A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS IN

Compiled by MURIEL HORRELL DUDLEY HORNER JOHN KANE-BERMAN

Research staff South African Institut f Raco e e Relations ISBN O 86982 010 9

SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS 7 9 P.OX BO . JANUARY 1972 WHITE POLITICAL PARTIES: DEVELOPMENTS IN 1971

NATIONAE TH L TARTY In two contests held during the year—the Waterbcrg con- . stituency parliamentary by-election, and the Potgietersrus provincial by-election—the National Party retaine seate dth s against ultra-right wing Herstigte Nasionale Party1 opposition. Leaders of both parties gave strong support lo the candidates in the Walcrbcrg campaign, in which Dr. Andries P. Treurnicht (N.P.) was opposed by the deputy-leader of the H.N.P., Mr. Jaap Marais. Both elec- tions, however, showed thae H.N.Pth t . remain e a b forcs o t e reckoned with in the more conservative constituencies. (The N.P. majorit n Waterbcri y s 337 gwa n 197 4i d 327 0an n 19714i e th , e lattevotinth n ri g year being N.P. 5456; H.N.P 182.2 . ) Many of those who are commonly regarded as being verknunpt remaie N.Pth .n i n(includin . TreurnichtDr g , who s editoa , f o r Hoojstad, s frequentlwa y strongly critica f verligteo l memberf o s the party). Their public statement t alwayno e n accordanci sar s e with official party policy s describea : d later e examplon , n i s i e regard to the political future of the Coloured community. Verligtc politicians have parte continueth ye lineto t ther o s beedt bu ; ha e n a fermen f politicao t l re-thinking among Afrikaner verligte "intel- lectuals" (not all of whom arc members of the N.P.). Some of the basic questions on which the "intellectuals" have been seeking clarity were listed early in 1971 in the independent monthly periodical Woord Daad,n e Afrikaanse issueth y db e Cal- vinistiese Beweging ,s headquarter whicit s ha h Pptchefstroomn i s . While commendin Governmene gth emphasie th s r placinfo twa t si g on the "positive" side of separate development, (he authors said that guide-lines were needed on certain basic aspects, for example: mucw (aHo )h additional land woul e needeb d o enablt d e th e Bantu homelands to carry their populations? e Africane futurth th f o were o (beb wh )s eo t Wha permas wa t - nently settled in "white" South Africa? (c) Would there be a link between South Africa and the eventual new Bantu states d whaan , t form woul t takei d ? (d) Would "petty" aparthei e maintaineb d l limeal r ?fo d (e) What was to be the future of the Coloured people and the Indians?

