mmmit ^otitell lmtter0ttH Ilibrarg Htl^aca, ^tm ^otk ^yaV B^Uain E«>W^?y Cornell University Library DG 552.7.P79 1919 Holocaust 3 1924 028 273 757 THE HOLOCAUST The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028273757 THE HOLOCAUST ITALY'S STRUGGLE WITH THE HAPSBURG BY a\ a. pons TRANSLATED BY P. R. LLOYD, M.A. Oxon. LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W. 1919 $1L. All Rights Reserved PREFACE The authoress of this book observes with truth that the Uves and characters of the great men who accom- phshed the delivery of Italy from those who oppressed it a century agcr, the Hapsburgs of Austria in the north, the Bourbons of Naples in the south, the Papal Government and some petty princes in the central parts of the peninsvda, are too Uttle known in France. This is true as respects England and America also. Among us in the great free English-speaking countries there is less knowledge than there ought to be of these glorious champions of Liberty and NationaMty. We who are now admiring the high spirit with which the ItaUan people have thrown themselves into this war, the gallantry with which Italian troops have fought beside ours for Right and Justice, for freedom and for human progress, wiU do well to read the story of those who made modem Italy, and left to the present generation shining examples of courage and devotion. The era which ItaUans call by the name of the Risorgi- mento, the uprising or resurrection of a great nation from the servitude imposed upon it by foreign arms —for it was the power of Austria which maintained all the petty tyrants—was the heroic age of modem Italy. The men who led the movement were brilliant. Besides those whom all the world remembers, Mazzini, Cavour and Garibaldi, the prophet, the statesman and the warrior, there were many others, such as Aurelio Saffi, one of the triumvirs at Rome in 1849, Daniele Manin, X PREFACE the defender of Venice, Massino d'Azeglio, the Pied- montese noble, Terenio Mamiani, Depretis and Min- ghetti, who Uved on to become Ministers after the liberation of their country under Victor Emanuel, the patriot king whom every one trusted as the soul of honour. Some, hke Mazzini and Saflfi, were idealists. Some, hke D'Azeglio and Minghetti, and, above aU, the great Cavour, were practical statesmen. But all were inspired by a lofty patriotism, and, widely as they differed in their views and their temperaments, all were inspired by a common purpose to make Italy free and to make her one. An Austrian Minister had contemptuously said that Italy was " a geographical expression." They made her a united and indepen- dent nation. Some died in the struggle. Some spent long years in exUe. But they suffered and died not in vain, and their memory deserves to be cherished, not only in Italy, but also wherever heroism is hon- oured ; and certainly not least in Britain and America, where aU the best minds and warmest hearts of those days gave sympathy to the patriots of Italy, and gave also a moral support which cheered them during the weary years when success seemed almost unattainable. The spirit of these men of the Risorgimento was a spirit with which aU the peoples and all their leaders now need to be imbued. They were Idealists in the best sense of the word. Their minds were bent upon those high and pure things in which the true welfare and happiness of nations consist. They were thinking not of territorial extensions, or the development of commerce, or other forms of material prosperity, but of freedom, of good relations between all the members of a commimity, of the brotherhood of peoples, of Duties ks well as of Rights, of the rule of jtistice in a world set free for peace in which nationalism was subordinated to the common welfare of humanity. Bryce. — — CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. The Congress of Vienna 2. Mettemich^S. The Emperor Francis II—4. The policy of his successor, who became an ally of the Holy See—5. The gentle methods of reaction in Tuscany —6. The violoit reaction : the censorship—7. The edncational system 8. Commerce 9. — — The despots : Ferdinand II Francis n—Francis TV of Modena, Ferdinand IV, Grand-duke of Lorraine— 10. The Popes : Pius VII, Leo XII, Gr^ory XVI, Pius IX. ..... pp. 1-25 PART I THE AWAKENERS CHAPTER I THE SPARK UNDER THE ASHES Summary : i, Italy's apocryphal decease—2. Memory the source of life—3. The study of history the starting-point of the literary renaissance-^4. The patriot-'writers—5. Prison or exile their portion—6. Indepraidoice of character traditional among men of letters and sdiolars—7. Intellectual contraband. pp. 2&-39 CHAPTER II THE FORERUNKERS Summary : i. VrrroBio Ai,FtERi—2. As dramatist—3. His dramas a school for liberty and stoic virtue—4. His politiral programme —5. Ugo Foscolo—6. The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis, the " breviary of the young patriots—7. A sepulctual poem : The Sepulclies." ....... pp. 40-46 —: xii CONTENTS CHAPTER III MANZONI AND HIS FRIENDS (MILAN) Summary : {a) Alessandro Manzoni. (6) i. Silvio Pellico, the soul of the Condliatore—^. The prisoner's memoirs——3. The confessions of an ascetic.