The Effort of Global Peace Foundation in Building Peace between South and

Alviana Nabilah Zimam

20130510121

Abstract

The conflict between and North Korea is a prolonged conflict since

1945. Many states have involved to reconcile and solve the problem between these two states.

Unfortunately, the problem solving is failed until now. However, many of NGOs have involved reconciling South Korea and North Korea. Global Peace Foundation (GPF) is one of international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) concerned on peacebuilding that also tries to solve this problem. This undergraduate thesis will analyze how the effort of Global

Peace Foundation in building peace between South Korea and North Korea. In order to describe it, this undergraduate thesis using concept of Peace by Johan Galtung and concept of

NGO’s Role by David C. Korten. The data collected in this undergraduate thesis are primary data from GPF’s member as the relevant parties, and secondary data from books, journals, and articles. This research found that GPF build peace between South Korea and North Korea by campaigning the unification of Korea in Korean peninsula and worldwide level.

Keywords:

South Korea, North Korea, INGO, Global Peace Foundation, Peacebuilding, Unification

of Korea

Introduction Peninsula is the government of South

Global Peace Foundation (GPF) is an Korea. This decision was increasing the

International Non-Governmental tension between South Korea and North

Organization (INGO) that concern on Korea and triggered war since 1950-1953 peacebuilding. GPF’s vision is “one family (Seung-Yoon & Setiawati, Sejarah Korea: under God”. GPF is active in solving the Sejak Awal Abad Hingga Masa conflict in several regions to achieve peace Kontemporer, 2003) After three years of and create better life for all people. One of war, South Korea and North Korea conflicts that become GPF’s focus is the decided a ceasefire in 1953. The war conflict between South Korea and North finished by the signing of an armistice and

Korea. created the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) to

separate those two states. The conflict between South Korea and

North Korea its started from the division This conflict gives impact on of Korea in 1945. Korea was divided by Northeast Asian regional peace and global the United States and the Soviet Union security. The relation between South based on Postdam Agreement. Under the Korea and North Korea are still in strained

United States, South Korea used liberal and conflict situation. It is caused by and capitalist ideology. While North Korea mutual suspicion and distrust between used sosialist and communist ideology South Korea and North Korea people. from the Soviet Union. South Korea and Toward this conflict, GPF tries to solve

North Korea were claimed that they were and building peace between these two the legitimate government in Korean states. peninsula. Unfortunately, based on United

Nations general assembly, the sole legitimate government on the Korean Theoretical Framework example patrolling the borderline between

1. Concept of Peace those parties. In this condition, the third

According to Johan Galtung, peace parties are monitors and observe the peace is the absence/reduction of violence of all process in post-conflict areas and assist ex- kinds (Perwita, 2015). He divided peace combatant to implement the peace into two forms. First, positive peace means agreement. The assistances from third the integration of human society. Second parties are such as building the confidence, negative peace means the absence of power sharing agreement, electoral violence or war (Galtung, Positive and support, strengthening the rule of law, and

Negative Peace, 1964). social economic development.

Johan Galtung writes the article of Peacemaking means to keep the parties

Three Approaches to Peace: Peacekeeping, do not attack others by providing a barrier

Peacemaking, and Peacebuilding. between them. The barriers are the neutral

Peacekeeping is the dissociative approach. forces as mediators. The aim of the force is

Peacemaking is the conflict resolution to calm the disputants or to prepare a approach. Meanwhile, peacebuilding is diplomatic way to resolve the dispute the associative approach. through gets rid of the source of tension

Galtung defines peacekeeping as the and the underlying conflict (Galtung, antagonists are kept away from each other 1976). Usually peacemaking is done by a under mutual threats of considerable diplomat or a person who has experienced punishment if they transgress (Galtung, in resolving a dispute. A peace agreement

1976). Other definition is if the two social is hand in hand with building peace forces threatening each others, the third through the improvement of relations and party is needs to keep them apart and reconciliation between the parties. exercise peacekeeping operations, for While peacebuilding is the process of dividing NGO into four generations. First creating self-supporting structures that generation is relief and welfare. Second removes causes of wars and offering generation is small-scale self-reliant local alternatives to war in situations where wars development. Third generation is might occur (Selected Definitions of sustainable system development. Last but