1 I.e. Reconstituted National I'arly. Sec 1970 Surrey, pasc 3. for a summary of this party's policy. 2 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1971 3 UNITED PARTY Political commentators2 have pointe t thaTomlinsoe dou th t n Commission—the original architects of the policy of separatt seas, and eventually a Springbok cricket tour of Australia was development—emphatically rejecte e possibilitth d a middl f o y t cancelled by the Australian Board of Control. As described later, road between ultimate integration or separation so far as Whites further withdrawals followed of invitations to South African teams. and Africans were concerned. Yet regarn e Colourei , th o dt d an d A number of leading Nationalists have warned the country that Indian people, the National Party was attempting to find a middlt South Africans will have to adapt themselves much faster to international and internal developments. During July Mr. Thco. road, termed parallel development, between territorial separation 4 (which party leaders stat impracticables ei eventuad an ) l integration Gerdener, the Minister of the Interior, said at a meeting in Durban wite Whiteth h s (which ten f thousando s f Nationalisto s s would that unless South Africa speedes rat it f developmen o ep u d t resist bitterly). Thes alternativeo etw s have generaln i , , been advo- radically and without delay, more especially in regard to the cated by the verkramptes and the verligte "intellectuals", respec- polic f separatyo e development, there woulsecono n e db d chance lively. (Their view e describear s morn di e detail later.) tor the country: it would probably then be too late to accelerate During the year under review the Prime Minister, Mr. Vorster, the pac f developmento e e decade 1970'th Th . f o se woule b d has further develope s "outward-lookingdhi " policy, seeking closet decisive. He pleaded, inter alia, for more flexibility of mind, and economic and other ties with African states. President Banda d more suppl d humanan e e attitude o non-whitest s . Malawi pai a dStat e visi Soutto t h Africa. Increased powerd s Writin Rapportn i gAugus9 2 n e politicao th t l commentator, self-government have been grante Africao dt n "homeland" govern' Mr. Schalk Pienaar, said that, in relation to Coloured and African ments withi e Republith n d Soutan c h Wese th tr Africafo d an ; affairs, the National Party was bound to patterns of thinking that first tim Prime eth e leadereth Ministet f theso sme s e ha rgover n were a quarter of a century out of date. The theory that the urban ments, at interviews in , and has toured certain of then Africa a temporar s nwa y sojourne "whiten i r " area lond sha g since territories a firs r t Fo time. , tooe Statth , e . PresidentJ . J . Mr , become "pure fiction" . PienaaMr .endorsins wa r g views expressed Fouche . VorsterMr , d leadinan , g member e Cabineth f o s t dined by Professor Jan Moolman, Director of the Africa Institute (he with prominent non-white personalities from South Africa, at a served on the Tomlinson Commission), who was reported' to have banquet given by President Banda. (At a banquet given by thf declared that whites must accept the millions of urbanized Africans State President on the previous evening the only non-white guest a permaneni s a t par f "whiteo t " South Africa. were the visitors from Malawi.) Views expressed on other issues, for example the future of . VorsteMr s madha r t cleaei r thaonle th ty addee lanb o dt d the Coloured people, are mentioned later. e Africath o t ne balanc e 7250000th homeland th e b f o e o t . s i s moreen (roughly 0 squar00 4 2 e, miles) promise n 1936di e anH d. JTHE UNITED PARTY other Government spokesmen have reiterated that Africans livinj e UniteTh d Party's polic a federa f yo l syste f governmentmo , in "white" areas will exercise political rights in their "homelands' basefederatioa n do f raciano l communities outlines wa , pagn do e only. Eventually s said,ha a consultative 3 h , e bodemergy yma ! 2 of last year's Survey. Further developments of this policy in betwee e homelandnth e whitth d e Soutan s h African government' regard to the future of the Coloured people and of the African e meanwhileith n e necessarth , y close relationshi e mainb n - pca homeland e describear s subsequenn di t chapters. f bilaterao y tainewa ly db diplomati economid can c contact. statemena n I t issue Septembe1 n do leadee partye th th r f o r, Other major issues before the country have again been the e SiVillierd r s Graaff, said, "The United Party believes i t i s shortag f skilleo e d labour (cause y governmentab d d othean l r possible for different peoples of different colours and races and at curbs, over the years, on non-white educational and economk different levels of development to live within the framework of one progress), and the rising cost of living. A progressive step, widely State. But that framework will have to be such as to afford each welcomed e decisioth s p graduallnarroo wa nt , ga e wth y betweeD racial group adequate opportunities for self-expression and self- e salarieth f whito sd non-whitan e e public servants occupying fulfilment, control over matters of intimate and peculiar concern to equivalent posts announcemenn n spita I . f eo a revise f o t d policy mattern i themselvesy f sa mutuao s a d lan , concer l groupal o t ns for inter-racial sport at an "international" level, there were demon-, commensurate with their standards of development". strations against white South African teams that competed over- On several occasions the United Party has drawn attention to

the increasing frustration and bitterness among urban Africans. 2 e.g. Mr. Allistcr Sparks in ibe Rand Dally Mall, 5 June, quoting an article by Profcsw During the debate on the Prime Minister's vote Sir dc Villiers r Merwde n c va publishe . . Johv HW Nailon.Mr .Ne n d a n D'Olivciri dSl an e th n i a

