Storia Romana Periodizzazione Della Storia Romana

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Storia Romana Periodizzazione Della Storia Romana socialismo.info Prima edizione 2019 Proprietà riservata MIKOS TARSIS L'IMPERO ROMANO I dalla monarchia alla repubblica L'età dei nostri padri, peggiore di quella degli avi, ha generato noi, che stiamo per dare alla luce una generazione ancora più viziosa. Orazio Amazon Nato a Milano nel 1954, laureatosi a Bologna in Filosofia nel 1977, già docente di storia e filosofia, Mikos Tarsis (alias di Enrico Galavotti) si è interessato per tutta la vita a due principali argomenti: Umanesimo Laico e Socialismo Democratico, che ha trattato in homo- laicus.com e che ora sta trattando in quartaricerca.it e in socialismo.info. Per contattarlo: [email protected] o [email protected] o [email protected] Sue pubblicazioni su Amazon.it Premessa Premessa La storia di Roma nasce con un omicidio (l'agricoltore Ro- molo eliminò il fratello allevatore Remo) e termina col crollo rovi- noso dell'area occidentale dell'impero, invasa da tribù germaniche e asiatiche. Curiosamente anche l'ultimo imperatore romano di que- st'area si chiamerà come il leggendario fondatore della “città eter- na”, Romolo. Per oltre mille anni di storia si era passati, senza soluzione di continuità, da un eccidio all'altro: un'infinità di guerre civili, di ceto e di classe, tra patrizi e plebei, tra liberi e schiavi, tra Romani e Itali- ci, tra Italici e periferici, tra cittadini e non, tra pagani ed ebrei e cri- stiani, ma anche tra aristocrazia e borghesia (i cosiddetti equites), tra senatori e militari e tra le legioni dei vari generali pretendenti al tro- no imperiale; e poi le guerre di conquista contro popolazioni inermi, giudicate “barbare” solo perché non parlavano né greco né latino, colpevoli di non voler accettare il nuovo dominatore imperiale; e in- fine le guerre di difesa, quando i cosiddetti “barbari” cominciarono a capire che per eliminare questo flagello dell'umanità bisognava pren- dere le cose molto seriamente, dotarsi di armi equivalenti e formare delle federazioni tribali. Perfino quando costruivano le strade i Romani erano senza scrupoli: dovevano essere tutte dritte per facilitare il transito delle le- gioni e dei mezzi di trasporto a scopo commerciale, a dispetto di qualunque orografia. Tutte le lingue furono spazzate via in nome del latino, tutti gli usi e i costumi locali in nome del diritto romano, fondamental- mente basato sulla tutela della proprietà privata. Per oltre quattro se- coli s'impose una feroce dittatura militare, i cui sovrani si considera- vano “figli di dio”: un dio pagano fino a Diocleziano, un dio cristia- no a partire da Costantino. Quest'ultimo riuscì a porre le basi per sal- vaguardare almeno l'area orientale dell'impero, abbandonando a se stessa quella occidentale, dominata da un individualismo esasperato, col quale non si poté in alcun modo impedire il dilagare delle “orde barbariche”, che tutti gli schiavi consideravano dei “liberatori”. Ancora oggi gli storici definiscono l'impero romano il più potente della storia antica. Si potrebbe anche aggiungere, senza pau- 5 Premessa ra d'essere smentiti: umanamente il peggiore, soprattutto quello del- l'area occidentale. Purtroppo la storia ha voluto – a testimonianza che se il bambino cattivo non viene soffocato nella culla, da grande lo farà lui coi suoi genitori – che i cosiddetti “barbari” siano entrati in Europa occidentale solo dopo aver rinunciato al loro stile di vita tribale, quello primitivo, basato su caccia e pesca, taglia e brucia, su raccolta spontanea dei frutti e sul periodico nomadismo. Stando a continuo contatto con le civiltà schiavistiche (assiro-babilonese, indiana, cine- se, greca e romana, di cui l'ultima quella decisiva), essi avevano ap- preso il peggio: le differenze di ceto e di classe, l'uso della proprietà privata e del denaro, il maschilismo patriarcale, l'assoggettamento della natura. Sicché quando entrarono in occidente non riuscirono a creare una vera alternativa allo schiavismo, ma solo una via di mez- zo tra lo schiavismo e l'antico comunitarismo primitivo, che gli stori- ci chiamarono servitù della gleba o servaggio. p.s. Si è deciso di mettere in maiuscolo i nomi delle tribù o etnie o di popolazioni specifiche o di stirpi o dinastie quando vengo- no usati in maniera sostantivata, non aggettivata, anche se nella lin- gua italiana, a differenza di quelle anglo-sassoni, non è indispensabi- le farlo. Viceversa, parole come senato, impero, imperatore, basi- leus, chiesa, re, regno, oriente, occidente, lega, federazione... sono sempre minuscole, salvo eccezioni motivate (la parola Stato è invece sempre maiuscola, per non confonderla col participio passato del verbo essere). Si è inoltre preferito, anche per agevolare i calcoli, usare i tre zeri per indicare le migliaia. Si ricorda anche che la lettura di questo libro non può pre- scindere da quella dell'altro, La cultura romana (ed. Amazon), in cui si affrontano questioni filosofiche, religiose, artistiche e di altro ge- nere. E si raccomanda anche la lettura di Cristianesimo primitivo. Dalle origini alla svolta