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Rote Liste Der Schnecken Und Muscheln (Mollusca) Thüringens
Rote Liste der Schnecken und Muscheln (Mollusca) Thüringens Rhön-Quellschnecke, Bythinella compressa, Fischbach, Rhön, 1997. (Aufn. F. JuliCh) 75 Rote Liste der Schnecken und Muscheln (Mollusca) Thüringens 3. Fassung, Stand: 04/2011 ulrich Bössneck und Dietrich von knorre Einleitung Die im Binnenland Deutschlands bislang rezent hohen Zahl stenöker Arten sind Mollusken ins- nachgewiesenen 369 Molluskenarten gehö- besondere durch einen kleinen Aktionsradius ren ausschließlich zu den Schnecken und Mu- und stark eingeschränkte aktive Ausbreitungs- scheln (JungBluth & von knorre 2009). Während möglichkeiten gekennzeichnet. Diese geringe viele Vertreter dieser zwei artenreichsten Klas- Flexibilität bei gleichzeitig hohem Spezialisie- sen der Weichtiere marin leben, besiedeln sie rungsgrad führt unter Umständen bereits bei darüber hinaus auch brackische, limnische und unbedeutend erscheinenden Veränderungen terrestrische Habitate. Da in den letzten Jahr- der Lebensbedingungen zu merklichen Ver- zehnten Ökologie und Verbreitung der einzel- änderungen der Mollusken-Gemeinschaften. nen Arten immer besser bekannt wurden, gel- Dies kann von einer Verringerung der Individu- ten Muscheln und Schnecken mittlerweile als endichten bis zum Aussterben einzelner Arten nahezu ideale Indikatorgruppen. Neben einer reichen. Durch die Erhaltungsfähigkeit der bei Lebensraum wertvoller Großmuschelarten – naturnaher, mit mehreren tiefen Kolken ausgestatteter Abschnitt der Rodach zwischen Thüringen und Bayern. (Aufn. u. BössneCK) 76 den meisten Arten vorhandenen Kalkgehäu- -
Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Acta Biol. Univ. Daugavp. 10 (2) 2010 ISSN 1407 - 8953 MATERIALS ON LATVIAN EUMOLPINAE HOPE, 1840 (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) Andris Bukejs Bukejs A. 2010. Materials on Latvian Eumolpinae Hope, 1840 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Acta Biol. Univ. Daugavp., 10 (2): 107 -114. Faunal, phenological and bibliographical information on Latvian Eumolpinae are presented in the current paper. Bibliographycal analysis on this leaf-beetles subfamily in Latvia is made for the first time. An annotated list of Latvian Eumolpinae including 4 species of 3 genera is given. Key words: Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Eumolpinae, Latvia, fauna, bibliography. Andris Bukejs. Institute of Systematic Biology, Daugavpils University, Vienības 13, Daugavpils, LV-5401, Latvia; [email protected] INTRODUCTION (Precht 1818, Fleischer 1829). Subsequently, more than 15 works were published. Scarce faunal The subfamily Eumolpinae Hope, 1840 includes records can also be found in following other more than 500 genera and 7000 species distributed articles (Lindberg 1932; Pūtele 1974, 1981a; mainly in the tropics and subtropics (Jolivet & Stiprais 1977; Rūtenberga 1992; Barševskis 1993, Verma 2008). Of them, 11 species of 6 genera are 1997; Telnov & Kalniņš 2003; Telnov et al. 2006, known from eastern Europe (Bieńkowski 2004), 2010; Bukejs & Telnov 2007). and only 4 species of 3 genera – from Fennoscandia and Baltiae (Silfverberg 2004). Imagoes of Eumolpinae feed on leaves of host plants; larvae occur in the soil, feed on In Latvian fauna, 3 genera and 4 species of underground parts of plants; pupate in the soil Eumolpinae are known. In adjacent territories, the (Bieńkowski 2004). number of registered Eumolpinae species slightly varies: Belarus – 5 species are recorded (Lopatin The aim of the current work is to summarize & Nesterova 2005), Estonia – 3 species information on Eumolpinae in Latvia. -
Faune De France Hémiptères Coreoidea Euro-Méditerranéens
