaffham, on de Grimesh6 1166 P (Nf & Sf). -- ODa Grim (OSw Grimber, ON J the heath between (Cockley) Cley and North Pickenham', where Grimr) pn and ON haugr 'mound'.' it used to meet 'even to the last century '" as appears from its old rolls'. Guiltcross Ild. In the south of the county on the Suffolk border, bounded on the north by Shropham hd, from which it is divided by the river Thet. In the east I Clackclose hd. it includes the pars of Banham, Kenninghall and N. and S. Lopham, bor­ Occupies the south-western corner of the county, on both sides of the dering on Diss hd. Between S. Lopham and Bressingham the boundary is Ouse, S. of the Nar and Freebridge hd, W. of S. Greenhoe and Grimshoe formed by a Hundred River (6"). hds. Like the adjoining hd of Freebridge it counted as a hundred and a Gildecros 1086 DB, 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, 1208 Ass 558 half. H' et dim' de Clache(s)losa, Clakeslosa 1086 DB, Clache(s)lose m 2d, 1212 Fees, 1243 Cl, 1250 Ass 562 m 3, 1275 RH, 1295 Pat, hundr' et dim', Clachslose hundr', Lacheslose Hundr' et dim' 1086 1 On the identification of the places mentioned in this charter (E. Ox­ (c. 1180) IE, Clakeclose Hundret 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Clacc­ fordshire) see Ekwall in Germanska namnstudier tillagnade Evald Liden, lose hundredum et dimidium 1109-11 (c. 1350) Rams (Clacclose Uppsala 1932, p. 51 note. c. 1109-15? BM), Clacheclosehundred et dimidium 1129 Rams 2 The hundred is also called hundredum pt dimidium infra Bichamdic, ChI'on, Claclosehundredum et dimidiurn 1130 (c. 1350) Rams e. g. Rams II 75; cf. also seo socne widinnen Bichamdic ... ealle da men . .. in dmt oder halfe hundred 1042-66 KCD 853. - Bichamdic is no doubt an (Clachelosh. 1130? BM), Claccheslosehdr' 1158, Clacchelosehdr' old name of the Devil's Dyke between Beechamwell (Bicham 1086 DB, 1161, Clachelosehdr' 1167, Clakelosehdr' 1168, 1187 P, Clacklos Bichham Welles 1212 Fees, Bichamwell 1230 FF) and Narborough, near the 1189 BM, Clackleshundr' et dimid' 1200 Ch, Clakclos'(for Clake-?) eastern boundary of the hundred. 1200 Cur, Clakeslose 1208 Ass 558 m 1, Clakelose ib. m 2, 1226 • Blomefield sa'jffl (op. cit. II 148) that the hundred met on a large -8 Fees, 1235 Ass 1173 m 6, 1265 Mise, 1286 Ass 573 m 69 tumulus near a 'Danish encampment' (in reality a number of prehistoric flint-mines) called Grime's Graves, 2 m. E. of ,'"eeting (marked on the OS, (Hundr'm et dim' de), .1316 FA, Clakelos' 1212 Fees, Clakkelose also as Grimmers Graves on Bryant's large map of Norfolk, 1826). The 1250 Ass 562 m 21d. - Perhaps a compound of OSw Klakke, interrelation of the two names is somewhat uncertain.

• I

76 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names 77

1302 FA, Gillecros 1086 DB, 1220 Fees, Gildecrose 1086 (c. 1180) identieal with OE sceorp 'dress, apparel', which is also connected lE, Gillecroshdr' 1161, 1177, Gildecroshdr' 1168 P, Gillecros' 1199 with OE sceorpan and screpan by Torp and Holthausen; this word Fees, Gyldecros 1257 Ass 568 m 16, 1286 QW, 1402 BM, Gyldcros may have had some earlier meaning which would admit of its 1265 Misc, 1284 rpm, 1402 FA, GUldecros 1428 FA, Guyldcrosse being used in a PN. The metathesis that would have to be assumed 1535 VE, Gyltcross 1586 D; cf. luo de Gillecrns 1166 P (Nf & Sf). is perhaps not very convineing at first sight, but it may be pointed - Probably OSw Gilde, ODa Gildi pn and ON kross, 'cross'; cf. out that the position of the r is very variable in the words be­ perhaps: (in bosco qui vocatur) Gilderis (in Fornesete et Tacolffis­ longing to this group (cf. Torp 1. e.); some of the earliest forms· tun) 1275 RH (sec. el. ON hris?). may equally well represent [ferp) as [frep), and there is actually some evidence for the form [ferp) in Domesday. Cf. also Zach­ Shropham hd. risson SfMSp rx 133 f. - Seeond el. probably OE ham. N. of Guiltcross hd and E. of Grimshoe hd. It is bounded on the north by WayJand and Forehoe hds and on the east by Depwade hd. It includes Waylantl M. in the north the pars of Hockham, Hockland, Gt Ellingham and Attlebo­ Consists of a district round \Vatton, N. of Shropham hd and E. of rough, and in the east those of Besthol'pe and Old and New Buckenham. Grimshoe and S. Greenhoe hds. It is bounded on the east, where it includes Serpeham H' (1), Scerpham H', H' Scerep(e)ham, Serepham the pars of Carbrooke, Scoulton and Lt EJlingham. by Mitford and Hund' (1), H' de Screp(e)ham 1086 DB, Scereham hundr', Scere­ Forehoe hds. peha' hund' 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Screpham Hundret 1087-98 (c. Wanelvnd -t, Wenelvnt, Wainelvnd (1) 1086 DB, Wenelundhdr' I 1190) Bury, Shrephamhdr' 1158, Schrephamhdr' 1167, 1168, 1189, 1168, 1170, Weinelundhundredum 1188, Weineslundhundredum Screphamhundredum 1177, 1199 P, Srepham 1199 Fees, 1208 Ass 1190, Wainelundhundredum 119lJ P, Wainelund' 1199 Fees, Wain­ 558 m 10d, 1212 Fees, Scropham 1220 Fees, 1265 Misc, 1268 Ass lund 1208 Ass 558 m 3, Woinelund 1212, Woinlund' 1220, Wayn­ 569A m 1, 1354 rpm, Hunred' de Sropham 1250 Ass 562 m 9d, lund' 1226-8 Fees, Waynlund 1235 Ass 1173 m 6d, Waylund 1275 RH, llundredum de Shl'opham 1257 Ass 568 m 10, 1288 lpm, 1250 Ass 562 m 3d, 1265 Misc, 1275 RH, 1302 FA, 1329 SR 14917, 1316 FA, Shrepham 1303 Fine, 1332 SR 149/9, Schropham alias Weylund 1286 Ass 573 m 32d, 1332 SR 149/9, Weyland 1295 Pat, Schl'epham 1303, Shroppeham 1350 lpm. Waylound 1310 Ipm,Waylund' 1382 SR 149/63. - The hundred The hundred is named from SHROPHAM, a village near its centre, 4 m. is named from WAYLAND 'VOOD, 1 m. SE. of Watton on the road W. of Attleborough: Seer(e)pham 1086 DB, Serepeham 1154--69 Mon V 150 from Watton to Hockham. Blomefield says (op. cit. Il, 318) that (copy), Schrepham (p) 1166 P; Srepham 1199 FF, Strepham (for Se-) 1208 'the sheriff's turn ... was always kept at a certain place in this Cur (p), 1252 Ch, Seropham 1242 Fees, 1252 Cl, 1254 Norwich, 1286 BM, Shorpham 1283 Ipm, Shrepharn 1325 Cl. wood'. - The name is of Scandinavian origin, its second el. being The first el. of the name is no doubt to be connected with the ON lundr 'grove', but no definite suggestion can be made as to word-group including OE saepan and sceorpan 'scrape, scratch', the etymology of the first el. Bugge's derivation (from ON vanir scearp 'sharp' and the like, v. further Torp 456, Holthausen s. v. 'gods', cf. IPN 89) is not in accordance \vith .the regular form of scearp. If the form [frep] which is well evidenced in early sources the name; the -eo, -0- of early forms are AN spellings (op. ciL 113). should form the basis of the etymology, one might think of com­ llitford bd. parison with Sw slcrap, Norw skrcp 'rubbish', but also 'dry twigs' N. of Wayland, E. of Lallnditch and S. of Eynsford hds, including the etc, which are connected by Hellquist with this stem; but this pars of Shipdham and E. Dereham in the west, and those of E, Tuddenham, would leave the later o-forms unexplained. The only possibility MattishaJl, Thuxton, Hardingham, Southbllrgh and Woodrising in the east, of explaining the o-forms as well, if they are phonologically bordering on Forehoe hd. It ranked as a hundred and a half. developed, would seem to be the assumption of an OE base sceorp Mittefort H' et dim', Hvnd' et dim' de Mitteford -e -a 1086 DB, for the first eL, which might become ME *sherp and *sharp, and Mideforde, Miteforde h~ndr' et dim' 1086 (c. 1180) IE, Mithes­ with metathesis *shrerl and *shl'Op. This base would be formally fordhdr' et dim' 1168, Mittesfordhdr' et dim' 1169, Mitford'hund- The English Hundred·Names 79 78 O. S. Anderson r l'edu11l et dimidium 1183 P, hUlldredum et dimidium de Midford' the second el. being ON haugr. The first el. is derived by Professor 1185, 1192 P, 1232 Cl, 1268 Ass 569A m Hi, Afuteford 1212 Fees, Ekwall (lPN (8) from OSw {iurir, ODa fiura! or fyne, 'four'." hundredwn et dimidium de .Mitford' 1220 Fees, 1236 Cl, 1286 Ass Hllmbleyard hll. 573 m 39d, 1332 SR 149/9, Middeford' 1224 Cl, Mitteford 1265 E. of Forehoe hd, bounded on the north by the river Yare, on the east Misc, Mitefort 1268 Ass 569A m 2. -- Identical with MIDFOTID So by the river Tas and on the south by Depwade hd, extending southwards (Mitford 1001 (14) KCD 706, Mitteford 1375 Pat) and MITFORD Nb, as far as Wreningham and Flordon (inclusive). which Professor Mawer explains as 'middle ford' (OE midde). A Humiliart, Humilgar (1), Hwniliat (1) 1086 DB, Humiliardhdr' better derivation is from OE (ge)my[Je 'junction of streams'; cf. 1158, 1161, 1185, 1193, Vmiliard' 1195 P, Humiliard' 1198 Fees, mypford BCS 756 (W), 802 (Berks). This suits Midford and Mit­ 1235 Ass 1173 m 8, Humelliard' 1199 Fees, Humiliard 1208 Ass ford Nb, and is possible for Mitford Nf also, though nothing is 558 m 3, 1230 P, Humilliard' J Ass 559 m 1, Humelgard 1212, known about the site (it might be at the confluence of the Yare Humeliard' 1220, Humilhard 1226-8 Fees, Humilierd 1254 Nor­ and the Blackwater River). wich, 1257 Cl, 1265 Misc, 1266 Pat, Humelyerd 1268 Ass 569A m 38, 1302 Cl, 1341 Fine, Humilerd 1275 RH, Hummiliat 1282 Cl, }i'orehoe hd. Humilyerd 1286 Ass 573 m 1, Hymylyerd 1295 Pat, Humeleyerd E. of Mitford hd, S. of Eynsford hd and the Wensum and N. of Shrop­ 1313 Cl, Homelierd 1340 Pat, Ilumlyerd 1342 Fine, Homelyerd ham hd, including in the south the pars of Ilingham, Deopham and MoTley 1357 Cl, Humbylyerd 1402 FA. - 'Hop-garden', from OE humele, St Botolph and St Peter, and in the east, bordering on Depwade and Humbleyard hds, the pars of Wymondham, Wramplingham, Marlingford, 'hop-plant' 2 (BT Suppl), an unmutated form of OE hymele, for Bawburgh, Bowthorpe and Costessey. Like the adjoining hd of Mitford it which see further Hemlingford, below p. 138, and OE geard counted as a hundred and a half. 'enclosure'. - HUMBLEYARD WOOD (1", lithogr. ed.), HUMBLE YARD I Feorholl H' et dimidiwn 1086 DB, FeouerllOue Hundret 1087 (Site of, 6") is marked a quarter of a mile SE. of Swardeston Hall, -98 (c. 1190) Bury, Foerhohdr' 1158, FoU'erhohdr' 1166, 1'011,1'­ at a foot-path near the boundary of Swardeston par. Here the hohdr' et dim' 1168, Fourhohdr' 1175 P, Foul'hou 1199 Fees, hundred used to meet (B1omefield op. cit. V, p. 1). I Fouherho, Fuherho, Foherho 1208 Ass 558 m 1d, Foureho 1212 Fees, hundr' et dim' de Fourho 1214 Pat, 1230 P, FugerhoU'e 1219, Henstead M. E. of Humbleyard hd and the river Tas ·and S. of the Yare. On the 1'ourhog' (hundredo et dimidio) 1220, Forhou 1226-8 Fees, 1'owl'O south, where it includes the par of Saxlingham Nethergate, it is bounded 1235 Ass 1173 m 6, 1'011,1'0 1250 Ass 562 m 6, 1'ourho 1257 Ass by Depwade hd, and on the east by Loddon hd. It here includes the pars 568 m 16d, 1428 FA, 1'orho 1265 Misc, Fourhowe 1275 RH, 1316 of Rockland St Mary, Hellington, Bergh Apton and Brooke. Ipm, Fowerhowe, Fauerhowe 1282 Ass 570 m 2d, Foreho 1283 Heinestede -a, Hainesteda (1), Henesteda (1) 1086 DB,

Ipm. - The hundred met 1 at FOREHOE HILLS (6"; marked Tumuli), Henestede -a 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Henstede 1087-98 (c. 1190)

S. of the road from Norwich to llingbam, "/2 m. W. of CARLETON Bury, 1230 P, 1250 Ass 562 m 12d, 1265 Mise, 1275 RH, 1302 FOREHOE, which has its second name from the same hills: Carleton FA, Hanstede c. 1160 (lB) BH, Henstedahdr' 1168, Henstedehdr' forro 1263 FF, Karleton' Fourhowe 1268 Ass 569A m cId, Carleton 1169, 1188, 1193, Haustedehundredum (for Han-) 1199 P, Hensted Fourehough (p) 13::11, Fourehowe Ca1'leton 1350 Pat, 1'ourho 1212 Fees, 1402 BM, Hemstede 1235 Ass 1173 ID 7d, 1257 Ass Carleton 1371 FF, Carleton Fourhowe 1373 Pat, Carletonfourhowe 568 ID 6,' Henestede 1275 RH, Hanestede 1295 Pat, Heynestede 1375 Bodl, FOllrhowe Carleton 1385 FF; cL also: Hubertus de Fuerh6 1166 P (~f & Sf). -- The name means 'the four tumuli', 1 Blomefield says that there were f 0 u r hills here, though this may, of course, be his own conclusion from the name. According to Dr Schram, the hills are not now distinguishable. 1 Cf. Blomefield op. cit. Il, 374, 405. 2 Others assume a meaning of 'bryony' or 'bind-weed' for this word; see Holthausen s. Y. humele, and references there given. 80 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 81

1373 Cl. - The etymology to some extent depends on the site hdr' de Dize 1168 P, Hundr' de Dice 1197 FFP, Disce (dimidio of the meeting-place, which is lost. Dr Schram, however, kindly hundredo) 1220 Fees, Dimidium hundredum de Disce 1226--8 suggests that the site may be in Upper Stoke (Stoke Holy Cross Fees, 1250 Ass 562 m 5, 1275 RH, 1329 SR 149/7, Dimid' Ilund­ par), one of the highest points in Norfolk, and that Modberge redwn de Dysse 1257 Ass 568 m 9d. « OE *gemot-beorg, 'hill of assembly') 1219 pp (in Stoke par) Named from the town of DISS, in its southern part near the vVaveney: refers to that place. If that is true, the name might be from OE Dice 1086 DB, 1166 RBE, Dize 1158, Disze 1161 P, Disce 1162 P, 1196 FF, Man stede 'high place'. The diphthongs of the DB forms may be 1212 Fees, 1216 Pat, 1236 Cl, 1254 Norwich, Dysse 1291 Tax, Disse 1362 FF. Doubtless from OE mc, as suggested by Professor Zachrisson due to AN influence, v. IPN 113. (AN Inll 22, Melanges ... Vising 179 ff.); cf. also Dishforth PNNR Depwalle lId. 184 and references, also the forms of Launditch supra p. 7B. S. of Humbleyard and Henstead hds, on the upper Tas. It is bounded OE die has perhaps here, like G- Teich, MHG tich, the sense of on the west, where it includes the par of Carleton Rode, by Shropham hd, pond, not otherwise recorded in OE/ the reference being to Diss on the south by Diss and Earsham hds, and on the east by Loddoll hd. In llfere, a large pond on the south side of the town, a suggestion the south it includes the pars of Tibenham, Aslacton, Moulton St Michael, Wacton, Stratton St Mary, Hardwick and Shelton, and in the east that of made already by BlomefieId (op. cit. I p. 1), cf. also Zaehrisson Hempnall. On the south it is partly bounded by a Hundred Lane (between I. c. 179, 181. Moulton and Tivetshall). Depwade 1086 DB, 1168 P, 1250 Ass 562 m 8d, 1254 Norwich, Earsham hll. 1275 RH, 1302 FA, 1313 lpm, 1428 FA, Depewade 1086 DB (1), E. of Diss hd and S. of Depwade and Loddon hds, including the par of Earsham in the east. Like the adjoining hd of Diss it counted as half 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, 1235, 1268 Ass 1173 m 7, 569A m 5d, a hundred. I 1295 Pat, Diepauuade 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Diepwadahdr' 1158, Dim' H' Hersam 1086 DB, Hersham dimidium hU71dr' 1086 (c. ! Deppewadehdr' 1169, Depewadehdl" 1175 P, Depwad' 1199 Fees, 1180) IE, Earesham dimidio hundret 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, 1226 Cl, Diepwad' 1220 Fees, Depewat' 1230 P, Depwad 1265 Misc, Ereshamhdr' 1168 P, DirnidiuJn hundredum de Eresham 1177 P, Deppewade 1268 Ass 569A m 2, 1346 FA. Cf. Willelmus de DelJ­ 1225 Pat, 1226--8 Fees, 1250 Ass 562 m 10, 1286 Ass 573 m 1, wade 1166 P (Nf & Sf). - OE deop and w(Ed 'deep ford'.' Dimidiurn hundredum de Erlharn 1198, Ersham' 1212 Fees, Heres­ Diss lId. ham 1219 Fees, 1275 RH, dirnidiurn Hundl" de Ersham 1235 Ass On the Waveney, S. of Depwade hd, E. of Guiltcross hd and W. of 1173 m 7, 1275 RH, 1286 Ass 573 ID 14, 1329 SR 149/7. Earsham hd, including in the west the par of Fersfield, in the north the The hundred is named from the village of EARSHAM in its NE. corner, pars of Winfarthing, Gissing and Tivetshall St. Margaret and in the east in the sharp bend of the Waveney to the west of Bungay: Hersam, Ersam those of Dickleburgh, Thelveton and Scole. Like Earsham hd it counted 1086 DB, Hersham 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Eresham 1158 P, -ham 1190 P, 1254 as half a hundred. Norwich, Ersham' 1199 Cur, Ersham 1212 Fees, 1254 Norwich, 1270 Ipm, Dice Dimid' Hund' 1086 DB,· Disee dimidium hundr' 1086 (c. 1290 Cl, 1307 Ipm, 1361 Pa.t, 1402 FA, 1551 PCC, Erlsham 1248 Cl, Erssham 1180) lE, Dize dimidio Hundret 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, dim' (PJ 1350 Pat.' of Diss in 1086: H. M. Cam EHR 47, 363). If so. Winfarthing may have been 1 The site of the ford is lost, but Blomefield (op. cit. V 123) thinks that the hundred may be so named from 'the Depe ford over the river by Tase­ the meeting-place of the hundred. Dr Schram kindly calls my attention to burgh ... the river Taiis being (in early days) very broad, and fordable in the mention of a. field eaUed Thine in Winfarthing 1267 Misc, which may no place in this hundred, but here only'(?) be the actual spot. • In Domesday there is also mention of a hundret de Wineferthinc 1 Mdf (p. H) thinks this sense is found in an OE example. (f. 130 b). This is possibly arrother name for Diss hd. Diss hd is probably • EARSHAM Sf (Wingfield par) probably takes the modern form of its so called from its belonging to the manor of Diss (cf. RH I f. 501 b: Dicunt name from the mOre important Norfolk Earsham; it is: Esham 1254 Norwich, quod ... Rex ... feoffavit ... Ricardum de Lucy de toto manerio de Disce 1285 Ch, 1301 Pat, 1340 NI, 1358 Cl. cum dimidio hundredi ...; the soke of Diss hd wa.s appurtenant to the manor 6 I \

The English Hundred-Names 83 82 O. [-;. Anderson If the modern pronunciation with (f] is genuine, the only Knaverynge 1275 RH, 1286 Ass 573 m 21d, 1428 FA, Claveringe, possible derivation would seem to be from OE cerse, erse, the Gla"vering', Guavering' (for Cn-), Knaveling' 128fi QW, Knaver­ meaning of the name being 'stubble bend' (second e1. OE hamm). yngg 1295 Pat, 1302 FA, 1336 SR 238/111, Clavering 1302 Fine, But in spite of the early form in -ssh-, it seems to me more 1333 Cl, Knaveryng 1311 Fine, 1316 FA, 1402 BM, 1535 VE, probable that sand h belonged to different syllables. If this is Clm;eringe 1610 Speed..- Assumed by Professor Ekwall (PNing correct, the first e1. might be a pn (OE *Ear- postulated for 15) to be identical with CLAVEHlNG Ess (0£ Clrtfring) , meaning Eastbury Wo (pNWo 129 f.) might be thought of), but the 1248 'clover field' or the like, perhaps denoting the meeting-place of (Cl) form, if trustworthy, points to OE eorl 'earl' for the first e1. the hundred; the numerous forms in -n- are remarkable. I l A further possibility might be OE ears 'podex', ME ers, but the medial -e- of some early forms renders this less likely. Suffolk.

Loddon hd. Suffolk is now divided into twenty-one hundreds. At the time of the S. of the Yare, E. of Henstead and Depwade hds, N. of Earsham hd Domesday survey the number was twenty-four. Four of these have been and the Waveney. On the east, where it includes the pars of Hardley, Lod· combined with other hundreds since 1086, and one new hundred has don and Broome, it is bounded by Clavering hd. been fonned. Some of the hundreds are irregular in shape and broken up Lothinga, Lothninga (passim), Lotninga, Lod(d)inga 1086 DB. in several parcels, but as a rule they consist of compact areas. The size Lodinge 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Lodninge 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, of the Suffolk hundreds on the whole varies more than is the case in N or­ folk. They are generally smallest in the south and east and comparatively 1250 Ass 562 m 12, Lodningehdr' 1158, 1166, 1189, Lodlingeshdr' large in the west and north. They may be said to be arranged in three 1168, Loingehundredum 1181, Lodingehundredum 1190 P, Lod­ series, one along the north border of the county, one along the south I ninges 1199, Loding' 1219, Lodding' 1226-8 Fees, Loddinges border and the coast, and one central, the latter including the hds of 1235 Ass 1173 m 7, Lodning' 1257 Ass 568 m 18d, Lodenynges, Thingoe, Thedwestry, Stow, Bosmere and Claydon, Carlford, Loes and Lodningges 1275 RH, Lodning 1302 Pat, Lodenyng 1333 Cl; Plomcsgate. In some cases hundreds are separated by rivers, but on the whole no natural boundaries seem to exist. - In medieval times the Suf­ hundred' de Lodene 1275 RH, 1295 Pat, hundr' de Lodne 1286 folk hundreds were divided into three groups according to tenure. The QW, 1302, 1428 FA. _. OE *lodningas, probably 'the dwellers soke over eight hundreds and a half, those forming the modern division on the river Loddon' (see below), cf. ERN 258. The old hundred­ of West Suffolk, belonged to the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds; the soke name was later ousted by the name of the town of LODDON: Lodne over five hundreds and a half belonged to St JEtheldred's Abbey at Ely; 1037 (14) Thorpe 566, 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, 1282 Cl, Lotna, only the remaining ten hundreds belonged to the crown and were geld­ able. Each of the two sokes formed a unit of jurisdiction and had a court of Lothna, Lodnam 1086 DB, Lodnes 1086 DB, 1166 RBE (p), 1204 its own: that for the franchise of Bury St Edmunds seems to have been Cur, 1242 Fees, Lodena 1194 P, Lodene 1270 Ipm, Lodden 1369 first held at the thing·place that gave name to Thingoe hd (q. v.). ­ Fine; also: villata de Lodding 1250 Ass 562 m 12; very likely an (Later the court of the franchise was held at Cattishall Green, E. of old name of the Chet (ERN 1. c.). Bury St Edmunds (it is first mentioned in 1187: curia regis apud Catteshale extra Sanctum JEdmundum Bury 187; in the 13th centmy the Suffolk Clavering hd. assizes were held at Ipswich and Cattishall), and after 1305 at Henhou:e In the south-east corner of the county, N. and W. of the Waveney and on Shirehouse Heath just N. of the town; cf. J. Gage, Thingoe Hundred, E. of Loddon hd, from which it is partly divided by the Che!. London 1838, p. XI). - The franchise of Ely included the hds of Plomes­ Clavelinga, Cla'L'erinca (1), Claueringa (1), Glauelinga (1), gate, Wilford, Colneis, Carlford, Loes, the half hd of Parham (now merged Gnaveringa (1), Gnaverinc (1), Gnaueringa (2) 1086 DB, Cnave­ in Plomesgate hd) and the modern hd of Thredling, all in the south-eastern part of the county. The soke over 'five hundreds was granted to the abbey "ninge 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Clavering' 1130, Cnaueringehdr' by King Edgar in 970 (... causas seculares ... quinque centuriatuum in 1168 P, Crauering' 1185 Rot Dom, Cnauering'hundredum 1199 P, Uuichlauuan in provincia Orientalium Saxonum; ... on east Englan ad Knavering 1212 Fees, 1265 Mise, 1304 Cl, Cnauring' J Ass 559 Wichlawan eac ealle pa socna ofer fit hundredum BCS 1266 f.). The grant, m 1d, Cna'L'ering' 1220 Fees, Cnaueringe 1250 Ass 562 m 5d, then said to include five hundreds and a half, was confirmed by King 84 0. S. Anderson The EngliRh Hundred·~a[nes 85 Eadward (ad Wichelau quinque et dimidium centuriatum KCD 907). which may be compared with Ludinga-Kerk NGN IV, 210, Lunia­ Wichlaw, apparenlly the meeting-place of the franchise (in 1160 a grant bird « Ludinga-) ib. 1, 165, in Friesland. The etymology is was made in ... multorum presencia apud Wychelau Bury XLI), is lost, uncertain; if the OE form began in hl-, it may be a derivative of but Mr. V. B. Rcdstone suggests that it may be identical with GALLOWS HILL in IIacheston par, near Wickham Market. ThiR seems likely, for a. pn *Hluua, connected with OE Hlud, OHG Hlad-, Hlud-.' it is sometimes associated with Ha(:heston, e. go. 1327 SR, where Johannes Mutford hd is: Mutlord' (dimidio hundredoj 1220 Fees, Dimid' de Wyckclowe is assessed under Hachetone. - One additional Suffolk hund­ llundr' de Mutford 1240, 1286 Ass 818 m 48, 827 ill 1, 1316 FA, red is often mentioned in early sources, viz. the half hd of Exning; it is: Hundr' de Mutteford 1275 RH, dimid' hundr'm de Matlard' 1286 Dim. hundredum de Exninge 1199 P, Dimid' hundr' de lxninghe 1240 Ass 818 m 53, Dirnidiu' Hu'dr' de Exning' 1275 RH, Dimid' hundr' de Exningg' QW, Hundred de 111utlarde 1327, the halff hundred of Mutfard 1286 Ass 829 m 53, lxninge dimidium hundredum 1316 FA, Hundr' de l.rnygg 1524 SR. 1340 NI, lxnyng haulff 111lndcred 1534 SR. It is now included in Lackford It is named from the manOr of MUTFORD, to which it was appurtenant hd. It seems to have included only the yill of Exning, but why exactly (cf. Ipm I 183, QW 732): Mutlord 1086 DB, 1157 P, 1198 FF, 1199 (1319) it was regarded as a separate hundred is difficult to say. - A hd of Wykes, ----- Wyke is mentioned in 1229 Ch, 1230 Pat. It is identified with Wick near wistoft 1445. Ch, may also be related, ef. PNing I. c., whereas. Lake Lothing Ipswich (Pat, Index), but for what reason does not appear. is perhaps most probably to be regarded as a back-formation. 1 I do not think Karlstrom's solution of the name (p. 118) is satis­ Uutford and Lothingland hd. factory. He considers Lothingland to be originally the name of a lost Formed in 1763 (A. Suckling, History and Antiquities of the County place in B1undeston in Lothingland· hd, an .identifi{lation taken from the of Suffolk, I p. 291) from the half hundreds of Lothingland and Mutford. index to the Curia Regis Rolls II p. 377. It is clear, however, that this Lothingland hd embraced the Island of Lothingland, S. and E. of the identification is based solely on conclusions from the text, and its autho­ Waveney and N. of Oulton Broad and Lake Lathing, and Mutford hd the rity is aecordingly not very great. The naUle of Lothingland is invariably district between Lothingland and B1ything hds, including the pars of applied to the whole Island of Lothingland in medieval records, and I Barnby, Carlton Colville, Pakefield, Ke~;;ingland, Gis]eham, Rushmere and do not think there is any justification for the assumption of the existence Mutford, bounded on the south by the Hundred River. of a vill of Lothingland. The, sense of the instance from BCS 1008 should Lothingland hd has retained its Domesday name, but Mutfora not be pressed too closely. It occurs in the middle of a list of grants of mi~ht is a post"Domesday name for: Lwlinga, L1)dinga H' 1086 DB; land at places that be adequately described with the formula pat lond at .. , and it is not to be expected that the scribe should have varied Lothingland hd is: Dim' H' de Lvdinga~anda 1086 DB, dimidium the formula only in the case of Lothingland, even though the meaning I hundredum de Laingeland' 1185 P, dimidium hundredurn de Lu­ became slightly incorrect. The word manor can hardly in this case be dinglond' 1205 Cur, dimidium hundredum de Luthingeland 1212 regarded as the equivalent of vill. It was doubtless used of the whole Fees, Dimid' Hundr' de Ludillglond 1240 Ass 818 m 52, dimid' district, just as for instance Wormelow hd He is often described as 'the hundr' de Luthingland 1275 RH, Dimidiurn hundrpdum de Luth­ manor of Wormelow'. This is also clear from the account of the manor in f RH II 160 f. - Lothingland and Ludinga are two separate hundreds in DB, lingland 1316 FA, the half! hundred of Lathyngland 1524 SR; Lothingland N. and LUdinga S. of Oulton Broad (= the modern hd of the following examples seem to refer to the Island itself: pat land Mutford) - not different forms of the same name. The relation between at Luthinglond (LuCtillglond Thorpe 513) c. 950 (14) BCS 1008 the two names may be the matter for some doubt, but it seems probable (probably here), Loingeland' 1158, 1168, LuiHngeland 1197 P, that Lothingland may have been regarded as an outlying district belonging Ludingeland' 1199 Cur, Lllthingeland' 1205 Pat, Ludinglaund' to the (h)luOingas, perhaps a colony from out a settlement to the south of Oulton Broad; or - more likely - it need be no name in -land at all, as 1215, Ludingeland' 1230 Cl; it is also frequently referred to as the forms may well be from OE (h)luilinga ealand, the island of the the manor of Lothingland, e. g.: mallerium de Lud'ingeland' 1203 (h)luaingas, as distinct from their mainland settlement. If that is correct Cur, malleria de Lud'ingeland' 1217, 1224, 1230 Cl, et passim. ­ the 'Island' of the m~dern name is in reality a redundancy. - As regards Cr. PNing 74: the old name of ~futford hd as well as the first the ultimate etymology -of the first el., it can hardlr, be :connected with ~ Loddon Nf, as unhesitatingly assumed by Karlstriim, qecause _ apart cl. of Lothingland 1 derives from OE *luaingas or *hlurJingas, from the difference in the stem-vowel - Loddonhad OE medial -do; cf.

