Herbivorous Beetle Networks: Molecular Characterization of Trophic Ecology Within a Threatened Steppic Environment
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Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Acta Biol. Univ. Daugavp. 10 (2) 2010 ISSN 1407 - 8953 MATERIALS ON LATVIAN EUMOLPINAE HOPE, 1840 (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) Andris Bukejs Bukejs A. 2010. Materials on Latvian Eumolpinae Hope, 1840 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Acta Biol. Univ. Daugavp., 10 (2): 107 -114. Faunal, phenological and bibliographical information on Latvian Eumolpinae are presented in the current paper. Bibliographycal analysis on this leaf-beetles subfamily in Latvia is made for the first time. An annotated list of Latvian Eumolpinae including 4 species of 3 genera is given. Key words: Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Eumolpinae, Latvia, fauna, bibliography. Andris Bukejs. Institute of Systematic Biology, Daugavpils University, Vienības 13, Daugavpils, LV-5401, Latvia; [email protected] INTRODUCTION (Precht 1818, Fleischer 1829). Subsequently, more than 15 works were published. Scarce faunal The subfamily Eumolpinae Hope, 1840 includes records can also be found in following other more than 500 genera and 7000 species distributed articles (Lindberg 1932; Pūtele 1974, 1981a; mainly in the tropics and subtropics (Jolivet & Stiprais 1977; Rūtenberga 1992; Barševskis 1993, Verma 2008). Of them, 11 species of 6 genera are 1997; Telnov & Kalniņš 2003; Telnov et al. 2006, known from eastern Europe (Bieńkowski 2004), 2010; Bukejs & Telnov 2007). and only 4 species of 3 genera – from Fennoscandia and Baltiae (Silfverberg 2004). Imagoes of Eumolpinae feed on leaves of host plants; larvae occur in the soil, feed on In Latvian fauna, 3 genera and 4 species of underground parts of plants; pupate in the soil Eumolpinae are known. In adjacent territories, the (Bieńkowski 2004). number of registered Eumolpinae species slightly varies: Belarus – 5 species are recorded (Lopatin The aim of the current work is to summarize & Nesterova 2005), Estonia – 3 species information on Eumolpinae in Latvia. -
The Cryptocephalinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of the Mongolian Altai E.V
Бiологiчний вiсник МДПУ імені Богдана Хмельницького 6 (3), стор. 61¢72, 2016 Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University, 6 (3), pp. 61¢72, 2016 ARTICLE UDC 595.768 THE CRYPTOCEPHALINAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) OF THE MONGOLIAN ALTAI E.V. Guskova Altai State University, Lenina 61, Barnaul, RU–656049, Russia E-mail: [email protected] Six leaf-beetles species Coptocephala rubicunda (Laicharting, 1781); C. rubicunda rossica L. N. Medvedev, 1977; Cryptocephalus flavicollis Fabricius, 1781; Cr. macrodactylus Gebler, 1830; Cr. regalis Gebler, 1830 and Cr. schaefferi Schrank, 1789 are new records for Mongolia. Two species Cryptocephalus krutovskii Jacobson, 1901 and Cr. pallifrons Gyllenhal, 1813 are new records for Mongolian Altai. Four species Coptocephala unifasciata (Scopoli, 1763), Cr. dilutellus Jacobson, 1901; Сr. altaicus Harold, 1872 and Pachybrachis latipes Lopatin, 1971 new for Gobi-Altai aimak. Two species Labidostomis tjutschewi Jacobson, 1902 and Coptocephala unifasciata australis new for Bayan-Ulegei aimak and one Acolastus gobicus (L. N. Medvedev & Voronova, 1977) new for Hovd aimak. Currently, 57 species of 9 genera for of these subfamilies are known from Mongolian Altai. Key words: beetles, distribution, leaf-beetles, Chrysomelidae, Mongolia, new record, Palearctic. Citation: Guskova, E.V. (2016). The Cryptocephalinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of the Mongolian Altai. Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University, 6 (3), 61–72. Поступило в редакцию / Submitted: 18.09.2016 Принято к публикации / Accepted: 19.10.2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/201672 © Guskova, 2016 Users are permitted to copy, use, distribute, transmit, and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship. -