1 FÉDÉRATION FRANÇAISE DES SOCIÉTÉS DE SCIENCES NATURELLES 57, rue Cuvier, 75232 Paris Cedex 05 FAUNE DE FRANCE FRANCE ET RÉGIONS LIMITROPHES 81 HÉMIPTÈRES COREOIDEA EUROMÉDITERRANÉENS Addenda et Corrigenda à apporter à l’ouvrage par Pierre MOULET Illustré de 3 planches de figures et d'une photographie couleur 2013 2 Addenda et Corrigenda à apporter à l’ouvrage « Hémiptères Coreoidea euro-méditerranéens » (Faune de France, vol. 81, 1995) Pierre MOULET Museum Requien, 67 rue Joseph Vernet, F – 84000 Avignon [email protected] Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, 1910 (France) Photo J.-C. STREITO 3 Depuis la parution du volume Coreoidea de la série « Faune de France », de nombreuses publications, essentiellement faunistiques, ont paru qui permettent de préciser les données bio-écologiques ou la distribution de nombreuses espèces. Parmi ces publications il convient de signaler la « Checklist » de FARACI & RIZZOTTI-VLACH (1995) pour l’Italie, celle de V. PUTSHKOV & P. PUTSHKOV (1997) pour l’Ukraine, la seconde édition du « Verzeichnis der Wanzen Mitteleuropas » par GÜNTHER & SCHUSTER (2000) et l’impressionnante contribution de DOLLING (2006) dans le « Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region ». En outre, certains travaux qui m’avaient échappé ou m’étaient inconnus lors de la préparation de cet ouvrage ont été depuis ré-analysés ou étudiés. Enfin, les remarques qui m’ont été faites directement ou via des notes scientifiques sont ici discutées ; MATOCQ (1996) a fait paraître une longue série de corrections à laquelle on se reportera avec profit. - - - Glandes thoraciques : p. 10 ─ Ligne 10, après « considérés ici » ajouter la note infrapaginale suivante : Toutefois, DAVIDOVA-VILIMOVA, NEJEDLA & SCHAEFER (2000) ont observé une aire d’évaporation chez Corizus hyoscyami, Liorhyssus hyalinus, Brachycarenus tigrinus, Rhopalus maculatus et Rh. -
C10 Beano2.Gen-Wis
LEGUMINOSAE PART DEUX Papilionoideae, Genista to Wisteria Revised May the 4th 2015 BEAN FAMILY 2 Pediomelum PAPILIONACEAE cont. Genista Petalostemum Glycine Pisum Glycyrrhiza Psoralea Hylodesmum Psoralidium Lathyrus Robinia Lespedeza Securigera Lotus Strophostyles Lupinus Tephrosia Medicago Thermopsis Melilotus Trifolium Onobrychis Vicia Orbexilum Wisteria Oxytropis Copyrighted Draft GENISTA Linnaeus DYER’S GREENWEED Fabaceae Genista Genis'ta (jen-IS-ta or gen-IS-ta) from a Latin name, the Plantagenet kings & queens of England took their name, planta genesta, from story of William the Conqueror, as setting sail for England, plucked a plant holding tenaciously to a rock on the shore, stuck it in his helmet as symbol to hold fast in risky undertaking; from Latin genista (genesta) -ae f, the plant broom. Alternately from Celtic gen, or French genet, a small shrub (w73). A genus of 80-90 spp of small trees, shrubs, & herbs native of Eurasia. Genista tinctoria Linnaeus 1753 DYER’S GREENWEED, aka DYER’S BROOM, WOADWAXEN, WOODWAXEN, (tinctorius -a -um tinctor'ius (tink-TORE-ee-us or tink-TO-ree-us) New Latin, of or pertaining to dyes or able to dye, used in dyes or in dyeing, from Latin tingo, tingere, tinxi, tinctus, to wet, to soak in color; to dye, & -orius, capability, functionality, or resulting action, as in tincture; alternately Latin tinctōrius used by Pliny, from tinctōrem, dyer; at times, referring to a plant that exudes some kind of stain when broken.) An escaped shrub introduced from Europe. Shrubby, from long, woody roots. The whole plant dyes yellow, & when mixed with Woad, green. Blooms August. Now, where did I put that woad? Sow at 18-22ºC (64-71ºF) for 2-4 wks, move to -4 to +4ºC (34-39ºF) for 4-6 wks, move to 5-12ºC (41- 53ºF) for germination (tchn). -
Chapter 4 Molluscan Remains from the Valley Cores