1 The name of Lowestoft: Lothu Wistott 1086 DB, Lothewistoft 1212 ERN p. LXXII. Fees, Lodell:ustoft 1229 Oh, Lowisthott, Lowithetolt 1254 Norwich, Lothu· 1 I \

86 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Xames 87

Ch, 1204 Cl, 1212 Fees, 1228 FF, 1266 Pat, Mutford' 1204, 1237 Cl, Mutfurd' ford 1303 Pat, Waineford 1466 Suckling op. cit. I p. 143, Wayn­ 1212 Fees, Mudford' 1232 Cl, Muteford 1254 Norwich, Muthford, Mutford forth 1491 BM 1). - OE wmgn and ford 'ford where a cart may 1264 Ipm. pass' (Skeat for Wangford, Lackford hd). Derived by Skeat from OE mu/;a 'mouth of river', on the strength of the form from the Tpm; this is an isolated form, ami Blything hd. may well be simply a bad spelling, but even so, Skeat's derivation A large district on the coast, S. of Wangford and Mutford hds on is no doubt possible; it may be noted that two small streams join both sides of the river Blyth. It is bounded by Hundred Rivers on the north and the south where it borders on the franchise of Ely. In the west about half a mile S. of the village. Other possibilities that might it includes the pars of Chediston, Linstead Magna and Parva, Cratfield, be taken into consideration are: OE *(ge)motford 'ford of assembly'; I I Ubbeston, Heveningham and Peasenhall, bordering on Hoxne hd. if this etymology could be established it would be of interest as Blidinga, Blidigga, Bledinga (1) 1086 DB, Blidinc 1086 (c. showing that the hundred-name denotes an old meeting-place, but 1180) lE, Blithinge 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, 1265 Mise, 1316 FA, ,I it would involve the assumption that {j had become shortened Blidingehundr' 1130, 1159, 1.191, BliOingehdr' 1160, Blioinga 1168, into u as early as Domesday, which is perhaps not admissible; Blidinghuudredum 1179, Blideringeshundredum 1199 P, Blithing' it should be noted, however, that OE 0 seems to have become u 1212 Fees, 1275 RH, 1313 Cl, Blithinghe 1240 Ass 818 m 52, hd of early in some East Anglian dialects, at least after m; cf. mustp Blythynges 1315 Pat, Blythyngge 1327 SRi hds of Blythe (and < moste, mUllendai < rmJnandreg already G. Ex. (c. 1250); tuk, Wayneford)' 1363 Fine. - OE *bl'ioingas 'the dwellers beside the forsuk, Bokenham (Jordan § 35 Anm. 2). - One might also think Blythe' (Skeat); v. PNing 71, ERN 38. of OE ""mud-, ME mudde, :ModE mud (cL NED s. v.) for the first Hoxne bd. , el.; in favour of this derivation the early spelling with -d- might W. of Blything hd, N. of Loes and Thredling hds in the liberty of be quoted, but on the whole this seems less likely.' Ely, E. of Hartismere hd and S. of the Waveney. It includes in the west Wangford bd. the pars of Hoxne, Denham, Horham, Athelington, Southolt, and Beding­ On the Waveney, W. of Mutford hd and N. of Blything hd, including field and in the south those of Monk Soham, Bedfield, Saxtead, Den­ in the south the pars of Sotterley, Shadingfield, Redisham and the Elm" nington and Badingham. Kelsale par is a detached part of this hd. hams. In the earliest sources it is called: Bis(s)opes, Biscopes If', Wanneford(a) , Waineforda, -rVenefor!, TVaneforda 1086 DB, Ifvnd' de Biscopes 1086 DB, Biscopes hundred 1086 lE, 1087-98 Weinforde 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Weinef' 1170, lVineford' Bury from the bishop of Thetford (afterwards Norwich), who (error for Weine-?) 1174, Waneslord'hdr' 1175, Wainesforohdr' held it TRE. After Domesday the name was changed to Oxne­ 1176, Wainesfordhundredmn 1183, 1191, Weinesford' 1187, TVeine­ hundredum 1191, Ifoxnehundredum 1195 P, Bundr' de Ifoxne fordhundredum 1188 P, Wayneford' 1219, Wainford' 1235 Fees, 1240 Ass 818 m 51, Ifundr'm de Ifoxene 1275 RH, etc., the name lflayneford 1240 Ass 818 m 48, 1254 Norwich, 1267 Misc, 1275 being taken from the episcopal manor of HoxNE (Ifoxa manerium RH, 1292 Ipm, 1402 FA, WaJlnesford 1275 RH, 1286 Ass 827 ill 1, episcopi 1080 DB), to which the hundred was appurtenant (cL: 1311 Fine, Wayncforde 1327 SR, Weynford 1335 Fine, Waynford Hoxn' with the hundred 1239 Lib). 1357 Pat, 1524 SR, 1535 VE, TFangford 1516 BM, Wainford, Hartismere bd. Warigford 1568 SR. - The hundred is named from a ford at W. of Hoxne hd, from which it is partly divided by the river Dove, WAINFORD Mills, 1 m. E. of Bungay, where the Stone Street crosses N. of Thredling, Bosmere and Claydon, and StQW hds. On the west it the Waveney (Waineford' 1197 FFP, Wayneford E T BM, Wayn­ borders on Blackbourn hd of the liberty of Bury St Edmunds. It is bounded almost all the way round by Hundred Lanes. Five are marked 1 There is a MUTFORD BRIDGE across Oulton Broad, 4 m. NE. of Mut­ on the 6" OS map. There is a Hundred Lane in the SW. boundary of ford itself; it is Morefordbregge (for Mote-) 1421 HMC 9th Rep. p. 229a. (kindly communicated by Mr_ V. B. Redstone), Mutford bridge 1577 Sax­ 1 Waineford' 1208 Cur, which is referred to Wangford, Blything hd, ton, 1610 Speed. This most likely means 'the bridge on the Mutford road'. probably also belongs here. 88 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names 89

Redlingfield par, an Old Hundred Lane in the S. boundary of Mendlesham Rot Dam, 1205 Cur, 1212 Fees, 1234 Cl, 1235, 1240 Ass 1178 m 7, par, one Hundred Lane in the S. boundary of Cotton par, one in that of 818 m 46, 1254 Norwich, 1260 Ipm, 1265 :Misc, 1275 RH, 1327 SR, Bacton par, and one in the W. boundary of \Vyverstone par. Bosmer Bosmere Hertesmera, Hertesmara 1086 DB, Hertesrnere 1086 DB, 1086 1291 Tax, 1316 FA. - The hundred is named (c, 1180) lE, 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, 1185 Rot Dom, 1219 Fces, from a lakelet (Bos MERE 6", also Bosmere Hall SE. and Bosmere Bush at some cross-roads E. of Bos Mere) formed by the river 1226 Pat, 1235, 1240 Ass 1173 m 6d, 818 m 46, 1288 Ipm, 1327 Gipping, 1 m. SE. of Needham Market. In 1086 (lE) St Etheldred SR, Hertemere hdr' 1168, 1170, 1183, 1189, He1'tesmerehundredum held Barking and -una pars Bosemaris. - First eI. perhaps OF, 1181, Ertemerehundredum 1191 P, HerUsmere 1254 Norwich, 1280 B6sa pn (Redin 86); second eI. OE mere 'pool'. Cf. Bosmere (in Pinchbeck Il, 32, Hartesmere 1523 SR. - OE heor(o)t 'hart', or Bosemere "<'Heor(o)t pn (cL PNDv 72) and mere 'pool'. ::->elborne Ha) c. 1250-60 Selborne, 13 PNBeds 298; also Bosham PNSx fi7, Bozenham, Bozeat PNNp 100, 189. Stow hll. Claindone H', Claind'V1te H' 1086 DB, Claidune hund' 108t) S. of Hartismere hd, E. of Thedwestry hd and N. and W. of Bosmere (c. 1180) IE, Claindone (var. Claiendone 1) 1123--33, Clandone and Claydon hd, including in the east the pars of Gipping, Stowupland 1155, Clandon 1189 France, Cleidune Hundret 1158-62 (1331) and Creeting St Peter and in the south those of Combs, Gt and Lt Fin­ Claidonehundredum Cleidunehundr' Cleidun borough and Buxhall. Ch, 1195 P, 1204 Ch, Cleydon' Ass Cleidun Hundret de Stav, Stohu, Stoh'e H', St~ hvnd' 1086 DB, Stou 1212 Fees, 1235 1173 m 7, 1275 RH, 1265 hundr' 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Stowe Hundret 1087-98 (c. 1190), Misc, Cleydon 1316 FA, Cle,ydone 1827 SR. The hundred is named from CLAYDON, 5 m. NW. of Ipswich: Clain­ hundredum de Stowa 1135--54 (13) Bury, Stohdr' 1168, Stowa­ duna -e 1086 DB, Cleidun 1203 FF, Cleydon' 1242 Fees. hundredum St01/JehWldredum Hundredum de 1185, 1191, 1188 P, OE cU,,>ig 'clayey' (cf. on oa clmian lane KCD 741) and dun Stowe 1219 Fees, 1240 Ass 818 m 47, 1254 Ipm, 1265 Misc, 1275 'hill'. Claydon Hill is S. of the village. RH, 1316 FA, 1327 SR. The hundred is named from STOWMARKET (now divided into the pars of Samford hd. Stowmarket and Stowupland): Stou 1086 DB, Stou:e 1207 FF, (in foro de) In the south of the county on the Essex border between the Stour la Stou:e 1253 Cl, Stoumarkez 1266 Pat, StoU'cmarket 1269 FF, 1294 AD and the Orwell, E. of Babergh and Cosford hds, from which it is partly IV, Stoumarket 1286 Ch, Stou;e Market 1299 Orig, Stou:e Mercati 1302 Cl, divided by the Bret, and S. of BORmere and Claydon hd. It counted as a Stowemarked 1338 Ch. hundred and a half. OE stow, perhaps here meaning 'meeting-place, market-place'. Sanfort H' et dim' 1086 DB, hdr' et dim' de Samford' 1158 P, 1203 Cur (hundredum de), 1215 Cl, 1220 Fees, Sanfordhdr' 1166, ( Bosmere and Claydon Ild. Sanlord et dimidium hundredum hundredum et dimidium S. of Hartismere and Stow hds, E. of Cosford hd in the liberty of 1181 P, Bury St Edmunds, W. of Carlford hd in the liberty of Ely and N. of de Sanford' 1183 P, 1212 Fees, 1217 Cl, 1230 P (hundredum de), Samford hd, including in the south the pars of Flowton and Bramford Sanford 1175-1200 BM, 1235 Ass 1173 m 7, Saunford' 1219 Fees, and in the east those of Westerfield, Akenham, Henley, Swilland, Ash­ 1275 RH, 1286 Ass 827 m 1 (hundr' et dimid' de), hundredum et bocking, Helmingham, Stonham Aspall and Mickfield. Bosmere and Clay­ dimid' de Sampford' 1224 Cl, Snmford 1265 Misc, Sandford 1275 don were originally separate hundreds. In DB the latter included Swil­ RH, Saumford 1286 QW, Saunford 1303 Ipm, 1327 SR, Sampford land, Henley, Barham, Claydon, Akenham, Whitton, Westerfield, Helm­ ingham and the parishes now in Thredling hd. Theseparisbes form two 1402 FA. - OE *sand-ford 'sandy ford'. - SANDFORD White House blocks separated by part of Bosmere hd, to whiCh the majority of the is marked on Bryant's map of Suffolk (1826) at some cross-roads, villages of the modern hundred belonged. In 1316 FA the areas of the c. 1 m. NE. of Branthain church, 1/. m. S. of Brantham Bridge two hundreds were the same as in Domesday, except that Thredling hd over an unnamed stream. As there is no other Sandford known had then been formed. They are mostly coupled in early records. t; Bosemera 1086 DB, Bosemara 1086 DB, 1086 (c. 1180) lE, j ~ 1 In another MS of the charter, printed in Douglas, Social StnlCture of :; : Bosemere 1086 JE, 1123--33 France, 1178 P (-hundredum), 1185 ,. Medialval East Anglia p. 255. , (Ii ,

90 o. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 91

from this hundred, that may be where the hundred takes its name Earl Soham, Cretingham, Monewden and Charsfield, but with a, narrow from. strip extending southwards consisting of the pars of Hacheston, Marles­ ford, Campsey Ash, Rendlesham and Eyke. Butley, Woodbridge and Plomesgate bll. Renton also belonged to this hundred. On the coast in the east of the county, S. of Blything hd, from which Losa 1086 DB, 1086 (c. 1180) lE, 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, it is partly divided by a Hundred River, on both sides of the river AIdE', Lose 1086 (c. 1180) lE, 1135---9 France, 1185 Rot Dam, 1226­ including in the west the pars of Bruisyard, Cransford, Parham, Gt and 8 Fees, 1235 Ass 1173 m 7, 1242 P, 1250 Ass 819 m 13, 1275 RH, Lt Glemham, Blaxhall and Tunstall, bordering on Hoxne and Loes hds, and in the south those of Wantisden, Chillesford and Gedgrave, bordering 1307 Ipm, 1327 SR, Loose 1371 SR 180/28, 1462 Ipm, 1523 SR. on Loes and Wilford hds, partly along the Butley River. - OE hlose 'pig-sty' (v. PNLa 12 f.). Cf. LOOSE HALL ill Hitcham In Domesday part of the modern hundred including Parham, (Cosford hd): Losam 1086 DB, Losa c. 1110 Mon VI 174, Lose Blaxhall, Tunstall, Wantisden, Beversham (cf. VHSf I, 575n.) 1207 Cur, 1286 AD I, Lose by Hetham 1288 Ipm, la Lose in and an unidentified Br-utge, is treated as a separate hundred, the Hecham 13, Losse 1296 AD I. The meeting-place of the hundred half hundred of PARHMf: Pen-eham Dim' H' 1086 DB, Per-eham is unknown. dimium hundr 1086 lE, named from the village of PARHAM on Thredling hd is a small district W. of Loes hd including the pars of the river Ore, 2 m. SE. of Framlingham: Perreham 1086 DB, Debenham, Ashfield, Framsden, Pettaugh and Winstoll. In Domesday it Perham 1086 DB, 1204 Ch, 1208, 1221 FF, Pereham, Parham was included in Claydon hd, of which it formed a third. It is called 1206 Cur, from OE *peru-harmn, d. PNSx 152. - This hundred Trelling' de Claidon' (i. e. the third part of Claydon hd) in 1168 P, and was later merged in that of Plomesgate, which, seemingly in Tertia pars de Trillingehundredo in 1188 P, the rest of Claydon hundred consequence, is sometimes referred to as a hundred and a half being referred to as Cleidon'. In his duabus partibus hundredi .. in 1220 - Fees. Cf. also: Hundr' de thredling que est tercia pars hundredi'de Cley­ I in the thirteenth century. It is: Plvmesgata, Plvmesgate, Plvsmes­ don' 1240 Ass 818 ill 48. The hundred belonged to the liberty of the mo­ gata, pz,vmestgata, Plrmgata 1086 DB, Plum(m)esgete (var. nastery of Ely, and Thredling is often mentioned together with the other Plumesiete Hamilton) 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Hundr' de Plummesgate five hundreds and a half belonging to the liberty, e. g.: in quinque cen­ ... hundr' et dimid' (18 jurors) 1240 Ass 818 m 49, Plimgate, turiatibus et dimidio de Wichelare.. et in trilinguo de Winestune 1 12 Plumesgate 1242 P, Plumesgate 1250 Ass 819 m 13, 1254 Norwich, Lib El 169; in V hundredis et dimidio et Thredling' Sancte Atheldr' 1220 Fees; intra quinque h2mdr' et dimid' de Wichelawe et de triling' de Wyne­ 1265 n-Iisc, 1275 RH, Hundr' et Dimid' de Plumesgate 1286 Ass stan' 1224 Cl et passim. The reason why it was made into a separate 827 m 1d, 829 m 49d, 53d, Hundr' de Plumgate 1286 Ass 829 m hundred may be that as it belonged to the franchise of the Abbey of Ely 50d, Plumbisgate 1287 Ipm, Plomisgate 1316 FA, Plomesgate 1327 it was not under the same jurisdiction as' the rest of Claydon hd. Later SR. - The first el. of the name is probably to be associated with it is sometimes referred to as a half-hundred, probably on account of its OE plUme 'plum-tree'. It can hardly be that word itself (cf. Skeat), small size, its origin being then forgotten, e. g.: di' hundr' de Tedlyng' 1275 RH, Dimid' hundr' de Thryldhyngg' 1286 Ass 829 m 73d. - The name but is probably a derivative of or compound with plUme, though means 'third part', from OE. *pridling, cf. PNillg 26. no definite suggestion seems possible; if this is true, the second el. is from OE geat 'gate'. - According to information kindly CarlCord hI]. supplied by Mr. V. B. Redstone, PLOMESGATE Mill is mentioned in E. of Bosmere and c!aydon hd, W. of Wilford hd, from which it is partly separated by the Deben, and N. of Collleis hd, inclUding in the west the a deed of c. 1770 belonging to Mill House, now Rose Hill House pars of OtIey, Witnesham, Tuddenham and RI~shmere St Andrew, in the (87 B 8) in Farnham. Here the hundred-court was probably held, east those of Clopton, Burgh, Hasketon and Martlesham, and in' the south and the exact spot may be the slight hill on which Rose Hill AlnesbouTll Priory, Purdis Farm, Foxhall, Brightwell, Newbourn and House stands, where two roads meet. Waldringfield. IJoes bd. 1 Winston; apparently ill some way the centre of the hundred, per­ W. of Plomesgate hd, S. of Hoxne hd and N. of Wilford and Carlford haps its meeting-place. hds, mainly S. ~nd W. of Framlingham, ineluding in the west the pars of 92 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names 93

Carleford(a), CaTlaforda, Calleforda 1086 DB, Karleforde -a, Middlcton, Wileford 1227 Pat, lVilletord (p) c. 1240 l\fiddleton, Carleforda, Caresforda 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Carlesforde 1087-98 Wylford' 1259 Cl). l\futschmann suggests OE Wila pn for the (c. 1190) Bury, {{arleford' 1185 Rot Dom, 1250 Ass 819 m 13, first eL, but this is unlikely in view of the same PN occurring Carleford c. 1205 BM, 1260 Ipm, 1265 Mise, 1316 FA, Karleford twice. :More likely the first el. is OE *uJilig, welig 'willow'.1 1235, 1240 Ass H73 m 7, 818 m 56d, 1254 Norwich, 1275 RH, Carlesford 1275 RH, Carleforde 1R27 SR. .- The hundred is named Colneis hd. The southern part of the peninsula forined by the Deben and the from a ford, still known as CARLFORD locally, across a small stream 1 Orwell extending northwards as far as Nacton, Bucklesham and Hemley in Hasketon par, about a mile W. of Hasketon village. - Domes­ (inclusive). day mentions a place called Kalletuna in this hundred; the same Colenesse, Colenes(e), Colones(s)e 1086 DB, Colnesse -a 1086 place is referred to as Carletun.a 1086 (c. 1180) lE. In the SR (c. 1180) lE, Colenese 1158-62 (1331) Ch. Colenexe 1185 Rot for 1327 Johannes de Carleforde and Gilbertus de Carleton are Dom, Colnes' 1204 Ch, 1250 Ass 819 m 14, Colnese 1235 Ass both assessed under Hasketon. If this Carleton refers to the same 1173 m 7d, Colneyse 1240 Ass 818 m 50, 1242 P, 1254 Norwich, place as the Domesday name, it was no doubt near Carlford, and 1265 :Mise, '1275 RH, 1286 Ass 829 m 46, 1327 SR, 1402 FA, Colnes the two names may derive from the same person; if so, the first 1524 SR, 1601 BodL - Perhaps from ON Koli pn (Bjorkman NP eL may be ON KarU, OESc Karle-pn (Bjorkinan NP 77 f.); second 84) and ON nes 'headland'. The forms in -el/se may be due to elements OE ford and tun 'farm'.. Cf. also Keysford PNSx 342. Norman influence; cf. Furness PNLa 200, Totnes PND" 3il4. If CarIford should be taken alone, on the other hand, the original In the court-rolls of Walton manor,' s. a. 1394-5 there is reference to form may be OE *ceorlaford, which may mean 'ford where the a place called Colneyslond, apparently in the SE. corner of the peninsula. freemen of the hundred meet'; this is the more interesting deriva­ In the report of the commissioners for inspecting the sea-coast of Essex in 1539 the following passage occurs': 'There is between that h(aven' and) tion, and should perhaps be givcn the preference. Colnes being on the Suffolk syde a point called Lan(ger Point") .. .'. In Wilford IIIJ. 1322 an order was issued for one ship to he found for the army of Scot­ land by the towns of Gusion, WaletrJ"n, Filthusto11Je' and Colneyse (Cl 4(3). On the coast, S. of Plomesgate and Loes hds, mainly E. of the Deben. From these references it seems clear that the headland from wbich the To the west of the Deben it includes the pars of Melton, Ufford, Pettistree, hundred is named was E. of Felixstowe in the soutb-east part of the pen­ Wickham Market, Dallinghoo, Bredfield, Boulge and Debach. insula. Its character cannot now be determined, as the coast-line is here Wileford(a) , Wilesfordn, Wile fort 1086 DB, Uuilleforda, lVille­ very different from what it was a thousand years ago owing to the en­ forde 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Wilefordhdr' 1158 P, Wyleford 1240 Ass croachments of the sea. 818 m 49, 1254 Norwich, 1275 RH, 1286 Ass 827 m ld, 1308 Ipm, f Babergh hd. 1316 FA, 1327 SR, Wileford' 1242 P, Wileford 1265 Mise, Wille­ A comparatively large district in the south of the county on the Stour. ford 1275 RH, 1346 FA, Wilford 1346 l"A. - Domesday mentions W. of Samford and Cosford hds, including in the east the pars of Stoke by a place called Wileford(a) in this hundred, also referred to as Nayland, Polstead, Boxford, Groton, Monks Eleigh and Preston, in the Wileford c. 1150 Crawf. This must have been at WJLFORD BRIDGE (Old 1" OS) over the Deben, 1. m. NE. of Woodbridge, from 1 Professor Zachrisson (StNPh II 56 f.) assumes a river-name *Wili, a lost name of the Deben, as the first el. of the name, but I do not think this which the hundred is also named. - Thc name should be compared convincing. with WJLFORD Nt (Wilesforde 1086 DB, Wileford' (p) c. 1190 • From transcripts in the possession of Mr. V. B. Redstone. I am also indebted to him for the following particulars. 1 I

The English Hundred-Names 95 94 O. S. Anderson I north, bordering on Thedwestry and Thingoe hds, those of Cockfield, an old name of the Bret, derived from the British word for 'reed, Lawshall and Butest, and in the west, bordering on Risbridge hd, those of bog' found in W COl'S; v. ERN 95. Second el. OE ford. Somerton, Boxted and Cavendish. It ranked as a double hundred. Like Risbridge Illl. the following hundreds it belonged to the franchise of Bury St Edmunds. In the SW. corner of the county, W. of Babergh and Thingoe hds, Babenberga duo hund', B.binberfjlJ, duo W, Banberca dvo H' (1), including in the north the pars of Moulton, Kentford, Gazeley and Hig­ Baberga dro H' 1086 DB, Babenfjbei (Babengb'ei Hamilton) hundr' ham and in the east those of Denham, Ousden, Depden, Chedbnrgh, Haw­ 1086 (c. 1180) lE, (in) Basbenberge duobus hundretis 1087-98 kedon, Poslingford and Clare. (c. 1190) Bury, Babbenbergahdr' 1166, 11 hundr' Babenberga 1168, Risebruge 1086 DB, Risebrigge 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, 1240 Babinbergehclr' 1170 P, Babenberg' 1182 Samson f. 101d, (de) Ass 818 m 54d, Risebrigehundredum 1188, Risebriggehdr' 1189 P, Jl hundredis de Babenberga 1189, 1193, Babbingebergahundredum Risebreg' 1219, Risebrug' 1220 Fees, Rysebreg 1265 ~iisc, Rise­ 1193 P, Babbeberg' 12]9, (in) duobus hundredis de Badberee 1220 bregg' 1275 RH, Risebreg 1280 Pinchbeck II 273, Rissebrig, Rese­ Fees, Babbergh' 1226--8 Fees, 1275 RH, Babberghe 1240 Ass breg 1287 Ipm, Rysebrege 1316 FA, Rysebregge 1327 SR Risshe­ 818 m 54, Babenb' 1250 Ass 819 m 2d, Badberewe 1275 RH, breg' 137-1 SR 180/28. - In the NE. corner of Barnardiston par, Babberge 1316 FA, 1327 SR, Badbere 1346 FA, Babberwe 1355 there is a small district (measuring 129 acres), according to lpm, Babber 1535 VE. -- The hundred meeting-place was no Bartholomew 'an uninhabited parish', called MONKS R1SBRIDGE doubt on BABERGH HEATH (Balberg' (sic) heath 1304 AD n 532, (marked on the 6", 1" (not popular ed.) and OS Index maps). Balberte 1311 AD Ill, Barbary Heath Old 1" OS map) between Very likely the hundred is named from the bridge that gave name Acton, Chilton and Gt Waldingfield, from which it takes its name. to this district. There is now no river near it, but on his large I (Babergh Hall and Place and Babergh Heath Fm (6") are on the map of Suffolk (1826?) Greenwood marks a small stream in its modern map, c. 1 m. W. of Gt Waldingfield.) - From OE Babba southern boundary. - From OE hr'is or *hr'isen 'of brushwood' pn (Redin 83) and be(o)rg 'mound' (cf. Barrow Hill in Aeton?). and brycg; 'bridge built of brushwood', perhaps over the stream Cf. BAYTHORN Ess, C. 10 m. to the west: Babbingperne c. 958 (14) just mentioned. Cf. PNW0 22, PNSx 258. BCS 1012; further Karlstrom 125. Thingoe bd. Cosford bd. A district mainly W. of Bury St Edmunds, E. of Risbridge, N. of W. of Samford hd, N. and E. of Babergh hd on the river Bret, includ­ Babergh and W. of Thedwestry hds, bounded on the north-east by the Lark, ing in the north, bordering on Thedwestry hd, the pars of Hitcham, Illcluding in the north the par of Lackford and in the south-east those of Brettenham and Thorpe Morieux. It counted as a half-hundred. Nowton and Hawstead. Sudbury, now in Babergh hd, originally belonged Dim' H' de Costort, Costorda; Corstorde Dim' h', Dim' H' de to this hundred. Crostort 1086 DB, Corsforda, Crostorda dimidium hundr' 1086 pe half nigende hundredes sokne into Dinghowe 1042-66 (14) (c. 1180) IE, (in) dimidio hundredo de Corstorde 1087-98 (e. Thorpe 418, Tingohou, Til1gohv, Tinchou, Chinhoge, Thingohov, 1190), Costord 1148---56 (14) Bury, Corestorde hundr' 1182 Thingehov, Tingoov, Tingov; Tingoho 1086 DB, Tingehou 1086 Samson f. 101, Cosfordhundredurn 1191, dim. hundredum de (c. 1180) lE, Thinghoge 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Tinghowe 1182 Costeld 1195 P, Costord' 1219, dimidium hundredum de Corstord' Samson f. 89, Tinghohdr' 1189, 1193 P, Thinghoghe c. 1190-1200 1220 Fees, de Corstord 1210 Ass 818 m 55, 1265 Mise (half hd of), Bodl, Thinghog' 1220 Fees, l'hyngho 1240 Ass 818 m 54d, Thingml'e 1275 RH, 1286 Ass 829 m 33, Corstorde 1327 SR, Costord 1346 1254 Norwich, Thinghowe 1275 RH, 1316 FA, Tyngho 1275 RH, ~ FA. - The hundred is named from a ford over the Bret at COSFORD . Thynghowe 1327 SR - From ON pinghaugr 'mound of assembly'; 1 cf. lPN 87 f. Gage (op. cit. p. XI) locates the mound on Shirehouse BRIDGE (6"), 1 / 2 m. NW. of Hadleigh: Corstorde 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury, Cost' 1205, Corstord' 1206 Cur, (eheminum quod Heath just N. of Bury St Edmunds and suggests that the exact tendit versus) Corstord Hy3 Mon VI 592, Corstord (Mill) 13 AD spot may be a mound (marked on his map of the hundred), where Il 209, Costord 1340 Ch, 1398 BM. - The first el. is very likely a mill stood in his day. The mound is referred to as Thinghogo r 1

96 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 97 by Hermannus e. 1100 (i\femStEdm I 31). Originally all the eight but in the Feudal Book of Abbot Baldwin (Bury p. 7) only the and a half hundreds of Bury St Edmunds apparently met here. manors of Ingham, Culford and West Stow in the SW. part of For the later meeting-plaees of the liberty see above p. 83. the present hundred are assigned to Brademere, the remaining Thedwestry bd. parishes of the modern hundred being assigned to Blackbourn E. of Thingoe hd and N. of Rabergh and Cosford hds, bounded by hd. - The name is from OE brad and mere 'large pool'. It has Blackbourn hd on the north, where it includes the pars of Woolpit, To­ been suggested 1 that the name is preserved in BROAD MERE in stock, Thurston, Pakenham, Gt Livermere, Ampton, Tirnworth and Forn­ Troston par, c. 1 m. N. of Troston, whieh presupposes, however, ham St Geneveve. Its northern boundary has a curious shape with two that the hundred was once of considerably wider extent than in long, narrow strips reaching up towards a place called Rymer Point, 1086. - No mention of the hd of has been found apparently a spot of some importance in early days, for the boundaries Brademere of all the parishes in a wide circle round it, nine in all, are made to meet after the 11th century. It was apparently completely merged in there. Blackbourn hd, which accordingly appears as a double hundred Theod Wardes Treo, Thewardestr(e)u, Thewardestre 1086 DB, in the 12th century: Blacbruna -e, Blachebruna -e, Bla(c)kebrune { Tedeuuartstreu, Teodeuuardes treou 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Theod­ 1086 DB,' Blac(h)ebrune 1087-98 (e. 1190), Blakebourne 1121 uuardesthreo, TheowardestJ'e 1087-98 (c. 1190), Teodwardestre -48 (15) Bury, (in) duobus hundred' de Blakebrun' 1182 Samson 1121-48 (15) Bury, Thedwarder;tre 1182 Samson f. 81, 1240 Ass f. 92d, 1220 Fees, Blakebrunnehundredum Sancti iEdmundi 1185, 818 m 55, 1247 MemStEdm, 1254 Norwich, 1265 Mise, 1;~03, 1344 (de) II hundredis 2 de Blakebrunnehundredo 1188 P, Blakebrunne Ipm, Tedwardestrie 1199 P, Thedwarestre 1220 Fees, Thedwar­ 1219 Fees, Hllndr' de BlacbTllnne (23 jurors) 1240 Ass 818 m 55, distre 1316 FA, 1327 SR, 1360 Pat, Thedwarstre 1320 Tpm, Blakeburn' (respondet per duobus hundr') 1275 RH, Blakebllrne Thedwastre 1539 Bodl. - OE *Peodweard pn and treo 'tree'; 1316 FA, Blakebourne 1327 SR. - OE bla!c and burna 'black for the pn cf. the field-name Thiedwarescroft, Tedwardescroft stream'. The name is probably, as suggested by Powell,· preserved (Chattisham Sf) AD II 195, 217. - The hundred-name survives in BLACKBURN Farm in Stanton par (1 m. N. of Stanton; to judge in THEDWASTRE House and THEDWASTRE Hill Farm (both 6") in from the map the nearest stream is now a mile away, but on the Thurston par, c. I/l m. E. of Thurston station, on either side of old 1" map a small stream is marked running past Blackburn the railway! HOllse). In modern times the hundred met at Stanton! B1ackbourn hd, Lackford hd. On the Norfolk border, N. of Thedwestry and Thingoe hds and Eo of Consists of the NW. corner of the county, N. of Risbridge and \V. of I Lackford hd, including in the west the pars of Barnham and West Stow. Thingoe and Blackbourn hds, from which it is separated by the Icknield In Domesday this hundred was divided into two hundreds, Way. Blackbourn hd and Brademera lhmd', also mentioned as Brademere Lacforda -e, Lacheforda, Leac;orde H' 1086 DB, Lecforde -a Hundret 1087-98 (c. 1190) Bury.c No definite boundary between hundr' 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Leacforde Hundret 1087-98 (c, 1190) the two hundreds can be evolved out of the Domesday entries, Bury, Lacford hdr' 1168 P, Hundredum de Laford' 1185 Rot Dom, Lacford' 1226-8 Fees, llundr' de Lacford 1240 Ass 818 m 56,

1 The entry on the Patent rolls quoted above contains that some 1265 Mise, 1275 RH, 1303 FA, 1327 SR, Lackford 1316 FA. persons named 'conspired at Thurston on Monday after Michaelmas ... The hundred is apparently named from the ford still in existence that (one of them) would act so that no execution of right by plaint or below LACKFORD BRIDGE (del Punt of Lacford 1301 Cl), where the Icknield otherwise should be done in the abbot of Bury SI. Edmunds's hd of Thed­ Way crosses the river Lark. The viI. of LACKFORD, in Thingoe hd, c. I m. wardistre'. This may be taken to show that the hundred-court was then actually Ileld at this place. 1 E. Powell, A Suffolk Hundred in 1283, Cambridge 1910, p. XVIII. 2 In the Pinchbeck Register I 328 (MS c. 1333) Brademer is written in 2 11 hundredis interlined. the margin against a list of the vills of B1ackbourn hd. s op_ cit. p. XIX. • ib. p. XVIII. 7 I

98 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 99 SE. of Lackford Bridge, is named from the same ford: Lectorde, Lactorde meeting-place and marked for the purpose with a pillar'. Accor­ 1045-98 (11) EHR 43, 382 f., Le(a)ctordam 1086 DB, Leactorde 1087--'-98 ding to Lysons 1 STAPLOE Balk was the name of a balk 'in Burwell (c. 1190) Bury, Dactord' 1204 Obl (p), 1250 Cl, Lactord 1215 FF, 1253 Ch, field', probably in the eastern part of the parish not far from Laketord 1248 Pat. The first cl. of the name goes back on an OE base in -(E- or Exning, for in a grant of land in Exning in 1198 (FFP) half an -ea-, as indicated by the 11th century forms in -eo, -ea-; second acre of land is said to lie ad uiam de Stapelhoue. This was doubtless the meeting-place from which the hundred is named. et OE f9rd.1 Cheveley hd. Cambridgeshire. A small district including the pars of Woodditton, ChevelE!y, Ashley There is a marked difference in the hundred divisions of the southern cum Silverley and Rirtling, E. of Staploe hd and N. of Radfield hd, from part of Cambridgeshire and the part of the county north of the Ouse. which it is divided by the Devil's Ditch. Cambridgeshire S. of the Ouse is now as it was in 1086 divided into 14 C(h)avelai hvnrl' 1086 DB, Caueleie hundr' c. 1080 (c. 1180) comparatively small hundreds, some of them very small, only including ICC, Cauelai hund' 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Chauelaihdr' 1166, four or five parishes (Cheveley, FIendish, Whittlesford). The areas of CheaueleJiundr' 1175, Chaueleahundredum 1188, 1193, 1195 P; these hundreds are everywhere the same now as they were at the time of the Domesday survey. The hundreds on the whole consist of compact Bundr' de C(h)auelc 1218 SR 81/1, lIundredum de Cheuele 12313 areas except for the north-western part of the district, the bds of Chester­ -8 Barnwell, 1329 SR 81/6, llundr'm de Chauelee 1261 Ass 82 ton and Northstow, which are broken up in several parcels. In this part of m 28, Bundr' de Chwuele 1276 R.H, 1316 FA. the county the hundreds are divided into two groups by the river Cam, The hundred is named from CHEVELEY, where its meeting-place may whose marshy banks formed an effective boundary. The Cambridgeshire have been: Cceafle post 991 BM, uillam siluosam uocabulo Cheatlea 1022 dykes' and the Roman roads that cross the county also provided boun­ (18) KCD 734, Chavelai, silua regis de Chauelai 1086 DB, in Caueleio, daries for some of the hundreds. - The hundredal division of the Isle of silua regis de Cheueleie c. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, silua Ceauelai 1086 (c. 1180) Ely makes a more artificial impression. It lacks the stability of the hun­ lE, Chetle 12 Lib El 183, Chauelai 1161, Chauelay 1176, Cheuelea (p) 1188 dreds S. of the Ouse, and very likely the hundredal division cannot be P, Che'velay late Hy2 BM, Chauel' 1199 Cur 11, 1200 FF, Chevele 1200 Pap, very old in this part of the county. 1271 FF, Chavele 1201 Cur, 1254 Norwich, 1303, 1342 Ipm, Chavelay 1203 I FF, Chaveleia 1205 Obl, Chatle 1242 Fees, Caveley 1246 Cl, Che1!elegh Staploe bd. 1287 Fine. S. of the Ouse, E. of the Cam and N. of Staine hd, from which it is Skeat's derivation from OE ceaf 'chaff' and le(a)h is undoub­ separated by the Devil's Ditch. In Domesday it is made to include also tedly correct, but the exact meaning of the compound is obscure. Exning, now in Sf. Staplehou 1086 DB, (c. 1180) ICC, lE, Stapelhohundr' 1168, The intrusive vowel of the ME forms is due to the difficulty of Stapelfordhundr' 1175/ Stapelawahundredum 1193 3 P, Stapelho the combinat.ion -'Vl-; cf. Jordan § 216. [nitial cea- (C(E- ce-) 1218 SR 81/1, 1236--8 Barnwell, 1272 Ass 85 m 1, 1279 RH, developed as in OE ceaster (cf. Chesterton below). - CHEVELEY 1284-6, 1316 FA, 1329 SR 81/6, Stapelhowe 1261 Ass 82 m 25, (in Huntington) co. Ch (Cavelea 1086 DB, Ceueleiam c. 1150 1279 RH, Stapilho 1276 RH, 1336 SR 81/12, 1401 FA, Stapulho Werb, Che'Vely 1244 Ch, Che'Velegh 1295 Misc) is different; it is 1428FA. - OE *stapol-hoh perhaps 'spur of land used as a Ceofanlea 958 (13) BCS 1041.

