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History and Theology of Korean Pentecostalism: Sunbogeum (Pure Gospel) Pentecostalism

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History and Theology of Korean Pentecostalism: Sunbogeum (Pure Gospel) Pentecostalism History and theology of Korean pentecostalism: Sunbogeum (pure gospel) pentecostalism History and theology of Korean pentecostalism: Sunbogeum (pure gospel) pentecostalism An attempt to research the history of the largest congregation in church history and the theology of its pastor Yonggi Cho Ig-Jin Kim Uitgeverij Boekencentrum, Zoetermeer This publication is no. 35 in the Mission series (Missiological Research in the Netherlands). Editorial board: Dr. G.J. van Butselaar Dr. Th. van den End Prof.dr. J.A.B. Jongeneel Prof.dr. A.M. Kool Dr. J.J. Visser Cover design Oblong, Jet Frenken ISBN 90 239 1536 4 NUR 712 © 2003 Uitgeverij Boekencentrum, Zoetermeer (The Netherlands) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise – without written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in articles or reviews. MISSION - Missiologisch onderzoek in Nederland / Missiological research in the Netherlands Table of Contents PREFACE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS GLOSSARY OF KOREAN TERMS WITH CHINESE CHARACTERS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Statement of the Problem 1 1.2. Methodology 4 1.3. Structure of the Study 5 1.4. Sources 5 1.4.1. Primary Sources 6 1.4.2. Secondary Sources 6 1.4.3. General Literature 6 1.5. Terminology 7 PART I. MODERN HISTORY OF KOREA, KOREAN RELIGIONS AND KOREAN CHURCHES AS CONTEXT OF SUNBOGEUM PENTECOSTALISM 2. MODERN HISTORY OF KOREA 8 2.1. Introduction 9 2.2. Choseon Dynasty Opened to the World Powers (1876-1910) 9 2.3. Japanese Colony (1910-1945) 12 2.4. Korea after the Second World War (1945ff) 14 2.5. Conclusion 16 3. MODERN HISTORY OF KOREAN RELIGIONS 18 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Korean Traditional Religions 18 3.2.1. Hananim (One God in Heaven) 19 3.2.2. Shamanism 22 3.3. Immigrant Religions in Korea 24 3.3.1. Buddhism 24 3.3.2. Confucianism 25 3.3.3. Taoism 28 3.4. Modern Folkreligions 29 3.5. Conclusion 29 4. MODERN HISTORY OF KOREAN CHURCHES 31 4.1. Introduction 31 4.2. Roman Catholic Church (1794ff) 31 I 4.3. Protestantism (1884ff) 33 4.3.1. Korea as a Mission Field: Foreign Missionary Societies (1884-1912) 33 4.3.1.1. Prehistory: European Missionaries (1875-1884) 33 4.3.1.2. American Missionaries in Residence (1884ff) 34 4.3.1.3. Background of the American Missionaries (1884ff) 35 4.3.1.4. The First Revival in Korea (1903-1907) 36 4.3.2. Independent Korean Churches: The Korean Presbyterian Church and Other Korean Churches (1912ff) 42 4.3.2.1. The Trial of Independent Korean Churches under Japanese Imperialism (1912-1945) 42 4.3.2.2. Communism (1945-1953) 46 4.3.2.3. Expansion, Schisms and Theological Developments in the Independent Korean Churches (1953ff) 46 4.4. Christian Sects 50 4.5. Conclusion 51 PART II. HISTORY OF SUNBOGEUM PENTECOSTALISM 5. BIRTH AND EARLY HISTORY OF PENTECOSTALISM IN KOREA (1928-1953) 53 5.1. Introduction 54 5.2. Pentecostalism as a Worldwide Movement 54 5.3. The Establishment of Pentecostalism in Korea (1928-1939) 56 5.3.1. The Activities of Foreign Missionaries 56 5.3.1.1. Mary C. Rumsey (1928-1939) 57 5.3.1.2. Other Women Missionaries (1930-1939) 60 5.3.2. The Service of Indigenous Leaders 62 5.3.2.1. Soeng-San Park (1908-1956) 63 5.3.2.2. Hong Heoh (1907-1991) 64 5.3.2.3. Bu-Geun Bae (1906-1970) 65 5.3.3. The Establishment of Pentecostal Congregations and the Choseon Pentecostal Church (1932-1939) 66 5.3.3.1. Seobingo Congregation (1932-1939) 66 5.3.3.2. Suchangdong Congregation (1933-1939) 68 5.3.3.3. Choseon Pentecostal Church (1933-1939) 68 5.3.3.4. Other Pentecostal Congregations (1935-1939) 68 5.3.3.5. Korean Pentecostal Congregation in Japan (1933-1939) 69 5.3.4. Rejection of Pentecostalism by Mainline Churches 71 5.4. Korean Pentecostalism during the Second World War Period (1939-1945) 71 5.4.1. Banishment of Foreign Missionaries (1939-1940) 72 5.4.2. Suffering of Korean Pentecostal Leaders (1939-1945) 72 5.4.3. Persecution and Dispersion of Choseon Pentecostalism (1939-1942) 73 II 5.4.3.1. Persecution and Dispersion of Pentecostal Congregations (1939-1942) 73 5.4.3.2. Persecution and Dispersion of Choseon Pentecostal Church (1942) 74 5.4.4. Changes in Relations between Pentecostalism and the Mainline Protestant Churches 75 5.4.5. Korean Pentecostals in Japan (1939-1945) 