Peacebuilding, 2013). The third parties in not least, fourth generation is people this approach create policies to resolve the movement. (Korten, 1990) conflict in order to end the differences First generation of NGO is an between the dispute parties. The peaceful organization that focuses on natural resolution has aims to reduce and eliminate disaster, war, and poor people as a the frequency of violence in the conflict. mitigation assistance movement. The aim Many national and international of this organization is to help the victim by organizations have involved in building providing assistance in goods or services peace in conflict areas. They create form as humanitarian aid. In this sustainable peace to eliminate the hostility generation, NGOs help the people directly, between states and create a new social and the amount of aid is depending on order. They also did capacity building their ability. (Sommer, 1977). activities for the society, did Second generation is focused on reconciliation, and did society community development. In this transformation in the long-term. generation, NGOs tend to empowering 2. Concept of NGO’s Role people to solve the problem by themselves. According to David C. Korten, he The relation between NGOs and society defines NGO as all organizations that not are like a partner. Therefore, the belong to the government and non for organization in this generation gives aid by profit. Korten explains the role of NGO by developing the society through stress on mobilize the people, NGO uses the their local self-reliance. (Korten, 2001). power of ideas, values and

Third generation is focused on communication links. NGO also try to facilitating sustainable changes in regional cooperate with all parties to create or even national level. This organization network and coalition. (Korten, 1990) offers alternative strategy of development One effort that uses by NGO in order to and cooperates with national agencies as do social force is through the campaign. policy maker, such as local and national According to Kotler and Roberto, governments, private enterprises, other campaign is an organized effort independent sector institutions, and so conducted by one group (the change forth. NGO’s strategy in this phase agent) which intends to persuade others focused on making policies and local (the target adopters) to accept, modify, or sustainable development. They also abandon certain ideas, attitudes, practices encourage all parties to support the actions and behavior. (Philip Kotler & Eduardo that could make the system more L. Roberto, 1989) Campaign is an responsive with interests of people. efficient effort to change public behavior Fourth generation is focused on and to achieve social goals without support social movement. In this repressive action. NGO also use a generation, NGOs tend to energize campaign for imbuing the public decentralized action toward a people- consciousness to mobilize voluntary centered development on the broader action on national or global scale. scale. NGO become the facilitator of (Korten, 1990) NGO’s campaign almost global people’s movement. The goal is to always geared towards protest, debate, coalesce and energize a critical mass in and polarization. (NGO Strategies, n.d) support a social vision. In order to and North Korea. Based on peace concept

Analysis by Johan Galtung, GPF acts as

The division of South Korea and peacebuilder between South Korea and

North Korea have brought suffer for many North Korea with trying to understand the people, both North Korea and South problem between the two states,

Korea, and also bring security problems in reconciliate the dispute parties, and make a

Northeast Asia. Many parties have long-term transformation in South Korea involved solving this problem. However, and North Korea’s society through unified the reconciliation between those two states these two states. is still hard to achieve. In this problem, GPF started the process building NGO as non-state actor have big effort in peace in Korean peninsula with using reconciling and building peace between “Hongik Ingan” philosophy. Hongik Ingan South Korea and North Korea. One of has meant to live and work for the benefit NGOs that try in building peace between of all mankind. GPF use this philosophy South Korea and North Korea is Global because Hongik Ingan is the original Peace Foundation. philosophy of Korea. This philosophy can Since established in 2009, GPF has unify South Korea and North Korea concerned on Korean peninsula issue. In because Hongik Ingan philosophy is Korea addressing the division of South Korea and common identity and belongs to the both North Korea, GPF acts as peacebuilder states. Based on this philosophy GPF has a between South Korea and North Korea mission to bring peace to the Korean through bridging the and Peninsula and to benefit everyone. advancing peace between the two states. The main GPF’s mission in solving In Korean peninsula problem, GPF Korean peninsula problem is unified South tries to build peace between South Korea Korea and North Korea. GPF promote the unification because South Korea and North Northeast Asia and the world. Based on

Korea have same people, language, and the concept of NGO’s role, GPF is history. Many people have suffer caused classified as people movement that tries to by the division. Many old people tend to building people engagement and support hopeless with the unification caused by the through grassroots movement as based on engagement policy and mechanism. Hongik Ingan philosophy as the main idea.

However, the young people have a little GPF believes that from grassroots enthusiasm to unify the peninsula. Toward movement with engaged all parties it can this situation, GPF as people movement, develop into a global wave in achieving try to realize the peaceful unification with the unification. engaging all people to contribute in the According to Kyung Eui Yoo, unification process. GPF engaged multi- Chairman of GPF Korea, a campaign can sector partners such as the national and be a tool to advocate and build the local government, United Nations awareness of people toward the Korean agencies, corporate, research institutions, unification. (Moon, 2014) GPF campaign interfaith leaders, civil organization, policy the unification of Korea to influence public makers, scholars, youth, cultural opinion, change the perspective about the trendsetter, and entrepreneur, who hostilities of South Korea and North recognized the implication of peaceful Korea, and raise the awareness of people Korean unification. GPF believes that toward the unification of Korea in building unification of Korea is Korean Dream peace between South Korea and North based on Korean identity. (Moon, 2016) Korea. Through unified South Korea and North In reconcile South Korea and North Korea, GPF wants to contribute in making Korea, GPF has a new approach in prosperity and sustainable peace in realizing it. GPF build the awareness of people toward the importance of Korea building the connection between South

unification through a humanitarian Korea and North Korea. The AKU project

campaign and civil society partnership. includes the Unification Leader Assembly,