1 Professor Ekwall now wishes to withdraw the suggestion for the Staine bd. etymology of the name made in ERN 236. In his opinion, the first el. is OE E. of the Cam, S. of Staploe and W. of Radfield hds, bordering on the leae 'garlic'. This word is generally assumed to have become lee by south on FIendish hd, from which it is divided by the Fleam Dyke, inclu­ smoothing in all Anglian dialects, but there is nothing to prove that this ding the pars of Swaffham Prior and Bulbeck, Lode, Stow cum Quy, was the case in Suffolk. A PN like Yaxley may indicate that ea was Bottisham and Gt and Lt Wilbraham. preserved here. 2 Preceded by Witletordhdr'; Stapelhouhdr' in the Cbancellor's Roll. 1 Daniel Lysons, Magna Britannia vo!. 11, pt I, London 1808, p. 97 • Preceded by Trepelau·ahdr'. note. The English Hundred·Nafnes 101 O. S. Anderson 100 of Richmond's tourn for Gt Wilbraham is held there). It seems Stanes kond' 1086 DB, Stane c. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, hund' de to have a counterpart in le Flemdich AD V 183 (Lt Waltham Ess). Stanas, Stane hundret 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Stanehundredum 1185, Sian­ _ From OE *tlemena die 'fugitives' dyke' (first el. OE tlema, hundredum 1188 P, Stane 1199 P, 1218 SR 81/1, 1236--8 Barnwell, mema 'fugitive' cf. Flimwell PNSx 452). The 11th century forms 1261 Ass 82 m 26, 1304 Ipm, 1316 FA, 1329 SR 81[6, 1428 FA, may represent OE tlemena-, though they may be influenced by 1457 lpm, 1583 BM, 1610 Speed, Stone 1272 Ass 85 m 5d, 1286 OE fleming 'fugitive' (cL Zachrisson StMSp IX 118, StNPh V 4).1 Ass 86 m 46, Stayne 1592 BM. - OE stan 'stone'. The preserva­ As there is no trace of the -ing in later forms, it seems less likely tion of the long a is difficult to explain. Skeat's suggestion that that the first el. is that word itself. The .ME forms, which show it is due to Scandinavian influence can hardly be correct, as there no trace of OE -ena are perhaps influenced by ME tli!:me 'flight' is no trace of the diphthong of ON steinn in early forms. Cf. also (from OE tleam; cf. Fleamstede 990 (c. 1250) KCD 672: Flamstead Staines Mx (Gavel') and Steane PNNp 57. The ai of the modern Herts), as seems certainly to be the case in the modern name of form is an inverted spelling for a, a and ai having coincided in the dyke itself. The dyke was perhaps a place of refuge for early ModE. The site of the stone(s) is unknown. fugitives (cf. Liebermann Il 290 s. v. Asyl). The development FIendish hd. of [ditf] > [dif] is too late to be due to French influence. It may E. of the Cam, S. of Staine hd, W. of Radfield hd from which it is perhaps be due to analogy from words in -dish (cf., however, separated by the Icknield Way. N. of Chilford and Thriplow hds, from ANlnfl 159 f.). which it is partly divided by the Via Devana, including the pars of Hor­ ningsca, Fen Ditton, Teversham, Cherry Hinton and Fulbourn. Its north Radfield bd. boundary is formed partly by the Fleam Dyke. S. of Cheveley hd and the Devil's Ditch. E. of Staine and Fiendish Flamingdiee. Flammindic, Flammidinc, Flamiding. Flammiding hd~ and N. of Chilford hd, on the Suffolk border, including the pars of 1086 DB, Flamenedie c. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, Flammigedic, Fla'­ Stetchworth, Dullingham, Burrough Green, Westley Waterless, Brinkley, mincdie 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Flam'diehdr' 1158, Flamedieh'hund­ Carlton cum Willingham, Weston Colville, West Wratting and Balsham. All the parishes oecupy the whole width of the hundred their boundaries redum Flemediehhundredum Flamediehhundredum 1176, 1188, running parallel from NW. to SE. 1191, Flamedieh 1199 P, Flemedie, Flemesdich 1218 SR 81/1, Radptelle 1086 DB, Radesteld c. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, Radetelde Fleniedieh 1236--8 Barnwell, 1265 Mise, 1276 RH, Flemedieh' 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Radeteldhdr' 1157, 1188 P, Redeteld' 1185 1261 Ass 82 m 33, Flemesdieh 1284-6, Flemdiehe 1303 FA, Rot Dom, Radefeld' 1218 SR 81/1, 1286 Ass 86 m 44, 1329' SR 81/6, Flemdisch 1372 SR 81/28, Flendiehe 1428 FA, Flemedyssh 1457 Radefeld 1236-8 Barnwell, 1276 RH, 1284-6 FA, 1340 Cl, Ipm, Flendyche 1548 D, Flendyshe 1583 BM. - The hundred is Radeteud' 1261 Ass 82 m 23, Radtelde 1303, 1316 FA. - OE named from the FLEAM DYKE, and old dyke 1 now largely levelled, read and teld 'red field'. The place is lost but may possibly have which forms the northern boundary of the hundred. The exact been near Westley Waterless, for in Domesday the hundred seems spot for the hundred meeting-place was nO doubt at MUTLOW HILL also to be called Weslai hvnd' (f. 199a). (probably from OE *(ge)mot-hWw 'hill of assembly', though no early forms have been found), a tumulus at the point where Fleam Chilford M. Dyke is intersected by the lcknield Way 2 in the eastern corner In the SE. corner of the county S. of Fiendish and Radfield Ms, from of Fulbourn par. FleaID' Dyke is the die referred to in BCS 1305 which it is partly separated by the Via Devana, E. of Thriplow and Whittlesford hds, including the pars of West Wickham, Horseheath, (A.D. 974). It is also mentioned as Flemesdieh c. 1260 BodL Shudy and Castle Camps, Bartlow, Linton, Hilder~,ham, Gt and Lt Abing­ Flemdieh, Flemigdich' 1279 RH, Flemdich 1346 Ipm (the Earl ton, Babraham and Pampisford.

1 Excavations have shown it to be post-Roman; see Proceedings of 1 Influence from AN Flaming, Plemin.fJ is also possible (the word is the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, vo!. 24 p. 28 ff., vo!. 25 p. 21 ff. found in ASC(C) s. a. 1066, in the form Flreminy; cf. also Skeat). 2 Op. cit. vo!. 25 p. 36. I

The English Hundred-Names 103 102 O. S. Antlerson Hn: Witlesmere 963--84 (c. 1200) BCS 1128. Cf. also WHlTTLEBURY Cildeford 1086 DB, Childeforda c.l080 (c. 1180) Cildeforde Ice, and WHITTLEWOOD, PNNp 2, 45. These names have been derived 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Childefordhr' 1169, Chilford'hundredum 1179, from OE Witil (*Witela) pn (Redin 139), a diminutive of OE Chillefordhundredum 1185 P, Chileford' 1185 Rot Dom, 1218 SR Wita pn. OE (1In-, fore-)wit(t)ol '(un)wise, (fore)knowing' used tU/l, 1261 Ass 82 m 2:3, Chilleford 1199 P, Chilleford' 1218, 1329 as a pn or as a noun might also be thought of. SR 81/1, 6, Chilford 1236-8 Barnwell, 1276 RH, 1284-6 FA, 1312 lpm, 1334 Pat. - OE *cilda ford 'children's ford' (Skeat). Thriplow hd. Cf. PNLa s. n. Childwall and references thcre quoted, and for the W. of Whittlesford and Chilford hds, S. of FIendish hd and the river gen. pI. cilda Sievers § 290 n. 2. The mcanin~ of the name is Cam and E. of Armingford hd. uncertain; Skeat suggests that it refers to a shallow ford; cf., Trepela'v, Trepeslal' hL'nd' 1086 DB, hundr' de TripeWl1e c. 1080 however, PNWo 50. The name survives in LITTLE CmLFoRDs (Chil­ (c. 1180) ICC, Trepeslau, Treppeslaue hund' 1086 (c. 1180) lE, ford 1279 RH), a farm a mile NW. of !.inton, near the river Treppel'hdr' 1158, Trepelawehltndr' 1168, Treppelawahundredum Bourne; CH1LFOR~ Hall is a mile farther north. From ChiIford 1179, Tripelawahundredurn 1185 P, Hundredum de Trapelawe Hall a track leads past LiWe ChiIfords acrosS the Bourne. The 1185 Rot Dom, Triplawahundredum 1188, Trepelawahundredum ford must be where this track crosses the stream. This was no 1193, Tripelmcehundredurtl 1195, Hundredum de Trepelawe 1199 doubt the meeting-place of the hundred. P, Hundr' de Treplawe, Trippelawe 1218 SR 81/1, Hundredum de Trippelawe 1236-8 Barnwell, 1261 Ass 82 m 24, 1303 FA, Hund­ Whittlesford hd. redurn de TrNPpel010e 1272 Ass 85 ID 12, Hundr' de Trippelowe A small district in thc south of the county, W. of Chilford hd, including the pars of Hinxton, Ickleton, Duxford, Whittlesford and Sawston. 1276 RH, 1316 FA, 1329 SR 81/6, 1401 FA. I The hundred is named from the viI. of THRIPLOW,' or both are named from Witelesford hd', TVitelesfeld 1 hund' 1086 DB, (in) hundreto the same hill or tumulus, perhaps the one marked on the OS just E. of de Witlesforda c. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, Witelesforda hltnd' 1086 (c. Thriplow church: Tripelan 1042-66 KCD 907 (late copy), Trepeslau, l180) lE, lflitlefordhundr' 1175, Witlesfordhundredum 1185 P, Trepeslai 1086 DB, Trippeldue c. 1080 (0.1180) ICC, Treppeslaue 1086 (c. Hundredum de Witlesford 1199 P, 1236-8 Barnwell, Hundr' de 1180) lE, Tripelaue 12 Lib El 201, Trippelawa 1177 P, Treppelawe 1206 Cur, Witlesford', Witellestonl' 1218 SR 81/1, hd of Wittlesford 1265 Trippelau'e 1228 Pat, Treplawe (p) 1232 FF, Trappelowe, Trcplowe 1276 RH, Thrippelowe 1279 RH, 1332 Fine (p), 1333 rpm, Thirppelowe 1428 FA, Misc, Hundr'm de Wytlesford' 1286 Ass 86 m 43d, Hundredum Trepelowe 1446 AD VI. de Wytlesford 1316, de Witlesforde 1428 FA. Skeat derives the first el. from a pn *Trippa, which, however, The hundred-name is derived from that of the viI. of WHlTTLESFORD, or from the ford that gives name to ,he village:' lVitelestorde 1086 DB, does not account for the early forms in -e-. The Th- of the Witlestorda c. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, Witlesford 12 Lib El 151, ?1185--95 modern form is undoubtedly misleading, as forms in Th- occur France, 1254 Norwich, 1316 FA, Witlesford' 1206 Cl, Wyttlesford 1228 FF, only very sporadically and late in the sources. The foms are Wytleford' 1241 Cl, Wittlestord 1251 Pat. . best in accordance with an OE base in *tryp-. Perhaps a pn The name should probably he connected with that of WHITT­ connected with OE treppan 'tread' is possible, or else OE *Tryppa LESEY, Ca: Witlesig 973 BCS 1297 (copy), and WHlTTLESEY MERE, may have existed as a short form of OE Trumbeorht by the side

1 Probably an erroneouS extension of Witelest', cf. f. 190a. of *Trumpa and *Tryrnpa (cf. PNWo 252 s. n. Trimpley). Second 2 Possibly the ford was one at WHlTTLESFORD BRIDGE (ad pontern de el. OE hlaw. Wytlesf ' 1242 Cl, Wytlisfordebrige 1279 RH, lVitlesfordebrigg 1303 FF, ord rd Wytlesfordebrigge 1309 Pat, Wytletord Brugge 1345 Fine, Wittlesto Armingford Ild. Brugge 1361 Pat) at the junction of the parishes of Duxford, Whittlesford, In the SW. corner of the county,W. of Thriplow hd, mainly S. of the Pampisford and Hinxton, where an old road connecting Royston with Cam or Rhee; to the north of the stream it includes the pars of Croydon the Icknield Way crosses the R. Cam or Granta, which would be a good cum Clapton, Tadlow and E. Hatley, and in the east the pars of Meldreth meeting-place. But the village itself is a mile farther down-stream and and Melbourn. the ford may have been one nearer the village. The English Hundred-Names 101) 104 O. S. Anderson Emingford 1086 DB, Herningeforda e. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, Wederlai (var. Weverlai Hamilton) 1086 (c. 1180) lE, rVeaerleahdr' Ermingetorde, Erningetord (var. Ernin(c)gaford, .Erningef' Hamil­ 1166, Wederleahdr' 1175, Wethcreahundredum 1183 P, Werle 1185 ton) 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Erningef' 1159, Erningefordhdr' 1166, Rot Dom, Wereslea 1199 P, Wetherle 1218 SR 81/1, 1242 P, Hy3 1175, 1188, 1191, llerningetordhr' 1169, Herningefordhundredurn Ipm, 1272 Ass 85 III 11, 1284--6, 1316 FA, 1329 SR 81/6, Wetherl' 1180, 1188, 1193 P, Emingeford 1199 P, 1236--8 Barnwell, 1223 Cl, 1261 Ass 82 m 34, Wethersle 1236-8 Barnwell, Weresle Arningford' 1218 SR 81!1, Arningeford' 1261 Ass 82 m 26d, 1276 HH, Wetherley 1428 FA. --- OE weoeT (or 1JJeOra gen. pt) and le(a)h 'clearing for sheep or rams" (Skeat). Arnyngeford 1272 Ass 85 m 11, Aringford 1276 RH, Arnyngford 1310 Ipm, 1316 FA, Armyngford' 1336 SR 81/12, Armyngeforth Longstow hd. 1428 FA. - The ford is generally assumed to be at the point N. and W. of Armingford and Wetherley hds, including in the north where the Ermine Street crosses the river Cam or Rhee! The the pars of Eltisley, Caxton, Bourn, Caldecote and Hardwick. only evidence I have found to that effect is from Lysons, who Stov hd' 1086 DB, hundr' de Stduue c. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, Stouu once refers to the bridge now occupying the site as Armingford ~ hund' 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Stohdr' 1161, Stowahundrcdurn 118;-) P, Bridge! But as he calls it Arrington Bridge (the modern name) :. Hundr' de' St01ce 1218 SR 81/1, 1236-8 Barnwell, 1261 Ass 82 elsewhere, it is somewhat inconclusive; still, that is probably the .;«$ III 33d, 1276 RH, 1316 FA, 1328 Cl, 1548 D. site of the ford; it is called: .£rningaford, Earmingaford, Earniga­ The hundred i~ named from the viI. of LOllG STOWE, 10 m. W. of Cam­ bridge: Stowe before 985 (14) BCS lOGO, 1114~'30 (14) Rams, 1201 Cur, 1254 ford 970 BCS 1265 (18), 1266 L,' Earningeford, Erningefort 12 Norwich, Stou 1086 DB, Stowa 1109----35 (14) Ram~, late 12th BM, Longa Lib El 159, 212; cf. ARRINGTON, on Ermine Street, 1 m. N. of Stowe 1272 FF, Longestowe 1314 Ipm, Longa Stoll'e juxta Brunne 1317 FF, Arrington Bridge: ?Carmigtone (var. Earmingtone) c. 950 (14) Langestowe juxta Caxton 1364 Orig. BCS 1008, Erningtrne 1086 DB, Brningetone tvar. Ernincgetune, OE stow perhaps here meaning 'meeting-place'. '&rningetune Hamilton) 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Erningatone ?1086--7 Northstow hd. France, Erningeton' (p) 1166 P, Arningtun' 1218 SR 81!1, Arington N. of Cambridge and Wetherley hd and W. of the Cam, including the 1258 FF; and ERMINE STREET: on Earninga strcete 955 (e. 1200), pars of Waterbeach, Landbeach, Milton, Irnpington, Clirton, Madingley, 957 BCS 909, 1003; 1012 (12) Proc Soe Ant, 2 Ser., III 49, Oakington, Long Stanton St Michael and All Saints, and Lolworth. Its shape Ermingestrete c. 1090 (c. 1230) Laws, Erningestrate c. 1200? is irregular owing to its being interspersed with parts of Chesterton hd. AD IV, Arnyngestrete 1299 Ass 95 m 56, Arnyngstrete 1438 Norestol', Orneston (1) 1086 DB, Nordstouua c. 1080 (c. 1180) AD Ill. - The first el. of all three names is the gen. pI. of ICC, Nordstouue 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Nordstowehundr' 1168, 1185, OE *Earningas, a tribal name, probably it derivative of OE Eaern Northstowehdr' 1170 P, Norstowe 1185 Rot Dom, iVordstowa­ pn (Redin 6); cf. PNBeds 2 f., Zachris50n PN & RN 10, Karl­ hundredum 1191 P, Nortstowe 1218 SR 81/1, 1279 RH, Northstowe 1261 Ass 82 m 24, 127(', RH, 1428 FA, Northstouwe 1335 Fine. strom' 46. - Its vicinity to Longstow lId might create the impression that r WetherJey Jut these two hundreds once formed a whole. Such a hundred, N. and W. of the river Cam or Rhee, SW. of Cambridge, including the however, would have been very irregular in shape and of quite pars of Arrington, Wimpole, OrweIl, Barri~gton, Harlton, Haslingfield, Grantchester, Coton, Barton, Comberton and, S. of the river, Shepreth. unusual length, and unless the hundred-boundaries have here Wederlai, Wedrelai 1086 DB, Werleia c. 1080 (c. 1180) ICC, been completely rearranged, I think it is more likely that North­ stow was named from a separate stow or meeting-place, though

1 PNBeds 3; H. ~f. Cam, The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls, p. 172. 1 Dr W. Palmer, Linton, kindly infonns me that there is mention of • op. cit. p. 46. a field called Wetherle, from which the hundred may be named, in Orwell 3 An inspeximus (A.D. 1323) of BCS 1266 f. in the Exchequer Memoranda Rolls (E 159/97 m 16; about the middle of the roll) has Earningalord, as par, in a 15th century charter in Bodl. MS. Rawlinson B 278, but I have no kindly pointed out by Mr. V. B. Redstone. exact reference to the charter in question. ,------­

106 O. 1>. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 107

as no such place has been found, the matter must remain some­ 1218 SR 81/1, PappewTihe Agn[etis] 123~ Barnwell, Anneys Papwrth what uncertain. North- to distinguish it from Longstow. 1241 FF.l - PAPWORTlI EVt;RAHD is: Pappawyroe 1012 (12) Proc Soc Ant, 2nd Ser., III 49, Papeworde 1086 DB, Pappewrth' Everard 1254 Norwich, (1hesterton bd, Pappeworth' Euerard, Purua Pappeworth' 1286 Ass 86 ID 48, 54d.' - Cf. Consists of three separate pieces uivided by parts of Northstow hd, also PAPLEY GROVE, 1 m. SW. of Papworth Everard (Eltisley par), which one including the village of Chesterton, one the pars of Cottenham, Westwick has the same first el.: Pappele 1279 RH, 1329 SR 81/6 m 7d (p), Pappele in and Histon and the third those of ChilderIey and Dry Drayton. Ellesle 13.34, 1385 BM. - There are also some other PNs of apparently iden­ Cestreton(e) hvnd' 1086 DB, Cestretona, Cestretlme hund' 1086 tical origin, viz. PAUPERHAUGH Nb: Papwirthhalgh c. 1120, Papwurthhalgh c. 1250 PNNb 156, also Papworthele ib.; PAPERCOURT in Send Sr: Pappe­ (c. 1180) lE, Cestretonehundr' 1130, Cestreton'hundredum 1191 P, worth 1320, Papeworth 136.3 Ch: and Papworthbank 1312 Cl (Wm?); PAPLEY Hundr' de Cest1'etun', Cestertun' 1218 Sll 81fl, Hundredum de Np: Pappele 12, et pass. PNNp ~16; and GT PAPELF.Y WOOD Sf (Barrow par): Cesterton 1236--8 Barnwell, 1275 Mise, Hundr' de Cestreton' 1261 Ureate Papeley 1597 Gage op. cit. p. 16 (map); cc. also P APCASTLE Cu: Pape­ Ass 82 m 30, 133G SR 81/12, Hundr' de Cestretun 1276 un, Hund­ caster 1265 Sedgefield, Papecastre 1300 Cl, and PAVt;NHAM PNBeds 36. redurn de Cestertone 1284-6, de Chestertone 1346 FA. The first el. of these names is probably a pn *Pap(p)a as The hundred is named from the viI. of CHESTERTON, now a suburb of assumed by Skeat (v. also PNBeds 3G s. n. Pavenham, PNNp 216

Cambridge: Cestretone 1086 DB, Cestretu-n' 1156 P, 1222 Cl, Ceslertune 1198 s. n. Papley), who adduces ]Japan halt S 901 BCS 596 -in support FF, Cestreton' 1200 Cnr, 1208 Cl, Chesterton 1207 FF, 1295 Cl, Chastreton of this name. It should probably be compared with the OG pn 1277 Cl, Chasterton 1305 FF. Papa, Papo of uncertain origin, for which see Mansion 34, NGN The village takes its name from the casLle (OB ceaster) of VII 144. Mansion points out that in hypocoristic names p. may Cambridge (Grantacaestir Bcde). The castle mound in Castle enter for any labial, as in Polly for Mary, Peg for Meg, Spanish Street, Cambridge, is still in Chesterton par.' I Paco for Fransisco, Frisian Pim for Willem. Panne for Frans. Pa'llworth bd. It is hardly identical with OE papa 'pope' (MM; Forssner 203). W. of Chesterton and Northstow hds, N. of Longstow hd. S. of the especially as the meaning 'priest' of this word does not seem to f Ouse, on the Huntingdonshire border. occur in English. It is remarkable that this first el. should be Papeword(e), Papesword, Pampesword hd' 1086 DB, Pampe­ so frequently coupled with OB 1001'1) and le(a)h. 'worda, Pampeullorde 2 Hund' 1086 (c. 1180) lE, Pappewuroe­ hundredum 1176, 1195 P, Hundredum de Papewurthe 1185 Rot The Isle of Ely seems to show a more artificial hundred-division than Cambridge S. of the Ouse. In 1086 it was divided into two hundreds: In Dom, Papewllrdehundredum 1185, Papewurdahundredum 1191 P, Dvobus Ihndredis de Ely qui cOl1veniunt apud Wicetorde DB f. 191b; In Hundr' de Papworth', Pappewrth' 1218 SR 81!1, Hundredum rle duobus hundretis de Ely qui conveniunt apud Wichtordam lE 498. This Pappewrthe 1236--8 Barnwell, Hundr' de Pappewurth' 1261 Ass arrangement dates back to the 10th century, for the two hundreds are men­ 82 ID 36, Hundr'm de Papwrthe 1272 Ass 85 m 15, Hundr' de tioned in King Edgar's charter granting to the monastery ... intra paludes Pampeworth 127G RH, Hundredum de Papewurth 1284-6, de causas seculares duorum centuriaiuum; ealla pa socna eac oter p[ret] tenn land into pam twam hundredum ... 970 BCS 1266 f. (confirmed by King Pappeworth 1316 FA, Hundr' de Pappeworth' 1329 SR 81/6, hd of ~I Eadward: ... In comitntu- Gmntecestrire ipsa insula cum duobus centuria­ Papworth 1335 Fine. tibus ... KCD 907). The two hundreds are often mentioned in Lib El, e. g. The hundred is named from the settlement now represented by PAPWOHTH p. 134 (consilium duorom hundretorum); p. 169 (duorom centuriatuum qui ST AGNES and PAPWORTH EVERARD in the sout.h-western corner of the hund­ ad Ely ab antiquo pertinent; ... omnes homines duorom centuriatuum red. PAPWORTH ST AGNES is: Papeuuorde 1086 DB, Pappe-wrda 1147 BM, Papewurda (p) 1160 P, Papewurth' 1198 Cur, 1208 Ch, Papu:orth' Agnetis 1 According to W. Farrer, Feudal Cambridgeshire, Cambridge 1920, p. 96, AGNES is doubtless from Agnes de Papewurda mentioned in 1160 P. I Cf. A. Gray in Cambridge Antiquarian Society Quarto Publications, • According to Farrer (op. cit. p. 97) the distinctive addition to this name N. S. I p. 15. I owe the reference to the courtesy of Miss H. M. Cam. is doubtless from Everard de Beche, who flourished c. 1156 (BarnweII 66 f.). • The forms containing an m are due to confusion with Pampisford Ca: a Near Micheldever Ha; later forms are: Papeholt 1167 P, Pappenholt Pampesuuorde 1086 DB. 1228, Papholte 1250, Papenholt 1253 Cl. 108 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·NulllRS 109 insul:e. " debent convenire ad Ely vel ad vVicheforda qu:e caput centuria­ Hurstingstone bd. tuum insul:e dicitur ....); - In DB and lE, Whittlesey, Doddington, Chat­ Contains the eastern part of the county N. of the Ouse, including in teris, Littleport, Stuntney, Thetford, Stretham, Wilburton, Haddenham, the west the pars of Stukeley (Gt and Lt), Abbots Ripton, Wood Walton Lindone (cf. Linden End in Haddenham) and Helle (Heilla) (cf. Hill Row, ib.) and Ramsey. . are apparently considered to form one of the two hundreds; then after Hyrstingestan, IJerf'ingstan 1086 DB, Herstingestan 1086 DB, the heading: Hvcvsque zmum H'Ilnd'. ]V vnc alterum (DB); Explicit hoc c. 1136-40 BM, Herstingestana c. 1120--30 BM, Hurstingestan Hundretum, incipit aliud (lE), are enrolled Wisbech, Ely, Haneia, Downham, Witchford, Wentworth, Witcham and Sutton. - At present the Isle of Ely 1168 P, Hurstinct. 1189 BM, Hirstlillgstan 1199 P, Hirstingestan is divided into 3 hundreds: ELY BD ((firma) Hundredi de Ely 1170 P (or = 1200 Ch, 1261 Ass 343 m 12, Herstengestan' 1207 Ch, Hurstinge­ the two hundreds of Ely?), Hundredum de Ely 1299 Ass 95 m 64, Hundr' de ston' 1220 Fees, Hirstingeston', Ilil'stlingestan 1228 Ass 341 m 1, Ely 1329 SR 81/6) including Ely, Littleport and Downham; WITCHFORD 2d, Hyrstlingtone 1236-8 Barm~-ell, Hyrstingston' 1255 Seld 13, (N. and S.) HD (Hundr'm de Wycheford 1286, Hundredum de Wicheford' Hirstingstan 1276 RH, Hyrstingstan 1286 Ass 345 m 24, Hursting­ 1299 Ass 90, 95, Hundr' de Wycheford' 1329 SR 81/6) including Thetford, Grunty Fen, Witchford, Coveney, Manea, March and Whittlesey, and the ston 1291 Pat, 1318 Abbr, Hurstyngston 1303 FA, Hirstingston pars W. of these; and WISBECH BD (Hundr'm de Wysbech' 1286 Ass 90 ID 6, 1327, Hirstyngstone 1332 SR 122/4, 5, Hirstyngstan 1339, Ilirst­ Hundredum de Wisebech' 1299 Ass 95 m G4, Hundredum de Wysebeche 1303 lyngstone 1364 Cl. - The hundred is na.med from the HURSTING FA, 1315 Pat, Hundr' de Wysebech' 1329 SR 81/6), including Up well, Elm, STOKE (marked on Emmanuel Bowen's Large English Atlas, 1750) Wisbech, Thorney, Parson Drove, Leverington, Newton and Tydd St Giles. or the Abbot's Chair (the stone resembles a chair and seems to _ ELY (Elge c. 730 (8) Bede, Elige 891 (s. a. (73) ASC(A), Elig 970 BCS 12(6) is from OE el, {El 'eel' and OE "ge, cognate with Goth gawi, meaning have formed the base of a cross perhaps datiIlg from the 12th or 'the eel district' (Skeat). WISBECH (Wisebece 1121 (s. a. (56) ASC(E)) has 13th century), situated on a hill called Hurstingstone Hill in as its first el. the river-name Wissey (ERN 465). WlTCHFORD is: Wiceford Woodhurst, at the highest point of the road from St Ives to Old 1086 DB, Wichforda 1086 (c. 1180) IE, Wichefort 1109-31, 1133--69 BM, Hurst. The boundary of Old Burst par is carried down to touch Wicceford(e) 12 Lib El 130 f., Wyccheford 1252 Ch, Wycheford 1254 Nor­ the stone. Bere the courts of the hundred were held up to 1446 wich, 1268 Pat, Wycheford' 1286 Ass 90 m 8; cf. WITCH AM, 3 m. to the west, which may have the same first el.: Wiceham 1086 DB, Wiccheham 1086 (c. when they were removed to Broughton (VHHu II 150). - From 1180) lE, Wicheham 1109-31 BM, Wicceham 12 Lib El 131, Wyccham 1252 OE *hyrstinga-strin 'the wood-dwellers' stone'. Cl.: land in Broc­ Ch, Wicheam 1254 Norwich, Wytcham 1282 lpm, Wycham 1286 Ass 90 ID 7. tonfield 1 called Hirstingra1!e n. d. AD I 14t1, doubtless from OE First el. of the names perhaps OE u'ice 'wych-elm'; Witcham may alter­ *hyrstinga-graf. the grove belonging to the same wood-dwellers; natively be from OE wichilm, though it is true this generally yields Wick­ also: land in Wold Hyrst .,. by the road '" extending from ham with hard [k]. Hyrstinge to Houtton 2 1306 AD III 236, perhaps preserving a trace of OE ""hyrstingas (or short for Hyrstingeston?). - There Huntingdonshire. seem to be twp ways of illterpreting this name. Either OE ~'hyrstingas may be the name of the people dwelling in the The hundred-organisation of this county has not changed since the time of the Domesday survey, There are now as in 1086 four nearly equally settlement now represented by WOODHURST: Wdeherst 1208. large hundreds, viz. Hurstingstone, Toseland, Leightonstone and Norman­ TYdehirst 1235 FF, Wodehyrst 1252 BM, Wodehurst 1253 FF, cross. The two hundreds of Hurstingstone and Nonnancross which occupy 1261 Ass 343 m 12; OLD HURST: Waldhirst, -hurst 1228 Ass 341 the northern part of the county bounded on and partly belonged to the fen m 1, 4d, Waldhurst' 1228 FF, TValdehyrst 1252 BM, Woldhirst district. The western part of the county consisting of the hd of Leighton­ 1258 FF; and the lost Derhirst c. 1850 Rams, in St Ives (v. stone, is an old forest region. The Huntingdonshire hundreds have no natural boundaries, except that the Ouse forms the boundary between Darwood Place PNHu 221). This is in my opinion the most Hurstingstone and Toseland hds. - The hd of Kimbolton mentioned in probable explanation. - Or, it may, as in PNHu 203 f" be Domesday (l. 206a, b) seems to be an alternative name for Leightonstone hd. 1 Broughton, adjoining Old Hurst on the west. 2 Houghton S. of Woodhurst. I -­

The English Hundred-Names 111 110 O. S. Anderson associated with the Here{inna (var. Herfuina (for -inna), Herstina.. lie behind the name in this way. It should be noted that the forms in -ou- which presuppose OE Toglos according to PNHu, are Heresinna, Hersinna) of the Tribal Hidage (BCS 297). If that is 1 true, the tribe of the *hyrstingas must have occupied not only definitely later than those in -ol(l)-; similar forms occur in Tollesby north Hunts, but probably extended into Northants as well (cL PNNR 163 from 1166 onwards, and on the whole it seems most op. cit. p. XIX), and in that case there can have existed no par­ l probable that the -ou- forms are developed from those in -oW)-. ticular connexion between the *hyrstingas and the names of The vocalizing of 1 > u before a consonant is a well-known Woodhurst etc. The fact that both Hursting Stone and Hirstin­ phenomenon in PNs, though this case is not quite analogous, as gra1.-·e are in or near Old IJurst and Woodhurst, seems to me to -l(l)- is kept in the majority of forms. If this view is correct, ON speak definitely in favour of the former alternative; otherwise T6li seems most likely for the first eL, but in that case it seems this would be a very remarkable coincidence indeed; the formal impossible to associate the name with the Toglos of the ASC. ­ difficulties in connecting the Tribal Hidage forms with the forms Second el. ON lundr 'grove'; cf. boscus de Tolleslond 1245 PNHu of the hundred-name are very great, both as regards the vowel 273. and the consonants. The forms in -SO, on which the explanation Leightonstone M. offered in PNHu is founded, are all in late copies and may be errors Consists of the western part of the county, W. of Toseland and Hur­ for -f -, just as well as the reverse. stingstone hds and S. of Normancross hd, including in the north the pars of Alconbury, Alconbury Weston, Upton, Coppingford and Gt, Lt and Steeple 'foseland hd. Gidding. Contains the southern part of the county, S. of Hurstingstone hd, from which it is separated by the Ouse, and Leightonstone hd. To the west of Lest1me, Lestone, Delestvne hvnd'; Lestunestan, Lectunestan, the Ouse it includes the pars of Gt Staughton, Midloe, Buckden and the Lectunestane 1086 DB, Lehtunestan hdr' (var. Lectunestaneshdr') parishes to the south of these. 1163, Legtonestan hundr' 1168, Lectunestanhundr' 1175, Leoctone­ Toleslvnd, Toleslvnt h'vnd' 1086 DB, Toleslundhdr' 1166, 1168, stanhundredum 1176, 1188, 1193, Lectonistanhundredum 1179, 1185, Thoneslundhundr' (for Thoues-) 1175, Toulislundhundredum Leochtonestonhundredum 1180, Leochtonestanhundredum, 1183 P, 1179, Touleslundhundredum 1183, 1193 P, Tolleslundhundred 1190 Lectonestanhundredum 1185 P, 1190 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, Leitone­ (c. 1225) Reg Ant, Hundredum de Touleslund 1220 Fees, 1228, sted' 1185 Rot Dom, Leitonestanhundredum 1195 P, Leytthonestan 1261 Ass 341 m 1,343 m 14, 1265 Misc, 1303 FA, hundred' de Toul,is­ 1220 Fees, Wapent' de Lehtonestan 1228 Ass 341 m 1, Lechtone­ lund 1279 RH, Hundredum de Thouleslund 1286 Ass 345 m 25, stann' 1242 P, Leghtonston' 1261 Ass 343 m 12, Leytuneston 1265 de Toulislond 1303 FA, 1327 SR 122/4, Touleslond' 1332 SR 122/5, Misc, 1295 BM, Lectoneston 1276 RH, 1285 FA, Leghtanstan 1286 Touleslond 1364 Cl, Tousland 1428 FA. Ass 345 m 27, Leyghtoneston 1291 Abbr, 1327 SR 122/4, Leytone­ The hundred is named from thc viI. of TosELAND in the eastern part of stone 1303 FA, Leghtonstone 1332 SR 122/5, 1364 Cl. - The the hundred, where the meetings of the hundred were held. - (A large hundred is named from LEIGHTONSTONE, a stone (still extant) just stone called the 'Moot-stone' in the church-yard is said to have been the ancient hundred-stone (VHHu Il 374); part of an old Roman road in the S. of Leighton Bromswold (marked on Emmanuel Bowen's Large neighbourhood of the village is known as 'Moots Way'; PNHu 252). ­ English Atlas, 1750) where the meetings of the hundred were TosELAND is: Toleslund c. 1180 PNHu 272, Teuleshand' 1202 Cur, Toleslund' held. - The hundred-name is composed of the name of LEIGHTON (p) 1229 Cl, 1255 Seld 13, Toules-, Toulislund' 1232, Tholeslund' 1241 FF; (Bromswold) and OE sUin, meaning 'the stone near Leighton' or Tolleslund (p) 1261 Ass 82 m 22d, Touleslond 1274 Cl, Touleslound' 1281 FF, the like. For other similar names see above p. XXXVII. LEIGHTON Thouleslond 1293 AD Ill, Thouleslound 1308 Ipm, Toweslond' 1363 FF, BROMSWOLD is: Lestona (var. Lectona) 1070-87 Reg Ant, Lectone Touslond 1370 Cl. The first el. has been explained (PNHu 272) from ON T6U and 1086 DB, Lestunam (var. Lectunarn) 1090 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, OE Toglos (from ON *tauglauss 'ropelcss'according to Bjol'kman's Lectona 1130 P (p), 1135-::-53, 1146 (c. 1225) Reg Ant, Lehtona suggestion), but it does not seem very likely that two names should 1191-5 Reg Ant, Lehton' 1203-5 Reg Ant, 1228 Ass 341 m 1 I --~~-- _.