18 May. 3 Press conference on 30 July, and radio Interview on 1 Augusl. • As reported In the Rand Daily Mall, 20 July, and Race Relations News, Aunust. ' Slur. AuEust0 3 . A SURVE F RACYO E RELATIONS, 1971 PROGRESSIVE PARTY

0 said that the situation could easily become explosive. A large During October . EgliMr , n visited Botswan r discussionfo a s sectio orderd f thesno e an eTh w . peoplside la f th s stile o n ewa o l d Mrswit e leaderan e state hth . e th Hele H f . o s n Suzman, M.P., United Party considered that a property-owning middle class then toured Africa, meeting President Sengho f Senegalro , President should be allowed to develop, which stood to lose something il Jawara of Gambia, Prime Minister Dr. Kofi Busia of Ghana, Vice- orded an rw brokla e down. Urban Africans suffered from unneceS' Presiden f Kenya o . Ara i Mr t pMo , President Nyerer f Tanzaniaeo , sary "petty " measures. Influx contro s necessarywa l e h , and Presiden . BandDr t f Malawio a . maintained, but the pass laws were operated in such a way as to n theiO r return, Mrs . EgliSuzmaMr nd stressean n e th d make many thousand f criminalo s f comparativelo t ou s y innocenl warmth and friendliness they had encountered, and the lack of people every year. Exemptions for certain classes of Africans animosity to whites as such. They were convinced that the leaders shoul e re-introducedb d f wor I s .available wa k , wives shoule b d t thewoulyme d prefe a non-violenr t approac e questioth o ht f o n allowed to come to the towns. Longer-term contracts of worl racis n Soutmi h Africa. Some leaders felt that official dialogue shoul e introduceddb . wite Republith h c woul e meaninglesdb s unless there were some At a national congress held in November, a full vole of corv prior indicatio f chango n e there l wer Al n favou.i e f dialoguo r e fidence in Sir was passed. He was empowered under the conditions of the Lusaka Manifesto, i.e. that-a pre- to make policy decisions on behalf of the party without awaiting requisite a muscommitmen e b t n Souto t h Africa'e s th par o t t the next biennial congress. principle of human dignity and equality. It was recognized that, thereafter, gradualism in regard to change was inevitable. PROGRESSIVE PARTY e ProgressivTh e Party leaders said that d thebeeha yn At a national congress of the Progressive Parly, held in impressed by the absence of race consciousness and tension in February, Mr. was elected party leader in successioi the countries they visited, the comparative stability of governments, Steytlern Ja . Dr . o t ane degredth f democratieo c dissent ,e one-part eveth n ni y states. At this congress Mr. Eglin claimed that both the National e Uniteth Part d dyan Part becomd yha e heavily institutionalized, 7 bound by past loyalties and committed to past prejudices. The Progressives saide h , , were more flexibl d lesan es dogmatic. They were r examplefo , e onlth , y party represente n Parliameni d o t t advocate the abolition of the industrial colour bar, positive action to alter the migrant labour system, equal political rights for all citizens through a common voters' roll, and the repeal of the racial sections of the Immorality Act. e ProgressivTh e Party . EgliMr , n said, would keep alivd s ea of values including the concept of individual human dignity, tht rule of law, and simple human justice. Among its immediate tasks was to campaign for members among young people and modern urban (who were often less staid than their English' speaking counterparts) e part s Th commence. ha y d publishinga journal in Afrikaans. Five standing committees have been appointe o advist d e th e party leadershi specifien po d area f policyso : Manpowe Economicsd an r , . HarrheadeMr . OppenF y db - heimer; Education, headed by Dr. W. G. McConkey; The Family, headed by Professor Hansi Pollak; The Cities, headed by Professor E. W. N. Mallows; Political Planning , e Beer. Zacheaded Dr . J .y b d