Since 2010, GPF cooperated with 1100 both local and international level, attended

domestic civil society group in building by the leader from many backgrounds to

unification movement. GPF also tried to build consensus in society to prepare the

influence public opinion about the benefits future of unification. This movement is

of a peaceful unification of the Korean committed supporting the South Korea

Peninsula through created several projects government’s efforts for peaceful

in order to promote the unification of reunification and promoting “everyday

Korea to all people, both in Korea unification movement” as Korean

Peninsula and the world. grassroots movement around the world to

realize the unification through people

contribution in daily life. AKU project also 1. Action for Korea United (AKU) created “The New Era Unification Song”

In 2012, GPF created a movement campaign cooperated with 1100 civic

called Action for Korea United (AKU) as a groups. This project was successful in

coalition of more than 800 civic, religious, promoting the unification in global level

humanitarian and non-profit organizations with evidence the establishment of AKU

that focuses on North Korea issues and branch in China in 2014 and launched the

support the peaceful reunification of One Korea Global Campaign at the UN

Korea. (Moon, 2016) AKU engage all General Assembly in New York in 2016 to

North Korea people from all ages involved rallying international support for Korean

in the unification process, provide unification.

information for North Korea people, and 2. Korean Unification Forum Series Since 2013, GPF created Korean Movement. GPF’s humanitarian projects

Unification Forum as international forum are based on Hongik Ingan philosophy that aims to advance civil society cooperation all people must be a benefit for all, and the and bring new issues related to the GPF’s vision One Family under God. The reunification of the Korean peninsula and projects such as The Power of 1000 Won its implications for sustainable peace in (to build bread factory for help the North

Northeast Asia. This convention attended Korea’s undernourished children) and All- by experts, policy makers, politicians, Lights Villages projects (the community governments, faith leaders, and scholars. development program bringing lights and

This forum held annually since 2010 hope to rural villages with limited access discussed the role of civil society in to electrical power). achieving the unification, economic development as the tool of unification, humanitarian aid for the North Korea and 4. One K Concert so forth. One K concert is a unification song

3. Humanitarian Projects concert launched by GPF in 2015 to mark

GPF created several humanitarian the 70th anniversary of Korean independent projects in support North Korea people and division. The concert has aimed to with engaged all people to contribute to increase the awareness of youth and civil those projects. The aim is to promote society about Korea reunification in the unification and invite all people to realize global scale because they lose their interest the unification. In running the project GPF toward the unification. This concert held in cooperated with several organizations and Seoul and Manila, attended by 40,000 institutions, such as Love North Korean people and 30 more K-Pop stars. GPF also

Children and the Korean Sharing created the unification song “One Dream, One Korea” that composed by a famous Korea and North Korea defector in

South Korea musician and performed by realizing it. GPF organized the annual

33 top K-Pop artists. This unification song Korean Dream speech contest for the are released in Seoul, Washinton DC, foreign student. The foreign student also

Tokyo and Beijing. One Dream One Korea invited in history and cultural tours song gained a million views in online highlighted the shared experience and media from worldwide. values of Korean heritage, visit

5. U-Dream Project demilitarized zone and international

The U-Dream project is engaging multicultural festivals. students in thinking of peace, changing However, until December 2016 the South Korea prejudice toward North Korea total number of North Korea defectors that defectors and help them adjust living in live in South Korea reached 30,208 people. South Korea. This project has a unification (Yonhap, 2017) Unfortunately, they get project competition called as Need U Ideas discrimination and isolation from South competition that collected a number of Korea people. (Hee-, 2012) Regarding applicants who submitted creative ways to North Korea defector, GPF engaged North promote unification. One of the outputs of Korea defector to integrate them into this competition is Korean unification South Korean society. GPF did several textbooks written by the winner of Need U projects for North Korea defector such as Ideas. The textbook used in 200 secondary visit North Korea defectors which is life in schools throughout Korea. South Korea, provided home stays, support 6. Unification Project for foreign student them to adapt to South Korea lifestyle, and North Korea defector send the message to their family in North In promoting the unification, GPF also Korea and engaged them in the volunteer engaged the foreign student in South project to help bridge the division of Korea. (Moon, 2016) GPF have succeeded Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and other in engaged the defector through arranged a online media to promote the unification. weekly table tennis classes for the GPF also engaged other media, such as defectors and became an annual Korea SBS, Chosun TV, and Korea Times