The English Hundred-Names 113 O. S. Anderson 112 Folksworth to Yaxley, a mile and a half SW. of Yaxley village. (p), Lecton' 1208 Ch, 1212 Cur, 1229 Cl, 12-12 P, Letton 1231, It is now the name of a hamlet (Barth). This part of the Ermine Leghton 1253 FF, Lechton in Brunneswaud 1249 Gross, Letton' Street is sometimes called Norman Cross Way on old maps. ecclesia super Bruneslwld 1254 Norwich, Lehton super Brunnes­ According to Morton 1 it was called Norman-Ga,te at Castor (Np).. wald 1263 Grav, Leghton' super Brouneswald' 1286 QW, Leghton ~ No further reference to the hundred as a 'double hundred' has in Bruneswold 1343, Leyghtonbrouneswold 1369 Pat. It is from been met with. OE leactiin 'kitchen-garden' according to the authors of PNHu, but the possibility of derivation from OE *le(a)htun 'clearing­ farm' should also be taken into consideration. OE le(a)ctiin is N orlhamptonshire. recorded in that form only in the compound lectunesward 'gardener'; Northamptonshire is now divided into twenty hundreds, but the mo­ the regular OE form is lehtun (v. BT s. v., also NED s. v. leighton). dern hundred-division is the result of extensive rearrangement and com­ Lectiin had clearly become lehtiin already in OE, consequently it bination of hundreds. In Domesday no less than twenty-nine hundreds are is impossible to decide from ME forms alone if a PN like the mentioned, apart from Witchley hd, which was included in Northants in I one under discussion should be derived from OE le(a)htiin 'a Domesday, but is now in Rutland. Of the nine additional hundreds eight were combined with other hundreds in the course of the 12th and 13th ga,rden' or from OE *le(a)htiin a 'clearing-farm'. It seems to me centuries; one of the hundreds mentioned in Domesday, that of Geritone, that in PNs generally the latter derivation is more plausible. As has not been met with elsewhere; it is mentioned only once in the text (L I regards Leighton Bromswold, the fact that the village is in an 220a, in the description of land belonging to the manor of Finedon), and old forest district seems to tell in favour of the latter' alternative. has not been identified (Geritone = Gretton, Corby hd?). A hundred called The addition Bromswold is noteworthy; it was the name of a Ectonhundredum is mentioned in 1183 P, of which nothing further seems to be known (from Etton, Nassaborough hd?)! The hundreds are fairly uni­ forest covering the western part of Hunts and the adjoining part form in extent; they are generally largest in the north-west, in the district of Northants (v. P~1Np XVI and 193 f.). - The frequent -ct- of of Rockingham Forest. They are mostly compact and regular in shape, but the early forms is the common ME rendering of the combination Higham Fcrrers hd, for instance, includes the narrow strip of land E. of [X ]; the -eo- of some Pipe roll forms is no doubt an inverted the Nene; Polebrook and Towcester hds are also straggling and irregular. t The former has part of its area detached, as have also Hnxloe, Greens Norton spelling for -eo. and Warden hds. The hundreds in the east of the county are arranged on Normancross bd. either side of the Nene; there are also some other cases where hundreds are Includes the northern part of the county W. of Hurstingstone hd and separated by rivers; Watling Street, which passes through the southern part of the county, has been made the boundary of the hundreds on either N. of Leightonstone hd. (of) {Jam twam hundredurn pe seclEo into Normannes eros 963 side of it, but otherwise no natural boundaries can now be traced. Northamp­ -84 (c. 1200) BCS 1128, Noromannes eros hundred 1121 (s. a. tonshire belonged to the Danelaw as regards the part that is N. of Watling Street, and especially in the north of the county there is considerable 963) ASC(E), Normanecros, Normanescros 1086 DB, Normanero.'l Scandinavian influence on the place-nomenclature. There are also one or Wm Il, Stephen, By II (c. 130~25) Thorney f. 8, 9d, 10d, 1261 two hundred-names of Scandinavian origin, but the hundred-organisation Ass 343 m 9, 1265 Misc, 1276 RH, 1292 Ipm, 1303 FA, 1327 SR as a whole is that of southern England. The term wapcntake, characteristic 122(4, Normanneseros 1152-4 (1314) Ch, Norrnanneeroshdr' 1160, of the northern Danelaw, is met with once, however, Nassaborough hundred 1166, Norrnanneseroshundr' 1168, 1185, Nordmanneseroshund­ being so termed, alternating with hundred, in 'Domesday. ~--~-

redum 1183 P, Normanneeros 1215 Ch, 1228 Ass 341 m ld, 1 The Natural History of Northamptonshire, London 1712, p. 502. ]\'!orthrnanneeros 1220 Fees, Normaneseros 1~61 Ass 343 m 11, • hund' in: 'hund' Norht', Stauntord' etc. RH II 5a, is an error of Northmannescros 1329 QW, Normancrosse 1364 Cl. - From ON transcription for MS Nund' (with a capital n) = nundinw and its cases, norrJmaor, either the appellative or the pn (Bjorkman ZEN 64) referring to the markets of Northampton etc. The indexer made bad worse. by extending it into Hundr', thus creating a string of highly peculiar and ON kross 'cross'. The hundred is named from NORMAN CROSS 'hundreds'. on Ermine Street at the point where it is crossed by the road from 8 1 t 114 O. S. Anderson i The English Hundred Names 115 "1 Nassaborough bd. that the two hundreds at Dieon mentioned above were named Consists of the NE. corner of the county, between the Nene and the from this dyke, as assumed in PNNp 223. The hundred is also Welland, bordering on Willybrook hd in the west, where it includes the sometimes later named from the dyke itself, as: the hd ot Lange­ pars of Wansford, Thornhaugh, Wittering and Wothorpe.t dyk 1305, of Langdyk U89 Ipm; cL also PNNp 214. From early times the Abbey of Peterborough was in possession From the 12th centnry onwards, the name of the hundred is: of a district in the north of the county, said to consist of eight the two Ms de Nasso 12 NpS, (de) 11 hundredis de Nesse de Bure hundreds (cf. ASC (E) s. a. 963: a charter of King Edgar granting 1182 P, (de) dllobus hw/dr' de Nassoburg'i 1200 Ch, lhtndredum to the Abbey ... pone tun pc man cleopao Vndela rnid eall llet de Nesteburg 1203 P 49, Nasslls Burgi 1220 Fees, 1276 RH, (de) pfEr to lid pet is pet rnan cleoped Eahte hundred). These eight Neste Burgo 1232 Ass 614A m 1, (de) ,Vasso 1301 Cl, (de) Nasso hundreds seem to have been split up into minor groups of hund­ Burgi 1316, Nassaburgo 1~46 FA. The two hundreds are also reds. In BCS 1130 (A. D. 972-92) are mentioned: (on) pere III hund­ mentioned in: (of) pam tWGrn hundredum ute on !Iam nesse pe red (gewytnesse) eet Wydrede crosse (OE *Wigpryp; v. Zachrisson, Medeshamstede onstent 963-84 (c. 1200) BCS 1128, where the StNPh VI 77); (on) perm preora hundrede (gewytnesse) into reference 'is to the district included in the hundred; the district IS Undelurn (Oundle); (on) [Jeere twegera hundreda (gewitnesse) eel also meant in: Nes de BUTe 1180, (de) Nesso 13urgi 1190 1', 1215 Dieon. The two last-mentioned hundreds are no doubt identical ce~tury Pat, Nesto burgi 1218 Cl, IVasto de BUTg' 1221 Cl, 1242 Fine, (in) with the later hundred of Nassaborough. - In the 11th Nasso Burgi 1228 Pat, Nest' de B1Irgo 1237 Cl. - The name it was called: pas twa hundred to Uptune grene 1066-75 (e. 1200) means 'the head-land of Peterborough', the latter part being the Geld Roll, Opton(e)gren hd', Optone hvnd', Optonegrave TVap' medieval name of Peterborough (Medeshamstedi c. 730 (8) Bede, 1086 DB. The first part of the name is the name of the viI. of Buruh 963--75 (c.1200) BCS 1131, Burh 972-92 (c. 1200) BCS UPTON, 5 m. W. of Peterborough: Uptun 948 (c. 1200), on Uptune, 1130, 1050 ASC(C), Bureh Saneto Petro 1060 (c. 1200) Thorpe Optune 972-92 (c. 1200) BCS 871, 1130, Huptun' late Hy2 NRS 385, (de) Burgo Saneti Petri 1216 Pat, Petreburgh 1333 Cl, Peter­ IV, Vppetona 1175, Vpton' 1180, Vpeton' 11\10 P, Opton' 1199 burgh (p) 1345 Pat; v. PNNp 224). The first part is OE ncess Cur II, Upton' 1225 Cl; - from OE ftp and tun, referring to its 'headland'; the early e-forms may be due to Norman influence, position on 'the slope, rising northward from the valley of the and to some extent to influence from ON nes. The hundred-name Nene' (VHNp II 473). - The latter part is OE grene, apparently mostly appears in a Latinised form, and there are indications used as a noun as in 'village green', a meaning not on record in that this form was actually in living use. The forms Nesteburg, literature before 1300 (Havelok; it is found in PNs in the 13th Neste Burgo must be due to ul1voicing of the d of de after s in cent., v. PNBeds, passim; in a different sense it was used as a the form Ness (Nass) de Burgo; afterwards Nesteburg, *Nasteburg noun already in OE). For similar hundred-names, sec above p. was wrongly divided up into Nest (Nast) de 8urgo, and with fur­ XXXVII. - 'Upton Green' may have been in the north of the parish, ther Latinising (de) IVesto (Nasto) de Burgo. For a similar case, for later the court of the hundred was held at LANGDYKE BUSH cf. Boroughbridge above p. 21. Nassaborough was doubtless, as (6"; called rnarnan (i. e. rneenan?) llorn in BCS 871, v. PNNp 228 suggested already by Bridges (1. c.), a name applied to the whole note), at the junction of the pars of Upton, Ufford, Helpston and district from its situation between the Nene and the Welland, Ailsworth, where the road from Peterborough to Stamford crosses stretching out into the fen di.otrict in the form of a promontory; the Roman road from Castor! Langdyke is the name of the latter cf. Ness Li, Amounderness La and Holderness YER. of these roads, a branch of Ermine Street, and it seems likely

1 It is also called Nassaborough or Peterborough Liberty, or The Soke Willybrook bd. of Peterborough. W. of Nassaborough hd, including in the west the pars of Duddington, • John Bridges, The History and Antiquities of Northamptonshire. King's Cliffe and Southwick, and in the south those of Glapthom, Cotter­ Oxford 1791, II 488. stock, Tansor and Lutton. The par of Warmington is in Polebrook hd,_ 116 O. S. Andcrson The English Hundred-Names 117

Wilebroce hundred 1066--75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Wilebroc, north the pars of Kettering, Warkton, Grafton Underwood, Slipton, Sud­ Wilibroc, }Valebroc (1) 1086 DB, T-Villebrochllndredum 1180 P. borough and Aldwincle; also the par of Denford to the east of the Nene, and, detached, Barnwell All Saints and Lilford cum Wigsthorpe. In Wilebroc 1185 Rot Dom, 1199 P, Wylebrok 12 NpS, 1253 Ass Domesday only the NE. part of the present hundred, includ"ing Twywell, 615 m 10, 1276 RH, Wilibroc 1202 Ass, 1224 Cl, 1252 Misc, Wily­ Islip, Slipton, Lowick, Sudborough, Aldwincle, and the detached pars of broc 1220 Fees, Wilibrok 1247 Fees, 1285 Ass 619 m 83d, 134H Barnwell and Lilford, is stated to belong to Huxloe hd; the rest of the Ipm, Welybrok 1316 FA, lFellebrok 1322 Ipm, Willibroke 1346 hundred was known as North and South Neveslvnd hd. FA. - The hundred is named from the WILLOW BROOK (Bridges Neresforda hundred 1066--75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Nar(r)ei5­ op. cit. II 423), a small stream that rises W. of Corby and runs ford 1086 DB, Nauenesfordhundredum 1180 P, Nauesford 12 NpS, past King's Cliffe to the Nene! From OE *1.l'ilig, welig 'willow' Nauesford' 1202 Ass, 1247, 1253 Ass 614B m 38, 615 m 15rl, (cf. NED s. v. willow, EPN s. v, welig, wylig) and OE bri5c Naveresford' 1220, Nwrisford' 1242 Fees, Navesford 1265 Mise, 'stream'. 1285 Chron Petrob, Na1'esforde 132H QW, 1539 LP. Polebrook hd, This name should be considered together with that of the S. of Willybrook hd, including the par of Benefield in the west, and Domesday 'hd of Nev('slvnd: Nauereslund twa hundred 1066--75 those of Barnwell St Andrew and Thurning in thc south. Warmington is a (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Neveslvnd 1086 DB, North- Suthna~~eslunt detached part of this hundred. 12 NpS, Nornaueslond, Sudnaweslond 1202 Ass, Nord- Sudnaves­ Pocabroc hundred 1066--75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Pochebroc lund 1220, North- Suthnaveslond' 1242 Fees, North- Suthnaues­ Hvnd' 1086 DB, Pokebroch'hundredum 1182 P, Pokebroc 12 lund 1247 Ass 614B ill 36, Hundr'm de Suthnaueslund' et North­ NpS, 1265 Misc, Hundredurn de Pokebrok' 1247 Fees, de Pokebrok laueslunrl' 1253 Ass 615 m 15d, North- Southnaveslound 1329 QW; 1276 RH, de POlebroke 1316, de Pokesbroke 1412 FA, Pokebroke - and, as discovered by the editors of PNNp, with the name of hd 1535 VE, 1539 LP. (andlang) Nafrysbroce 1013 (14) Thorney IV (15), a small stream The name is taken from that of the vi!. of POLEBROOK, 2 m. SE. of forming the southern boundary of Twywell par and falling into Oundle on a small tributary of the Nene: l'ochebroc 1086 DB, 1166 P (p), the Nene near Thrapston. The site of Neveslvnd is unknown, but l'occhebroc 1147 Mon VI 80 (copy), l'ockebroc 1203 Ass, Pokebroc 1205 ~':;"ford Cur, 1227 Ch, 1232 WellsR, Pokbrok 1229 Cl, Pokebrock' 1254 Norwich, N is preserved in the name of two fields in Titehmarsh, Pokebrok 1285 Pat; Polebroc 1254 Seld 13, Polbrok 1316, Polebroke, Poke­ just W. of Thorpe sta., about three miles NE. of Nafrysbroc broke 1428 FA. (pNNp 216). Neveslvnd is dearly of Scandinavian origin, its The first el. is probably identical with OE pohha, pocca 'bag' second el. being ON lundr 'grove'; the first el. is taken in PNNp (cf. Torp 219, Holthausen s. v, and PNBeds 176 f.), either used (I. c.) to be ON Nafarr pn; Na;rysbroc was probably named from in some topographical sense, or as a pn (cf. Redin 77); the Geld the same man. The early forms of Navisford are conflicting and Roll form may tell in favour of the former alternative. Less likely difficult to judge of, and it seems more doubtful if it can be of from OE pUca 'goblin' (PNNp), as no form, not even the Geld the same origin; cf., however, PNNp I. c. Roll one, shows the u to be expected. Hoches hlawa hundred 1066--73 (e. 1200) Geld Roll, Hocheslau Navisford hd, Huxloe hd, 1086 DB, Hochelai 1161, Hokeslawahundredum 1188 P, Hockes­ These two hundreds are S. of Polebrook and Corby hds, the former lawe 1185 Rot Dom, Hokeslawe 12 NpS, 1202 Ass, 1242 Fees, mainly east, the latter west of the Nene. NavisIord hd includes the pars oI 1253 Ass 615 m 7d, 1276 RH, 1329 QW, Hoggeslawe 1247 Ass Stoke Doyle, Pilton, Wadenhoe, Thorpe Achurch, Clapton, Titchmarsh and 614B m 36, Hokislawe 1265 Mise, llokeslowe 1281 Ipm, 1316 FA, Thrapston. Huxloe. hd is between the Nene and the lse, including in the 1336 SR 155/5, 1412 FA, 1539 LP, Howkeslawe 1285 Chron Petrob, Howkeslowe 1535 VE. - OE Hoc pI! (Redin 20, and references) 1 The hundred-court seems to have been held at King's CliIIe in the 14th century (v. VHNp II 542 note 6), whence the hundred is called the hd and hliiw 'hill, mound'. The name survives in a field called of Clyve 1290 Ipm. HuxLOw on the Drayton estate in Lowick, and in Huxloe Field I

'" The English Hundred-Names 119 118 O. S. Anderson Clipston, Sibbertoft and Sulby. The western part of the hundred, including (1801) in Islip (PNNp 177), and according to Bridges (op. ch. the pars of Gt Oxendon, Kelmarsh and Maidwell, and the pars west of II 24&) the 'statutes' used to be held at a place called Huxlow these, formed a separate hundred till about the middle of the 13th century, Cross and Huxlow Furlong in the fields, about half a mile SE. known as: of Lowick church. Stotfalde hundred 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Stodfald(e) , Stotfald, Stofald(e) 1086 DB, Stotfolde 12 NpS, Stofald 1199 P, Corby bd. Stodfald' 1202 Ass, Stotfald 1220 Fees, Stodfold 1232 Ass 614A, In the north-west of the county, W. of WiJlybrook and Polebrook hds, 1246 Seld 13, Stodfold' 1253 Ass 1)15 m 15, Stotfold 1276 RH,l N. of Huxloe and Rothwell hds, including in the south the pars of Weekley, 1329 QW. - OE stodfald 'stud-enclosure', usually referring 10 Geddington, Newton, Gt Oakley, Wilbarston, Stoke Albany, Brampton Ash and Dingley. The western part of the hundred, including the pars of an eart,h-work used as or resembling such; ef. IPN 150 H., VHY Rockingham, Cottingham, Middleton, Wilbarston, and the pars W. of these II 62 f. The hundred may be named from the locality called was formerly a separate hundred, known as Stoke (Albany) hd. Stodfold E I BM in Clipston.z Stoce hundred 106li----75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Stock(e), Stoc M' lloi'Jewelle hundred 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Rodewel(le) 1086 DB, Bundredum de Stokes 1185 Rot Dom. 12 NpS, 1220 hd' 1086 DB, Bdr' de R01vell' 1156 P, 1202 Ass, 1247 Fees, Fees, de Stok' 1202 Ass, hundreda de '" Stoke 1246 Seld 13. The hundred is named from the viI. of STOKE ALBANY, 6 m. W. of Corby: Rowellehundredmn 1179 P, hd of Rowell 12 NpS, 1284 FA, Hund­ Stoche 1086 DB, Stoches Hy I (1333) Ch, Stoch' 1156, Stoch' Willelmi de reduJIl de Rothewelle 1285 Ass n1H III (j;'). Albinni 1167 P, Stokes 1154--3 (1235), Estokes 1201 Ch, Stok' 1209 Fees, The hundred is named from the town of ROTmvELL: Rodewelle 1086 DB, 1233 Cl, Stok' Daubeny (p) 1249 Gross, Stole Aubeney ]25-1 Norwich. Roewella 1152-73 Werb, Rowella 1185 P, Rowell' 1188 P, 1254 Norwich, OE stoc 'place', of uncertain origin; cf. BT, EP~, Holthausen Rou;ell 12 NpS, 1221 WellsR, 1274 Fine, Rouwelle 1210--12 RBE, 1274 Ipm s. v., NED s. v. stoke sb'. The addition Albany is from William (-well); Rothewell' 1238 Cl, Rothewell 1284 Pat. The first el. of the group of PNs to which Rothwell belong::: de Albinni, the one-time owner of the place (cf. the 1167 quota­ is explained by Professor Ekwall (PNNp 118 f.) from OE *ro[1 tion). In PNNp 155 it is suggested that the meeting-place of the 'clearing', recorded as Rode g25-39 BeS 737 (ROE GREEN Herts; hundred was near a field in Wilbarston called Speller (oUm Spel­ for further examples v. PNNp 1. c.), cognate with ON 1'00.. 1'110, low) Close; cf. Spelhoe below p. 122. OHG rod, OFris 1'Othe. Second el. OEwella 'spring'." Copebi hundred 10(1&-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Corbei, Corbi(e) hd' 1086 DB, Corbihdr' 1162, Corebihdr' 1175, 1188 P, !Id of 1 In RH II f. 13a the viii of Sibbertoft, which used to come to the Coreby 12 NpS, 1253 Ass 615 m 15, 1291 Cl, llundredmn de Corb"i sheriff's turn of Stotford, is said to have had its suit withdrawn to the hd 1199 P, 1202 Ass, de Corby 1220 Fees, 1265 Mise, 1412 FA, of Rothwell 'tempore comitis Gilberti avi comitis qui nunc est'. This seems hundr'm de Correby 1276 RH, hd of Caresby 1293 Mise. to show the disintegration of the old hd of Stotfold. The hundred is named from the manor of CORilY, to which it was ap­ • In PNNp 121 it is suggested that the meeting-place of the hundred purtenant (cf. 1205 Ch p. 151a: Sciatis nos concessisse ... Roberto de Brai­ was at MOOT HILL, 1 m. E. of Sibbertoft; but Bridges (op. cit. I 575, II 31) broc manerium de Coreby cum hundredis): Corbei 1086 DB, Corbi 1086 DB, says that in this part of the county, near the source of the WeJland, are 1130 P, Corebi 1167 P, Coreby 1205 Ch, 1252 Cl, Corby 1208 Ch. several mounds of this kind, called 'moot·hills'; he mentions another near ON Kori pn (OSw *Kori in PNE) and byr 'village'; v. Bjorkman (East) Farndon, and it must remain uncertain whether these mounds of as­ ZEN 57. sembly were connected with the hundred·court. • Other names that belong here are RothwelJ Li, YWR, Rothley Le, Rothwell hd. Nb; cf. also PNNp J. c.; the first e1. of one or more of these names has been variously explained from ON rauar 'red' (Lindkvist 158); OE *HrOi)a On the Leicestershire border, S. of Corby and W. of Huxloe hds, On the pn (Mawer PNNb); or ON roa, rut} 'clearing' (Zachrisson StMSp IX 134), upper lse, bounded in the south by Guilsborough and Orlingbury hds, in­ but none of these explanations i~ satisfactory from all points of view. cluding in the east the pars of Rushton, Barford and G1endon, and in the ~ ~ ~faidweJl, south those of Thorpe Malsor, Loddington, Draught on, Haselbech, .~ -j ,i ~, i 120 O. S. Andel'son The English Hundred·Names 121

Guilsborough hd. Obl, 1248 Ch, 1284 Ipm, 1288 Fine, 1312 Cl, 1325 Ipm, Neuwe­ S. of Rothwell hd, on the Leicestersbire border, bounded on the west botle (p) 1202 Ass, Neubothle 1205 Pap, Neubottell' 1255 Ipm; by Watling Street, on the south by Nobottle Grove hd, and on the east by Neubotlegrave (manor) 1322 Ipm; Neubottlefercrs 1329 Ass 632 Orlingbury bd, including in the south the pars of Long Buckby, W. Haddon, m 41 (-ferers is from the Ferrers family, owners of the place as Coton and Hollowell, and in the east those of Gt Creaton, Cottesbrooke and Naseby. Like Nobottle Grove hd to the south it counted as a hundred early as 1166); - from OE neowe and botl 'new building'; eL and a half. Ekwall AB 28, 82 ff., esp. p. 85. p::et oaer healfe hundred into Gildesburh 106H-75 (c. 1200) Orlingbury hd. Geld Roll, Gislebvrg hd' et dimid' 1086 DB, Gilleburc 1161, GUde­ E. of Guilsborough, S. of Rothwell hds and W. of Huxloe hd, from burchundredum et dimidium 1186 P, hd of Gildesboru 12 NpS, which it is separated by the lse, bordering on Spelhoe and lIamfordshoe Hundredum de Guildeburc 1199 P, hundredum de Gildesburc 1202 hds in the south, where it includes the pars of Brixworth, Walgrave, Han­ Ass, de Giltesburgh' 1220, de Gildeburg 1247 Fees, hd of Gildesbur nington, Hardwick and Gt Harrowden. The western part of the hundred, 12H5 Mise, Hundred' de Gildesburgh' 1285 Ass H19 m 61d, de including Hanging Houghton, Lamport, Faxton, Mawsley, Scaldwell, Old, Gilsburgh 1346 FA. Walgrave and Brixworth, was formerly a separate hundred, known as Mawsley hd. . The hundred is named from the viI. of GUlLSBOROUGH, 10 m. NW. of Northampton: Gislebvrg 1086 DB, Gildesburc late 12th, Gildesburch J BM, 1I1ales le hundred 1066--75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Maleslea hd' Gildebllrg 1212 RBE, Ghildebllrc 1218WellsL, Gildesburg' 1225 WellsR, 1254 1086 DB, hd of Mallesl[e] 12 NpS, Mallesleahundredum 1182, Norwich, Geldeburg' 1242 Fees, Geldesbllr' 1290 Ipm, Gildesburgh 1303 BM. Malesleahundredum 1184, Meleslaihundredum 1186, Melesleahund­ First el. probably an OE pn *Gyldi, as assumed by Ekwall redum 1193 P, Hundredum de ?I'laleuesle, Malesleia 1202 Ass, l1und­ (PPN 8) and Mawer (PNNp 71); second el. OE bIlrh, referring to redum de Malesle 1220, de Ordlingber' et 1l1alesl' 1247 Fees, an encampment at the top of the hill on which the village stands Hundr'm de Orlingberge et Malesl' 1253 Ass H15. (Bridges op. cit. I 566). The name is derived from that of MAWSLEY, a parish in the NE. corner of the hundred, in the 17th century a hamlet 'of one or two houses' (Brid­ Nobottle Grove hd. ges op. cit. II 96): Malesleia a 1185 BM, Malesle 1247 Ass 614B m 41 (p), S. of Guilsborough hd, W. of Northampton and Spelhoe hd, bounded on 1248 Seld 13 (boscus), 1272 Pat (wood), 1275 Cl (pl, 1284 FA, 1373 SR the west by Watling Street, including the pars of Bugbrooke, Kislingbury 155/25, 1I1aleslewode 1292 Pat, Mallesle 1293 AD III 359, 1325 Ipm, Malleslee and Upton in the south, and in the east those of Duston and Church and 1387 BM. Chapel Brampton. Like the adjoining bd of Guilsborough it counted as a The name should be taken with that of WITHMALE, c. 3 m. to hundred and a half. the south-east (Widmale 1086 DB, Wismalua (p) 1130, Wizmalua aet oper healfe hundred into Neowbotle graue 1066-75 (c. (p) 1156 P, Wimalue 1220 Fees; further PNNp 129), as shown by 1200) Geld Roll, Niwebote, Nivebot, Niwebotle, Niwebold hd'; Professor Ekwall (v. PNNp 1. c.). The el. common to the two Nivebotlegrm'e, Niwebotlagrave, Nevbotlagrave 1086 DB, Newe­ names is explained from an OE *mealu, gen. *mealwes, cognate botlehdr' 1170, hU71dredum et dimidium de Newebotle 1182, .Veubot­ with ON mQl, Sw mal 'stones, gravel', referring to an oolite ridge legrauahundredum 1186, Niwebotlesgrauehundredum 1188, Neu'e­ on which the place was. Second el. OEleah 'clearing', botlesgrauahundredum 1195 P, Neubotlegrave 12 NpS, 1250 Fees, 1347 Cl, Neubotlegrawc 1202 Ass, Newebotlegrave 1220 Fees, OrdlingbfRre hundred 1066--75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, OrdUn)baro hd' 1086 DB, Orniberihdr' 1166 P, hd of Orlingberge 12 NpS, 1253 Neubotelgrave 1249 Ipm, 1301 Pat, .Veubottlegrave 1284, Neubot­ legrove 1316 FA. - The hundred-name is composed of the name Ass 615, 1284 FA, hundredum de Ordlingber' 1220 Fees, hd of of the hamlet of NOBOTTLE in Brington par, and OE griif 'grove'. Ordelyngberge 1293 Mise, Orlyngbere 1316, Orlyngbury 1428 FA. The hundred is named from the viI. of ORLINGBURY, 4 m. NW. of Welling­ Nobottle Grove is marked on the old 1" OS map just N. of borough: Ordinbaro 1086 DB, Orlinberga (p) 1130, Orlimberg' (p) 1176 P, Nobottle (cf. also Harrow Hill PNNp 280). - Nobottle is: Nevbote Ordelinberg' (p) 1202 Ass, Horlinbere 1203, Ordi(n)bere 1207 Cur (p), Or­ 1086 DB, Neobotum 1166 RBE, Niewebotle 1189 P, Neubotle 1199 lingber, Ordligeber' 12,12 Fees, Ordlingberg' 1254 Norwich. I

122 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names 123

First el. perhaps an -ingas-derivative of an OE pn *Ordla, a and in PNNp 136 from OE *AndterhO pn. Names in Ean- are diminutive of pns in Ord-, cf. PNNp 129. Second el. probably very common in OE, whereas only two or three certain cases OE bearu 'grove'. of names in And- have been found. The only objection to the former alternative seems to be the Geld Roll forms in An- and Spelhoe bd. S. of Orlingbury hd, E. of Nort.hampton and NObottIe Grove hd, from And-; but this is not decisive, and on the whole I think that which it is separated by a tributary of the Nene, N. of the Nene, including Lindkvist's derivation is to be preferred; the numerous ME forms in the north t.he pars of Spratton, Pitsford, and Moulton, and in the east, without a -d- do not seem to be in favour of derivation from a bordering on Hamfordshoe hd, those of Overstone and Gt Billing. pn in And-. Second el. OE hoh 'hill'. -- The Ilame is taken from Spelhoh hundred 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Spelehov. a conspicuous hill on the boundary of Earl's Barton amI Mears Spelho, Spelehot, Sperehov, Spereholt 1086 DB, Spcleho 12 NpS, Ashby pars, called Alfordes Hoo in 1565, where the hundred­ Speleshohundredu1n 1186 P, Spelho 1185 Rot Dam, 1202 Ass, 1220 court used to be held (PNNp I. c.). Fees, 1224 Cl, 1247 Ass 614B ID 41d, 1265 Mise, 1285 Cl, 1316 FA, 1365 Pat, 1412 FA, Spelholt 1275 RH, Spelowe 1354 Pat, Spel­ Higbam. Ferrers bd. lowe 1428 FA, Spelhoo 1531) "E. - OE *spell-hoh 'speech-hill'; The narrow strip of land to the east of the Nene, N. and S. of Higham Ferrers, including the pars of Ringstead and Rannds in the north, borde­ eL spclstol1:e BCS 165, 882 and BT s. v., Spellow PNLa 115, ring on Hnxloe hd, and those of Wollaston, Strixton, Easton Mandit and Spelthorn hd Mx (Gover 78), and PNNp passim; for the sense Bozeat in the south, bordering on Wymersley hd. Uke the latter hundred it of OE spell in these componnds there is a parallel in a passage was regarded as a hundred and a half. from DCS 591 (901-24; orig.), referring to an assembly: ... oa ooer healfe hundred into Ilehham 106G--75 (c. 1200) Geld W:I~S ic oara manna sum oe O::Br to genemned W::Bran .. , oa reahte . Roll, Hecham hd' 1086 DB, hd and a half of Hecham 12 NpS, I heora <.egoer his spell ... - For the Domesday forms cL Zach­ hundredum et dimidium de Ilecltam 1180, Ilechamhundredwn et risson ANlnfl 128, 151 note. The name survives in SPELHOE Bush, dimidium 1186, hun.dredum et dimidium de Hegltam 1188 P, half a mile N. of Weston Favell viI.; it is in the N. of the par, Hundredum de Ilecham 1202 Ass, 1284 FA, ltundredum de Hecham on high ground with old tracks leading to it (v. Bridges op. cit. de libertate manerii de Hecham 1248 Cl, hundr' de Heyghamferers

I 400, Baker 1 I 5, PNNp 1;~2). 1329 QW, hd of Hegham Ferres liHil Pat. The hundred is named from the manor of IIIGHA~1 FERRER~, to which it I1amfordsboe lid. was appurtenant (cf. RBE 1166: Comes de Ferrariis tenet Hecham cum uno E. of Spelhoe and S. of Orlingbllry hds, N. and W. of the ~ene, inclu­ hundredo et dimidio cum pertinentiis ... p. 336): Hecham 1086 DB, 1164 P, ding WeIlingborough in the NE. 1205 Cl, Hehham 1156 P, Hegharn 1229 Cl, Hekham 1253 Ass 615 m 13d, Anfordes lw, Andueroes hnh hundred 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Heccham Ferrar' 1279 01. Roll, Andferdesho, Ha111Jerdesho (1), Anl'esdesov (1) 1086 DB, OE *hehham 'high homestead'. 'The town stands high above Anwardeshowap' 1175, As·wardeshohundredum. 1180 P, Anfordesho the Nene valley' (PNNp 191). For the distinctive addition v. the 12 NpS, 1220, 1247 Fees, 1285 Ass 615 m 71d, Amfordesho 1202 RBE quotation. 61~) Ass, 1265 Mise (Amph-), 1313 lpm, Aunfordesho 1253 Ass Wymersley bd. m 10d, 1316 FA, 1325 Ipm, 1336 SR 155/5, 1348 Ipm, Andfordeshn S. of the Nene, SW. of Higham Ferrers hd, including in the west the 1276 RH, Hamfordesh 1284 Fit, Aumfordesho 1329 Ass 632 m Id, pars of Rothersthorpe, Milton and BIisworth, bordering on Nobottle Grove