Chapter 4 Molluscan remains from the valley cores Katrin Fenech, Chris O. Hunt, Nicholas C. Vella & Patrick J. Schembri 4.1. Introduction respectively. These studies showed the progress of the Holocene marine transgression and the infilling of the Molluscs often have quite specific environmental estuaries, and Fenech (2007) also showed the persis- requirements (Evans 1978, 82; Giusti et al. 1995; Schem- tence of open, exposed terrestrial environments in the bri et al. 2018). Many species require only a few square catchment of the Marsa estuary over c. 7000 years. At metres of habitat, so they are excellent micro-habitat the Neolithic Xagħra Brochtorff Circle (Schembriet al. indicators. Their shells can be dispersed, for instance 2009) and the Neolithic and later temple site at Tas-Silġ by running water, but generally, compared with other (Fenech & Schembri 2015), molluscan analysis demon- biotic materials used in palaeoecology (such as pollen strated long histories of anthropogenic disturbance grains or seeds), they do not disperse far from their life and sparse vegetation since the later Neolithic, but a habitat and therefore provide important indications considerable portion of these studies was done on shells of local environments. Alkaline sediments, which are recovered by troweling and dry sieving with a large very common in the Maltese Islands, will preserve fraction and therefore subject to a form of taphonomic molluscan shells and other calcareous biogenic mate- bias caused by the exclusion of most very small taxa. rial over thousands of years. This makes the analysis Analysis of a cave fill near Victoria on Gozo, based on of molluscan shells potentially a very important tool assemblages recovered by sieving, identified a phase for the reconstruction of past environments in Malta. -
Contribution to the Heteroptera Fauna of the Balkan Peninsula
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Scopolia, Journal of the Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Ljubljana Jahr/Year: 1990 Band/Volume: Suppl_1 Autor(en)/Author(s): Günther Hannes Artikel/Article: Contribution to the Heteroptera fauna of the Balkan peninsula. 39-52 ©SlovenianSCQPQLIA Museum of Suppl. Natural History, 1, pp. Ljubljana, 39-52, Slovenia; Nov. download 1990 www.biologiezentrum.at 39 Contribution to the Heteroptera fauna of the Balkan peninsula Hannes GÜNTHER Eisenacherstraße 25, D-6507 Ingelheim Received: September 10th, 1989 Keywords: Heteroptera, Balkans, Greece, fauna ABSTRACT - A list of Heteroptera from Greece containing 325 species from 95 localities is presented. The specimens were collected by 12 entomologists including the author. Four species (Amblytylus delicatus. Blissus putoni Ceraleptus brevicornis and E ury d e m a rotundicolle are new records for the Greek fauna and Blissus putoni is for the first time reported in Europe. IZVLEČEK - PRISPEVEK K FAVNI STENIC BALKANSKEGA POLOTOKA - Avtor navaja favnistične podatke za 325 vrst stenic (Heteroptera)jz 95 lokalitet v Grčiji. Materijal je zbralo 12 entomologov vključno z avtorjem prispevka. Štiri vrsteAmblytylus delicatus. Blissus putoni. Ceraleptus brevicornis and Eurydema rotundicolle so prvič ugotovljene v Grčiji, vrstaBlissus putoni je prvič ugotovljena v Evropi. During the last decade several entomologists have been on collecting trips in the Balkan peninsula. Some of them have sent me Heteroptera material which they collected in addition to the insects of their own special groups. In this paper, I present the material collected in Greece by Drs. M. ASCHE and H. HOCH (Marburg Germany), E. -
Fauna of New Zealand Ko Te Aitanga Pepeke O Aotearoa