Peninsula Table Tennis Festival. Kim reported GPF campaign. Several projects

Hyang Hui one of North Korea defector did by GPF campaigning the unification in and former of professional table tennis the global context are declaration signature player, told her joy when she won the 3rd campaign and 160-mil walk campaign

Korean Peninsula Table Tennis. She (same with the length of the 38th parallel supports this competition as GPF program dividing South Korea and North Korea), to build the pride and confidence of North and the power of 1K Won donation

Korea defectors. She also hopes this sports initiative. competition can be a soft diplomacy Until the end of 2016, GPF has between South Korea and North Korea. succeeded encourage all people in the (Ah, 2014) GPF also urged greater whole world, especially South Korea and exposure of human rights abuses in North North Korea, to build a consensus and try Korea with featuring the North Korean to achieve the unification. GPF has a big defectors. contribution in reconcile and building

In campaigning the unification of peace between South Korea and North

Korea, GPF uses the Korean wave to Korea. According to Dr Hyun Jin as the spread and blow up the campaign around chairman of GPF, Global Peace the world and also raise public awareness Foundation has been pioneering a of the positive implications of unification. groundbreaking approach to unifying

GPF build global impact through media South Korea and North Korea with strategy which is online campaign through regional and global implication. (Moon, 2016). This success proved by Certificate Korea and North Korea and build peace of Commendation from the ministry for between those states. The effort of Non-

Special Affairs of Republic of Korea’s to Governmental Organization (NGO) in

GPF Korea in 2013 as an appreciation for solving this conflict has been examined by its charitable activities in building peace previous researchers. It proves that NGO is between South Korea and North Korea. one of important actors in international

(GPF, 2013) GPF Korea also awarded the relation.

Grand Prize in the Youth Leadership This research focused on the Category at 12th annual Korean Youth involvement of Global Peace Foundation Award ceremony hosted by the Korean (GPF) in solving the problem between Youth newspaper. GPF Korea was South Korea and North Korea. Global recognized succeed in raising “Unification Peace Foundation as a new actor in Generation” through a creative project in international relations that concerned on grassroots level to spread the vision and building peace also involve in solving culture of unification to Korean youth. South Korea and North Korea problem. GPF Korea also wins NGO Collaboration This NGO founded by Hyun Jin Preston Award (GPF, 2014) Moon in 2009 with 24 branch offices

Conclusion worldwide. Since its establishment, GPF

This research has presented one of has concerned on Korean peninsula issue prolonged conflict in the international and created a lot of programs bridging the relations, which is the conflict between division of Korea and advancing peace

South Korea and North Korea. Many between the two states. parties, both state and non-state, try to In addressing this issue, GPF tries reconcile and solve this conflict. A lot of to build peace between South Korea and efforts have been done to reconcile South North Korea through campaigning the unification of Korea as Korean dream. North Korea people and promote the

GPF build a grassroots movement by unification of Korea in regional and engaging multi-sector partners. GPF also international level. organized several programs in order to This research found that South promote the unification of Korea, such as Korea and North Korea conflict caused by Action for Korea United (AKU), Korean the different of ideology and the desire to Unification Forum Series, Humanitarian unify Korea under each ideology. Based Projects, One K Concert, U-Dream on this problem, GPF tries to build peace Project, and Unification Project for foreign between South Korea and North Korea and student and North Korea defector. Through unify the Korea by using Hongik Ingan those projects, GPF has been successful in philosophy and GPF’s vision is One promoting and raising the awareness of Family under God. In unification process, people toward the unification of Korea. GPF also engaged many parties, such as

The conflict between South Korea the government, corporate, interfaith and North Korea has given a big impact on leader, civil society organization, and so international security and peace. In forth in realizing the unification as Korean building peace, the civil society movement dream. also involves in realize it. This research By using the concept of Peace and found that NGO also has big contribution NGO’s Role, this research has been in building peace and creating the global success in answering the research question changes. In this case, as an INGO which and proving the hypothesis that the effort concern on peacebuilding, GPF always of GPF in building peace between South tries to build peace between South Korea Korea and North Korea is through and North Korea, engages all parties to campaigning the unification of Korea. involve in humanitarian projects in support Because of the campaign, GPF can execute its mission in building peace between also important in solving the problem in

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