1412 FA, Haumfordesho 1539, Alforde howe 1542 LP. - The I and Towcester hds, and in the south those of Courteenhall, Quinton, Pid­ first el. is derived by Lindkvist (p. 171 f.) from OE Eanfer/1 1 dington and Horton, bordering on Cleley hd. - In the 11th century, and .~ apparently also for some time afterwards, the western part of this hundred, (Eanfrio, Anfred; also in Eanferfies hlau (0) 956 BCS 945) pn; J said to include (in DB) Hardingstone, CotlrteenhaIl, B1isworth, Milton, 1 G. Baker, History and Ant.iquities of the County of Northampton, CoIlingtree and Rothersthorpe, but probably including also Wootton, was a London 1822-30. separate hundred called:

'~< 124 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names 125 Coltrewestan hd', Colestrev, Colentre1: hd' 1086 DB, qlloddam Ipm, Cleyley 1346, Cleilley 1428 FA. - OE cliEg 'clay' (or 1 1I1lndr' vocatum Colyngtreston 1329 Ass 632 m flld. - This cliEig 'clayey') and le(a)h 'clearing'. The hundred meeting-place name is composed of that of the viI. of COLLINGTREE, 3 m. S. of was at CLELEY Well (Bridges I Hit); referred to as Clayliewel Northampton, and OE stan 'stone'; for other similar cases, and feUd, Cleylyfeld t. Eliz PNNp 105; Cheley Well on the OS), half for the variation between forms with and without -stan, see above a mile NE. of Potterspury near Watling Street, whence the hund­ p. XXXVII. - Collingtree is; Colentrwu 1086 DB, Colintrie 1163 P, red is called hundr' de Pirie 1226 Cl. - The soil is clay here, 1199 FFP (p), Colentreie 1199 Cur Il, Colentr' 1200 Cur, 1216 Cl, as may be inferred from the name of Potterspury; Bridges (I. c.) Colintre 1201 Ch, 1295 Ipm, Colentre 1236 Fees, 1254 Norwich, says that 'the clay which is lIsed by the potters ... lies so near 1587 BM, Colyntre 1241 Gross, Colyngtre 1315 Pat, Colyngetre the surface that it is sometimes turned up by the plough'. 1322 Cl, Colyntreu (p) 1339 Pat, Colyngtrow 1358 BM, Colyn(g)­ Towcester hd. troughe 1367 Cl, Colingtrough 1390 Ipm. ~ First eI. probably A district to the north and south of Towcester, including the pars of OE Cola pn (PNNp 145); second el. OE treo 'tree'. Cold Higham, Pattishall, Gayton, Tiffield, Towcester and Abthorpe. In DB I pWappenham, and in NpS also Whittle­ Geld Holl, Wimeresle, Wimereslea, Wimerlev, Winemereslea (1) bury, Evenley (partly) and Hinton in the Hedges. hd'; Wimareslea hd' et dimid' 1086 DB, Wimereslehundredwn into uyceste hundred 1 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Tovecestre 1180, Wimereslea hundredum et dimidium 1182, Winemereslea­ hd' 1086 DB, hd of Toucestr[el 12 NpS, Hundredum de Thouecestria I hllndredum et dimidium 1183, h1mdl'edum et dimidium de Wime­ 1202 Ass, de 7'ouecestr' 1220 Fees, hd of Touuecestre 1265 Mise, resleahundredum 1188 P, hd of IVymeresle 12 NpS, 1253 Ass Hundredum de Toucestre 1316 FA. 615 m 15, 1316 FA, 1337 Cl, Wirneresleia 1199 P, H'imeresle' The hundred is named from the town of TOWCESTER, on the rivcr Tove: 1202 Ass, 1220 Fees, Wymersle 1265 Mise, 1336 SR 155/5, 1348 (Et Tofeceastre 921 ASC(A), Tovecestre 1086 DB, Touecestr' 1158 P, 1199 FFP (p), 1221 Cl, Thauecestr' 1207 Pat, Touecestre c. 1207 BM, Tuu(e)cestre Ipm, Wymerle 1276 HH, IVymersley 1346 FA, 1539 LP. - OE J AD Il, TOfcestre 1266 Pat. Winemrer pn and le(a)h 'clearing'. The name is preserved in Explained by Professor Ekwall as a compound of the river­ H(~ughton WYMERSLEY Bush, the name of a field in Little par; name TOVE and OE ceaster 'castle'; v. further ERN 414. the spot is probably referred to as Motelowe 'hill of assembly' in the 13th century, and it is no doubt the site of the hundred Greens Norton hd. meeting-place (v. PNNp 142), W. of Towcester hd, bounded on the south by Kings Sutton, on the west by Chipping Warden, and on the north by Fawsley hds, including the parS I Cleley hll. of Greens Norton, Blakcsley, Bradden, Slapton, Woodend, vVeedon Lois, The SE. corner of the county, S. of Wymersley htl, and E. of Towcester Plumpton, Adstone, }'faidford, Canons Ashby, Moreton Pinkney, and, deta. and Greens Norton hds, including in the west the pars of Easton Neston, ched, Silverstone and Whittlebury. It corresponds to the Domesday hd of Paulerspury and Potterspury. Foxle. I Klegele hundred 1066--75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Clailei, Voxle hundred 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Fox(e)le(a), Claile(a), Claislea, Claiesle(a), Cailre (1) Cla1.'eslea (1), Claislvnd Foxesle(a), Foxhela (1), FOJ:lev (:1), FO,Tcslav (1) hvnd' 1086 DB. (1) 1086 DB, Claela 1162 P, Cleile 1185 Hot Dom, Cleyle 12 NpS, - It is named from the hamlet of FoXLEY, in the NE. corner of 1220 Fees, 1265 Mise, 1284, 1316 FA, Glaile 1202 Ass, Clayl' 1235 Blakesley par, on the boundary of the hundred 2; Foxeslea 1086 Cl, Cleyl' 1247 Fees, Cleyele 1276 HH, Cleyleye 1301, Chell' 1341 DB, Foxle 1100-28 Mon V 192 (copy), 1155-8 (1329) Ch, 1220

1 In the entry where this form occurs the jurors of Wymersley hd 1 For into Touyceste by haplography; the y is an inverted spelling for present that Henry de Hastynges, who formerly held the hd of Wymersley e, cf. py for pe at the end of the text. at farm of King Henry (Ill), had combined (attra.Tit) a certain hundred • According to Bridges, op. cil. I 234, it is partly in Fawsley and Tow. called Colyngtreston with the hd of Wymersley. cester hds; in DB it is returned under Towcester. r

Tbe English Hundred-Names 127 126 O. S. Anderson rolls the hundred is not mentioned in 13th century records, 1 Fees, 1304 Ipm, Fnxleia Hy2 BM, Foxleya 12 NpS, Foxlea (p) I though a reminiscence of it seems to have lingered on down into 1190 P, Foxele 1230 P, 1316 FA (p); -- from OE fox(a) le(u)h the 14th century. It seems to have been always closely connected 'fox elearing'. with Sutton hd, and v.-as apparently definitely combined with i.t In the 12th century this name was exchanged for that of the in the 13th century. Sutton hd sometimes appears as a double caput of the hundred: hd of .Vortnn 12 NpS, hundredum de hundred, which may refer to the combined hundreds. Norton' 1185 Rot Dom, 1220 Fees, 1276 RH, hundr'm de NOTton Suttunes hundred 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Svton(e), Davy 1329 QW. The name is taken from that of the manor of Svdtone hd' 1086 DB, Sutton' ... II hundr' 1156, Suttun hdr' GREENS NORTON, to which the hundred perta.ined (Baker, op. cit. 1157, Suttonehdr' 1166, Suttone 11 hundr' 1168, (de) II hundredis n 1, states that the hundred was granted with the manor of de Sutton' 1182 P, Duo hundreda de Suttan' 1185 Rot Dom, Norton to Baldwin de Betun temp. Richard 1; cf. also: fVillelmus 1199 P, Hundredum de Sutton' 1220 Fees, de Sutton 1276 RH, le Mareschal tenet maneriwn de Norton' s'imul cum hundredo isto 1258 Ass 615 m 2). For the various forms assumed by the PN 1316 FA, 1539 LP; hundredurn de Sutton Regis 1250 Cl. The name is derived from that of the manor of KINGS SUTTON, to which v. PNNp 42.' the hundred was appurten:mt (cf. H. M. Cam EHR 47,357, and reference): Sudtone, Sutone, Sui one 1086 DB, Suttun. e. 1190-1200 BM, Suttun Regis Kings Sutton bd. Occupies the SW. corner of the county, S. of Greens Norton and Chip­ 1252 Ch, Kinges Sution 1294 Cl. ping Warden hds, including the pars of Thorpe Mandeville, Culworth, OE *sup-tiin 'south farm'; it was a royal manor already in Stutchbury, Helmdon, Astwell, Wappenham and Syresham in the north. 108(>' Greatworth is in Chipping Warden hd. - In the 11th century the NE. part of the district, including Chacombe, Thorpe Mandeville, Marston SI, Law­ Cbipping Warden M. rence, Steane, Evenley (partly) and the pars E. of these, fonned a separate N. of Kings Sutton hd and W. of Greens Norton hd, Oil the Warwick­ shire border, including in the east the pars of Byfield, Woodford cum mem­ hundred known as: Eadboldes stowe hundred 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Elbol­ bris, Eydon, Chipping Warden and Edgcote. Sulgrave and Greatworth are detached parts of this hundred. 1 deston (for -stov), Elboldestov, Edboldestov, Edboldeston, Hole­ Werdunes hundret 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Wardone, boldest', Odboldestov, Otboldestol" Alboldest01' 1086 DB, Albode­ Ward-vne, Wamdone, Waredon(e) hvnd' 1086 DB, hundredum de st01lJe 12 NpS, Alboldestovhdr' 1157, Albodestohdr' 1159 et passim, Wardon' 1179 P, 1220 Fees, Wardlln'hundrcdllm 1180 P, hd of Ailbodistouhdr' 1175," Alewestohundredum 1193 P; hundr' de Wardon 12 NpS, 1276 RH, 1316 FA, hundr'm de West Wardon Sutton et Abbotstowe sub nominacione humlredi de Sutton' 1329 1329 QW, manor and hd of West lVardon a1. Chepyng Wardon Q.W; - OB Eadbald pn and stow 'place': Apart from the Pipe 1486 Ipm. The hundred is named from the manor of CHIPPING WARDEN, to which it 1 In PNNp it is suggested that the hundred meeting-place was near was appurtenant (cf. Walterus L.edet et .. , a tempore quo non extat memo­ some fields called MODLEY Gate in Greens Norton, which may represent an ria seisiti fuemot de predicto hundredo in manerio de West Wardon' QW old moot-stow, but if so, it must remain uncertain whether it was associa­ 574; also Ipm VII 423): Waredone 1086 DB, Wardon 1163 BM, Wardon' 1203 ted with the hundred-court. Cur, Wardun' 1222 Fine, WestlJ'ardon"--1,242 Fees, Chepyngwardon 1387 nM. o Apart from these forms, which are in entries relating to new pleas, OE *weard-di1n 'watch hill', referring to Warden Hill, a mile the name occurs, in combination with that of Sutton hd, at the beginning of e,-ery roll at least down to 1242; it was copied from one roll on to the NE. of the viI. of Chipping Warden; v. PNNp 36. other, and the spelling-variants that occur are of little interest (it is spelt Fawsley bd. Abbodesiowe 1156 RBE, and Abbotestan 1230, 1242 P). W. of Watling Street on the Warwickshire border, N. of Chipping 3 The name has not survived, but Bridges says (op. cit. I 203) that Warden and Greens Norton hds. The modern hd corresponds to the 11th according to tradition the hundred-court used to be held in Gallows-field in century hundreds of Alwardeslea and Gravesende. The former consisted of Stutchbury; but it seems doubtful if this can really have been the court for the northern part of the present hundred, the latter of the southern part. this hundred, as it had been lost for several hundred years by nridges' time. I

128 o. S. Anderson f The English Hundred-Names 129 The boundary between them is somewhat uncertain. According to the NpS, ridge near the junction of Faw8ley, Badhy and Everdon pars, and in land Gravesende included only Catesby, Fawsley, Everdon and Weedon Beck, still common to the pars of Badby and Newnham (op. ciL p. LII). It seems and the places S. of these, but it must also have included at least Badby very likely, therefore, that the thorn-tree which marked t.he meeting­ (v. DB L 222b). Probably the boundary was more or less uncertain even place in 1247 may have stood near that spot, too. If, as suggested in PNNp at t.his date. Towards the end of !he 12th cent.ury they were combined to 9, Mangrave and Gravesende are identical, the suggestion for the identi­ form one hundred. fication of the latter made on the previous page must probably be abando­ Egelweardesle hundred 10G6-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Alwar­ ned. deslea, Al1:ratlev 1086 DB, Aylwoldesle 12 NpS, Aiwardeslea 1186, Halwardesleahund1'edum 1188, Ailwardeslea, Alwardesleahdr' Rutland. 1189 P. - OE JEgelu'eard pn and le(a)h 'clearing'.! This small county now contains five hundreds: East, Wrangdike, Alstoe, Grauesende hundred 106G----75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, Graves­ Martinsley and Oakham-soke hds. In 1086 its area was still smaller than end(e) 1086 DB, Grat'eshende Falewesle 12 NpS, Grauesend'­ at present, its eastern portion, corresponding to the modern East and hundredum 1186, Grauesendehundredum 1191 P. - OE grates Wrangdike hds, being then included in Northants. The remaining part of the county :was divided into two wapentakes in 1086, the present Oakham­ ende 'the border of the grove'. For ende = border cf. hoUes on soke hd being of late origin. The Northamptonshire portion of the county ende (BT Suppl s. v. ende)! is called the hundred or wapentake of Wiceslea in DB; later the district in Falewele et in hundredo, Falewel'hundredum 1193, Duo contained two hundreds (in the Geld Roll it is also divided into two parts, hundreda de Falesleia 1199 P, Hundr' de Falgesl' 1215 Cl, Hund­ east and west, corresponding to the later hundreds). For a full account of the Domesday organisation of the county, v. VHRu I 121--36. The redum de Falewesle 1220 Fees, 1256 Pat, 1316 FA, hundredum ' two western wapentakes, Alstoe and Martinsley, were of the same size, de Falewel' 1234, de Falelheleg' 1246 Cl, hd ot Falwesle 1265 but the hd of Wiceslea was very long and irregular in shape, which may Mise, Hundr'm de Faluwesle 1276 RH, de Fallesle 1428 FA. be the reason for its being split up into two hundreds. The name is taken from the manor of FAW8LEY, t.o which the hundreds belonged (cf. t.erram ... in Falgesleg' et Trap' cum omnibus pertinentiis East bd. Wrangdike bd. suis et cum Hundr' de Falgesl' 1215 Cl; in Domesday the sake over a large These two hundreds occupy the SE. part of the county on the Wel­ part of the hundred (the manors of Braunston, Everdon, Staverton, Dodford land. East hd consists of the eastern (or northern) part of the district, and Farthingst.one) is stated to belong to l<'awsley): (to) Fealuwes lea including Empingham and Ketton, and the pars E. of these; Wrangdike 944 BCS 792, Falelav, Felesleuue, Felveslea, Faleuuesle(i) Falewesleie, hd consists of its western part, including the pars of North Luffenham, Feleuuesleie 1086 DB, F(e)aleweslea 1107-11 NRS IV, Falewe(s)lea 1167L Pilton, Glaston, Bisbrooke, Liddington and Stoke Dry in the north. The P, Falewesle 1202 Ass, Faleuwesl' 1218 WellsL; ~ v. PNBk 175, PNNp 23.­ district corresponds to the 11th century hd of: In the 13th century the courts of the hundred were held at a thorn-tree in Hwicceslea east, west hundred 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, I Newnham; cf.: Hundr' Domini Regis (Fawsley hd) solebat teneri ad spinam Wice(s)lea Wapent', Wicesle Hvnd', Wiceslea hd' (Wap' in the de Newenham et predictus Abbas (the Abbot of Evesham) modo non per­ mittit illud ibo teneri 1247 Ass 614B m 47d.' Later they are said to have margin) 1086 DB. -The hundred was named from WITCIILEY Heath, been held under a large beech-tree called Mangrave in Fawsley Park in its centre, on the boundary of Ketton and Edith Weston pars I (PNNp 9). The exact site of the t.ree has been fixed as being on a high (also called Witchley Common in J. Cary's map 1787; Witchley Warren Farm and Spinney (6") are on the modern map near the 1 There does not seem to be any reason to doubt the genuineness of

the Geld Roll form; it is perhaps worth noticing that the interchange of 1 The county seems to be referred to as Rotelande Wapentach 1168 forms in Ail- and Al- is also found in a name like Albodestov (above; from P; at first sight, this might seem to bear out Professor Stenton's sugges­ OE Eadbald), which lessens its value as a criterion. tion (VHRu I 136 note 30) that the county originated as a wapentake, but • It is tempting to think that p(£s grates ende BCS 792, a boundary­ the entry is probably too late to be of any value in this respect; the com­ mark to the north of Badby, may represent the meeting-place of the hundred, parison with the names of Framland and Aveland waps which seems to though it may of course be a mere coincidence. The later meeting-place of have suggested this explanation is not quite to the point, as these are Fawsley hd is about two miles farther south. Scand. names (ending in lund). A different view of the original status , Quoted by Miss Cam, The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls, p. 172. of the county is taken by Professor Ekwall (StNPh II 36 L). 9 I ,

130 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names 131 E. boundary of Edith Weston par): wasto de Wieheslea 1185 P, ltlartinsley bd. Whieehele 1299 Seld 13, (waste ... called) Wyehele in Edithe S. of Alstoe and W. of Wrangdike hds, including the pars of Hamble­ Weston 1310 Pat, lVicheley Heath 1610 Speed. - First el. probably ton, Normanton, Edith Weston, Lyndon, Manton, Wing, Preston, Rid­ an OE pn *Hwieee, derived from the tribal name Hwieee; cf. lington, Ayston, Uppingham and Martinsthorpe. It origina.lly included all the PNWo XV; Karh,trom 86, StNPh I 136; PNNp 152 s. n. Whiston; SW. part of the county, but the 'V. part of the district is now in Oakham­ soke bd. also WHISSENDINE Ru (Wichin.qedene 1086 DB, Wissendena 1176 Jlfartineslei(e) Wapentae 1086 DB, Martineslea Wap' 1169, P, Wicsinden' 1212 Cur, fVissenden 1241 FFLi), 10 m. to the 1201 P, 1202 Ass (Np) (Wapentacum de), Martinesleawapentaeum north-west? 1179, Martinesfeldwapentaeum 1187, llundredum de Martinesleia (Hwicceslea) east hundred 1066-75 (c. 1200) Geld Roll, 1199 P, Hundr'm de Martinesle 1268 Ass 721 m 12, 1265 Mise, Esthdr' 1166, 1187 P, 1202 Ass (Np), 1263 Ass 721 m 10 (Hund­ 1276 RH, 1300 Ipm, 1816 Pat, 1327 SR 165/3. - OE Martin pn redum de), 1265 Mise, 1275 RH, 1301 Cl (hd of), 1316 FA. ­ (Searle) and le(a)h 'clearing'; ef. Martinscroft PNLa 96. The site The simplest way of explaining the name seems to be that of the place is unknown, but it is doubtless to be associated with suggested above. The two parts of Hwieeeslea hd may have been :M:ARTlNSTlIORPE, a par 3 m. S. of Oakham, in the centre of the old called simply East and West hd for shortness' sake. Easthundred hundred: Martinestoeh' (p) 1176 P, Martinestorp' 1206 Cur (p), survived but *Westhundred got a new name. Cf., however, VHRu 1250 Cl, Martinstorp' 1254 Norwich, Thorp Martur (for -in?) 1259 I, 125 note 10, where the identity of the modern East hd with the Grav, Martinesthorp' 1263 Ass 721 m 12, Martinstok 1286 QW, 11th century 111IJieeeslea east is doubted for reasons of assessment. Martynesthorp 1315 Ipm; the second el. may be OE stoe 'place', Wrangediehhdr' 1166, Wrongediehhundr' 1168, 1176 P, replaced by thorpe, or OE porp. IVrangedieh eal'ly 13th NRS IV, Wrongedik 1257 Ipm, 1263 Ass 721 m 9, 1265 Mise, 1286 QW, Wrangedik 1275 RH, 1327 SR Oakham·soke hd includes the district W. of Martinsley hd, formerly 165/3, Wmngedyk1286 Ass 722 m 10, Wronggedik' 1296 SR 165/1, belonging to the latter hundred; also Clipston in the north of the county. It is mentioned together with lIfa.rtinsley hd in 1428 FA (Hundreda de 1300, (a hundred called) 1315 Ipm, Wrangdik Le Wrondik Wrang­ Okeham cum Martyn[es]ley) and on Speed's map 1610 (Oukhamsook I dyke 1344 Pat, Wrangdyk 1370 Cl, Wrangdiehe 1396, Wrandyk Hundred), but otherwise I have found no references to it. It is apparently 1401 Ipm. - ON (v)rangr and dik 'crooked dyke' (= road? Cf. the soke of Oa.kham made into a hundred, and of recent origin. Langdyke above p. 114), but the site of the place is lost. Wrang is commOn in field-names (cf. e. g. PNNp 266 f.). Warwickshire. AIstoe bd. The old Warwickshire hundreds have undergone rearrangement and The NW. part of the county, including in the east the pars of Stretton, amalgamation to a very great extent. At present the county is roughly Greetham and Horn, and in the south those of Whitwell, Exton, Burley, quartered, the partitions being known as Knightlow, Kington, Barlichway Ashwell and Whissendine. and Hemlingford hds, but in 1086 Barlichway consisted of two, Knightlow Alfnodestov Wapentac 1086 DB, Alnestowa 1183, Alnesto­ of three, and Kington of four or five hundreds. Most of the old hundreds wapentaeum 1184, Alnodestouhundredum 1195 P, Hundr'm de disappeared in the 12th century, but those of the present Knightlow hund­ Alnathestowe 1263, 1286 Ass 721 m 13, 722 m 10, Alnastowe red seem to have been distinguished as 'Ieets' down to the 16th century. 1263 Ass 721 m 12, 1296 SR 165/1, Alnestowe 1276 RH, 1286 QW, Hemlingford was by far the largest of the old Warwickshire hundreds, occupying the whole of the NW. quarter of the county; this may to some 1300 Ipm, 1312 Pat, 1327 SR 165/3, Alstowe 1535 VE, - OE JElfnop pn and stow 'place'. The name is taken from MOUNT been near Mount Alstoe (Speed (1610) marks the place some distance _ ALsToE (6"), a tumulus a mile NE. of Burley (Alstoe House is SE. about a mile - NNE. of Bnrley), is of different origin. It is Alestanes­ nf Mt AlstoeV torp 1086 DB, Alstanthorp 1282 Ipm, Alestantorp 1327 Ch; Alstorp 1202 Ass (Np) , AlesthoTp 1286 Ass 722 m 13, Alsthorpe juxta Burle 1399 Ipm; 1 ALSTBORPE, the name of a lost place in Burley par, which must have first el. OE .tE1lstiin or Al(h)stiin.

~ 132 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names 133 extent be accounted for by its being partly an old forest region. The Brinkelowe 1262 Ass 954 m 55, 1282 Ipm. - The same first e1. is found in: early hundreds in the remaining part of the county were of the samc BRENKLEY and BRINKlll1RN Nb (Mawer); BRINKHURST and BRINK SOLE SXj order of extent, those of Knightlow hd being sliglItly larger than the rest, BRINKWORTH W (Brinkewroa 1065 KCD 817; v. Ekblom); BRINGSTY He those of Kington smallest. Some of the Domesday hundreds apparently (Bannister); probably also BR1NKLEY HILL He (in Brockhampton; no early had parts of their areas detached (Pathlow, Fexhole, Berricestone), but on forms. found); BRlNKLEY Ca (Brinkelai ?1177-94 France, Brinkele 1201 the whole they seem to have been compaet and fairly regular in shape Obl, 1208 Cur, Brinkelay 1208 Cur, Brinkeleg 12fl3 FF); and probably in (for an attempt at reconstructing the Domesday hundreds v. B. Walker, BRINKHlLL Li (Brincle 1086 LiDB, 1200 Our, 1219 Fees, 1246 Gross, Brincla, The Hundreds oC Warwickshire, Antiquary 39; the hundredal rubrication Brinche 1115-18 LiS, Brinkel c. 1150-60 DO (p), 1226 FF, 12f\4 Norwich, of DB is incomplete). The river Avon was mostly chosen for a boundary 1276 Ipm, Brinckell' 1212, Brinkil 1242 Fees, Brinkhil 1250 FFj second el. between the hundreds in the SE., and those in the NW. part of the county, probably OF. hyll; Cor the forms in -le, v. Harthill above p. 18; Streatfeild's and the old Forest. of Arden must, in early days, have separated Hem­ explanation (from Da brink and kliJl) seems less likely). lingford hd from the hundreds to the soutb and east. - Wixford is The received explanation of the first el. of Brinklow and treated as a separate hundred in RH, but this seems to have been due to similar names is from OE Brfjnca pn, a diminutive of BTun, a mistake, v. QW 783. occurring twice in LVD; v. Mawer PNNb 31, EPN 9, IPN 179, Knightlow M. PNSx 11.5, 131; but it seems hardly likely that all the PNs The E. part of the county, bordering in the west on Hemlingford and mentioned should contain this rare name.. As moreover all the in the south on Kington hds, including in the north the pars of Stretton places 1 are on hills or slopes, i~ is difficult to avoid the conclusion Baskerville, Burton Hastings, Bulkington, Bedworth, Astley and Arley; in that we have here an OE *brinc- 'hill, slope', cognate with ON the west Exhall, Keresley, Allesley, Kenilworth and Leek Wootton; and brekka 'steep slope', :MLG brink 'margin, hill, slope'; v. Torp 277'­ , in the south Leamington, Whitnash, Harbury, Bishop's Itchington, Water­ - The second el. of Brinklow is OE hUiw 'hill, mound'. - The gall, Hodnell, Radhourn, Napton on the Hill and Wolfhampcote. In the 11th and 12th centuries the district was divided into three hundreds: DB form Bomelav is probably corrupt. Brinklow (DB Bomelav), Marton and Stoneleighj in the latter half of the Mereton(e) hvnd' 1086 DB, Meretonehdr' 1175, Mereton'hund­ 12th century these hundreds were replaced by tbe 'sbipsoke', later tbe hd, of Knightlow, but they seem to have continued to exist down to the 16th redum 1180, 1191, Mareton'hundredum 1183, Mettonehundredum century as separate units known as 'leets', and accordingly having sepa­ 1184, Mertonehundredum 1188 P; Leta Mertone in Hundr' Knyg rate courts. The boundaries of the early hundreds cannot be determined 1327, Leet of Merton 1332 SE. with certainty from Domesday, but they were probably nearly identical The hundred is named from the vi1. of MARTON, at the junction of the 1 in area witb the later leets; the leet of Brinklow consisted of the NE. rivers Learn and Itchen: ?Mortone 1086 DB, Merton ?1151-7 France, 1231 part of the present hundred, N. of the Avon (also Long Lawford S. of the Pat, 1302 Ipm, Mereton' 1206 Cur, Menon' 1235 Cl, 1262 Ass 954 m 54d, Avon) including Keresley, Exhall, Foleshill, Shilton, Ansty, ?Oombefields Marton 1344 BM. , and Brinklow in the west. The leet of MlLrton was S. oC the Avon and E. Probably from OE *mere-tiln 'farm by the pool', though OE of Wolston, Stretton on Dunsmore, Wappenbury, Hunningham, Long It­ (ge)mere 'boundary' is also possible for the first cL; v. Duignan. chington, Southam, Ladbroke and Hodnell (inclusive). The leet of Stone­ leigh included the western part oC t.he hundred consisting of the district Stanlei(e) hvnd' 1086 DB, Stenleahdr' 1175, Stanlegehundredum surrounding Ooventry, Stoncleigh and Kenilworth, but with a strip ex­ , 1180, Stanleahundredum 1183, Stanlegahundredum 1188, Stanle/ tending southwards as "far as Bishop's Itchington. hundredum 1191, Hundredum de Stanleg' 1195 P'; Leta Stonler!e Bomelav hd' 1086 DB, Brinkelawehdr' 1175, 1188, Brinkelawa­ in Hundr' Knygth 1327, Leet of Stonleye in the lid of Knythelowe hundredum 1180, Hundredum de Brinkelewe 1195 P, Brinkelawe 1332 SR, Leet of Stanley 16 BM. 1226-8 Feesj (Hundr' de Knygthelowe). Leta Brynkelowe in hund­ redo predicto 1327, Leet at Brinkelowe in hd ot Knythelowe 1 I can make no statement as regards Brinkhurst Sx. 1332 SR, Leet ot Brinklow 16 BM. • The exishmce of an OE *brinc is assumed by Professor Zachrisson The Dame is derived from that oC the viI. of BRINKLOW, on the Fosse (StNPh V 61 note), • According to Dugdale, Antiquities of Warwickshire (1730), I 2, Way, 5 1 /. m. NW. of Rugby: Brinckelawe 1155-7 (1251) Ch, Brinchelawa 1174, 1180 P, Brinkrdulce 1201 Cur, 1218 Cl, 1221 Ass 950 m 6, 1298 rpm, Hund' de Stunley is mentioned as late as 1279 in a Memoranda roll. I

134 O. S. Anderson The English Hundl'ed-Names 135

The hundred is named from the viI. of STONELEIGH, on the river Sowe, century the Domesday hundreds were replaced by the 'shipsoke', later 3 m. E. of Kenilworth: Stanlei 1086 DB, Stanleia juxta Coventreiam 1153 the hundred, of Kington. BM, Stanlea 1156, Stanlega 1157 P, Stanleia early Hy2 BM, Stanleg' 1203 Tremelav, Tremeslav (1) 1086 DB, Tremelawahundredum 1180, Cur, Stanleya 1204 Ch, Stanlegh' 1227 Fees, Staneleg in Aerdern 1259, Tremlawehundredum 1188 f. P. CL (Richard de) Thrimelowe 1334 Stonleye in Ardern 1286 Pat. Misc (Th1'ymelowe 1334 Cl), apparently the name of a War­ OE stan and le(a)h 'stony clearing'; 'where the town stands wickshire man (associated with Erdington in Birmingham), who is rocky' (Dugdale). - The court for the manor of Stoneleigh may have come from this hundred. - Perhaps from OE (:Et) was held at MOTSLOW HILL (La Mostowe 1268 Ch), opposite the Jlreom hliiwum 'three mounds'; formulas of this type are common village (Dugdale I 254). in names of boundary-marks in OE; cf. especially (of) preom hlawan KCD 65:3 (Wo); also TWEMLOW Ch: Twamlow (p) 1192­ Sipe Socha de Cnichtelawa 1170 P, Hundredum de Knictelawe 1208, Twamelawe (p) c. 1190-1220, Twamlowe (p) 1208-29 1221, 1232 Fees, Knichtelawe 1221 Ass 950 m 8, 1270 Pat, Werb, from OE (:Et) twam (twmm) hliiwum. Knyctelawe, Knitelawe 1247 Ass 952 m 32d, 36d, Knightelawe Honesberie, Onesberie 1086 DB, Hunesberihundredum 1191 P. ib. m 40, 1281 Pat, Knytelowe 1265 Misc, Knytelau'e 1272 Ipm, OE Hun pn (Redin 17) and OE be(o)rg 'mound, hill'; cf. (be) Knygthelawe 1276 RH, Knygthelowe 1327, Knythelowe 1332 SR, hunesbiorge BCS 562 (Kt), and Hunningham Wa (PNing 133), hd of Knyghtlowe Crosse 1495 Ipm. - OE cniht (or cnihta gen. near Leamington.1 pI.) 'knight' and OE hliiw 'hill, mound'. - The hundred is named Fexhole hvnd' 1086 DB. from its meeting-place 1 at KNIGHTLOW Cross (6") on Knightlow Probably an error for Foxhole, i. e. OE foxhol -u 'foxes' Hill, on Dunsmore Heath, by the Coventry-Daventry road, 6 m. burrows'. SE. of Coventry, on the boundary of Stoneleigh and Marton hds. Bedriceston (1), Bedricestone (1), Bel"Ticeston(e), Bericest' hd' - For the term Sipe Socha v. above p. XIX. 1086 DB; named from the viI. of BARcHEsToN, opposite Shipston Kington bd. on Stour: Berricestone, Berricest1me 1086 DB, Bercheston' 1193, I The SE. portion of the county mainly E. of the Avon, and S. of Knight­ 1195 P (p), 1205 Cur (p), 1221 Ass 950 m 7, 1232 Cl, Berkeston' low hd, till recently including also Tanworth, Packwood, Nuthurst and (p) 1199 Cur, Bercheston' Symonis 2 1236 Fees, Bercheston 1294 Lapworth in the west of the county; formerly also the town of Warwick. - In DB four hundreds are located within this district. Tremelav hd Misc, Berchiston 1319 Pat, Byrcheston 1325 Ipm, Berchistone 1327 included the NW. part of the present hundred, extending southwards as SR. - Duignan suggests OE Beornrlc pn for the first eI.; if the far as Kineton, Butlers Marston, ?PilIerton and Eatington (inclusive); Domesday forms in -d- stand for anything, they may perhaps Honesberie hd was in the cast of the county, E. of Tremelav hd; Fexhole indicate that it is rather OE Be(o)rhtrlc pni cf. Brightston PNDv hd was S. of Tremelav hd, including Tysoe, ?Compton Wynyates, Oxhill, 584: brihtrices stane 1050--73 Earle, Bedricestan 1086 DB.­ ?PiIlerton, ?Whatcote, Idlicote, Honington and Brailes, and probably also Lapworth, Rowington and Shrewley in the west of the county (v. Walker Second eI. OE tun 'farm'. No weight should be attached to the op. cit. p. 181 and see above). Berricestone hd was in the southern extre­ form in -k-. mity of the county, S. of Fexhole hd, and also included an isolated area Coteshundredum 1183, Cotehundredum 1184 P, Hundr' de consisting of Ilrnington, Whitchurch and Stretton on Fosse (the part of Cotes cum suburbio de Warewic 1221 Ass 950 m 3d, Hundr' de Worcestershire that separated these places from Warwickshire was inclu­ ded in the latter county in 1931). - In the 12th century a fifth hundred is mentioned as belonging to the district in question, viz. that of Cotes. It 1 It is tempting to associate the hundred-name with that of HENS­ is associated with Warwick, but its exact area is uncertain. - In the 13th BOROUGH Hill in Thurlaston, but this is no doubt impossible for topographi­ cal reasons; cf. Walker in Birmingham Arch. Soc. Trans. XXXI 30 note. 2 1 A curious old custom, the collecting of 'Wroth-Silver', was still ob­ The person referred to in the preceding examples is called Simon served at this place as late as 1902; v. Dugdale op. cit. I 4; H. M. Cam, de Bercheston'. The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls p. 126 f. 136 O. 8. Anderson The English Hundred·Names 137