Chrysomela 43.10-8-04
CHRYSOMELA newsletter Dedicated to information about the Chrysomelidae Report No. 43.2 July 2004 INSIDE THIS ISSUE Fabreries in Fabreland 2- Editor’s Page St. Leon, France 2- In Memoriam—RP 3- In Memoriam—JAW 5- Remembering John Wilcox Statue of 6- Defensive Strategies of two J. H. Fabre Cassidine Larvae. in the garden 7- New Zealand Chrysomelidae of the Fabre 9- Collecting in Sholas Forests Museum, St. 10- Fun With Flea Beetle Feces Leons, France 11- Whither South African Cassidinae Research? 12- Indian Cassidinae Revisited 14- Neochlamisus—Cryptic Speciation? 16- In Memoriam—JGE 16- 17- Fabreries in Fabreland 18- The Duckett Update 18- Chrysomelidists at ESA: 2003 & 2004 Meetings 19- Recent Chrysomelid Literature 21- Email Address List 23- ICE—Phytophaga Symposium 23- Chrysomela Questionnaire See Story page 17 Research Activities and Interests Johan Stenberg (Umeå Univer- Duane McKenna (Harvard Univer- Eduard Petitpierre (Palma de sity, Sweden) Currently working on sity, USA) Currently studying phyloge- Mallorca, Spain) Interested in the cy- coevolutionary interactions between ny, ecological specialization, population togenetics, cytotaxonomy and chromo- the monophagous leaf beetles, Altica structure, and speciation in the genus somal evolution of Palearctic leaf beetles engstroemi and Galerucella tenella, and Cephaloleia. Needs Arescini and especially of chrysomelines. Would like their common host plant Filipendula Cephaloleini in ethanol, especially from to borrow or exchange specimens from ulmaria (meadow sweet) in a Swedish N. Central America and S. America. Western Palearctic areas. Archipelago. Amanda Evans (Harvard University, Maria Lourdes Chamorro-Lacayo Stefano Zoia (Milan, Italy) Inter- USA) Currently working on a phylogeny (University of Minnesota, USA) Cur- ested in Old World Eumolpinae and of Leptinotarsa to study host use evolu- rently a graduate student working on Mediterranean Chrysomelidae (except tion. -
Notes on Cassida Ferruginea and Cassida Mongolica in Japan, with Descriptions of Their Reproductive Systems (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)
Genus Vol. 24(3-4): 325-333 Wrocław, 28 XII 2013 Notes on Cassida ferruginea and Cassida mongolica in Japan, with descriptions of their reproductive systems (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) HARUKI SUENAGA Cleanpia 106, 3-14-33, Oimatsu-chô, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama Pref., 710-0826 Japan, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Cassida ferruginea GOEZE is recorded from Japan for the first time. This species was previously misidentified and noted under name C. panzeri WEISE. Occurrence of Cassida mongolica BOHEMAN in Japan is confirmed based on new material. Male and female reproductive systems are redescribed for C. ferruginea and described for the first time for C. mongolica. Key words: entomology, faunistics, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae, Cassida mongolica, Cassida ferruginea, Japan. INTRODUCTION CHÛJÔ (1934) was the first to comprehensively study Japanese and Taiwanese Cassidinae (s. str.); he listed 34 species. YASUTOMI (1952) listed 24 species of Cassidinae (s. str.) from Japan. KIMOTO (1966) revised Japanese Cassidinae and listed 27 species. KIMOTO (1994) treated records of C. mongolica from Japan as misidentification of C. fuscorufa, Thlaspida formosae as the synonym of T. biramosa, and listed 25 species from Japan. OTSUKA (1994) recorded C. mongolica from Japan again. BOROWIEC (1999) resurrected C. japana and C. crucifera from the synonym. KOMIYA (2002) described Notosacantha nishiyamai from Okinawa, Japan. Presently 