• Assembly, 21 April. Hansard 11 cols. 4851-9. 4941, 49«8-9. ' Rand Dally Mall report, 20 February. POLITICAL FUTURE OF COLOURED COMMUNITY

t i would create frictio d tensionan n f SoutI . h Africa wero t e discard parallel development, it would "become the world's most popular corpse". POLITICAE TH L FUTURE TH F EO When openin e 197th g 1 Sessioe Coloureth f o n d Persons' COLOURED COMMUNITY Representative Council, Mr. P. W. Botha (Minister of Defence and Cape leadeNationae th f o r l Party2) referre Coloureo t d d group areas as "cantons". He said in the Assembly1 that, in the fullness OFFICIAL NATIONAf L PARTY POLICY of time, the Coloured Persons' Representative Council might be- s describeA d elsewhere, ther s beeeha n controversy within thej com a wholle y elected body. More powers would gradualle b y Nationae rankth f so l Party ove e Colouree futurth th r f o e d cora-i delegated to it, including the levying of taxes. Eventually, "twin occasiono munitytw n parte O . sth y has consequencen i , , published\ Parliaments" might develop, the Coloured governing their own a long declaratio s officiait f f o nadvertisemento l y policywa y b , s people in respect of all matters delegated to them. in the Transvaler. Members were warned that they would have to I' abide by this policy unless it was changed at a party congress. The| PROTAGONIST SEPARATA F SO E COLOURED HOMELAND main points made were as follows. e Waterberth f o e gev by-electione Oth n . AndrieDr , s Treur- e NationaTh 1. l Party believes thae Coloureth t d peoplea s a , nicht N.Pe th , . candidate, publishe articln da Hoofsladn ei whicn i h

separate community, can only properly maintain and develop he suggested that a separate Coloured homeland be created. (This and realize theiidentit n roae th f ow rparalle do n yo l develop- was before the National Party had issued its statement of 4 policy, ment. Coloured and Whites must not be interwoven, nor e Cabinetbuth t e Parliamentarth , y caucus e Party'th , s Federal must they evolve closer to one another. Council, and Mr. Vorster personally had previously rejected the 2. Coloured people will vote for members of the Coloured Per- ide unequivocan ai l terms.) sons' Representative Councif Coloureo d an l d local govern- The Sunday Times reports.5 however, that certain Cabinet ment bodies, but will not be represented on White government Ministers, includin . ConnigDr e Muldcr appeared ha , supporo t d t inslitutions, including municipal councils. the concept. Two of them, Mr. M. C. Botha and Mr. Marais Viljoen, had, towards the end of 1970, maintained that the 3. The Coloured people are "a nation in the making". Coloure de White peoplth d san e "must move further apartt no , ColoureA . 4 d homelan impracticabln a s di e ided cannoan a e b t closer together". implemented. j Afte. Vorstcr'Mr r s opening e congresspeecth e th t a hf o s 5. Contact betwee e Whitth n e Parliamen e Colouredth d an t i Afrikaanse Studentebond addresn a , gives Professoswa y nb r Gerrit Persons' Representative Council wil e maintaineb l ofy j wa y db va. ViljoenN n , Rectoe Ranth f do r Afrikaanse Universitd an y meetings betwee Prime nth e Minister Ministee th , f Colouredo r ; chairman of the S.A. Bureau of Racial Affairs. He is reported Affairs and other Cabinet Ministers, and the Council's Execu to have said that the idea of twin parliaments possibly offered a6 live. This method of liaison will be reviewed in the future working solution which could last "for a long time, and possibly o sidetw if se eithe feelth f o sr tha e tim s conith t eha r Ihi cfo s permanently, in so far as there can be any talk of permanence in to be done. politics". But n termi , f thiso s arrangement e whitth , e parliament When openin ga congres e Afrikaansth f o s e Studentebonn di would be dominant. If the scheme were rejected by the Coloured June Prime th , e Minister repeate dprevioua s statemens t thawa t i t people, it might become necessary to look to "the alternative of generatios hi nor fo t foreseo nt e wha outcome th tColoure1e th f eo d separate freedoms in their own geographical area or areas". questio ne outline woulH . dbe d basic principles whic studente hth s e A.S.BTh . students were divide thein i d r views. Delegates