Cotes quod 1Jocatur suburbium de Warr' 1232 Ass 951 m 22d. 1 Fernecvmbe hvnd' 1086 DB. - It was named from COTON END, i. e. 'the part of Warwick OE fearn 'fern' and cumb 'valley'. which lyes on the east of the town' (Dugdale), also known as Patelav hvnd' 1086 DB, Pattelawahdr' 1175 P, Hundr' de 'the suburb of Warwick' (e. g. 1232 Ass, 1242 Fees etc.): Cotes Pathelawe 1221, 1232, 1247, 1262 Ass 950 m 2, 951 m 1, 952 1086 DB, 1229--42 BM, 1247 Ass 952 m 39d (vicus), Cota 1123 m" 32, 954 m 65, 1242 P, Patelawe 1252 Fees, Pathelowe post Mon VI 1327 (copy), Cotis 1315 Ipm, in Warrewych, in the street 1257 BM, 1285 QW, 1332 SR (liberty), hd of Patthelowe 1265 called Coton 1420 AD III 473; from OE cotu(m) 'cottages'. In Misc, 1327 SR (libertas), Hundr'm de Patlawe, Pattelowe 1276 1221 Woodloes and Cherlecot' seem to be referred to this hundred RH, hd of Paththelowe 1340 Pat, hundred' de Pathelow 1535 VE. (cf. partem orientalem suburbii dicUB villre cum tota Stochulle - The hundred was named from a tumulus called PATHLOW, in et Wodelawe Mon VI 1329); but otherwise no account can be the SE. corner of Aston Cantlow par, on the road from Stratford given of its extent. on Avon to Wootton Wawen, 3 m. NW. of Stratford on Avon. According to Dugdale (op. cit. II 642) a court used to be held Sipe Socha de Chinton' 1170 P, Hundredum de Kinton' 1221 here twice" a year. The place is referred to as Pathelawa 1174 P, Fees, hundred' de Kintun' 1222 Cl, de Kincton' 1225 Fine, hd of Pathelowe 1290 Cl, 1327 SR (p), Potfelouie 1320 Ipm. - The Kynton 1265 Misc, 1274 Ipm, 1316 PA, Hundr'm de Kynton' first el. may be compared with that of PANBoROUGH S'o: (at) 1276 RH, de Kingtone 1327, hd of Kyngton 1332 SR. Pathenebergh'e 956, Papeneberga 971 BCS 920, 1277 (copies), The hundred is named from the town of KINETO~, 10 m. S. of Warwick: Wadeneberie Patheneberg Cyngtun, (into) Cyngtune 969 (18) BCS 1234, Qvintone 1086 DB, Chintona 1086 DB, Hy2 (1227) Ch; PAYTHORNE 1124-7 (1314) Ch, Chinton' 1166, Kinton' 1171, 1192 P, Kincton' 1216 Cl, YWR: Pahtorme, Pathorp 1086 DB, Paththorn late 12th Pudsay, 1232 Fees, Kynton' 1217, Kintun' 1220 Cl, Kyngton 1291 Tax. Pathorn 1195 P (p), 1208 Cur, 1248 Cl, Patthorn' 1210 Cur; 1 OE *cyne-tiln or *cyng-tun 'royal estate'. Kineton belonged PAINLEY YWR (1 / 2 m. SE. of Paythorne): Padehale, Paghenale to the king in 1086. - Por the term Sipe Socha v. above p. XIX. 1086 DB, Pathenhal (p) c. J Pudsay, Pathanle, Patenhale 1200­ 45 (c. 1350) Percy, Pathenhale (p) 1226 FF; and PATELEY BRIDGE BarIichway hd. YWR: Pathelaywath 1210-30 Furness, Patheleybrigge 1320 Ch. ­ The SW. part of the county, W. of Kington and Knightlow hds, S. of Hemlingford hd, mainly W. of the Ayon, including the pars of Wootton The first el. of these names may be an OE *papa 'wanderer', related Wawen, Preston Bagot, Rowington, Wroxall and Honiley in the north. to OE pmp 'path', and pmppan 'to wander'; cf. stapa and stmppan. In 1086 the district was divided into two hundreds, Fernecvmbe and Barlicheweihdr' 1175, 1179, Barlinge1ceihundredum 1176, Bar­ Pathlow; the former has not been met with after Domesday, but the latter ligweihundredum 1183, 1190, Barlichweihundredum 1188 P, Bal­ I survived into the 16th century. In 1327 (SR) Path!ow consisted of two richweie 1221, Barlichewaye 1232 Fees, Barlicheweye 1247, 1262 distinct parts, one in the SE. of the hundred, including A!veston, Tid­ dington, Clifford, Lox!ey, Stratford on Ayon, Old Stratford, We!combe, Ass 952 m 31, 954 m 65, 1265 Misc, 1276 RH, Barlichesweye 1252 Bishopton, Shottery, Hampton Lucy, Ingon, Hatton (in Hampton Lucy), Fees, 1276 RH, Rarlichwey 1274 Ipm, Barlichweye 1316 FA, Clopton, Luddington, Drayton and Wilmcote; and one in the NW. of the Barlycwey 1327, Barlichway 1332 SR, Barlochwey 1428 FA. ­ hundred, inclUding Wootton Wawen, Ullenhall and Henley in Arden. The OE *ba?rlic-weg 'road where barley is carted' or the like; cf. NED hundred seems to have had nearly the same extent in 1086, but may have Barlichul included also Aston Cantlow and Billesley (cf. Walker, Antiquary 39, s. v. barley and PNBeds 52; also n. d. AD I (Market 182 f.), thus making the district c,ontinuous. Bosworth Le), and PNNp passim. - The name survived as BARLICHWAY on the old 1" OS map, in the name of a field on the 1 The hundred of Chikenes (Chikeneshundredum 1183 f., Chicheneshdr' boundary of Binton and Haselor pars, but is given as Barley 1189 P, Chikenessehundredum 1203 P 49), which makes its first appearance Leys on the modern map. Dugdale says (op. cit. II 641) that at the same time as Cotes hd, has not been identified. Is it from OE *Cicca pn (cf. Cichus Redin 28, Chickering PNing 72, Chicksands PNBeds 168) the pars of Binton, Haselor and Temple Grafton used to hold a and OE (Csc 'ash-tree'? court here. I

138 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names 139

Hemlingford bd. time of DB (the names of three old hundreds arc given in an OE charter), The NW. part of the county, N. and W. of Barlichway and Knightlow though it is possible to trace them in the number of hides attributed in hds. The modern name does not occur till the 12th century; the Domesday DB to the holdings of the churches of Worcester, Wcstminster, Pershore name of the hundred was: and Evesham, to which this part of the county belonged. The church of Coleshelle hvnd' 1086 DB. - The name is derived from that Worcester had 300 hides, forming the triple hd of Oswaldslow, Westmins­ of COLESHILL, E. of Birmingham, on the river Cole: (in eodem ter approximatcly 200 hides, Pershore 100 hides, and Evesham 100 hides. Part of the lands belonging to Evesham formed the Domesday hd of Fisses­ concilio qui dicitur) Colles hyl 799 (11) BCS 295, Coleshelle 1086 berge, now included in Blackenhurst hd. The lands belonging to Pershore DB, Coleshell' (p) 1162 P, Coleshull' 1200 Cur, 1207 Ch, 1222 Cl, and Westminster are known as Pershore hd from the 12th century. - The Coleshill' 1206 Cur, Colleshull in Arderne 1294 Mise, 1327 Cl. ­ remaining five hundreds, out of the twclve assigned to Worcestershire in Professor Ekwall suggests that both the river-name and the first Domesday, were in the northern half of the county - also known as el. of the PN are derived from W coll 'hazels' (ERN 86). - The Kinetolk,t i. e. :the king's people', because belonging to the Crown, in contrast with south Worcestershire which was in the possession of the quotation from BCS 295 seems to show that this was an old churches. They are all mentioned by name in DB; they were Dodintrev, meeting-place. Cresselav, . Clent, Came and Esch. Here the original hundredal division Humilieford 1162, Sipe Socha de Humeliford' 1170, Sibbe Soka was accordingly preserved in 1086, but in the 12th century the four last­ de Humiliford' 1175, (de) Sibbesocha et de Humeliford' 1178, (de) mentioned hundreds were replaced by Halfshire hd; thus Doddingtree is Sibbesocha et Humilifordhundredo 1179, Humelesfordhundredurn the only survival of the old hundredal system. - Hardly anything is known about the topography of the old hundreds of southern Worcester­ 1180, Hurnelifordhundredum 1183, Hurneliefordhundredum 1184, shire. The modern hundreds are much broken up in isolated areas scat­ Hurnilifordhundredum 1190, Vrniliford' 1195 P, Hurniliford' 1221, tered over the whole county. The old hundreds of northern Worcestershire 1247, 1262 Ass 950 m 3d, 952 m 35, 954'm 52, Humeliford' 1226 on the whole consisted of compact and fairly regular areas, though parts -8 Fees, 1232 Ass 951 m 5d, Hwniliford 1265 Mise, Humbelford of Clent and Esch hds seem to have been detached. As a rule, no natural boundaries seem to have existed here, the only case being Doddingtree and 1276 RH, Hurnelyngford' 1285 Ass 956 ID 34, H1tmelingforth 1316 Cresselav hds which were separated by t.he Severn. The five northern FA, Humelingforde 1327, Humlyngford 1332 SR, Humyliford 1346 hundreds were of roughly equal extent, Doddingtree being slightly larger Pat, Hemlingford 1587 D; cf. Robertus de Humeleford' 1195 P than the rest. (Wa). - OE hymele (hurnele) and ford 'ford where wild hops grow'. Cf. HIMBLETON, HIMBLE BROOK PNWo 135, ERN 196; and Rlackenburst bd. HIMLEY St (4 ID. W. of Dudley): Himelei 1086 DB, Humelilega Occupies the SE. corner of the county, including Abbots Morton, Atch 1185 P, Humelele 1242 Fees, Humeleleg 13 AD Ill; also HUMBLEYARD Lench, Sheriff's Lench, Church Lench (part), Norton, Gt and Lt Hampton, and the pars E. of these. Harvington and Cleeve Prior are in Oswaldslow above p. 79. For the term Sipe Socha v. above p. XIX. - The hd, and Broadway in Pershore hd. Oldberrow, now in Warwickshire, was hundred-name survives in HEMLlNGFORD BRIDGE (6") and HEMLlNG­ in this hundred till 1894. It also used to include the par of Ombersley, near FORD Green, half a mile S. of Kingsbury church, where the Bir­ Worcester. but Omberslev was included in Oswaldslow hd in 1760. The mo­ mingham-Tamworth road crosses the Tame. dern hundred consists ~f the DB hd of Fissesberge which originally con~

1 Kin(e)folka 1108-18 WoS, perhaps only a nonce-formation; it is Worcestershire. from OE *cyne-tolc. The view held in PNWo and elsewhere that the name was applied to the scattered holdings of the Bishop of Worcester in This county is now divided into five hundreds, Blackenhurst, Pershore, the north of the county, seems to be due to a misapprehension. It must refer Oswaldslow, Doddingtree and Halfshire. Of these only Doddingtree is a.n to the whole northern part of the county, where these holdings lay, the old hundred; the rest were formed from other hundreds at different pe­ 'king's land' as distinct from the church lands in the south (Summa in riods. In Domesday Worcestershire is stated to contain twelve hundreds Kinetolka = the sum of the Bishop's holdings in the part of the county CL 172 a). In the north and east of the county these old hundreds were belonging to the King, i. e. outside Oswaldslow hd proper!). Only thus is preserved; but in the south the origjnal hundreds had been lost by the it possible to give a reason for the name at all. 140 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names 141 tained 65 hides; of part of the DB hds of Oswaldslow (Hampton and Bengc­ rounding Worcester, extending northwards as far as HartIebury, worth; v. DB f. 175b) and Esch (Abbots Morton, Atch, Sheriff's and part of with a narrow strip extending east and south, including Inkberrow, Flad­ Church Lench) (v. further VHWo Il 374 f.). - The hundred formerly be­ bury, Cropthorne, Netherton, Charlton, Elmley, Overbury and Sedgeber­ longed to the abbey of Evesham, whence it is also called Eueshamhundredum row. The DB hundred of Oswaldslow differed considcrably in extent from 1180, 1185, 1187 P, Hundr' de Euesham 1221 Ass 1021 m 1, 1230 P. the modern hundred; the isolated areas now belonging to Oswaldslow Fissesberge hd' 1086 DB. in the north of thc county, for instance, were then included in the OE Fisc pn (Ellis II 111; v. Redin 20) and be(o)rg 'hill, hundreds in which they are situated; for further particulars, v. VHWo III 246 ff. - Some account of the early history of this hundred is given in mound'; PNWo 260. BCS 1135. The charter, whose authenticity has been doubted, but which Blacahurste 1100-8 VHWo I 330 note 6 (Blakhurst (1330) is now considered in the main genuine, contains a grant by King Edgar BM, Blakehurste (1241) Ch), Blakehurst 1255 Ass 1022 m 24, to Bishop Oswald to unite the three hundreds of Wulfereslaw, Winburge­ 1276 RH, -hurste 1275 SR, Blakeherste 1275 Ass 1025 m 18d: trowe and CuiJburgelawe to form a sCYPfylleiJ oppe scypsocne (v. above p. Blakenhurste 1265 Mise, 1315 lpm, 1327 SR, Blakenhurst 1431 XIX), which was to meet at a place called Oswaldeslaw in memory of Bishop Oswald. One of the three hundreds, that of CuiJburgelawe, was FA, Blakynhurst 1539 LP. -- OE blrec and hyrst 'black wood'. originally half a hundred, consisting of 50 hides at Cropthorne, Netherton, Pershore hd. Elmley, Kersoe (in Elmley), Charlton, Gt and Lt Hampton, and Benge­ worth (v. BCS 235); but was made up to a full hundred by the addition of a Consists of the manors belonging to the monasteries of Westminster number of manors (in reality consisting of 70 hides; v. VHWo I 246 f.) in and Pershore in 1086, but is not mentioned by name in Domesday. Its different parts of southern Worcestershire; at least one of the hundreds shape is very irregular with several detached portions. Its main part is that are stated to have preceded the modern hd of Oswaldslow seems ac­ N. and S. of Pershore itself, extending beyond the Severn to the Here­ cordingly to have been of a somewhat artificial nature (v. also VHWo I fordshire border. Broadway, locally in Blackenhurst hd, and Beoley, 247 f.). Winburgetrowe hundred is known to have included Blockley, locally in Halfshire hd, belong here; for further particulars, v. VHWo Tredington and the other isolated areas of Oswaldslow in Gloucestershire IV 1 f. (v. VHWo III 246f.); the court for this hundred continued to be held at hundredum de Persom c. 1150 Feud Engl 178, 1212 Fees, the place that gave name to the hundred down to the 15th century. Nothing Persorehundredwn 1176 P, hundreduJn de Persor' 1235 Cl, hundr' further is known about Wulfercslaw hd. de Persouere 1275 Ass 1025 m 14, llundredum de Perssore 1275, dimidium centuriatum quod Anglice vocatur Cuabergehl[awes de Pershora 1327 SR. h]undred, Cuobur.qelawe 964 (12) BCS 1135. The hundred is named from PERSHORE, on the Avon, 8 m. SE. of Wor­ OE Cilpbu7'h (f.) pn and hlaw 'hill, mound'. cester: (into) Perscoran 972 (c. 1050) BCS 1282, 1062-95 (12) Thorpe 615, Wulfereslaw 964 (12) BCS 1135. . (on) Presc oran 1033--8 Earle, (on) Persceoran 1049--58 (18) KCD 804, OE Wulfhere pn and hliiw 'hill, mound'. !l23, Perscoram (ace.) 1066 (13) Thorpe 404, Persore 1086 DB et passim, Pershour' 1234 Cl, Pershouere 1242 Cl, 1282 Pat, Persouere 1247, Pcrsour' Winburge trowe 964 (12) BCS 1135, hundredum apud Wibur­ 1251 Cl, Perschore 1315 Ipm, Pershourc 1341 Pat; v. Ritter 133, PNWo 217; gecroe (for -troe), Winburnetre, Wiburnestr' 1240 WoP, hundrm the 13th cent. forms point to interchange of OE ora and ofer in the second de Wimburntr' 1276 RH, hundred' de Wymburghtree 1376 Ipm; 1'1. - The hundred courts were held at Calcroft (in Pershore), Rhydd curia de Wymeburnetre 1408 PNWo 87. - OE Wynburh (f.) pn Grcen (on the bounda.ry of Hanley Castle and Malvern pars) and Pinvin (VHWo IV 3). and treo 'tree'. There is also mention of a fourth hundred-court within the Oswaldslow bd. area belonging to Oswaldslow hd, viz. that of Dryhurst. In 1276 This hundred, like that of Pershore, consists of a number of separate RH the courts for Oswaldslow hd are said to be held extra portions of varying extents, scattered over the larger part of the county, Wygorn', ... apud Druhurst et apud Winburntre; in 1301 Wigorn, and till recently (1931), of several isolated pieces in NE. Gloucestershire an inquisition is said to have been made at Dryhm'st; and in 1319 (v. also under Kington above p. 134), constituting the estates of the Pat, there is a referenee to the court of Rippel (Ripple) and hund­ church of Worcester. The main part of the hundred is in the southern half of Worcestershire, where it includes a continuous district sur- red of Bruhurste (PNWo); this place was perhaps the meeting­ I :1 ,l I r

142 0. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names 143

place for the parts of Oswaldslow that are in SW. Worcestershire. Halfshire hd. It ~ The name is from OE dr.ilge and hyrst 'dry wood'; cf. (of) Occupies the N. half of the county, E. of the Severn. was formed driganhurste BCS 112 (So). in the 12th century from the DB hds of Cresselav, Clent, Cam(m)e 1 and part of Esch. Cresselav consisted of the western portion of the present Oswaldes lau 11 Heming, Oswaldeslav, Oswoldeslav 1086 DB, hundred, including Hartlebury in the south, and in the east Doverdale, Oswaldes lawes Hundret 1108~18 WaS, Oswaldestanehdr' 1175, Elmley Lovett, Rushock, Chaddesley Corbett, and perhaps Churchill.> ­ Oswaldeslawahundredum 1176, Oswaldeslawehllndredum 1182 P, Clent hd, E. of Cresselav, seems to have consisted of two distinct parts, Osewaldeslawe 1221 Ass 1021 m 14, Oswaldeslawe 1255 Ass 1022 one including Droitwich, Hadzor, Salwarpe, Hampton Lovett, Upton War­ ren, and probably Elmbridge and Dodderhillj3 and one farther north, in· ill 25d, Oswoldeslowe ib. m 29, 1315 Ipm, 1346 FA, Oswaldelewe eluding Belbroughton, ?Romsley (not in DB), ?IlIey (ditto), Halesowen 1265 Misc, Oswaldeslowe 1275 SR, Oswoldeslewe 1352 Pat. ­ and Warley, and the manors N. of these. - Came hd consisted of the NE. OSWALDSLOW (now Low Hill) is on the boundary of White Ladies corner of the county E. of Clent hd, including in the south Tardebigge, Aston and Stoulton pars, 4 m. SE. of Worcester, on the Worcester­ Stoke Prior, probably Bromsgrove (part with certainty), and perhaps Evesham road. It is mentioned as (to, of) OsuJaldes hlawe 977 Grafton. - Esch hd, S. of Cresselav hd, on the Warwickshire border, in· cluded Feckenham, Hanbury, Kington, Inkberrow, Abbots Morton, Church (11) KCD 612, in the bounds of Wolverton. The evidence of Lench and, detached, Crowle and Cleeve Prior. Of these Feckenham, King­ meetings being held in this neighbourhood is interestingly con­ ton and the greater part of Church Lench went to Halfshire, the rest to firmed by the names of the adjacent villages of Spetchley (from Oswaldslow and Blackenhurst. - HaIfshire hd is sometimes called the hd OE SP(flC 'speech') and Stoulton (from OE stDl 'seat') v. PNWo of Wick (from Droitwich). 165 f. - The name is from OE Osu'ald pn and hUiw 'hill', but Cresselav hvnd' 1086 DB, hundret of Kerselau 1108--18 WaS. it seems rather doubtful whether the story told in BCS 1135 of OE cresse (cressa, CrErse, cerse) 'cress' and hlaw 'hill'; cL its origin can be true; its occurring as a boundary-mark about Creslow PNBk 77; also Cresswell PNNb 57, Caswell PNNp 43. ten years afterwards seems to prove it of older standing. Glent hvnd' 1086 DB, hundredum de Clent c. 1150 Feud Engl 178, Clenthundredum 1193 P. Named from the viI. of CLENT, in Doddingtree bd. In the NW. of the county, W. of Oswaldslow hd and the Severn, by the Clent Hills, 4 ID. SE. of Stourbridge: Glent 11 Heming, 1086 I CL which it is separated from Halfshire hd, extending southwards along the DB, 1169 P, 1204 Ch, 1212 Fees, et passim; cf. also DUN ENT Farm, Herefordshire border as far as Suckley, with a detached part in Cotheridge. c. 5 m. SW. of Clent, on lower ground: Dvnclent 1086 DB, Dunclent' Eardiston and Knighton, locally in this hundred, belong to Oswaldslow hd. 1212 Fees, Dunclent 1230 P (p), 1294 Ipm, Dounclent 1315 Ipm, The area of the hundred has not changed much since Domesday; v. 1317 Pat (p). - In PNWo 279 the name is shown to represent VHWo IV 218f. an OE *clent 'rock' (also 'hill'?), cognate with Norw klant 'rock, Dodintret, Dodintrev, Dodentreu 1086 DB, Dudintree 1108­ hill'; and, with a different ablaut grade, ON klettr, Sw, Da, MLG 18 WoS, Dudintrehdr' 1175, 1182, 1185, Dudintrohundredum 1185, Dodintrehllndredum 1191 P, Dudintr' 1212 Fees, 1276 RH, 1 The parts of Cresselav and Came that belonged to the churches of Dudintre 1221 Ass 1021 ID 14d, Dodintr' 1255 Fees, Dodintre 1265 Worcester and Pershore were later included in Oswaldslow and Pershore Misc, 1275, 1327 SR, 1305 Ipm, Dodyngtr' 1307 Ass 1033 m 1. hds respectively (Hartlebury, Wolverley (Cresselav), Alvechurch and Stoke - The meeting-place of the hundred was at the HUNDRED House Prior (Came) in Oswaldslow, and Beoley and Yardley (Came) in Pershorej near Redmarley (Gt Witley par) referred to as terra ... Ryd­ Yardley, like Northfield and parts of King's Norton is now incorporated merlehge nominata, juxta fluddantreo sita 11 Heming (PNWo), in Birmingham). The vills of Clent and Broom were in Staffs from the 12th cent. to 1844. Halesowen was in Salop for a similar period. Rudmerlege(?) ju.Tta Dodintrou 1182 PNWo; it is at the junction 2 In Cresselav according to the map in PNWo, but in Clent according of the roads from Tenbury and Cleobury Mortimer towards to the text; the former seems mOre likely. Worcester. - From OE Dudda pn (Redin 63, PNWo 23) ani} 3 Elmbridge, and Wychbold in Dodderhill are stated in VHWo IV 218 treo 'tree'; for the DB form in -t, v. IPN 94 and cf. Condetret to have been in Doddingtree in 1086, but a heading is no doubt missing below p. 160. here in Domesday. f

144 O. S. Anderson I The English Hundred-Names 145 klint 'hill'. - Dunclent means 'lower Clent', and seems to show settlers. It is noteworthy, as showing where the centres of these hundreds lay, that the meeting-places of the two northern hundreds (Pirehill and that the name was once used of a fairly large district (op. cit. Totmonslow) are in the extreme south of the respective hundreds. ­ 255 f.). Southern Staffordshire was largely a forest-district. The southern part Came, Camrne hd' 1086 DB, Kamel 1108-18 WoS, Camele of Seisdon hd was covered by Kinver Forest, and large parts of the two c. 1150 Feud Engl 178. - No definite etymology seems possible of hundreds in the central part of the county, those of Cuttleston and Offlow, this name; the forms in -l- are doubtless the original ones, as shown must have been occupied by Cannock Forest. The old Forest of Brewood formed the boundary of Seisdon and Cuttleston hds. The cultivated areas in PNWo 332; cf. also Hesetre below p. 162. It may possibly be of these hundreds must in early days have been considerably smaller than identical with CAMEL So, whose second el. is derived by Professor at present. Ekwall (ERN 64) from W moel 'bare', also 'conical, bare hill'; if so, the reference might be to some part of the Lickey Hills; -but Seisdon bd. no certainty is possible. In the SW. corner of the county, including the pars of Codsall and Esch, Naisse (He) hd' 1086 DB, AEsc 1108--18 WoS, Leisse Bushbury in the north and Wolverhampton, Coseley and Rowley Regis in the east. In 1086 it also included the part of Shropshire that is between c. 1150 Feud Engl 178. -- OE resc (ad pam resce) 'ash-tree'; the the present hundred and the Severn (except Quatford). L- of one form being the French definite article. It is suggested Saisdon(e) hvnd', Seiesdon hvnd' 1086 DB, hdr' de Saiesdona in VHWo In 1 note 3, and PNWo 314 that the hundred was 1130, Seidon'hltndredum 1182, Seisdon'hundredum 1185 P, Hund­ named from a manor called Heisse (Haisse) , mentioned as redum de Seisdon' 1199 P, 1226--8 Fees, hdof Seisduna 1227 Ass, belonging to this hundred- in a 12th century document (c. 1190). Seysdon' 1255 RH, hd of Seylesdon 1272 Ass, Seesdon 1285 FA, hundredum de dimidio comitatu 1176, hundredum Dimidii Conte Seysdon 1316 FA, 1327 SR. 1191 P, hundredum Dimidii Comitatus 1195 P, 1276 RH, 1346 The hundred is named from SEISDON, a hamlet on the river Smestow, FA, (ad) dimidium comitatum, scilicet undredum de Wich' qui near Trysull, practically in the centre of the old hundred: Seisdone 1086 ita vocatur 1200 Cur, Dirnidii ComUatus de Wych' 1275 SR, (hund­ DB, Seisdun (p) 1160-1206 Salt OS Ill, Seyxdun 1236 Fees, Seydon' 1236 Cl, reder of) half the county of Worcester 1292 Misc, the hundred Seisdon' 1242 Fees, Seysdone 1292 Ipm, Seyseden 1323 Cl, Seysedon, Sexe­ don 1428 FA. called'Demy Counte' 1315 Ipm, Halfe Shire Hundred 1610 Speed. - A name applied to the combined Domesday hundreds because A pn *Si.e{i)ga, a derivative of the name-theme Sfe-, has been occupying almost all the northern half of the county. The English inferred from Seabrook Bk, Seaton Ru, v. PNBk 98, though at least the first instance is doubtful (v. also ERN 284). A pn connec­ form of the name was presumably in use by the side of the Latin, French and semi-French forms found in records, though ted with OE names in SiiJ- might also be the first el. of Seisdon, I not met with till the 17th century. though its exact type of formation would have to be left open. - The old explanation 'Saxon's hill' (W Sais; Duignan) is impro­ bable as shown by W. H. Stevenson (v. note in Duignan), Staffordshire. Possibly, however, the name may represent OE *Seaxa dun 'the hill of the Saxons'. The s of the ME forms might be due to The hundredal division of Staffordshire differs markedly from that of AN influence (c.£. IPN 114, 12; also Saxlingham PNing 138, the counties to the south and west in showing far greater stability - all Sessacott PNDv 162). The two forms showing an x might point the Domesday hundreds are kept practically unchanged down to modern times - and in the size of the hundreds. The Staffordshire hundreds, five to this, but the regular diphthong is hard to account for on that in number, are on the whole far larger than any in the adjacent counties; supposition; also the gen. pI. is generally Seaxna. more especially as regards northern Staffordshire. The two hundreds in Cuttleston bd. the south-west are of more normal extent. It seems to me that this must be due chiefly to the nature of the county. Northern Staffordshire is to N. of Seisdon hd, including in the east the pars of Essington, Gt Wyr­ a large extent moorland, which must have been unattractive to early ley, Cannock and Brereton (part), bordering on Offlow hd, and in the north 10 'I I 146 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 147 those of Brocton, Baswich, Coppenhall, Bradley, Haughton, Gnosall, Nor­ bury and Weston Jones, bordering on Pirehill hd. to be connected with ME piren 'to peer', ModE peer 'to look Cvdvl,,"'estan, Cvdolvestan, Colvestan, C'l.'lvestan, Codvvestan narrowly', EFris, LG piren 'to scan', Norw pira 'to trickle'; v. (Np) 1086 DB, Cudeluestan 1130, Cudestanhundredum 1185, Cutul­ ERN 333 s. n. Pur Brook, and references. The meaning of the uestanhundredum 1187, C()duluestanhundredum 1193, Cuduluestan' name would be 'look-out hill'. Pire Hill is the highest point for 1199 P, Kudolvestan' 1199 Fees, Cuthulvestane 1203, Cuthul­ some distance; there is none higher between it and the river, vestan 1227 Ass, Cuthulfestan' 1255 RH, Couthelleston 1272 Ass, and it. seems to have a good view down the Trent valley; on topo­ Couthelston 1327 SR, Cuthelston 1347 Pat. - OE Cupwulf pn graphical grounds there is nothing against such a derivation. and stan 'stone'. For the DB form Cvlvestan cf. Cuulf Ellis II OE pirige, pyrige 'pear-tree' may be possible phonologically (for 73. - The name is preserved in CUTTLESTONE BRIDGE, a mile SW. the type of composition cf. OE pirgriif 'pear-orchard' (Duignan); of Penkridge, which carries 'an ancient thoroughfare called King v. also Parlick PNLa 140), but seems less likely for other reasons. Street' across the Penk (Duignan). Mr. Goodall conjectures that Totmonslow hd. the place takes its name from the Cupa who fell in the battle of The NE. part of the county, N. and E. of Pirehill and Offlow hds, Fepanleag in 584 (ZONF I 175). including in the west and the south the pars of HOl·ton, Endon and Stan­ ley, Cheddleton, Caversvall, Forsbrook, Draycott in the Moors, Leigh, Offlow bd. Field, Gratwich, Kingston and Uttoxeter. Consists of the SE. part of the county, E. of Seisdon, Cuttleston and Taternaneslav, Tatesla1), Tarnenaslav 1086 DB, Tatesmannislawa Pirehill hds. 1175, Tatemanneslat.oehundredlJ,m 1185, Tatemanneslawa 1187 P, Offelav 1086 DB, Offelawahdr' 1175, Offelau'ehundredum 1182, Tatemaneslawe 1199 Fees, 1227 Ass, Tatemanelawe 1253 Mise, 1185 P, Offelaw' 1199 Fees, Offelaue 1203, Offelawe 1227 Ass, Taternanneslowe 1262 Pat, Tatemonnelowe 1272 Ass, Tatemones­ I Offeloue 1255 RH, Offelowe 1272 Ass, 1327 SR, 1330 Cl, 1402 FA, lowe 1293 Ass) 1316 FA, 1333 SR, 1348 Pat, Tatemonlowe 1327 Uffelowe 1307 Ass. - OE Offa pn and hliiw 'hill, mound'. ­ SR, Tatmanneslawe 1327 Pat, Tarnmeslowe 1338 Cl, Tattemannes­ The hundred is named from OFFLOW, a tumulus (marked on the lowe 1356 Fine, Tatmondeslowe 1402 FA. -- OE Tatmonn pn os, but now according to Duignan much reduced by ploughings) and hlaw 'hill, mound'. The pn is found in OE in Tatrnonnes in Swinfen, at some cross-roads, half a mile N. of Watling Street apoldre 947 (12), and Tatemannes beorgel(e)se 963 (12) BCS 834, 1 and 2 / 2 m. S. of Lichfield. 1125, names of a boundary~mark in the bounds of Washington Pirebill hd. Sx. It is also found later (e, g. Roberto Tateman 1190-1200 Roughly the NW. quarter of the county, N. of Cuttleston hd, inclu­ YCh 618, Hugo Tateman (Y) 1195 P). For the first el. of the ding the upper part of the Trent valley, E. of Offlow and Totmonslow pn v. Redin 54 f. - The place from which the hundred is named (q. v.) hds, extending northwards as far as Biddulph. is now represented by TOTMoNsLow, a hamlet in Draycott in the Pirehel, Pireholle, Pereoll(e) , Pereholle 1086 DB, Pirhullhund­ Moors par, 2 m. S. of Cheadle. redum 1179, Pirehullehundredurn 1180, Pyrehullehundredum 1182, Pirhullehundredum 1187, 1191, Pirrehullehundredum 1188, Fir­ Cheshire. hellehundredum 1193, Pirehulhundredum 1195, 1199 P, PirhW' 1199 Fees, Pirehulle 1201 SP, Pirhulle 1203 Ass, Pirhull' 1212 Cheshire is now divided into seven hundreds, Macclesfield, Bucklow, Northwich, Nantwich, Eddisbury, Broxton and Wirral. Only one of these Fees, 1230 P, Pyrhull 1227 Ass, 1275 Fine, 1283 lpm, 1350 Cl, names, viz. Bucklow, is an old hundred-name, most of the other old names Pirhul 1228 Pat, 1252 Fees, Pirul 1254 Ipm, 1255 RH, Pyrehull preserved in Domesday have later been replaced by names taken from 1269 Ass, 1310 Cl, Pirihull 1285 FA, Pyrhul 1327, Pyrhull' 1333 the chief place within the hundreds and in the case of Wirral by the name SR. - The hundred is named from PIRE HILL, on the south of a district; as these late names are of little interest here, it has not been side of the Trent, 2 m. S. of Stone. - The first el. is no doubt thought necessary to deal with them fully below. Two modern hundreds (Bucklow and Eddisbury) are composed of two Domesday hundreds each, 148 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 149 but otherwise the modern arrangement of the hundreds is the same as separated by the rivers Peover and Weaver. In 1086 this hundred was that of Domesday; some minor changes in the boundaries are to be noted divided in two; Bucklow then only included its eastern portion including (v. Tait, The Domesday Survey of Cheshire, Chetham Society N. S. 75, p. Lymm, High Legh, Tabley and Wincham in the west; the rest of the pre­ 75). In some cases the hundreds have rivers for their boundaries (v. below). sent hundred was called: Macclesfield hd in the eastern, hilly part of the county was the largest T~'nendvn(e) hvnd' 1086 DB. of the Domesday hundreds, but otherwise the variations in area are not The first eL of this name is no doubt OB Tun(n)a pn, a short very great; for a full treatment of questions of extent and assessment, v. op. cit. p. 16 ft. - In 1086 Cheshire also embraced a considerable portion form of OE names in Tun-; cf. Redin 50; second eL OE dun 'hill, of modern Wales, viz. the whole of present Flintshire and the greater down'. part of present Denbighshire (op. cit. 22 ft.). Within this district two hund­ Bochelav hd' 1086 DB, Boclawe, Buckel', Buchelawe, Bukelawe reds are named in Domesday: AtisCTOS hd' and Exestan, Extan hd'.' As 1260 Court, Buckelowe 1350 Chamb, Bokkelowe 1354, Bukkelowe these hundreds have no place in the hundredal organisation of the mo­ 1357 Black Prince, Bucklowe 1392 Deputy Keeper's 36th Rep. dern county, some words might be said of them here. The former, which was only partly hidated, included the main portion of modern Flint­ p. 160, Buclowe 1427 37th Hep. p. 153. - First eL OE bucca shire. It was named from CROES AT! between Flint and Leadbrook (op. 'buck' or Bucca pn; second eL OE hUi:w 'hill, mound'. The name f~om cit. p. 16 note, p. 101 note 61; the cross itself is referred to in: (the place is taken BUCKLOW HILL, on Watling Street 3 '/2 m. SSW. of of) Crucem Atye 1282 Cl). The latter included the district between the Altrincham, practically in the centre of the old hundred; cf. Tait Dee and Wat's Dyke, in modern Denbighshire. The name is apparently op. cit. p. 16 note. of English origin, its second el. being OE stiin 'stone', but it is hardly pos­ sible to decide the etymology of its first el. on the evidence of the Domes­ Northwicb bd. day forms only. S. of Bucklow hd and W. of .Macclesfield hd, bounded by the Weaver "ftlacclesfield bd. on the west and by Nantwich hd on the south, where it includes the town­ ships of Minshull Vernon, Warmingham, Elton, Wheelock, Sandbach, The eastern portion of the county including Wilmslow, Chorley, Gt Arclid, Smallwood, Odd Rode and Church Lawton. Wadord, Chelford, Snelson, Withington (Old and Lower), Somedord Booths, Eaton, N. Rode a·nd Bosley in the west, bordering on Bucklow and In Domesday the hundred is called Mildest1'ic(h) hd', taking Northwich hds. its name from MIDDLEWICH, where its meeting-place may have The modern hundred corresponds to the DB hd of Hamestan been: Wich 1086 DB, Mildeluuicho 1153--81 (1346) Ch, Midil­ (passim),. Hamstan (2), Hamstane (1). The second eL of the name 'wich 1179 Mon V 662 (copy), .Middelwich' 1185 P, Middewiz is OE stiin 'stone'; first eL perhaps OE Hama pn, but in the absence 1351 Black Prince; the name usually Occurs in a Latin (more of later forms no certainty is possible; cf. Hammenstan, Hamele- . rarely in a Norman) garb: Medius Wicus 1240 Cl, 1280 Ipm t stan Db, the DB name of Wirksworth hd. - The hundred belonged et passim; Meynwych 127~j Ipm, Menewiz 1352 Black Prince. to the manor of MACCLESFIELD (cf. Tait op. cit. 31, 113; also: the 'The middle Wich' (DE 'wic, v. EPN s. v., PNWo 286), that is, manor of Macclesfeld with the Hundred 1354 Chamb), whence it in relation to Northwich and Nantwich. The DB form exhibits is called: Macclesfield 2 hd 1248(?) Ipm, hd of Makelisfeld 1286 the superlative, OE midlest, which was later apparently replaced Court, hd of Maclesfeld 1316 Chamb, hd of Maklesfeld 1355 Black by the positive. - Afterwards the hundred was named from the Prince etc. town of NORTHWICH: Nortwic Hundred 1260 Court, hd of Northwich 1320 Chamb, hd of Norwiz 1355 Black Prince. Bucklow bd. In the north of the county on the Mersey, W. of Macclesfield hd, bor­ Nantwicb bd. :} dering in the south on Northwich and Eddisbury hds from which it is t In the south of the county, S. of Northwich hd, including in the west -1 The hvnd' Arvester mentioned in the Cheshire Domesday is identi· ¥ the townships of Church Minshull, Cholmondeston, Stoke, Hurleston, cal with the cantred of Arwystli in Montgomeryshire (Tait op. cit. p. 24). Brindley, Faddiley, Chorley, Norbury and Wirswall, bordering on Eddis­ - For the DB hd of Chester see above p. XIX f. bury and Broxton hds. • The modern spelling. t The Domesday name of the district was Warmvndestrov hd'.