29 species of Cassidinae (s. str.) are known from Japan. For a long time the male and female genitalia of Cassidinae have not been consi- dered in identifying species and in systematics. BORDY (1995a, b) and SEKERKA (2005, 2006) studied genital structures of Cassidinae, and the taxonomic and phylogenetic 326 HaRUkI SUeNaga importance of the male and female genitalia has been considered for many groups (BORDY & DOGUET 1987, BORDY 2000, BOROWIEC & Świetojańska 2001, Świetojańska 2001, BOROWIEC & SKUZA 2004, SASSI & BOROWIEC 2006, BOROWIEC & opalińska 2007, BOROWIEC & POMORSKA 2009). -
The Effect of Aphthona Whitfieldi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Populations’ Density on the Growth of Jatropha Curcas in Burkina Faso
Advances in Entomology, 2017, 5, 127-137 http://www.scirp.org/journal/ae ISSN Online: 2331-2017 ISSN Print: 2331-1991 The Effect of Aphthona whitfieldi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Populations’ Density on the Growth of Jatropha curcas in Burkina Faso Alizèta Sawadogo1,2, Souleymane Nacro1,3 1Fasobiocarburant, Léo, Burkina Faso 2Crops department, IDR, Nazi Boni University of Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso 3INERA, CREAF of Kamboinsé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso How to cite this paper: Sawadogo, A. and Abstract Nacro, S. (2017) The Effect of Aphthona whitfieldi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Aphthona whitfieldi Bryant (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a major insect Populations’ Density on the Growth of pest of Jatropha curcas L. in Burkina Faso. This study aimed at evaluating the Jatropha curcas in Burkina Faso. Advances effect of the insect pest populations’ density on the growth of the plant. To in Entomology, 5, 127-137. achieve this purpose, 90-day aged single plants were caged in a randomized https://doi.org/10.4236/ae.2017.54013 complete block design experiment with 5 treatments and 5 replicates. The Received: August 8, 2017 treatments consisted of increasing numbers of adults of A. whitfieldi used to Accepted: October 16, 2017 infest the caged plants: T0 (0 adult = check), T1 (100 adults), T2 (200 adults), Published: October 19, 2017 T3 (300 adults), T4 (400 adults). All caged plants were infested 21 days after transplantation and the evaluation started 14 days later one on every 2-week Copyright © 2017 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. basis from September 18, 2014 to February 19, 2015. The growth parameters This work is licensed under the Creative of the plant were assessed. -
Die Steppe Lebt
Buchrücken 1200 Stück:Layout 1 04.04.2008 14:39 Seite 1 Die Steppe lebt Felssteppen und Trockenrasen in Niederösterreich Heinz Wiesbauer (Hrsg.) Die Steppe lebt ISBN 3-901542-28-0 Die Steppe lebt Felssteppen und Trockenrasen in Niederösterreich Heinz Wiesbauer (Hrsg.) Mit Beiträgen von Roland Albert, Horst Aspöck, Ulrike Aspöck, Hans-Martin Berg, Peter Buchner, Erhard Christian, Margret Bunzel-Drüke, Manuel Denner, Joachim Drüke, Michael Duda, Rudolf Eis, Karin Enzinger, Ursula Göhlich, Mathias Harzhauser, Johannes Hill, Werner Holzinger, Franz Humer, Rudolf Klepsch, Brigitte Komposch, Christian Komposch, Ernst Lauermann, Erwin Neumeister, Mathias Pacher, Wolfgang Rabitsch, Birgit C. Schlick-Steiner, Luise Schratt-Ehrendorfer, Florian M. Steiner, Otto H. Urban, Henning Vierhaus, Wolfgang Waitzbauer, Heinz Wiesbauer und Herbert Zettel St. Pölten 2008 Die Steppe lebt – Felssteppen und Trockenrasen in Niederösterreich Begleitband zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung in Hainburg an der Donau Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. ISBN 3-901542-28-0 Die Erstellung des Buches wurde aus Mitteln von LIFE-Natur gefördert. LIFE-Natur-Projekt „Pannonische Steppen und Trockenrasen“ Gestaltung: Manuel Denner und Heinz Wiesbauer Lektorat: caout:chouc Umschlagbilder: Heinz Wiesbauer Druck: Gugler Druck, Melk Medieninhaber: Amt der NÖ Landesregierung, Abteilung Naturschutz Landhausplatz 1 A-3109 St. Pölten Bestellung: Tel.: +43/(0)2742/9005-15238 oder [email protected] © 2008 Autoren der jeweiligen Beiträge, Bilder: Bildautoren Sämtliche Rechte vorbehalten Inhalt 1. Einleitung 5 2. Eiszeitliche Steppen und Großsäuger 9 2.1 Was ist Eiszeit? 11 2.2 Die Tierwelt der Eiszeit 14 2.3 Der Einfluss von Großherbivoren auf die Naturlandschaft Mitteleuropas 17 3. -