should bear in mind when their turn came to govern the country, from University rejecte a separate ide f th do a 7 e s wrongwa t I , foolish d arrogantan , y police b an e said h ,o r t y fo , homeland. Delegates from the Rand Afrikaans University and e assumptiobase th s bette n wa do rn tha nma e nex thath ne t on t individual delegates from Stellenbosch University8 appeared to be because he had a white skin. "One docs not have the right to belittl d ridiculan e e humath e n dignit f others.e ysamo th et A " • Rand Dally Mall. August7 . 1 9 June. Hansard 18 cols. 8602-4. time, he continued, whites should strive to preserve their identity • Sunday Times, 25 April maintaininy b g apartheid. Integratiorulee b t becaus o dou t d e nha • 18 July. • Rantl Dally Mail. 1 and 5 July. ' Slar. Z9 June; Rand Daily Mall, 1 July: Sunday Times. 4 July. • Tile S.R.C t Slcllcnbosco . h Univcrsl t affiliate A.S.Be no th s yi o t d. 1 Slar, 29 June. T

POLITICAL FUTURE OF COLOURED COMMUNITY 9 8 A SURVE F RACYO E RELATIONS, 1971 dividedothee th t r delegationsBu . studenty b e Pretorid th le ,f o s a Professor Cilliers said that neithe directioe r th commo e th f no n and Universities, outvoted the supporters of; societe evolvemcn r th tha f no yo t f separato t e nation-slates could official N.P. policy. Various motions were passed in terms of; in themselves provide complete solution e Soutth o ht s African whic studente th h s rejected integration t alsbu , o rejecte e ideadth ) political dilemma e developmenTh . Bante th f uo t homelands could that the Coloured people could be allowed to develop to the stage, provid a epartia l solution e sensth en i , that these areas could wher ea sovereig thed yha n parliament withou territora t whicn yi h accommodate about one half of the Bantu population in what exerciso t e their political rights. coul developee db d into real nation-slates. There would a possibilitthe e b ne evolutio th f a yo com [ o n- AFRIKAANSE CALVINIST1ESE BEWEG1NG mon society in the rest of the country, where the White, Coloured, Early in 1971,'in its journal Woord en Daad, the Afrikaanse and Asian persons would form just unde totae th a halr lf o fpopu - Calvinistiese Beweging (with headquarters in Potchefstroom) pub- lation. These groups already had much in common on the social, : cultural economid an , c levels—enough factn i , provido t , basie eth s lished a scries of articles on the Coloured people under the title for the development of a commonly shared culture. In this, they "Volk? Sender Land?" (Nation? Without a Country?). were further strengthened by a growing proportion of the Bantu e issuth en I which concluded these articles, Woord Daadn e who had been living with them for some time—especially the stated tha t supportei t e Nationath d l Party's racial s policit n "i y , permanently urbanized Bantu. main points". It agreed that a separate homeland was unthinkable. Those among these population groups who shared what was The kernel of the question was political, it was said. The fact • commonly called Western civilization and culture would form such was that without their own country in which the Coloured people a comfortable majority tha a politicat l system accommodatinl al g could live out their political aspirations, and without the franchise these elements would hav a ereasonabl e chanc f survivao e d an l e highesth uo pt t level, these people were pure subjectst no d an , stability. real citizens of the country. t "It would seem that the best hope we have of maintaining s suggestewa t I e onlli d t y thae choicno betweeth td di e n Stability and order, as we change to meet the ideological challenges integration, separation, or domination. "Integration we d oe 20t th no hf to •century , y woulpursuinb e b d e ide th gf separat o a e want. Separation we cannot have. Domination we dare not have." developmen e Bantth f uo t homelands wite utmosth h t vigout a r A fourth possibility was "co-ordination"—that is, survival as a al lprogressin y levelsb d an , g towards full citizenshi r Colouredspfo , distinguishable grou r so-callepo d sub-cultur Soute th f heo African ', Asiatics d permanentlan , y domiciled Bantu, together with White population t acceptancbu , s peopla e e entitle o equat d l personal f persons, in the rest of the country at the same time." The system and political rights. .1 to be adopted should evolve through consultation and mutual The article pointed out that General J. B. M. Hertzog's answer ; consideration, Professor Cilliers said. He stressed that there was a to the problem of English and Afrikaans rights had been the > vast difference between full citizenship and integration in the sense concep a "two-strea f o t m policy" .e o groupth Whil tw d e ha seth '; of assimilation. right to retain their cultural identities and either make contact with one another or stay apart, they shared political rights. STATEMENT AFRIKANEY SB R ACADEMICS Woord n Daade e currenth f askeo t t d ou whethe y wa a r It was Teportcd early in 1971 that prominent Afrikaner untenable situation could not be found in a version of General ; academics, professiona businessmend an l journalistsd an , beed ha , n Hertzog's concept. Did the eventual equal treatment and justice holding private discussion groups in various parts of the country for the Coloured perhaps not lie in an adapted three-stream policy? I! to consider National Party policies, more especially in regard to the Coul e reache goae b d th o thi t l e b ds gradually throug e avoidhth - ' e Colourefuturth f o e d community. s possibla r ancfa f s pointea o f frictionso t withoubu , t unnecessary \ At the end of July,"1 ten professors and nineteen restriction healthn o s y contact? lecturers, fro e Universitiemth f Souto s h Africa, Pretoriae th d an , ', Witwatersrand, issue a dpubli c "declaratio f faith"no . They were PROPOSALS BY PROFESSOR S. P. CILLIERS convinced, they said, that continued adherenc colouo et r prejudice An address given to the Institute of Citizenship in Cape Tow indefensibls nwa : civilizee e lighth th f o n t i ed values which theyn i , on 1 April by Professor S. P. Cilliers (Professor of Sociology at the South Africa, share de Wester th wite res f th ho t n world. They University of Stellenbosch) evoked much interest.9 f appealed to all South Africans to think again, especially about the eventual achievement of full citizenship by Coloured people.