76 5.5. Post-war Developments in Korean Pentecostalism (1945-1953) 76 5.5.1. No New Foreign Pentecostal Missionaries (1945-1952) 77 5.5.2. Korean Pentecostal Leaders 77 5.5.2.1. Three Old Leaders 77 5.5.2.2. New Leaders 78 5.5.2.3. Gui-Im Park (1912-1994) 80 5.5.3. New Pentecostal Congregations and Organization (1945-1950) 81 5.5.3.1. New Pentecostal Congregations (1945-1950) 82 5.5.3.2. Suncheon Pentecostal Congregation (1948ff) 82 5.5.3.3. The Second Pentecostal Organization (1950) 84 5.5.4. The Impact of the Korean War (1950-1953) 84 5.5.4.1. Pentecostal Martyrs (1950-1953) 85 5.5.4.2. Development of the Congregations and Organization of Pentecostalism (1950-1953) 86 5.5.4.3. The Involvement of the American Assemblies of God (1952) 89 5.5.5. Ongoing Rejection of Pentecostalism by the Mainline Churches 91 5.6. Conclusion 92 6. BIRTH, RAPID GROWTH, STABILIZATION AND INTEGRATION OF SUNBOGEUM PENTECOSTALISM (1953-1972) 94 6.1. Introduction 94 6.2. Birth of Sunbogeum Pentecostalism (1953-1958) 95 6.2.1. The Role of the American Assemblies of God 95 6.2.2. Inaugural General Meeting (1953) 97 6.2.3. Establishment of the Theological Institute (1953) 99 6.2.4. General Developments in the Early Stage (1953-1958) 100 6.2.5. Relations with Other Churches (1953-1958) 101 6.2.6. Internal Problems in the Early Stage (1953-1958) 102 6.2.6.1. Open Structure (1953-1957) 103 6.2.6.2. Doctrinal Disagreements and Bong-Jo Kwak (1956) 104 6.2.6.3. Schism and Hong Heoh (1956-1957) 107 6.2.7. Formation of Triple Prayer (1956-1958) 110 6.2.8. The First and Second Pentecostal Campaigns (1957-1958) 111 6.2.9. Establishment of Sunbogeum Pentecostalism (1958) 115 6.3. Ja-Sil Choe and Yonggi Cho as Founding Fathers of Sunbogeum Movement 116 III 6.3.1. Ja-Sil Choe (1915-1989) 117 6.3.2. Yonggi Cho (1936-….) 120 6.3.2.1. Biography 120 6.3.2.2. Characteristics 126 6.4. Rapid Growth and Stabilization of Sunbogeum Pentecostalism (1958-1966) 133 6.4.1. Activities of the Missionaries (1958-1966) 133 6.4.2. Development of the Congregations (1958-1966) 134 6.4.3. Development of Sunbogeum Consciousness (1958-1966) 138 6.4.4. Relations with other Churches (1958-1966) 139 6.4.5. Crisis and Wan-Sik Lee (1960-1961) 140 6.4.6. Global Conquest Project (1960-1963) 144 6.4.6.1. Seminary Enlargement and Support to the Graduates (1960) 145 6.4.6.2. The Third Campaign and Sunbogeum Revival Centre (1961) 146 6.4.6.3. The Fourth Campaign and the Expansion of Pentecostalism (1962) 148 6.4.6.4. Distribution of Literature (1963) 149 6.4.7. Basic Formation of Sunbogeum Theology (1964) 150 6.5. Indigenization of Sunbogeum Pentecostalism (1966-1972) 151 6.5.1. Name and Leadership (1966) 153 6.5.2. Development of the Seminary (1966-1972) 153 6.5.3. Development of the Congregations (1966-1972) 154 6.5.4. Activities of the Missionaries (1966-1972) 155 6.5.5. Identification of Sunbogeum Consciousness (1966-1972) 156 6.5.6. Relation with other Churches: Criticisms and Impact (1966-1972) 156 6.5.7. International Conference (1969) 158 6.5.8. Unification of Separate Pentecostal Groups (1972) 159 6.6. Conclusion 160 7. EXPANSION OF SUNBOGEUM PENTECOSTALISM INSIDE AND OUTSIDE KOREA (1973ff) 162 7.1. Introduction 162 7.2. Pentecostal World Conference in Korea (1973) 163 7.3. Expansion inside Korea (1973ff) 164 7.3.1. Yoido Sunbogeum Church (1973ff) 165 7.3.1.1. The Yoido Era (1973ff) 165 7.3.1.2. Fasting Prayer House (1973) 167 7.3.1.3. World Mission Centre (1975) 168 7.3.1.4. Mass-media Evangelization (1976) 169 7.3.1.5. Church Growth International (1976) 170 7.3.1.6. Social Welfare (1977) 171 7.3.1.7. Education and Theological Training Programmes (1978) 171 7.3.1.8. Regional Chapels (1980) 173 IV 7.3.1.9. Identity and Prospects of the Yoido Sunbogeum Church 174 7.3.2. Development of the Denomination (1973ff) 175 7.3.2.1. Three Stages (1973ff) 175 7.3.2.2. Big and Small Congregations (1973ff) 181 7.3.2.3. Pentecostal Theological Institute (1973ff) 183 7.3.2.4. Interdenominational Debate over Yonggi Cho’s Pseudo-Christianity (1983-1994) 185 7.4. Expansion outside Korea (1973ff) 187 7.4.1. Diaspora Korean Mission (1975ff) 187 7.4.2. Intercultural Mission (1991ff) 188 7.5. Conclusion 190 PART III. THEOLOGY OF SUNBOGEUM PENTECOSTALISM 8. SUNBOGEUM THEOLOGY 191 8.1. Introduction 191 8.2. Sunbogeum Theology 192 8.2.1. The Biblical Foundations of Sunbogeum Theology 193 8.2.2. Sunbogeum Theology as Korean Full Gospel Theology 193 8.2.3. Sunbogeum Theology in the Context of Shamanism and Minjung Theology 195 8.3.
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