Naturalist April 2013 1082
April 2013 Volume 138 Number 1082 Yorkshire Union The Naturalist Vol. 138 No. 1082 April 2013 Contents Page Editorial 1 John Newbould: President of the YNU 2012-2013 2 Aqua�c plants in Yorkshire canals R. Goulder 4 An interes�ng plant gall on Gorse Derek Parkinson 16 Andricus gemmeus – a new gall for Yorkshire Tom Higginbo�om 17 A provisional Vascular Plant Red Data List for VC63 ‐ an evalua�on of current status 18 G.T.D. Wilmore The Gledhow Valley Woods Nest Box Scheme Mar�n Calvert 31 Onset of Summer Plumage in Black‐headed Gulls at Doncaster Lakeside, based on 35 field observa�ons January to March 2012* Colin A. Howes and John A. Porter Notes on Sowerby’s Beaked Whale strandings on the Yorkshire coast* 38 D.E. Whi�aker Seals at Teesmouth: a historical review Colin A. Howes and Robert Woods 42 Rosemary Beetle Chrysolina americana ‐ a new beetle record for Mid‐west Yorkshire 49 G. Boyd Field Note ‐ Rhododendron lea�opper in VC64 Mark Darwell and John Bowers 50 Recording in VC65 July 2012 John Newbould, Adrian Norris and Bill Ely 52 Botanical Report for 2012 Phyl Abbo� 62 YNU Excursions 2013 70 Project: The Yorkshire Flat Hedgehog Survey Colin A. Howes 78 Project: Parasi�sm of Coleophora serratella Derek Parkinson 79 YNU Calendar April ‐ August 2013 80 Book review: p77 YNU No�ce: p79 An asterix* indicates a peer‐reviewed paper Front cover: Hound’s‐tongue Cynoglossum officinale, one of the rare na�ve plants proposed for VC63’s Red Data List of plants (see p21). -
Effect of Trap Color on Captures of Bark- and Wood-Boring Beetles
insects Article Effect of Trap Color on Captures of Bark- and Wood-Boring Beetles (Coleoptera; Buprestidae and Scolytinae) and Associated Predators Giacomo Cavaletto 1,*, Massimo Faccoli 1, Lorenzo Marini 1 , Johannes Spaethe 2 , Gianluca Magnani 3 and Davide Rassati 1,* 1 Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università, 16–35020 Legnaro, Italy; [email protected] (M.F.); [email protected] (L.M.) 2 Department of Behavioral Physiology & Sociobiology, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; [email protected] 3 Via Gianfanti 6, 47521 Cesena, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (G.C.); [email protected] (D.R.); Tel.: +39-049-8272875 (G.C.); +39-049-8272803 (D.R.) Received: 9 October 2020; Accepted: 28 October 2020; Published: 30 October 2020 Simple Summary: Several wood-associated insects are inadvertently introduced every year within wood-packaging materials used in international trade. These insects can cause impressive economic and ecological damage in the invaded environment. Thus, several countries use traps baited with pheromones and plant volatiles at ports of entry and surrounding natural areas to intercept incoming exotic species soon after their arrival and thereby reduce the likelihood of their establishment. In this study, we investigated the performance of eight trap colors in attracting jewel beetles and bark and ambrosia beetles to test if the trap colors currently used in survey programs worldwide are the most efficient for trapping these potential forest pests. In addition, we tested whether trap colors can be exploited to minimize inadvertent removal of their natural enemies. -
Barcoding Chrysomelidae: a Resource for Taxonomy and Biodiversity Conservation in the Mediterranean Region