' This was published by Ihc Institute of Race Relations under the title Topical Talks No. If; ' '• Slur report. JO July. A Sociological Perspective on the South African Situation. T

POLITICAL FUTURE OF COLOURED COMMUNITY 11 10 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1971 a radi n I o intervie August,1 n wo e Prim1th 1 e Minister said The authors of the statement stressed their conviction that the he was aware of the statement by the 29 "people with plenty of political futur f theso e e peopl ee considere b coul t no d d without leisure time, wit o responsibilityn h d witan , h little practical know- consultation with them. ledge" e Government'Th . s polic f paralleyo l developmeno n s wa t They warned s thay polics u cleai an to t t ry"I , aimet a d interim stage, he emphasized, but was a policy that could and encouraging a Coloured while, at the same time, would be consistently and logically applied. recognizing tha separata t e countr r theyfo mimpossibles i , unavoid- ably increase e chanceth s f grouo s p conflict between Whited an s OTHER SUGGESTIONS BY PROMINENT AFRIKANERS Coloured, and threatens peaceful co-existence." Accordin e Press,th o t g" during Jul a yNationalis t Member These Afrikaner academics stated that they could no longer of Parliament, Mr. Nic. F. Treurnicht, suggested that one way of subscrib curreno t e t Governmen s thia sr fa tpolic polico s y n i y tacklin e questioth g f Coloureo n d political rights o might e b t involved permanent political segregation of the Coloured people refor Senatee mth , makin institution a t gi n linkin White gth e House and placed a platform on their political development. They con- of Assembly wite Coloureth h d Persons' Representative Council. sidere de lon thatth gn i ,term , there o middlcouln e b de course s immediatelwa e H y take o tast r n"non-conformity fo k e th y b " betwee nColourea d homelan politicad dan l integration police Th . y secretary of the National Party's Federal Council. of "parallel development" was seen as an intermediary stage which Questione Presse s viewsdayw th hi fe y sn 1 db a o ,4later . Mr , would gradually lea closeo dt r political association eventualld an , y Dawid P. de Villiers, S.C., the managing director of the newspaper o politicat l integration e ColoureTh . d people would e havb o t e group Nasionale Pers, emphasized that any developments should accepted as a full and equal element of the Western community in tak e basi th placf consultatio o sn o e n between Coloured an d South Africa. Full citizenship woul t excludno d e Coloureth e d White governmental authorities. One possibility would be the from being represented on a group basis by their own people in eventual creation of a consultative body on which the governments executive bodies from the lowest to the highest level. j of the White, Coloured, and Indian groups and the African terri- The degree of social contact that would develop would remain, tories could be represented, participating on a basis of equality. a matter of free personal choice, it was stated. "We reject any: This body would have such powers as might be agreed upon by thought of enforced social integration." Full citizenship for the! the constituent entities, and would act by consensus. Coloured would not mean the automatic disappearance of separate In a speech made at Potchefstroom University on 27 August, residential area d schoolsan s . However, facilities connected with! the Prime Minister rejected this ideae