aua o ew eaa Ko te Aiaga eeke o Aoeaoa IEEAE SYSEMAICS AISOY GOU EESEAIES O ACAE ESEAC ema acae eseac ico Agicuue & Sciece Cee P O o 9 ico ew eaa K Cosy a M-C aiièe acae eseac Mou Ae eseac Cee iae ag 917 Aucka ew eaa EESEAIE O UIESIIES M Emeso eame o Eomoogy & Aima Ecoogy PO o ico Uiesiy ew eaa EESEAIE O MUSEUMS M ama aua Eiome eame Museum o ew eaa e aa ogaewa O o 7 Weigo ew eaa EESEAIE O OESEAS ISIUIOS awece CSIO iisio o Eomoogy GO o 17 Caea Ciy AC 1 Ausaia SEIES EIO AUA O EW EAA M C ua (ecease ue 199 acae eseac Mou Ae eseac Cee iae ag 917 Aucka ew eaa Fauna of New Zealand Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa Number / Nama 38 Naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora (Mousca Gasooa Gay M ake acae eseac iae ag 317 amio ew eaa 4 Maaaki Whenua Ρ Ε S S ico Caeuy ew eaa 1999 Coyig © acae eseac ew eaa 1999 o a o is wok coee y coyig may e eouce o coie i ay om o y ay meas (gaic eecoic o mecaica icuig oocoyig ecoig aig iomaio eiea sysems o oewise wiou e wie emissio o e uise Caaoguig i uicaio AKE G Μ (Gay Micae 195— auase eesia Syommaooa (Mousca Gasooa / G Μ ake — ico Caeuy Maaaki Weua ess 1999 (aua o ew eaa ISS 111-533 ; o 3 IS -7-93-5 I ie 11 Seies UC 593(931 eae o uIicaio y e seies eio (a comee y eo Cosy usig comue-ase e ocessig ayou scaig a iig a acae eseac M Ae eseac Cee iae ag 917 Aucka ew eaa Māoi summay e y aco uaau Cosuas Weigo uise y Maaaki Weua ess acae eseac O o ico Caeuy Wesie //wwwmwessco/ ie y G i Weigo o coe eoceas eicuaum (ue a eigo oaa (owe (IIusao G M ake oucio o e coou Iaes was ue y e ew eaIa oey oa ue oeies eseac -
Draft Carpathian Red List of Forest Habitats
CARPATHIAN RED LIST OF FOREST HABITATS AND SPECIES CARPATHIAN LIST OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES (DRAFT) PUBLISHED BY THE STATE NATURE CONSERVANCY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC 2014 zzbornik_cervenebornik_cervene zzoznamy.inddoznamy.indd 1 227.8.20147.8.2014 222:36:052:36:05 © Štátna ochrana prírody Slovenskej republiky, 2014 Editor: Ján Kadlečík Available from: Štátna ochrana prírody SR Tajovského 28B 974 01 Banská Bystrica Slovakia ISBN 978-80-89310-81-4 Program švajčiarsko-slovenskej spolupráce Swiss-Slovak Cooperation Programme Slovenská republika This publication was elaborated within BioREGIO Carpathians project supported by South East Europe Programme and was fi nanced by a Swiss-Slovak project supported by the Swiss Contribution to the enlarged European Union and Carpathian Wetlands Initiative. zzbornik_cervenebornik_cervene zzoznamy.inddoznamy.indd 2 115.9.20145.9.2014 223:10:123:10:12 Table of contents Draft Red Lists of Threatened Carpathian Habitats and Species and Carpathian List of Invasive Alien Species . 5 Draft Carpathian Red List of Forest Habitats . 20 Red List of Vascular Plants of the Carpathians . 44 Draft Carpathian Red List of Molluscs (Mollusca) . 106 Red List of Spiders (Araneae) of the Carpathian Mts. 118 Draft Red List of Dragonfl ies (Odonata) of the Carpathians . 172 Red List of Grasshoppers, Bush-crickets and Crickets (Orthoptera) of the Carpathian Mountains . 186 Draft Red List of Butterfl ies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of the Carpathian Mts. 200 Draft Carpathian Red List of Fish and Lamprey Species . 203 Draft Carpathian Red List of Threatened Amphibians (Lissamphibia) . 209 Draft Carpathian Red List of Threatened Reptiles (Reptilia) . 214 Draft Carpathian Red List of Birds (Aves). 217 Draft Carpathian Red List of Threatened Mammals (Mammalia) . -
Catalogue of Latvian Leaf-Beetles (Coleoptera: Megalopodidae, Orsodacnidae & Chrysomelidae)