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 597:Barcoding 27–38 (2016) Chrysomelidae: a resource for taxonomy and biodiversity conservation... 27 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.597.7241 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Barcoding Chrysomelidae: a resource for taxonomy and biodiversity conservation in the Mediterranean Region Giulia Magoga1,*, Davide Sassi2, Mauro Daccordi3, Carlo Leonardi4, Mostafa Mirzaei5, Renato Regalin6, Giuseppe Lozzia7, Matteo Montagna7,* 1 Via Ronche di Sopra 21, 31046 Oderzo, Italy 2 Centro di Entomologia Alpina–Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy 3 Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, lungadige Porta Vittoria 9, 37129 Verona, Italy 4 Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano, Corso Venezia 55, 20121 Milano, Italy 5 Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources–University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran 6 Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente–Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy 7 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali–Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy Corresponding authors: Matteo Montagna ([email protected]) Academic editor: J. Santiago-Blay | Received 20 November 2015 | Accepted 30 January 2016 | Published 9 June 2016 http://zoobank.org/4D7CCA18-26C4-47B0-9239-42C5F75E5F42 Citation: Magoga G, Sassi D, Daccordi M, Leonardi C, Mirzaei M, Regalin R, Lozzia G, Montagna M (2016) Barcoding Chrysomelidae: a resource for taxonomy and biodiversity conservation in the Mediterranean Region. In: Jolivet P, Santiago-Blay J, Schmitt M (Eds) Research on Chrysomelidae 6. ZooKeys 597: 27–38. doi: 10.3897/ zookeys.597.7241 Abstract The Mediterranean Region is one of the world’s biodiversity hot-spots, which is also characterized by high level of endemism. -
Bladkevers Van Hellinggraslanden En Het Natuurbeleid
NATUUIÏHISTORISCH MAANDBLAD OKTOBER 2002 lAARGANG 227 BLADKEVERS VAN HELLINGGRASLANDEN EN HET NATUURBELEID Ron Beenen, Martinus Nijhoffhove 51, 3437 ZP Nieuwegein Dit artikel behandelt bladkeversoorten {Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) die voor• komen in typisch Zuid-Limburgse natuurtypen, de hellinggraslanden. De effec• ten van het voorgenomen beleid van het Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur• beheer en Visserij met betrekking tot dit natuurtype wordt op voorhand geëvalueerd voor bladkevers. Er wordt ingegaan op de relatie van deze kever• soorten met doelsoorten uit de groep van hogere planten. Tevens wordt bezien in hoeverre doelsoorten uit groepen van ongewervelde dieren representatief zijn voor de bladkevers van hellinggraslanden. INLEIDING is gezocht, circa 42.000 soorten waargeno• FIGUUR I Wormkruidkever (Galeruca men (VAN NIEUKERKEN & VAN LOON, 1995). tanaceti) mei eipokket Het Nederlandse natuurbeleid heeft een gro• De selectie van "slechts" 1042 doelsoorten (tekening: R. Beenen). te sprong voorwaarts gemaakt toen er natuur• (2,5 %) lijkt daarom in tegenspraak met de re• doelen geformuleerd werden. In het Hand• cente rijksnota "Natuur voor mensen, men• boek Natuurdoeltypen in Nederland (BAL et sen voor natuur" (MINISTERIE VAN LAND• al., 2001) worden 92 natuurdoeltypen be• BOUW, NATUURBEHEER EN VISSERIJ, 2000). voedselplanten van karakteristieke bladke• schreven en worden per doeltype doelsoor• Hierin staat immers als één van de taakstellin• versoorten van hellinggraslanden. Bladke• ten benoemd. Door het nauwkeurigomschrij- gen geformuleerd: "In 2020 zijn voor alle in vers zijn veelal zeer specifiek in hun voedsel• ven van Natuurdoeltypen is het mogelijk om 1982 in Nederland van nature voorkomende planten indien de voedselplant als natuurdoel de kwaliteit van natuurterreinen te toetsen. soorten en populaties de condities voor in• geformuleerd is, dan is de kans groot dat aan Uitgangspunt van het nationale natuurbeleid is standhouding duurzaam aanwezig". -