— (c) i. Massimo D'azeglio :i. His painter's apprenticeship in the Campagna Romana 3. He settles in Milan—4. Ettore Fieramosca— 5. Niccold de' Lapi—6. The bagman of Italian independence—7. D'Azeglio's colloquy with Charles-Albert—8. A brochure " " The Romagna Affair —-g. D'Azeglio at the helm. pp. 47-63 CHAPTER rV THE FOCUS (FLORENCE) Summary : (a) i. Florence, the centre—2. Its hospitality to strangers—3. Its welcome to men of letters—4. Jean-Pierre ViEUssEux and his reading-rooms—5. The Marquis Gino Capponi, Maecenas and patriot—6. A few of his maxims. (6) I. J. B. NiccoLiNi, Antonio Foscarini and historical tragedy—2. A tragedy which marks a date in the history of the Italian stage : Arnaldo da Brescia— 3. Niccolini, the clairvoyant citizen-poet, (c) 1. Giacomo Leopardi—2. His affection for his Florence friends—3. His desire for a national literature—4. His three patriotic " canzoni." (d) i. Pietro CoLLETTA, soldier and exile—2 . His history : its impartial and artistic value— 3. His persecution at the hands of the police. pp. 64-78 CHAPTER V THE CITY OF REFUGE (TURIN) Summary : (a) i. Turin in February 1848—2. The despotism of the kings of Sardinia since the Restoration—3. The minister Solaro della Margherita's claim upon the gratitude of the public— ViNCENZo ^4. GioBERTi, philosopher— 5. His book-pro- gramme of the moral and political pre-eminence of the Italians;—6. The crusade raised by this book— 7. The Rinno- vamento included the programme of unity— 8. Cesare Balbo —9. A king's noble end— 10. Turin, under Victor Emanuel, becomes the last refuge, (b) 1. Camillo Benso di CavourJ — — CONTENtS xiil agricnltnrisl!—2. His travels and his writings—3. He founds the Risorgimento—4. His courageous maiden speech in Parlia- ment—5. His assumption of the premiership—6. His day's work—7. Piedmont in the Crimea—8. The Franco-Italian alliance against Austria—9. The question of Rome: A Free Church in a Free State— 10. The dying man's vision— 11. Pane- gyric of Cavour in the English Parliament. pp. 79-I02 PART II THE INDOMITABLES CHAPTER VI GIORGIO PALLAVICINO TRIVULZIO Summary : i. Giorgio Pallaa^cino Trtvuizio : Early recollec- tions 'Z. Confalonieri entrusts him with a perilous mission 3. His arrest and condemnation—4. The Spielberg and its torments—5. Moral tortures—6. How the prisoner kills his time—7. He is moved to Gradisca jaU—8. A drama in the dungeon—9. Prison diet— 10. At Lubiana— 11. At Prague 12. At San Fiorana— 13. He resumes his political activities 14. He rallies partisans to the house of Savoy, and gains Gioberti and Manin to his cause— 15. His struggles with the Republicans and Muratians— 16. Appointed Pro-Director at Naples— 17. His philanthropic initiatives at San Fiorano. pp. 105-134 CHAPTER VII JUSTICE UNDER THE BOURBONS Summary : i. W. E. Gladstone, the friend of the oppressed Italians. His charges against the Bourbons of Naples—2. The prisons swarm with victims—3. The scandal of the long terms of imprisonment before trial—4. The case of Carlo PoERio—5. The chains—6. How Gladstone visited the con- victs—7. MiCHELE PiRONTi, chain- Companion to Poerio. PP- *35-i45 ; xiv CONTENTS CHAPTER VIII LUIGI SETTEMBRINI recollections of childliood Summary : i. LuiGi Setxembrini, early — 2. Why he was arrested at Catanzaro and made to lapguish " " in the prisons of St. Mary at Naples—3. At the Vicaria : he is acquitted, but is still kept in prison for fifteen months he is given his freedom—4. He publishes the Protesta—5. letter Though innocent, he is condemned to death ; his farewell to his wife—6. His sentence commuted—7. He is thrown into the jail at Santo Stefano—8. The martyr's prayer— 9. His sketches of the criminals in his cell— 10. He translates Lucian— 11. He is comparatively happy in the jail hospital— 12. He receives a visit from his wife and daughter— 13. Release from jail and voyage to America. How the ship changed route and lauded the political convicts in Great Britain— 14, The greatness of the citizen in his freed country.