Latvijas Entomologs 2013, 52: 3-57. 3 Catalogue of Latvian leaf-beetles (Coleoptera: Megalopodidae, Orsodacnidae & Chrysomelidae) ANDRIS BUKEJS Vienības iela 42-29, LV-5401, Daugavpils, Latvia; e-mail: [email protected] BUKEjS A. 2013. Catalogue OF Latvian LEAF-BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: MEGALOPODIDAE, ORSODACNIDAE & Chrysomelidae). – Latvijas Entomologs 52: 3-57. Abstract: Critical catalogue of Latvian leaf-beetles (Megalopodidae, Orsodacnidae & Chrysomelidae) is presented. In the current work all available bibliography on Latvian leaf-beetles are reviewed and analyzed. In total, 326 species are confirmed from Latvia till now, although few of them are known from the old records only, and their occurrence in the local fauna should be confirmed by new material. All doubtful species recorded till now from Latvia are commented and removed from the list. Key words: Coleoptera, Megalopodidae, Orsodacnidae, Chrysomelidae, Latvia, fauna, bibliography, catalogue. Introduction Kaliningrad region (Russian enclave in Central Europe) – 280 (Alekseev 2003; Leaf-beetles, represented by 30 000–50 Bukejs, Alekseev 2009, 2012; Alekseev, 000 species, are one of the largest families of Bukejs 2010, 2011; Alekseev et al. 2012). the order Coleoptera worldwide (Bieńkowski The first information on leaf-beetles 2004; Brovdij 1985; jolivet 1988). They (Chrysomelidae s. l.) from the present territory are phytophagous: imagines mostly occur of Latvia was published in the second half of on leaves and flowers, larvae mostly feed the 18th century in the works of j.B. Fischer on leaves and roots, occasionally larvae are (1778, 1784, 1791). In the first edition of saprophagous or carpophagous. Some species his monograph describing nature of Livland of leaf-beetles are considered serious pests (Fischer 1778), three species of leaf-beetles, of agriculture and forestry (Kryzhanovskij Cassida viridis LINNAEUS, 1758, Phratora 1974; Lopatin, Nesterova 2005). -
Het Geslacht Pancalia in Nederland (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae)
Het geslacht Pancalia in Nederland (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) J. C. Koster KOSTER, J. C, 1991. THE GENUS PANCALIA IN THE NETHERLANDS (LEPIDOPTERA: COSMOPTERI¬ GIDAE). - ENT BER., AMST 51 (8): 101-107. Abstract: Revision of Dutch material of the genus Pancalia (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) revealed not only the already known species leuwenhoekella and latreillella, but also nodosella, which is recorded here for the first time from The Netherlands. This species is confined to the dunes in the coastal area, whereas the other two species have been recorded only from the interior part of the country. Differening characters between the three species are given inclusive the genitalia of both sexes. The distribution and phenology of three species of the genus Pancalia in The Netherlands are presented. Van Brederodestraat 53, 1759 VG Callantsoog. Inleiding De soorten van het geslacht Pancalia Stephens 1882). Pas nadat de genitaliën van de soorten zijn sterk gebonden aan het plantengeslacht werden onderzocht, kwam er duidelijkheid Viola L. Als voedselplanten worden onder an¬ over het soortenonderscheid. dere het ruig viooltje ( Viola hirta L.), het Er zijn nu drie soorten bekend in Europa: hondsviooltje ( Viola canina L.) en het driekleu¬ Pancalia leuwenhoekella, Linnaeus, P latreil¬ rig viooltje ( Viola tricolor L.) genoemd (Gae- lella Curtis en P nodosella Bruand (Gaedike, dike, 1967; Riedl, 1969; Emmet, 1979; Zaguly- 1967; Riedl, 1969; Zagulyaev & Sinev, 1981). aev & Sinev, 1981). Gezien het feit dat het Vooral de laatste soort heeft voor veel verwar¬ hondsviooltje en het duinviooltje ( Viola curtisii ring gezorgd. Ze is in een kort tijdsbestek door Forster) in het Zwanen water te Callants¬ vier auteurs beschreven onder dezelfde soort¬ oog algemeen voorkomen, keek ik al enige naam, maar uit onderzoek is gebleken dat Bru¬ jaren uit naar deze vlinders. -
The Distribution, Habitat, and the Nature Conservation Value of a Natura 2000 Beetle, Carabus Hungaricus Fabricius, 1792 in Hungary