costantiniana (ed. Amazon), scritto insieme a Lorenzo Esposito. Last but not least, si ringrazia sentitamente la collaborazione instancabile di Adriano Torricelli, già da tempo presente nel sito ho- molaicus.com e autore di una consistente Storia della Grecia classi- ca (ed. Lulu). A lui si devono molte parti sia della repubblica roma- na che dell'impero. Il testo, che sin dall'inizio aveva uno scopo mera- mente didattico, avrebbe meritato una profonda revisione e un rias- semblaggio più intelligente, poiché i capitoli, pieni di ripetizioni, li 6 Premessa abbiamo fatti separatamente, lui da Cernusco sul Naviglio, io da Ce- sena, senza confrontarci granché. Tuttavia si è preferito dedicare le ultime nostre forze ad argomenti che potessero servire per la transi- zione dall'attuale capitalismo al socialismo autogestito ed ecologico. Per molti aspetti la storia dell'impero romano assomiglia a quella che si vive oggi sotto l'egemonia statunitense. Il testo quindi può aiutarci a capire che nei tragici destini che ci attendono, molte cose inevita- bilmente si ripetono, ma non offre indicazioni pratiche su cosa fare dopo che saranno accadute. 7 Introduzione generale Introduzione generale I Fu la contesa tra allevatori e contadini che fece nascere tra i Romani la monarchia, e la leggenda di Romolo e Remo ne è la rico- struzione mitologica. Come tutte le monarchie antiche, l'agricoltura, ovvero la po- polazione stanziale, ebbe la meglio sull'allevamento, ovvero la popo- lazione nomade. Difficile dire come ciò sia potuto accadere: non possono essere stati fenomeni meramente quantitativi, come p.es. l'aumento della popolazione, a determinare una svolta così radicale. È più probabile che all'accrescere dei fenomeni quantitativi ad un certo punto deve aver fatto seguito una decisione qualitativa, che s'è posta in maniera drammatica, in aperta violazione di consuetudini condivise dalla comunità di villaggio (la leggenda suddetta non è molto diversa, sotto questo aspetto, da quella di Caino e Abele). Qui si possono fare solo alcune ipotesi: gli allevatori erano divenuti un elemento di freno allo sviluppo del villaggio; la parte più debole tra gli allevatori decise di diventare stanziale; la scoperta del- l'agricoltura portò il villaggio a sottovalutare l'importanza dell'alle- vamento… Si può inoltre dire che le popolazioni stanziali, per avere la meglio su quelle nomadi anche sul piano culturale, ebbero bisogno di darsi delle motivazioni ideologiche, o meglio mitologiche, con cui spiegare il loro atteggiamento prevaricatore. Di qui le leggende sulla discendenza troiana dei Romani, anzi dei Latini, o sulle origini semi- divine del fondatore Romolo. Il fatto che molti re romani siano stati di origine etrusca si può forse spiegare pensando che gli Etruschi erano allora la popola- zione italica più forte e Roma dovette scendere a patti con loro. Ma è anche possibile accettare l'ipotesi che furono proprio le popolazioni stanziali ad aver bisogno degli Etruschi per potersi imporre su quelle nomadi, dedite all'allevamento e contrarie alla privatizzazione della terra, salvo poi sbarazzarsi degli stessi Etruschi a vittoria ottenuta e consolidata. La nascita e lo sviluppo della monarchia, che durò due secoli 8 Introduzione generale e mezzo (753-509 a.C.), comportò l'espansione progressiva dei Ro- mani a danno delle popolazioni limitrofe, senza che per questo si riu- scisse a risolvere il principale conflitto sociale interno, quello tra le classi abbienti, i patrizi, e le classi proletarie, i plebei. Il più importante dei cosiddetti “sette re” fu senza dubbio Servio Tullio, che divise la popolazione in cinque classi di reddito, al fine di assicurare allo Stato delle entrate sicure, che non dipendes- sero unicamente dalle conquiste militari. I nullatenenti erano destinati a rimanere tali, poiché erano esclusi da qualunque diritto e persino dalla possibilità di arruolarsi nell'esercito. Quest'ultimo, a sua volta, era organizzato su base clas- sista: nella spartizione del bottino i cavalieri ottenevano di più rispet- to ai fanti con armatura pesante, e questi di più rispetto a quelli con armatura leggera. Il passaggio dalla monarchia alla repubblica aristocratica fu determinato dall'ampliarsi del potere economico di quelle classi che non potevano vantare una discendenza di alto rango. Il potere era semplicemente determinato dal possesso fondiario. Ma non è escluso che le classi aristocratiche, divenute molto potenti sul piano econo- mico, volessero sbarazzarsi della tutela politica degli Etruschi. Molto probabilmente gli Etruschi poterono essere cacciati solo dopo che le classi abbienti promisero ai plebei il riconoscimento di taluni diritti o privilegi. Forse da qui è nato il fenomeno del clien- telismo: se il plebeo aiutava il patrizio a rivendicare i propri diritti, questi poteva ricompensarlo con forme di assistenza o riconoscendo- gli la facoltà di esercitare alcuni diritti.1 Probabilmente la monarchia fu abbattuta dalle classi plebee politicamente organizzate dalle classi patrizie di nuova ricchezza, che non potevano vantare una sicura di- scendenza nobiliare.
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