'I¥;

-.;.'<. I

If.iO O. S. Andcrson The English Hundred·Names 151 This is a compound of OE lVermund pn and treo 'tree'. Professor Broxton hd. Ekwall (PNing 146) connects this name with that of WARMINGHAM In the west of the county, W. of the Gowy and of Nantwich hd. (lVermingham 1260 Court, 1289 Cl, lVermyngham 1302 Chamb), In Domesday the hundred has the name of Dvdestan hd'; this just beyond the northern boundary of the hundred. - The modern is apparently a compound of OE Dud(d)a pn and stiin 'stone'. ­ name of the hundred is derived from that of NANTWICH, its caput: The modern name is derived from that of the manor of BROXTON; lVich Malbanc' 1260 Court (a hundred rubric), hd of lVyco Malb' it appears as Brexis 1260 Court ( a hundred rubric), hd of Broxon 1283 Ipm, hd of Wych Malbank 1355 Black Prince (the distinctive 1350 Chamb, 1355 Black Prince. For the etymology v. Ekwall name is from the family of Malbank; v. further Tait op. cit. 47 f. ESt 64, 219. - For the etymology of the name of Nantwich v. Ekwall, ESt Wirral bd. 64, 224). Consists of .the peninsula of Wirral between the rivers Mersey and Dee. Eddisbury bd. The Domesday name of this hundred was Wilaveston hd'. It Between the rivers Weaver and Gowy, NW. of Nantwich hd. In 1086 is taken fro.m the viI. of WILLASTON, 2 m. E. of Neston (Wilaston this district consisted of two hundreds, Risetone and Roelav, the former 1305 Werb). Afterwards this name was replaced by that of the including the southern portion of the present hundred extending north· wards as far as Barrow, Ashton and Willington, the latter its northern district, the Wirral peninsula (Wirhale 1260 Court (hundred rubric), part, but Alpraham, Rushton and Eaton, Little Budworth, Oulton, Over and hd of Wyrhale 1320 Chamb, hd of Wirhale 1352 Black Prince), Thornton le Moors apparently belonged to the DB hd of Dvdestan; v. Tait but the hundredccourt apparently continued to be held at Willaston, op. cit. p. 13 f., and map. and there are some later references to it: the hundred (court) of Riseton(e) hd' (passim), Risedon hd' (1) 1086 DB. Wilaston 1278 Ipm, hundr' de Wilaston 1354 QW,' the hundred­ I The first el. is probably OE *hr'isen 'of brushwood', cf. Princes court of Wilaston 1360 Black Prince..- The name is from OE Risborough PNBk 170 f. The second is either OE tun 'enclosure W'iglat pn and tun 'enclosure, farm'. farm', or dun 'hill'; on general grounds the latter alternative seems In the 12th and following centuries, there are some references to ano­ ,I more plausible; the -t- of the majority of the Domesday forms ther hundred belonging to this district, viz. that of Caldy: Caldeihundre­ may perhaps be due to AN influence, ef. IPN 109 note 2. dum 1183, hundredum de Caldeia 1185 P, hd ot Caldey 1285 Ch, 1304 Chamb, Roelav hd' 1086 DB. 1307 Ipm, hd ot Calday 1359 Deputy Keeper's 36th Rep. p. 342. It is named from CALDY (Gt or Lt), near W. Kirby: Calders 1086 DB, ?1096­ ruh hliiw OE and 'rough hill'. The name survives in RULOE, 1101 (1280) Werb, 1287 Court, utraque Caldera 1240--9 Werb, Kaldeye 2 m. SW. of Weaverham (v. Tait op. cit. p. 99 note). Another' 1283 Ipm. Onnerod' says that the hundred-court of Caldy was quite Ruhelawe (in Leese) is mentioned in the Chester Cartulary (Werb distinct from the manorial rights of this manor and that its jurisdiction 409). extended over several of the townships adjacent, but nothing seems to be Edisbury 1260 Court (a hundred rubric), hd of Edesbury 1309 known of its origin. The name seems to be from OE cald 'cold' and ears 'buttocks' (here = 'hill'?). Deputy Keeper's 36th Rep. p. 474, 1350 Chamb, 1353 Black Prince, hd of Eddesbury 1391 Deputy Keeper's 36th Rep. p. 430. The name is derived from that of EDDISBURY, a par, 7 m. W. of Shropshire. Northwich: ?(ret) Eadesbyrig c. 1050 (s. a. 914) ASC(C), Edesberie There are now fourteen hundreds in Shropshire, vix. Bradford North 1086 DB, Edisbury 1288 Vale Royal. If the Chronicle form belongs and South, Pimhill, Albrighton, Oswestry, Ford, Chirbury, Condover, here, the first el. would seem to be OE *Ead pn (cf. Redin 47); Purslow, Clun, Munslow, Overs, Brimstree and Stottesdon; Domesday second el. OE burh 'fortification'. The name may denote the mentions fifteen hundreds wholly or partly within this county, but the meeting-place of the combined hundreds; if so, the exact spot 1 G. Ormerod, History of the County Palatine amI City of Chester was perhaps at EDDISBURY HILL in Eddisbury par (the hill called (1819 ed.) II 258. Edesbury 1354 Black Prince). • Op. cit. II 270. 152 O. S. Anderson The English Hnnrlred·Names 153 modern and the Domesday hundreds are by no means identical. Some of Hodenet hvnd', Odenet hvnd' 1086 DB was named from the modern hundreds· are quite late, and some of the DB hundreds had the manor of HODNET, to which the hundred is said to belong in disappeared before the end of the twelfth century; in 1255 (RH II 64), the DB (f. 253a col. 2): Hodenet c. 1071-86 (1423) Mon III 520, 1200 number of hundreds was only ten. The DB hd of Lentevrde (I,eintwar­ dine), though included in Shropshire in Domesday, is better dealt with Cur II (p), 1244 Pat, 1284 Ipm, Odenet 1086 DB, 1267 Pat (p), under Herefordshire, where the main part of its area lies. Of the hundreds Hodeneth Wm2 (1423) Mon III 521, 1292 Ch (p), Odinet 1215 (p), wholly within the present county, the DB hds of Odenet (Hodnet) and Hodenat 1284 Pat, Hoddened 1295 Ch (p). - No doubt of Celtic Recordine (Wrockwardine) were combined in the 12th century to form the origin. Professor Ekwall derives it from W hawdd 'easy', origi­ present Bradford hd; that of Mersete was included in one of the marcher nally 'pleasant', and nant 'stream, valley'; cf. also Seknent ERN liberties; those of Patintvne (Patton) and Cvlvestan are included in the modern hd of Munslow. The remaining DB hundreds (for that of Shrews­ 355. The village stands on a small tributary of the Tern. bury see above p. XX) were in the main prese'rved, though their names Recordin(e) hel' 1086 DB, (de) duobus hundredis Wroke­ were mostly changed, but their areas differ much from those of their mo­ wordhina et Cunedoure 1189 Mon V 359; named from the manor of dern counterparts. The most salient changes are the disappearance of the WROCKWARDINE, to which it is stated to belong in DB (f. 253a; cf. isolated areas that belonged to certain hundreds in 1086, and those which VHSa I, 293): Worgordina c. 1071-86 (1423) Mon III 520, Recordine affected the county boundary; Chirbury hd formerly extended into the present Wales probably as far as the Severn; in the SE. the Severn for­ 1086 DB, Werecordina Wm2 (1423) Mon III 521, Wroch Wurain med the county-boundary as far north as Newton, a few miles N. of 1169, Wrochewurain 1172, Wrochwurdin 11'77 P, Wrocwurthin Bridgnorth. - The old hundreds were on the whole uniform in extent, 1182 P, 1238 Cl, J,Vrocwurthin' 1212 Fees, Wrecwrthin 1255 RH, though there are exceptions; Overs hd, for instance, which was smallest, is Wrecu'rthyn 1275 Pat. - The first el. is the name of the WREKIN, only about a fifth the area of the largest DB hundred, that of Recordine; a well-marked hill S. of Wellington (O,'n(!ou6noY c. 150 Ptolemeus this is also reflected in the number of hides given to each hundred in Domesday (v. VHSa I 283). Apart from the isolated areas just mentioned, (Rhys 324), Viroconio 4 (8) Itinerarium Antonini (ib.),' (on, and­ for which Domesday is the sole authority, they were also on the whole lang) Wrocene 975 (12) BCS 1315, Lfl Wrekene 1278, 1351, La regular in shape; in several cases they were separated by natural bounda­ Wrokene 1284 Ipm, Wrokene 1300 Cl, le lVrekene 1323 Bodl, ries and might represent old communities; for examples see further below. Wrokne 1335 Cl, Wrecken 1340 Pat; also in Wocensa?tna 7 (c. The Severn forms the boundary of Brimstree, Bradford and PimhilI hds on Wreocensetun Wrocensetna the one hand, and those in the south of the county on the other.' 1000), (in) 855 (11), 963 (12) BCS I 297, 487, 1119; and WROXETER: Rochecestre 1086 DB, Wroccestr' North and South Bradforll bds. 1240 Cl); second el. OE woraign 'enclosure, homestead'. Wrock­ In the NE. of the county, N. of the Severn and Brimstree hd, from wardine is about 2 m. N. of the Wrekin. - For the variation which it is separated by Watling Street, and by the broken country E. of f Wellington; bordering on Pimhill hd in the west, where it includes the between e and 0 in the stem-vowel v. ERN 450. pars of Wem, Moreton Corbet, Shawbury and Upton Magna. In 1086 Bradeford' 1203, 1221, 1249, 1256 Ass 732-4, Bradeford 1255 Moreton Corbet belonged to Baschurch hd, but Uffington and Albrightlee, RH, 1264 Mise, 1267 Pat, 1290 Ipm, 1316 FA, 1327 SR, Bradford now in PimhiIl hd (DB Baschurch) were in this hundred; Buildwas helonged 1428 FA. - The name is derived from that of a ford near High to Condover hd in 1086. In Domesday the district is divided into the hds of Ercall, of which Eyton (op. cit. VII 293, IX 65 f., 81) quotes the Odenet and Recordin. They correspond approximately to the modern North and South Bradford, but Hinstock, Child's Ercall, Stoke upon Tern forms (molendinum de) Bradeford(e) 1141-8, 1176 from the and Shawbury pars, which are in N. Bradford hd, belonged to the DB hd Haughmond Cartulary. It is from OE brad and ford 'broad ford'. of Recordin. The site is lost; the ford may have been either across the Tern

1 In RH there is mention of a hundred (stated to contain Pickthorn) or the Roden, which join S. of High Ercall, but the most likely whose name is given as hundr' de Wybth't', of which no solution has been place is perhaps where the road from High Ercall to Shrewsbury found. Eyton's explanation (v. R. W. Eyton, Antiquities of Shropshire, crosses the Roden, a mile SW. of High Ercall village. London 1853-60, I 238), that it is an error for Webtree, is probably not correct, as the MS-reading is almost certainly Wyvtht (no abbreviation­ , Both properly referring to the Roman station nr the Wrekin, i. e. marks). Wroxeter. I

154 0. 8. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 155

Pimhill hd. on a small stream called Pimbroc 12 Eyton VII 308, Pymbrok' W. of Bradford hd, N. of the Severn, bordering on Oswestry hd in the 1292 Ass (ERN 54): Punelegam 1136 (c. 1290) Mon III 519, west, where it includes Ellesmere, Hordley, Baschurch, Gt and Lt Ness Pimbelega c. 1190 Eyton VII 305, Pimelberge (sic) 1201 Cur, and Shrawardine. With the exceptions noted under Bradford, and with the addition of the modern par of Ruyton, now in Oswestry hd, and of Pimbeleg' (p) 1203, Pimbelee (p) 1221 Ass 732 m 6d, 733A m 11, four isolated areas one including Shifnal and Kemberton (Brimstree hd), Pimelegarn 1227 (c. 1290) Mon IH 523, Pimbeleg 1252 Eyton one Neenton, Cleobury North and BUIwarton (Stottesdon hd), one Sidbury VII 308, Pembeleg' (p) 1255 RH, Pirnbelbll (sic) 1275 Cl, Pympe­ (ib.), and the fourth Chelmarsh (ib.; see map in VHSa I), the present leye 1291 Tax, Pembeley (p) 1327 SR, Pembeleye 1327 Pat (p), hundred corresponds to: 1332 SR 166/2 m 2, Pympley 1535 VE. - The first el. is probably Basecherch(e) (passim), Basecherc (passim), Bascherche hd' OE Pymma pn, as suggested by Bowcock for Pimley (cf. perhaps 1086 DB; named from the manor of B.~SCHURCH, to which the also the common ME pn Pimme, Pymme, e. g. Fees 1196 (Nt); hundred belonged (DB f. 253a, and VIISa I 293): Bassecherche 1251 Ch (Np), 1260 Court (Ch), 1293 AD IV 151 (Mx); 1289 Cl c. 1071-86 (1423) Mon III 520, 1204 P 50 (p), Bascherche 1086 (Ch), et passim); v. also ERN 1. c. - Second elements OE hyll DB, Bassecherch Wm2 (1423) Mon III 521, Baschirche 1100-12 'hill' and le(iI)h 'clearing'. (1267) Ch, Bascerce 1121 Eyton X 69 (copy), Bascherch' (p) 1217 Cl, Bassecherch' (p) 1221 Ass 733A m 9d, Baschirche 1255 The modern Albrighton hd is not mentioned by Eyton, and not in the Population Abstract of 1841, but there it corresponds to the Albrighton RH, Bassechirch 1256 (1332) Ch, Bassichurch' 1256 Cl, Baschyrche Division of Pimhill hd; the hundred no doubt originated as a Petty Sessions 1272, Bassech'irche 1292 Ass 736 m 38d, 739 m 70d, Bastchyrch' division, but it is difficult to say why this particular division is regarded 1327 SR. - Probably from OE Bassa pn and cirice 'church" /LS a separate hundred. That it cannot be an old hundred is seen from Pim (Bowcock).' Hill itself being in this hundred. I Pemhull' 1203 Ass 732 m 2d, Pebenhull' 1221 Fees, Penbenhull, Oswestry hd. Pendenhull 1255 RH, Pemenhull' 1256 Ass 734 m 25d, 1274 RIl, The NW. corner of the county, N. of the Severn, and W. of Pimhill hd. 1292, 1307 Ass 739 m 46, 746 m 3, 1327 SR, Pymenhull' 1272, With the exception noted above under Pimhill, it corresponds to: 1292 Ass 736 m 39, 739 m 55, 1332 SR 166/2, Pimehull 1285 FA, Merset(e) hd' 1086 DB. Pymehull 1290 Ipm, Purnenhull' 1292 Ass 739 m 94, Pymenhull OE *(ge)mer(e)setan 'the border-settlers'. The PNs MAESBURY 1316, 1346, 1428 FA. - The name is derived from that of (Meresberie 1086 DB, Meresbury 1302 Ipm, 1307 Pat) and PIM HILL, a conspicuous hill in Preston Gubbals par, 4 m. S. of MAEsBRooK (Meresb1'Oc 1086 DB) in this hundred, may have Wem. The hill itself is referred to in (Lee subtus) Pebenhul c. the same origin (derived by Bowcock from OE Mrere pn). Cf. also 1220-60 Eyton X 172 f. (now Lea Hall); (vivarium de) Pimenhull' (parcum de) ;'rlarsetelie DB (Sa). 1256 Ass 734 m 22d. - The name should no doubt be connec­ A hd of OSW.;STRY is sometimes mentioned in the 13th century, and later, ted with that of PlMLEY Manor, about 4 m. SSE. of Pim Hill, e. g. (de assise de) Albo Monasterio ... (de placitis et perquisitionibus nundinis et) hundredo 1242 P, hd of Oswaldestre 1279 Pat, 1282 Cl, hu de Albo Monasterio 1285 Cl, but these examples may refer to the barony of 1 Professor Zachriswn (ZONF VI 43---6) rejects this etymology, as Oswestry. The modern hundred was created in 1535 (cf. above p. XXI), few early forms show the medial e to be expected, and suggests derivation and not till after that date does it occur on the subsidy rolls (Hundr' de from an OE base *b(ps, *base, related to Norw dial bas 'underwood' etc. Oswester 1544 SR 166/161 m 1). The forms in -e- are, however, commoner than Bowcock's material shows. Baschurch can hardly be named from the pool called Bassmere in the 15th Ford hd. cent. (now Marton Pool; v. Eyton X 78; called simply Mara 1199, la Mere On the Welsh border, S. of the Severn and of Oswestry and Pimhill 1240-50 etc. ib., also 134-8), as the pool is nearly 2 m. NE. of the viI, in hds, bordering in the south on Chirbury hd and in the east on Condover hd, another parish; the reverse process seems more likely. The Welsh form from which it is separated by the hilly district E. and S. of Pontesbury; Eglwysseu bassa (J. Lloyd-Jones, Geirfa Barddoniaeth Gynnar Gymrmg including the pars of Alberbury, Wollaston, Westbury, Minsterley, Hab­ (1931), s. v. Baschurch) tells distinctly in favour of the pn-derivation. berley, Pontesbury, Gt Hanwood, Ford, Bicton, and Montford (part). With 156 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Names 157 the exception of Bansley, now in .Montgomeryshire, the hundred corres­ seem to gain support from the occurrence of the same name ponds to: elsewhere (Witentre, la Witetre 1206 Cur, in Compton Sr). Cf. Rvesset, Reweset (1) hund' 1086 DB. also (on) witena leage BCS 1312. The name may be derived from W rhiw 'hill' (cf. Scandina­ Hundred' de Chireb' 1203 Ass 73? m 2, llundredum de Chirisbir' vians 111, IPN 25) and OE setan 'settlers', as suggested by Profes­ 1226-8 Fees, hd of Cholebiry on this side Offedich 1 1233 Pat, sor Ekwall. This may have reference to the Long Mountain, Hundr' de Chirburi 1255 RH, de Chirbury 1316 FA, hd of Cher­ which forms the western boundary of the hundred, and the name bury and Halseten 2 1332 Pat. would thus mean 'the settlers by the mountain'. The name is taken from that of the manor of CHIRBURY, to which the Hundr' de Ford' 1203 Ass 732 m 2, Hundredum de Forda hundred is stated to belong in DB (L 253b, colI): (mt) Cyricbyrig 915 ASC 1221, de la Ford' 1252 Fees, de Forde 1255 RH, 1316 FA, 1327 (C), Cireberie 1086 DB, Chirebir' 1224 Cl, Chirebiri 1227 Ch, Cherebyri 1290 SR, Hundr' de la Forde 1256 Ass 734 m 25d. - This name is Ipm; for the etymology v. PPN 35-54, esp. 40 f. apparently derived from that of the viI. of FORD, in the NE. of Condover bd. the hundred, on a tributary of the Severn (Forde 1086 DB, 1177 P, E. of Cl1irbury and Ford hds, S. of Shrewsbury and the Severn, W. of Forda 1160 P, 1226-8 Fees, Forthe1260 Abbr). Wenlock Edge, bounded by Purslow and Munslow hds on the south, where it includes the pars of Smethcott, Woolstaston, Leebotwood, Longnor, Chirbury bd. Frodesley, Church Preen and Kenley; it is separated from these hundreds On the Welsh border, S. of Ford hd, in the valley of the Camlad, by the Long Mynd and the hilly district round Cardington. In Domesday separated from the hundreds to the east by the Long .Mynd, and the hilly it also includes Ratlinghope, now in Purslow hd, and Buildwas, now in district to the west of it, including the pars of Worthen, Shelve, Chirbury, Bradford hd; Sheinton is now in Stottesdon hd. and the townships of Brompton and Rhiston. In DB it also includes Mont­ COTlOdovre, ConedO'l~re, hand' Conendoure 1086 DB, Hundred' gomery and a number of other manors W. and S. of the present hundred, de CundouT' 1203 Ass 732 m 2, Hundredum de Cuned01.rr' 1221 probably extending to the Severn in the west. "Part of its area became marcher land and the portion W. of the present hundred was placed in Fees, hundred' de Conedover 1255 RH, Hundredum de Conedovere Montgomeryshire in 1536 (VHSa I 287). The old name of the hundred is: 1285 FA, de Conedouere 1332 SR 166/2. Witentrei, Witetrei, Witentrev, Witetrev hd' 1086 DB, hd of The name is derived from that of the manor of CONDOVER, to which the l hundred belonged in 1086 (DB f. 253a, and VHSa I 293): Chonedoura c, Whityntren (for -treu) 1329 Pat. - The name is preserved in WITTERY (hamlet), and WlTTERY BRIDGE (6"), half a mile E. of Chirbury, on the other side of the Camlad; the place is referred 1 Offa's Dike, which here forms the boundary between Shropshire and to as: Wintr' 1228 Lib, Wittintre, TVytintr' (p) 1250, Wyntintr' Montgomeryshire. t • There are several references to this place in early records. In 1249 1252 Fees, Wititre 1255 RH, Wyttere, Whytintr' 1256, Whytitre Misc, the yearly rents of (del) Halchseten are said to be valued at £ 5. In 1272 Ass 734 m 25, 736 m 41, Wyntre (p) n. d., Wyttrue (p) 1370 1318 Mise (Cl) the men of the townships of Brompton and Rhiston in .AD I, Whittre 1354 Pat. - The first el. may be OE Wita pn, Chirbury hd are said to owe no suit to the court of Halsetene (-tone). It but it is also possible that the name may represent OE *witena is called Halcetour 1425 Ipm and the lordship of Halcetyr 1483 AD n. treo 'the tree of the men of the hundred'! The latter view might Eyton (op. cit. XI 73 note 2) says that it was the name of a district or manor, which included the par of Churchstoke (co. Montgomery, S. of

1 Identified with Whittington (Oswestry hd), but this must be a Chirbury) except the manors of Brompton and Rhiston; with parts of mistake. The places mentioned as belonging to this hundred in the entry Hopton, Mellington and Bishop's Tiertref(?). 'Somewhere in this district (Gt and Lt Hemme, Werbeton, Yornebury (for Th·), Norton, Eldeston, thus defined', he says, no doubt referring to the quotation from 1318, 'sat Wedleston and Weston) are in the part of Montgomery included in Witen­ the court which in Edward I1's time regulated the civil concerns of the trev hd in DB (f. 254a, col. 1). whole Bailiwick of Montgomery Castle'. It seems likely that Halseten 2 A similar sense of OE 1vita is found in the pas~age: pa sende se may be the name of this meeting-place itself its second el. being OE seten, cyning ... his insegel to palm] (sc. scir·)gemote :et Cwicelmes-hl:ewe and perhaps referring to some building used for the purpose; cf. seten PNSx grette ealle pa witan pe p:er gesomnode W:Bron ... KCD 693. 561 f. I

159 158 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names dington. Patintvne hd was N. of Cvlvestan hd, E. and S. of Condover hd, 1171~6 (1423) .Man III 520, Conendovre 1086 DB, Cunedofre 1169 P, Cunedovr' 1212 Fees. mainly S. of Wenlock Edge, extending northwards to the Severn, and ineluding Lt Wenlock and Madeley to the north of the Severn. It included The first el. is the name of the COUND BROOK, on which the Ticklerton, Millichope, Stanway, Shipton, Stanton Long, Tugford, Clee St village stands; the second may be W dwfr 'water' or OE ofer ~fargaret and Stoke St MHborough in the south, and Abdon, Ditton 'bank'; v. ERN 99. Priors, Acton Round, Barrow, PosenhalJ and Benthall in the east, and, detaehed, Beekbury and Higford (Brimstree hd). The N. part of this Purs]ow bd. distriet belonged to the liberty ofWenlock, fonned shortly before 1200, In the SW. of the county, mainly S. of the Long ~fynd and the hilly but for purposes of taxation, at least, the whole of it was included in region to the west of it, including the pars of More, Wentnor and Ratling­ Munslow hd (v. SR 1327). After the abolition of the liberty of Wenlock hope in the north, and those of Myndtown, Wistanstow, Sibdon Carwood, the pars belonging to it were divided between Munslow, Brimstree and Hopesay and Clungunford in the east. It corresponds in the main to the Stottesdon hds. DB hd of (De)rinlav, hut Ratlinghope was in Condover hd, and Wistan­ Cvlvestan (passim), Colmestan(e) (2), Comestane (1) 1086 DB. stow, Clungunford, Bedstone, Bucknell and Stow in Lentevrde (Leint­ id~ntical wardine) hd in 1086. The western part of the distriet is now ealled Clun Perhaps with Cuttleston St (above p. 146), from OE hd; it is uneertain in how far this distriet was ineluded in the DB hd of CiiJYWulf pn. and stan 'stone'. The forms in lm might be due to (De)rinlav (ef. VHSa I 287). confusion >yith Culmington (in this hundred): Cornintone 1086 DB, Derinlav (1), Rinlav (3) hcnd' 1086 DB. Colminton' 1161, Culminton 1195 P. Second el. apparently OE hHlw 'hill, mound', but the explana­ Patint1m(e) hund', Patinton hund' 1086 DB is named from tion of the first el. must be left open; it is even uncertain whether PATTON, a locality 1 m. E. of Easthope, on the main road from the first form or the second is the original one. Wenlock to Ludlow: Peat(t)ingtune 901 BCS 587, Patintvne 1086 Pusselawahundredum 1183 P, Htmdred' de Pusselawe 1203 DB, Patinton' 1214 Cl (p), 1255 RH, 1256 Ass 734 ID 21, Patyton' I Ass 732 m 2, 122~8 Fees, 1255 RH, 1311 Cl, Pusselowe hd 1327 SR. - The first el. is a derivative of OE *Peat(t)a pn, also 1272 Ipm, 1316 FA (hundredum de), 1327 SR, hd Of Posselowe in Peat(t)anige BCS 1118 (Patney W); second el. OE tun 'farm'; 1290 Ipm, 1428 FA. cf. Karlstrom 88, who connects the name with that of the lost The name is derived from that of the viI. of PURSLOW, 4 In. E. of Clun: DB manor of Petelie (Patintvne hd); cf. also Pattingham St. Posselav 1086 DB, Posselawe 1242 Fees, Pusselawe 1256 Ass 734 ID 17. Mulselawahundredwn 1187 P, Hundred' de Musselawe 1203 First el. probably OE Pusa pn (from OE pusa 'bag'; cf. RediD Ass 732 m 2, 1221 Fees, 1256 Ass 734 III 18, Tlundr' de Munselawe 78); second el. OE hliiw 'hill, mound'. 1255 RH, hd Of Munceloue 1261 Pat, of Munselau 1274 Ipm, ClUD hd is the name of the SW. corner of the county, W. of Purslow Hundredum de Monselowe 1285 FA, de Munselowe 1316 FA, hd, including the pars of Clun, Mainstone, Bettws-y-Crwyn and Llanfair 1327 SR. Waterdine. The hundred of Clun (de Cluna) is mentioned in a eharter as The name is derived from that of the viI. of .ltluNsLOw, near the Corve early as c. 1225 (Eyton op. cit. XI 230), but there is no reference to it in 6 m. SE. of Church Stretton: lIlulsleie, -laye 1108---15 (1348) Eyton TTT 233 public records till the 16th century (Hundred de Clone 1542 SR 222/335). (ef. Pat Ed3 vol. 8 p. 186), lflosselau'a 1167, Musselawa 1187 P, Mosselawe Clun was also the caput of the honour of Clun, and it is the honour that 1242 Fees, lIfuscelawe 1252 Pat, Munselowe 1252 Cl, 1266 Pat, Mounselowe has been made into a hundred, as in the ease of Oswestry above; cf. (p) 1321 Cl, 1347 Pat. Eyton XI 229. Bowcock starts from the form MUlsleie, which (if belonging Muns]ow bd. here) seems to be supported by an early P form, and explains E. of Purslow hd, S. of Condover hd, bordering on Herefordshire in the first el. from OE Mill pn; but this leaves the later forms the south. It is eomposed of the Domesday hds of Cvlvestan and Patintvne unexplained. I think the two forms in -l- may be disregarded and part of Lente'vrde (All, Chureh and Lt Stretton, Minton, Acton Scott as due to AN influence (cf. IPN 1060. This presupposes that and Plaish). Cvlvestan hd included the southern part of the present -ns- hundred, S. of Wenlock Edge, W. of the Clee Hills and Overs hd, in the forms in are the original ones. The first el. may be a pn, Corve Dale, with a detached portion including Hope Bowdler and Car- but a definite suggestion is difficult (connected with OE Mund-? Ii.'· ,(

160 O. S. Anderson I The English Hundred-Names 161 cf. Redin 172). Cf. Munsley He (Bannister). Second el. OE hUiw c. 1 m. S. of Shifnal; the place is referred to as (the field of) 'hill, mound'. Brunestree a 1231 Eyton II 327. - First el. perhaps OE BryTli Overs hd. pn; second el. OE treo 'tree'. A small district in the south of the county, E. and S. of Munslow hd, hundredum de Stodesdone c. 1157 Byton IV 242, Hundred' W. and S. of the Clee Hills, bordering on Stottesdon hd in the east, inclu­ de Stottesdun' 1203 Ass 732 m 2d, de Stottesdon' 1221 Fees, de ding the pars of Silvington, Bitterley, Neen Sollars, Milson, Boraston, Bur. Stottesden' 1255 RH, de Stoteresdon 1285 FA, de Stottresdon' ford, Nash, Whitton and- Greet. In DB Caynham and Coreley pars, which 1327 SR are now in Stottesdon hd and divide the pars of Bitterley and Silvington The name is derived from that of the viI. of STOTTF:SDOK, 7 m. SSW. of from the rest of the hundred, were also in Overs hd; v. Eyton op. cit. IV Bridgnorth: Stotesdona c. 1071-86 (1423) Mon III ti20, Stodesdone 1086 298 f. Neen SoHars was in Condetret (Stottesdon) hd in 1086. DB, Stottesdun' 1160, Stodesdon' 1162, 1167, Stottesdon' 1180 P, Stoters­ Ovret hd', Ovre hd' 1086 DB, Our' 1203 Ass 732 m 2, Lovre dun' 1223. Stotesdon 1237 Cl, Stotieresdon 1317 AD VI. 1221 Fees, Overes 1252 Fees, 1255 RH, 1285 FA, 1308 Ipm, 1316, First el. probably OE stod 'stud of horses'; second el. OE dun 1428 FA, Owes 1274 rpm, 1330 Cl. - OE oter 'bank'. Cf. OVERS 'hill'; cf., however, Zachrisson ESt 62, 104; also Stadson PNDv in Ratlinghope (near the E. OnDy R); iJvre 1086 DB, des Oures 132. 1236 Cl. For the final -t of the DB-form cf. IPN 94. Brimstree hd. Stottesdon lId. Herefordshire. These two hundreds occupy the SE. portion of the county; the former is (mainly) E. of the Severn and S. of Bradford hd, extending southwards The number of the modern Herefordshire hundreds is eleYen. In Do­ as far as Worfield and Claverley (inclusive). Stottesdon hd includes the mesday sixteen are mentioned,> to which may be added Lentevrde (Leint­ rest of the district, E. of ~funslow and Overs hds. In DB the district is wardine), which was in Shropshire in 1086. As in the ca.se of Shropshire, also divided into two hundred8, those of Alnodestrev and Condetret. The the modern hundreds by no means agree with the Domesday ones. All the former roughly corresponds to the present Brimstree hd, but also inclu­ hundred-names recorded in Domesday have perished, except Wolphy, ded a considerable area. W. of the Severn, E. of the DB hd of Patintvne, in­ Stretford, Radlow, Greytree and Wormelow, but most of the modern c4Iding Aston Botterell, Middleton Scriven, Deuxhill, Glazeley and Ear­ hundreds so named are very different in area from their Domesday coun­ dington in the south. Condetret hd consisted of the S. part of the pre­ terparts. In most rases the Domesday hundreds have been combined by sent Stottesdon hd. The district Eo of the Severn, as far north aB Wor­ twos to form modern hnndreds. The hundredal division has also been field (inclusive) belonged to Staffordshire in 1086 (except Quatford). influenced by changes in the county boundary and the like. In 1086 the Alnodestrev, Elnoelstrvi, Elnoelstrv(i)l hd' 1086 DB. larger portion of the part of the county that is W. and S. ot the river OE LElfnop (probably) pn and OE treo 'tree'. For the final Wye was still Welsh amI only partly hidated. The Dore valley seems to have formed the SW. boundary of the county at that period (VHHe I 266). f -l IPN 94. v. In the NW. the county was more extensive, including part of the modern Condetret, Condretret (1) hd' 1086 DB. county of Radnor as well (part of this district belonged to Lentevrde hd, First el. perhaps OE Cunda pn (Forssner 57, Redin 62; cf. and was consequently in Shropshire in 1086).' After the Conquest the { also CUDliffe PNLa 73). Second el. OE treo 'tree'; for the -t cf. district included in Lerdevrde, Hesetre and the greater part of Elsedvne Doddingtree above p. 142, and v. IPN 94. Conditre 1317 AD VI hds, in the west of the county, was placed under marcher jurisdiction, and nothing further is heard about hundreds in these parts till the 16th cen­ 96 (Walton, S. of Stottesdon) may be a trace of the Dame. tury (1535) when the district (as also Ewyas Lacy hel) was again included Brunestr' 1203 Ass 732 ID 1, 1327 SR 166/1, Brunestre 1221 in Herefordshire. - The DB hd of Lene is mentioned only once and is Ass 733A m 9, 1255 RH, 1256, 1272 Ass 734 m 24d, 736 m 22, made to include apparently only part of the modern Kingsland par. The Brimnestr' (for Brunnes-?) 1226-8 J<'ees, Bromstre, Brumstre 1272 name of Lene must originally have been applied to a considerable district Ass 736 ID 22d, 23, Brenestre 1285 FA, Brunestrete 1292 QW, ~ 1 Tragetrev is in all probability a mere error for *Grayetrev; see under Bremistre 1316 FA, Brunnestr' 1332 SR 166/2, Bremistree 1346. i Greytree, below. Svlcet is probably to be judged in the same way: see note Brynstre 1431 FA. - The hundred is named from BRIMSTREE Hill, to Wolphy. 11 r