L. Penev, T. Erwin, T. Assmann (eds) 2008 BACK TO THE ROOTS OR BACK TO THE FUTURE . TOWARDS A NEW SYNTHESIS AMONGST TAXONOMIC , ECOLOGICAL AND BIOGEOGRAPHICAL APPORACHES IN CARABIDOLOGY . Proceedings of the XIII European Carabidologists Meeting, Blagoevgrad, August 20-24, 2007, pp. 363-372 @ Pensoft Publishers Sofia-Moscow The distribution, habitat, and the nature conservation value of a Natura 2000 beetle, Carabus hungaricus Fabricius, 1792 in Hungary Sándor Bérces 1, Gy őző Szél 2, Viktor Ködöböcz 3, Csaba Kutasi 4 1Duna-Ipoly National Park Directorate H-1021 Budapest, H űvösvölgyi út 52., e-mail: [email protected], 2 Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1088 Budapest, Baross u. 13., 3Hortobágy National Park Directorate, H-4024 Debrecen, Sumen u. 2. 4Bakony Natural History Museum H-8420 Zirc, Rákóczi tér 3-5. SUMMARY Carabus hungaricus Fabricius, 1792 usually inhabits sandy grasslands and dolomitic grass-lands in Hungary. It is listed in the Habitat Directive and it is a characteristic species of the Pannonian biogeographic region. This paper summarizes all available data (literature data, personal communications, all available museum specimens, original research) on the current distribution of Carabus hungaricus in Hungary making use of GIS. The most numerous populations of this carabid beetle live in Pannonic sand steppe biotopes, the most vulnerable of the dolomitic grasslands. In Hungary, Carabus hungaricus is a vulnerable species according to the IUCN criteria. Known habitat types, habitat preferences, co- occurring ground beetle species, and endangering environmental factors are discussed. Keywords : Natura 2000, Carabus hungaricus , nature conservation, distribution, Hungary INTRODUCTION In the Pannonian biogeographical region, Carabus hungaricus Fabricius, 1792 is a species of community interest, whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation. -
From Chewing to Sucking Via Phylogeny—From Sucking to Chewing Via Ontogeny: Mouthparts of Neuroptera
Chapter 11 From Chewing to Sucking via Phylogeny—From Sucking to Chewing via Ontogeny: Mouthparts of Neuroptera Dominique Zimmermann, Susanne Randolf, and Ulrike Aspöck Abstract The Neuroptera are highly heterogeneous endopterygote insects. While their relatives Megaloptera and Raphidioptera have biting mouthparts also in their larval stage, the larvae of Neuroptera are characterized by conspicuous sucking jaws that are used to imbibe fluids, mostly the haemolymph of prey. They comprise a mandibular and a maxillary part and can be curved or straight, long or short. In the pupal stages, a transformation from the larval sucking to adult biting and chewing mouthparts takes place. The development during metamorphosis indicates that the larval maxillary stylet contains the Anlagen of different parts of the adult maxilla and that the larval mandibular stylet is a lateral outgrowth of the mandible. The mouth- parts of extant adult Neuroptera are of the biting and chewing functional type, whereas from the Mesozoic era forms with siphonate mouthparts are also known. Various food sources are used in larvae and in particular in adult Neuroptera. Morphological adaptations of the mouthparts of adult Neuroptera to the feeding on honeydew, pollen and arthropods are described in several examples. New hypoth- eses on the diet of adult Nevrorthidae and Dilaridae are presented. 11.1 Introduction The order Neuroptera, comprising about 5820 species (Oswald and Machado 2018), constitutes together with its sister group, the order Megaloptera (about 370 species), and their joint sister group Raphidioptera (about 250 species) the superorder Neuropterida. Neuroptera, formerly called Planipennia, are distributed worldwide and comprise 16 families of extremely heterogeneous insects.