Schutz Des Naturhaushaltes Vor Den Auswirkungen Der Anwendung Von Pflanzenschutzmitteln Aus Der Luft in Wäldern Und Im Weinbau
TEXTE 21/2017 Umweltforschungsplan des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit Forschungskennzahl 3714 67 406 0 UBA-FB 002461 Schutz des Naturhaushaltes vor den Auswirkungen der Anwendung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln aus der Luft in Wäldern und im Weinbau von Dr. Ingo Brunk, Thomas Sobczyk, Dr. Jörg Lorenz Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät für Umweltwissenschaften, Institut für Forstbotanik und Forstzoologie, Tharandt Im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes Impressum Herausgeber: Umweltbundesamt Wörlitzer Platz 1 06844 Dessau-Roßlau Tel: +49 340-2103-0 Fax: +49 340-2103-2285 [email protected] Internet: www.umweltbundesamt.de /umweltbundesamt.de /umweltbundesamt Durchführung der Studie: Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät für Umweltwissenschaften, Institut für Forstbotanik und Forstzoologie, Professur für Forstzoologie, Prof. Dr. Mechthild Roth Pienner Straße 7 (Cotta-Bau), 01737 Tharandt Abschlussdatum: Januar 2017 Redaktion: Fachgebiet IV 1.3 Pflanzenschutz Dr. Mareike Güth, Dr. Daniela Felsmann Publikationen als pdf: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen ISSN 1862-4359 Dessau-Roßlau, März 2017 Das diesem Bericht zu Grunde liegende Vorhaben wurde mit Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit unter der Forschungskennzahl 3714 67 406 0 gefördert. Die Verantwortung für den Inhalt dieser Veröffentlichung liegt bei den Autorinnen und Autoren. UBA Texte Entwicklung geeigneter Risikominimierungsansätze für die Luftausbringung von PSM Kurzbeschreibung Die Bekämpfung -
(Harpalus Melancholicus) at Stackpole Warren in 2017
The status and distribution of the ground beetle Harpalus melancholicus at Stackpole Warren in 2017 Mark G. Telfer NRW Evidence Report No. 247 Date NRW Evidence Report No.247 About Natural Resources Wales Natural Resources Wales is the organisation responsible for the work carried out by the three former organisations, the Countryside Council for Wales, Environment Agency Wales and Forestry Commission Wales. It is also responsible for some functions previously undertaken by Welsh Government. Our purpose is to ensure that the natural resources of Wales are sustainably maintained, used and enhanced, now and in the future. We work for the communities of Wales to protect people and their homes as much as possible from environmental incidents like flooding and pollution. We provide opportunities for people to learn, use and benefit from Wales' natural resources. We work to support Wales' economy by enabling the sustainable use of natural resources to support jobs and enterprise. We help businesses and developers to understand and consider environmental limits when they make important decisions. We work to maintain and improve the quality of the environment for everyone and we work towards making the environment and our natural resources more resilient to climate change and other pressures. Evidence at Natural Resources Wales Natural Resources Wales is an evidence based organisation. We seek to ensure that our strategy, decisions, operations and advice to Welsh Government and others are underpinned by sound and quality-assured evidence. We recognise that it is critically important to have a good understanding of our changing environment. We will realise this vision by: • Maintaining and developing the technical specialist skills of our staff; • Securing our data and information; • Having a well resourced proactive programme of evidence work; • Continuing to review and add to our evidence to ensure it is fit for the challenges facing us; and • Communicating our evidence in an open and transparent way.