162 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 163

on the Arrow and the Lugg (v. ERN 248), and may have been used as a For WIG)IORE hd (hundred' de IVigmore 15,11 SR 117/123) see hundred-name, but it is difficult to see the reason for the arrangement shown above p_ XXI. in DB. - In the 12th century and later, there is reference to a hd of LEOMIKSTER (hundreda de Redingia et de Leoministria c. 1125 EHR 39, 80, Wolphy lId. Hundr' de Leimenistr' 1215 Cl, Leomenistr' 1242 Fees, Hundredum intrin­ In the north of the county, E. of Wigmore hd, including in the west secum, forinsecum de Lemenistr' 125fi Ass 300C m 29, 35, Hundredum the pars of Lucton, Eyton and Leominster, and in the south those of Hope de Leoministre 1303, 1346 FA). This 'hundred' consisted of a number of under Dinmore, Stoke Prior, Humber, Docklow and Hatfield and, deta­ scattered vills belonging to the manor of Leorninster (DB f. 180, VHHe I ched, Sarnesfield and parts of Almeley and Kinnersley, Edvin Ralph and 284 f.). - The Domesday hundreds were of roughly equal extent: they Rochfonl (transferred to Worcs in 1837). The extent of the DB hundred seem also as a rule to have been compact and fairly regular in shape, but of this name was approximately the same. their boundaries are sometimes uncertain. For detached parts belonging Vlfei, Wlfagie (1), Vlfegie (1) 1086 DB,' Wulfheie 1221 Ass to Cvtethorn and Stretford hds see below. Hesetre hd is very long and straggling, but its southern portion, that between the Arrow and the 300A m 1, lVulfeye 1242 Fees, 1275 RH, Wlfhey 1249 Fees, Wol­ Lugg, may originally have been a separate hundred (cf. above). - The feheye 1256 Ass 300C ID 32, Wolfhey 1292 QW, Wolfeye 1303, hundredS are divided into different blocks by the rivers Wye and Lugg, 1346 FA, Wolfheye 1306 Ass 306 ID 6, 1334 SR 117/4, 1428 FA, but otherwise they do not seem on the whole to have been separated by Wolfey 1428 FA. -- OE *wulf-(ge)hceg 'hay in which wolves are natural boundaries. 2 caught'; ef. ET Suppl s. v. geh~g; NED s. v. hay sb ; EPN, Wigmore hd. Holthausen s. v. h:l?g; for the sense PNLa 93 s. v. Wolfenden; Consists of the NW. portion of the county, including the pars of Aston, DB f. lS7a, col. 2: fbi est una haia in qua q!tod potest capere Elton and Aymestrey (part) in the east, and Byton, Combe, Tilley and captal; f. 260a col. 2: Iif haice capreolis capiendis; and VHHe , Harpton in the south. In Domesday only the SE. part of the district is I 295; cf. also: (a park called) Wulfheye 1307 Cl fNewhall Db); referred to Herefordshire, and is included in Hesetre hd. The remaining Wu.lfhaia 1222 PNNp 263. - The site is lost, but there is a place part, including Lingen, Walford, Adforton and Leintwardine in the east, called the HUNDRED (also a Hundred Lane) at the junction of Eye, belonged to Lentevrde (Leintwardine) hd, which was in Shropshire. This hundred also included some manors in the south of modern Shropshire, Middleton on the Hill and Kimbolton pars. If this was the place, and two detached areas farther north (see under Purslow and Munslow the 'hay' may have been in the woods just N. of the 'Hundred'. above): also part of modern Radnorshire, including Cascob in the west. Hesetre also included the district between the Arrow and the Lugg (ex­ Stretford bd. cept part of Kingsland), now in Stretford hd, and part of Radnorshir.e to S. of Wigmore hd and W. of Wolphy hd, including in the south the the south of that which was in Lentevrde hd. pars of King's Pyon, Weobley, Kinnersley and Letton, bordering on Lentevrd(e) hd' 1086 DB is named from the viI. of LEINTWARDlNE, Grimsworth hd, and in the. west those of Almeley and Lyomhall, borde­ ring on Huntington hd. The corresponding DB hundred was much smaller; on Watling Street at the confluence of the rivers Teme and Chm: it feerns only to have extended to the Arrow in the north, and as far as Lentevrde 1086 DB, Lenttuwurda 1180 P, Leintewurthe 1221 Ass Pembridge(?) in the west; in the south and east the boundaries seem to 733A m 5, Leynwarthin 1256 Ass 734 m 7, Lentword. Hy3 BM, haye remained unchanged. In 1086 the hundred seems also to have inclu­ Leintwarthin (p) 1277 Heref, Leyntwardyn 1303 Ipm. - Professor ded a detached area S. of the Wye including Dorstone, :Moccas(?), Preston, Ekwall suggests (ERN 250) that the first el. is an old name of the lower Clun, or else W lliant 'torrent, flood, stream' used as 1 The DB hd of Svlcet, a name that occurs only once (f. 187a; it is a common noun. The second el. is OE worp 'farm, enclosure', stated to include a place called Etone, identified (VHHe I 343) with replaced by worpign. ?Eaton in Foy) may be simply a scribal error for *Wulfei or the like, Hezetre, Hesetre (facs. ed.) hd' 1086 DB. though it is true the contents of the entry seem to place it in the Welsh district (cf., however, op. cit. 292). Etone might be Eyton or Eaton (or OE *hceseltreo 'hazel-bush'; for the loss of the 1 cf. Hazelbury Leominster); the suggestion might be proyed (or disproved) by tracing W: Heselberi 1001 KCD 706, Haseberie (4) 1086 DB (Ekblom), the descents of these manors. If it is the name of an independent hundred, Hessle YER (above p. 16), and Zachrisson ANInfl 152 f. I can offer no solution. , •... ,·','1 . --,1~',

:164 O. S. Anderson The English Humlred·Names 165

'Tyberton, Madley (part?), Eaton Bishop, AlIensmore and Clehonger Grimswortb M. (part?).' Between the rivers Lugg and Wye, S. of Stretford hd. It was formed Stradford, Stratford hd' 1086 DB, Straffordhundr' 1169, Strad­ in the 12th century from the DB hds of Stepleset and CvtethoT71, the for­ !ord'hdr' 1175, Stratford'hundredum 119:3 P, Strafford' 1221 Ass mer of which consisted of the western portion of the modern hundred, 300A m 1, Hundredum de Stratford' 1230 P, 1242 Fees, hundredum extending eastwards as far as Wormsley, Mansell Lacy, Bishopstone and de Stretforde Hy3 Mise, Hundr' de Stretford' 1256, 1292 Ass 300C Kenchester; the latter consisted of its eastern part, surrounding Here­ ford, but according to the rubrication of DB, the castelries of Ewyas Ha­ m 32d, 302 m 68d, 1334 SR 117/4,.Stratforde 1275 RH, Hundredwn rold and Richard's Castle also belonged to this hundred. de Stretford 1303, 1428, de Stratford 1346 FA. - The hundred Stepleset (passim), Stfl!pleset (1), Stapel (1) hd' 1086 DB. is in. all probability named from the ford where Watling Street From OE *stepel-setan 'the settlers near the steeple'? (referring crosses the Stretford Brook, which also gives name to the viI. of to some natural object, a hill or the like?). STRETFORD (Stratford 1086 DB, Stretford' (p) 1256 Ass 300C m Cl'tethorn, Cvtestorn, Cvtestornes hd', hund' ... C'histestornes 32d, Stretforde 1277 Heref, Stratford 1341 NI), 4 m. SW. of (1) 1086 DB. -. The first el. is perhaps to be connected with Leominster. -- From OE stret 'street' and ford. There is another :ModE cut, ME kutte(n) , kitte(n), kette(n) 'to cut'. 'Pollarded 1 STRETFORD 2 m. SE. of Leominster (Stretford 1376 Pat). thorn-tree'? Cf. Cutmill PNWo 91, Cutthorn Gill PNSx 513, and Huntington hll. for the sense a name like Copthorne (EPN s. v. coppede). On the Welsh border, W. of Stretford hd and S. of Wigmore hd, Grimesworne lmndr' 1169, Grimeswrosnehdr' 1175, 1193, including the par of Clifford in the south. This district was mainly in the Grimeswurdehundredum 1185 P, Grimeswosn' 1221 Ass 300A DB hd of Elsedvne, but there can be no direct connection between these m 1, GrimesU'rosne 1242 Fees, 1256 Ass 300C m 27, Grimewosen two hundreds, as the former was created in 1535 out of a marcher lord­ 1251-2 Fees, Grymmeswrosne 1254 Mise, 1292 Ass 302 m 52, ship. Elsedvne hd was considerably larger than the modern hd, including Grimeswrose 1275 RH, 1306 Ass 306 m 9, Grimmeswrosene 1292 also the modern pars of Letton, Kinnersley, Almeley, Lyonshall and Titley, now in Stretford and Wigmore hds, but it was bounded by the QW, Grymeswrosn' 1295 SR 117/2, Grymeswrosne 1322 Inq aqd, Wye on the south. Grimeswrosen 1346, Grymeswros, Grimesworth 1428 FA. - For Elsed1m(e) hd' 1086 DB was apparently named from ELSJ)ON, the first el. cf. Grimley PNWo 126 f., Grimspound PNDv 482. It now a hamlet. 1 m. SW. of LyonshalL Ellesdon' (p) 1256 Ass 300C is hardly a pn, as it only occurs in nature-names. Grim was m 23, Ellesdon(e) 1347 Cl, ?Hellysdon' (p) 1379 SR 117/16 (sub probably the name of some figure in popular superstition, not Leonale). - To judge from the DB form, the first el. might be necessarily the devil, as some of the names at least may date OE El(e)sa pn (Redin 95), also found in ELSI:-IG Nf (PNing 77) from heathen times. One might compare Da (kirke)grim, Norw and in ELSENHAM Ess (Elsenham 1086 DB, 1254 Norwich, Elsene­ (fosse)grim (from ON grimr). - The second el. is OE wriisn ham 1248 Ch). The later forms, on the other hand, might point 'nodus'; cf. Wrens Nest Hill PNWo 290. Further examples are: to OE ~Elli pn, though this ought strictly to give ME Al- in tl1is Wrosenhulslade 1331 AD II 150, TVrosenhul n. d. AD III (Welton dialect (cf. Ekwall, Contributions 40 f., PNLa 145 s. n. Alston); Np); le MogwTOsene 12b7, 11ugrozen 1571 PNNp 274 (Cosgrove the material is too scanty to allow of quite safe conclusions. Np);· Wrosenhey, Wroseney 1462 AD V (Boreham Ess), Swyne­ Second el. OE dun; the reference must be to the hill to the west wrose 1345 AD III (Edenham Li). - The sense of the word in the of Elsdon, probably the meeting-place of the hundred. first two instances is apparently 'hill', 'hill-knot' (PNWo). If the For HUNTINGTON hd (Hundred' de lluntJlngton' 1541 SR 117/ place called the 'Hundred Pit' in Credenhill. where the hundred­ 122) see above p. XXI. It is named from HUNTlNGTON, 4 m. SW. court used to be held/ represents the old meeting-place of the of King-ton. , J. Duneumb: Collections towards the History and Antiquities of the , For Lene hd see above p. 161. County of Hereford, vo!. V p. 1.

1 I

166 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 167

hundred, the Herefordshire name may have denoted some part. Radlow lld, of Credenhill Hil!. In the east of the county, S. of Broxash hd, bordering on Gr,eytree hd in the south, where it includes the pars of Lt Marcle, Aylton, Pixley, Tar­ Broxash hd. rington, Stoke Edith, Weston Beggard, Bartestree and Lugwardine. The E. of the Lugg, in the NE. of the county, S. of Wolphy hd, bordering DB hd of Radelav only included the W. portion of this district, as far Eo on Radlow hd in the south, where it includes the pars of Stanford Bishop, as Evesbatch, Castle and Canon Frome, lII:unsley and Lt Marcle (inclu­ Avenbury, Stoke Lacy, Much Cowarne, Ocle Pychard and Withington. It sive), apparently also Much Marcle, now in Greytree, and one hide in Mathon corresponds on the whole to the DB hds of Thornlav and Plegeliet, though (the rest of Mathon and Acton Beauchamp were formerly in Worcs). Lug­ the boundaries are somewhat uncertain in some places; Much Cowarne wardine and Bartestree, now in Radlow, were in Greytree hd in 1086. The seems to have been in the DB hd of Radelav (Radlow). Tornelav consi­ rest of the district then formed a separate hundred known as: sted of the western part of the district, including Pencombe and Ullings.­ Wim7Jndestrel', Wimvndsfr'7)il, Wimestrvil, Wim'strvi hd' 1086 wick in the east. Edvin Loach was in Wores till 1893. DB. - OB Wigmu'lid pn and treo 'tree'. For the forms in -l cf. 1'ornelwl.',~ T hornlav, Tornelavves hd',. hd' 1086 DB. Alnodestrev above and v. TPN 94. OE *porn-hliiw 'thorn-tree hill'. Rade1av, Radenelav (1) hd' 1086 DB, Radelawehundredum Plegeliet (passim), Plegelget(e) (2) hd' 1086 DB. 1183, Redelawahundredum 1187, Radelawahundredum 1195 P, Second el. OE geat 'gate, narrow pa8sage'. First el. probably Radelawe 1226---8 Fees, Hy3 Mise, 1256 Ass 300C m 25d, Rade­ OE Pleghelm pn as kindly suggested by Mr. F. T. S. Houghton. lowe 1275 Heref, 1292 Ass 302 m 52, 1316 FA. - OE read and For the loss of the -m- cf. e. g. Beni(n)col DB (Benningholme hliiw 'red hill'. - The name survives in RADLOW Field, marked YEH: Beningholm (p) 1193 P). Similar hundred-names are KIFTS­ on Bryant's map of Herefordshire (1826?) some distance to the GATE (Chettesihat DB) and RAPSGATE (Respiget(e), Respiet DB, west of Tarrillgton vi!., near the boundary of Stoke Edith par. I Respiate 1169 P) GI. The hundred-court was held (in 1652) 'at a bush in Much Brokeshashr' 1169, Brakesessehdr' 1175, Brokesaishundredum Taddington Field' (Duncumb op. cit. IV 5), apparently the 1178, Blokesessehundredum 1180, Brochesashundredum 1193 P, same spot. Brokeshasse 1226-8 Fees, Broekesesse 1242, Brokesas 1252 Fees, Brokesesch 1254 Mise, Brokcsasse 1256 Ass 300C m 24, Brochesasse Greytree bd, 1275 RH, Brokesesche 1277 Pat, Brockesasshe 1292 Ass 302 ID 52, Consists of the SE. portion of the county, S. of Radlow hd and E. of the Wye. In 1086 Greytree hd only included the northern portion of the Brockeshashe 1316 FA. - The name survives in BRoxAsH Wood district (also Lugwardine and Bartestrec, now in Radlow hd), as far south (Old 1" OS, also 6"), referred to as Brockeshes 1186 (14) Glouc as How Caple (in Tragetrev hd) and Sollers Hope (also Yatton?); the rest (Bannister), on the boundary of Little Cowarne and UlIingswick of the district formed a separate hundred known as: pars, near the boundary between the DB hundreds. A HUNDRED Bremesese (passim), Bremesse, Bromesais (1), Bromesesce (1) BANK is marked in the SE. corner of the wood, and it was accor­ hd' 1086 DB, Bromessehdr" (var. Bromesesse) 1175 P. - The dingly the hundred meeting-place. - The second el. seems to name survives in BHO"ISASH: Br01neshett' (for -e8s') 1228 Cl, a be OE resc 'ash-tree'; the first el. is perhaps to be connected with hamlet at some cross-roads on the boundary of Up ton, Westoll the OE broce found in broccesham BCS 506 (Broxham Kt), and Linton pars, 3 m. E. of Ross. -- First el. perhaps OE broccres !drew KCD 673 (Ha), brocces slrede BCS 1299 (Wo), which Mawer (MLR 14, 235) derives from OE bmcc 'badger' or, less the same error should occur twice (the two forms quoted doubtless refer to the same hundred, either the n or the r must be misread), and on the likely, ... Brocc pn. If this case is analogous the pn-derivation rolls for 1180 and 1181 both Fnogesesse and Blokesesse occur close to­ would seem more likely.' gether under the same heading; this might point to its being a separate hundred, but, if so, nothing more seems to be known, about it. But cf. per­

1 Pnog(g)es(h)essehundredum 1180 f., Hundredum de Frogesesse 1197 f. haps Fucogeaishe (Fneo-?) 1421 Ipm (in Foy?), and Snogsash(?),Bannister. P is identified with Broxash in the index to 1197 P, but it is curious that ,n 168 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred-Names 169

Brem~ pn (for which see Bromsgrove PNWo 336 f.); second el. Webetriehdr' 1160, IVebetrehr' 1169, Wibbetrehdr' 1175, OE (ESC 'ash-tree'. IVibetr'hundredum 1180, Webbetrehundredum 1185, 1193 P, 91 Greitrewes, Gretrewes (1) lld', Greitrev, Tragetrer (1; no doubt Wabbetr' 1221 Ass 300A m 1, Webbetre Hy3 Mise, 1242 Fees, for Grage-) 1086 DB, Greitre 1242 Fees, 1256 Ass 300C m 26d, 1256 Pat, 1275 RH, 1278 Ipm, 1316, 1428 FA, Webetre 1262 Pat,

Greytre 1242 P, 1275 RH, 1292 Ass 302 m 52, 1316, 1428 FA, 1275 RH. -- OE *Webba 1 (-= OE webba 'weaver') or possibly Gretre 1283 Fine. -- OE *'Gr(ega pn ('grey one'), or grceg 'gray' *Wibba pn (= OE wibba 'beetle') and treo 'tree'. In the former 1 and treo 'tree'. case one may compare WEBTON in Webtree hd, 3 m. W. of AlIens­ Webtree bd. more: Webetone 1086 DB, Webbeton' 1230 P, ·1237 Cl; and in S. and W. of the Wye, including the Golden Valley in the west and the latter WWBLEY, 7 m. SW. of Leominster: Wibelai 1086 DB, 'I the pars of Kentchurch, Kenderchurch, \Vorrnbridge, St Devereux, Abbey Wibelay 1198 Cur I, Wybbel' 1231, Webbelegh' 1238 Cl (or from Dore, Kingstone, Thruxloll, Allensmore, Clehonger, Grafton, Callow and the noun wibba?). - The place from which the hundred is named Holme Lacy in the south, bordering on Wormelow hd. The Domesday is now represented by WEBTREE, a hamlet at the junction of arrangement of this district is not easy to account for; part of it, inclu­ 'I· ding at least Holme Lacy, Dinedor, Lower Bullingharn, Allcnsmore and Clehonget, Haywood and AlIensmore pars, on the main road from Webton, perhaps Clehonger (at least partly), was in the DB hd of Dvnre Hereford to Abergavenny, 3 m. SW. of Hereford. (Dinedor); part was apparently in Stretford hd (g. v.). The Dore valley Wormelow bd. is surveyed under the heading (in) Falie Stradelei and (once) Stradel hd. But of a considerable portion of the present hundred nothing is said in The southern port.ion of the county, W. the Wye, and S. of Webtree I Domesday. hd. The hundred is mentioned (once) in Domesday, but the district was Dvnre hvnd' 1086 DB was named from the viI. of DINEDon, then for the most part still Welsh (v. VHHe I 266ft.). Wermelav 1086 DB, Wurmelawe 1227 Cl, 1232 Pat, Wir­ 2 m. SE. of Hereford: Dvnre 1086 DB, Dinra (p) 1170 P, Dunre melauwe 1228 Ch, Wuremelowe 1256 Ass 300C m 25d, Wyrme­ I 1176 P (p), 1221 Ass 300A m 1 (p), 1242 Fees, 1288 Heref, Duyndre lawe 1269 Pat, Wurmelou 1278, Wormelowe 1280 Ipm (also called 1349 Heref. - Probably of Celtic origin. Professor EkwalI the 'manor' of Wormelow, e. g. 1346 Ch, 1346, 1356 Ipm etc.). suggests W din 'fort' and bre 'hill'; if so, the reference would be - The hundred is named from a hill called WORMELOW TUMP, to Dinedor Hill and Camp W. of the village. r the meeting-place of the district, referred to in DB as: (... ad Stradel hd' 1086 DB,! Stradehdr' 1175P.-,--The old name of the hundrez ad) Vrmelauia, at the source of the Worm Brook. The Dore valley: Valle Stradelei, Stratelei, Stradelie, Stratelie 1086 name is a compound of the name of the WORM BROOK and OE DB, Straddele a 1118 Flor Wore, 1294 Heref, 1302 Pat, 1335 Ipm, hlaw 'hill'; v. further ERN 471. I Estradel By I (1376) Mon III 448, Stradell' 1213 Cl, Strathel 1227 The name of the hundred is often given as ARCBENFJELD, the old name Ch, Stradel Hy3 Mise, Stratdeleye 1279 Cl, Straddel 1301 Ipm, of the district: Hundredum de lrchinefeld' 1242 P, de Urchenefeld 1242 1306 Cl, surviving in l\[ONNINGTON STRADEL and STRADEI. BRIDGE, Fees, hd of lrchenfcud 1264 Pat etc.; the hd of Wormelowe in lrchenfeld both in Vowchurch (Bannister). It is composed of Brit *strat­ 1337 Pat etc.; the hd of lrchyngfeld and the manor Of Wormelowe 1346 Ch. I' 'valley' and, probably, OE dwl 'valley', thus a tautological com­ - For Archenfield v. Bannister 6, Karlstrllm 106. pound. The P form of the hundred-name is from *strat- alone, Ewyas Lacy hd includes the SW. portion of the county, W. of Web which was used as an alternative name of the valley: valle de tree hd and S. of Huntington hd. In 1086 this district seems still to have I Strade 1127 (1376) Mon UI 448, Valle de Strada 1169 P, (honor been Welsh (v. VHHe I 266). Later it was one of the marcher lordships, and waJ;. not. definitely included in Herefordshire till 1535 (v. above p. XXI), de) Stradie 1242 Fees; cf. further ERN 128 s. n. Dore. when it was organised into a hundred. It is mentioned as (hundreds Of , Under this heading is mentioned a place called More, identified with lVebtre and) Ewiaslacy 1543 SR 117/134. It is named from the lost manor of EwYAS LACY (in Clodock). I Moore, near Hereford (VHHe); can that explain the entry: apud Straddele in Blakemonstone (BJackmarston, a suburb of Hereford)? Ct. Bannister 178. • For Ueba, Redin80, see PNing 41. I I I ,_. ------_._-_.- ~" ._-.. ., __. .•. S::·.:· __ ~ ". -" '. . _ ~_ IW-F,,'

The English Hundred Names 171

Clackclose Nf ..'...... 74 Ewcross Y 26 Clareton Y 21 Ewyas Lacy He 169 Claro Y ...... 21 Exestan Ch -. 148 Clavering Nf 82 Exning Sf 84 Claydon Sf 89 Eynsford Nf ...... 72 Cleley Np 124 ClencwaTe Nf 63 Fawsley Np 128 Clcnt Wo 143 Index. Fernecumbe Wa 137 Clun Sa 158 Fexhole Wa 135 Coleshill Wa 138 Fissesberge Wo 140 Acklam Y . 13 Blything Sf 87 Collingtree Np 124 Flaxwell Li 59 AETnehogo Nf . 63 Boles/ord Y 6 Colneis Sf ...... 93 Flegg Nf 70 Aggbrigg Y . 25 Bolingbroke Li 55 CondetTet Sa 160 FIendish Ca " ...... 100 Ainsty Y . 21 Bomelau Wa ...... 132 Condover Sa' 157 Ford Sa ...... 155 Alboldestou Np .. 126 Boothby Li 57 Corby Np 118 Forehoe Nf 78 Albrighton Sa . 155 Borgescire Y 20 Corringham Li ...... 48 Foxley Np 125 AlIeTton Y . 8 Bosmere Sf 88 Cosford Sf 94 Franiland Le 46 AlnodestTeu Sa . 160 Brademere Sf 96 Coton End Wa 135 Freebridge Nf 64 AIstoe Ru . 130 Bradford Sa 153 Cresseluv Wo 143 Fuwelege Nf 63 AlwaTdeslea Np . 128 Bradley Li 51 Culvestun Sa 159 Amounderness La . 29 Brimstree Sa 160 CutethoTn He 165 Gallow Nf ...... 67 Appletree Db .. 35 Brinklow Wa 132 I Cuttleston St 145 Gartree Le 45 Archenfield He . 169 Bromsash He 167 CurJbuTgelawe Wo 141 Gartree Li 53 Armingford Ca . 103 Brothercross Nf 66 Gereburg Y 21 Aslacoe Li . 49 Broxash He 166 Depwade Nf ...... 80 Gerlestre Y ...... 7 Aslakestou Db? . 32 Broxton Ch 151 \ Derinlav Sa 158 Gilling Y 9 Aswarby Li . 60 Broxtowe Nt 38 Die Y 3 Goscote Le 43 Aswardhum Li . 59 Bucklow Ch 149 Dickering Y ...... 13 Graffoe Li 57 AtiscTOS Ch . 148 Buckrose Y 14 Dicon Np 115 Gravesende Np 128 Aveland Li . 60 Bugthorpe Y 14 Dinedor He 168 Greenhoe S. Nf 74 Avethorpe Li . 61 Bulmer Y 6 Diss Nf 80 Greenoe N. Nf 67 Burton Agnes Y 12 Docking Nf...... 65 Greens Norton Np 125 Babergh Sf . 93 Doddingtree Wo 142 Gresley Db...... 37 Barcheston Wa . 135 Calceby Li 54 Driffield Y 15 Greytree He 167 Barkston Ash Y . 23 Calccworth Li 54 Dryhurst Wo 141 Grimshoe Nf 75 Barlichway Wa . 137 Caldy Ch 151 Dudestun Ch 151 Grimsworth He 165 Baschmch Sa . 154 Came Wo 144 liuilsborough Np 120 Bassetlaw Nt . 39 Candlesby' Li 55 Earsham Nf ...... 81 Beltisloe Li . Guiltcross Nf 75 61 Candleshoe Li 55 East Ru 130 Bingham Nt . Guthlaxton Le ...... • . . .. 44 42 Carlford Sf 91 EddisbuTy Ch 150 Birdforth Y . 7 Cave Y 17 ElIoe Li 62 Halfshire Wo 143 Biscopes Sf . 87 Chesterton Ca 106 Elsdon He '" ...... 164 Halikeld Y 10 Blackbourn Sf . 96 Cheveley Ca 99 Ely Ca 108 Hamestan Ch 148 Blackbum La . 29 Chikenes Wa 136 Epworth Li 47 Hamfordshoe Np 122 Blackenhurst Wo . 139 Chilford Ca 101 Erpingham Nf "...... 68 HammplIstan Db ...... 34 BlackwelI Db . 32 Chipping Warden Np 127 Esch Wo 144 Hang Y 10 Blofield Nf . 71 Chirbury Sa 156 Evesham Wo 140 Happing Nf 69 172 O. S. Anderson The English Hundred·Kames 173

Happisburgh Nf 69 Loddon Nf 82 Oswaldbeck Nt 39 Staincliff Y 26 Harthill Y " 18 Loes Sf _. , ...... 90 Oswaldslow Wo 140 Staincross Y :?5 Hartismere Sf 87 Longham Nf .. 73 Oswestry Sa ...... 155 Staine Ca _...... H9 Haverstoe Li 51 Longstow Ca 105 Ouse and Derwent Y 19 Staploe Ca .. '...... '38 Hawerby Li 51 Lonsdale La _...... 28 Overs Sa _ _ 160 Stepleset He 165 Hemlingford Wa 138 Lothingland Sf 84 Stoke Albany Np 118 Henstead Nf " 79 Lonthesk Li __ 53 Papworth Ca _ 106 Stoneleigh Wa 133 IIessle Y 16 Loveden Li -...... 58 Parham Sf .. _...... 90 Stottald Np __ 119 Hezetre He 162 Ludborough Li 52 Pathlow Wa 137 Stottesdon Sa _.. 160 Higham Ferrers Np 123 Ludinga Sf 84 Patton Sa 159 Stow Li 49 High Peak Db 32 Lynware Nf 63 Pershore Wo 140 Stow Sf _...... 88 Hill Li 54 Pickering Lythe Y 3 Stradel He _. 168 Ho Nf 68 Macclesfield Ch 148 Pimhill Sa , 154 Strafforth Y " 24 Hodnet Sa , 153 Makerfield La 30 Pimley Sa " 154 Stretford He 163 Holderness Y 19 Manby Li 48 Pirehill St ., __ . __ 146 Sulcet He ...... 161 Holt Nf 67 Maneshou Y ...... 5 Plegeliet He 166 Honesberie Wa 135 Manley Li _.. __ .. _. . . . . 47 Plomesgate Sf .. _...... 90 Taverham Nf 72 Horncastle Li 56 Market Weighton Y 16 Pocklington Y 15 Thedwestry Sf __ 96 Howden Y 17 Martinsley Ru " 131 Polebrook Np _ 116 Thingoe Sf 95 Hoxne Sf 87 Martinsthorpe Ru " _...... 131 Purslow Sa __ . . . .. 158 T hornlau He ...... 166 Humbleyard Nf 79 Marton Wa _ 133 Thredling Sf 91 Huntington He 164 Mawsley Np 121 Radfield Ca ...... 101 Threo Li 59 Huntou Y 12 Merset Sa 155 Radlow He 167 Thriplow Ca .. , _ " 103 Hurstingstone Hu 109 Middlewich Ch ...... 149 Repton Db ,...... 36 Thurgarton Nt 40 Huxloe Np 117 Mitford Nf 77 Rinlau Sa ...... 158 Tingley Y ...... 26 Modeston Db _...... 36 Risbridge Sf ...... 95 Torbar Y __ 11 In Nf ...... 63 MorIey Y _. .. . 25 Riseton Ch 150 Toreshou Y ...... 13 Islington Nf .. . . . • ...... 63 Munslow Sa 158 Roelau Ch 150 Toseland rIu 110 I Mutford Sf 85 RothwelI Np 118 Totmonslow St 147 Kings Sutton Np 126 Ruesset Sa 156 Towcester Np 125 Kingt,on Wa 136 Nantwich Ch 149 Rushcliffe Nt 42 Tragetreu He _.. " 161 Kirton Li .. _...... 62 Nassaborough Np 114 Ryedale Y 5 Tremelau Wa 135 f Knightlow Wa 134 Navisford Np , __ .. 116 Tunendun Ch 149 Ness Li 61 Sadberge Du 1 TUIlstead Nf ...... 69 Lackford Sf '... 97 Neveslund Np 117 Salford La 31 Langbargh Y 2 Newark Nt 41 Samford Sf 89 WnlecTOs Db _ " 36 Langdyke Np 114 Newton La 30 Scard Y 13 Walesby Li 52 Langoe Li ...... 56 Nobott.le Grove Np . _ 120 Scarsdale Db 33 Walsham Nf 71 Launditch Nf _...... 73 Normancross Hu 112 Seisdon St 145 Walshcroft Li 51 Lawress Li 50 Northstow Ca 105 Shropham Nf 76 Wangford Sf 86 Leightonstone Hu 111 Northwich Ch 149 Skirbeck Li 62 Warmulldestrou Ch 149 Leintwardine He . .. 162 Skyrack Y 22 Warrington La 30 Lene He _. _ : 161 Oakham Ru...... 131 Smithdon Nf 65 Warter Y 15 Leominster He 162 Offlow St 146 Snecultcros Y 16 Wayland Nf 77 Leyland La :.. 30 Optongren Np 114 Sparkenhoe Le 45 Webtree He " .. 168 Litchurch Db _ , 36 Orlingbury Np '" 121 Spelhoe Np 122 Well Li 49 Lith ~t 40 Osgoldcross Y _...... 23 Spellow Nf 63 Welton Y 17 I '~p

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174 O. S. Anderson

West Derby La 30 Witchford Ca 108 Wetherley Ca 104 Witchley Ru 129 Whitby Strand Y 2 Wittery Sa 156 Whittlesford Ca 102 Wolmersty Li 62 Wighton Nf ...... 67 Wolphy He 163 Wigmore He 162 Wormelow He 169 Wilford Sf 92 Wragby Li 53 Willaston Ch 151 Wraggoe Li ...... 52 Willybrook Np 115 Wrangdike Ru 130 Wimundestreu He 167 Wrockwardine Sa 153 Winburgetrowe Wo 141 Wulfereslaw Wo 141 Winnibriggs Li 58 Wymersley Np 123 Wirksworth Db 34 Wirral Ch 151 Yarborough Li 50 Wisbech Ca .. , 108

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