believeH . n closi d e public services and places of entertainment would gradually have co-operation between national groupe sub-continenth n i s e th t a t to be opened to Whites and Coloured on an undifferentiated basis.! economic level, he said. But "I do not believe that our future lies dayw fe s A later a furthe r statemen s issue wa ty 109b d j in the removal of boundaries." It lay, rather, in the preservation Afrikaners1 1 in the —academics, writers, professional! of identity. men, and farmers. They were convinced, they said, that the existing Professor Nic. J. Rhocdie, head of the department of sociology political dispensation for the Coloured people could not makt Universite ath t f Pretoriao y , pointe t subsequentlyou d 15 thae th t provision for their full political development. Among other reasons,' African territories and states need not, necessarily, be included in it would be impracticable and a contradiction in terms to have two| an "umbrella constitutional body r foro " f super-parliamentmo . sovereign parliaments within the same constitutional system. Those, He asked whethe s far-fetchewa t ri lone thino dt th g n ki ter m about subscribin statemente th o gt , therefore, wishe supporo dt prin-n i t | an institution which would evolve from South Africa's White cipl e statementh e t issue n Pretoriai d . They calle r urgentfo d , parliamen e developinth d an t g Coloure d Indiaan d n parliaments attention to be given to the question of how equal and full citizen-1 —an institution in which the Whites, because of their level of ship coul implementee db practican di l politics. development, would play the major role, but in which representa- It was added that the drafting of this statement had been tives of the other communities would share in the decision-making spontaneou connectey wa o n d unorganized n dan i s withs wa ' d an , process t woulI .a parliamen e db f communitieso t basee on t d no , any politica Stellenbosce th f l o party e On .h professor signedo swh ' e onc-man-onc-vototh n e concept d woulan , d deal with matters it emphasized that there had been no mass compaign for support of national significance. The "community parliaments" would deal The Rand Daily Mail invited English-speaking South Africam with day-to-day communal matters. o endorst e "declaratioth e f faith"o n d considerablan , e numbers reportes A 1 1 varioun i d s newspapers. did so. ' Rapport. II July; Sunday Times. IB July; Rand Daily Mail, 14 July. "11 e.R. Star. 19 July. " Star, 3 September.

Various newspapers Ausust5 . .

11 12 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1971 POLITICAL FUTURE OF COLOURED COMMUNITY 13

During October, a number of Afrikaner intellectuals and promi ( social contact should be a matter of individual choice. As far as nent professional men, businessme farmerd nan s from various centresi possible, equa d parallean l l public amenities shoul e provideb d d held discussions with leading Coloured personalities on a farm in I for members of the various racial groups: where this was not the Western Cape. It was reported16 that Professor Marinus practicable, there should be elasticity if the presence of mixed Wiechers e Universitth t a a professo, w f Souto yla f o hr Africa, groups was likely to be commonly acceptable. Owners of private suggested that the Coloured Persons' Representative Council amenities should be free to decide for whom they would cater. Job should be used as an electoral college to elect its own representa- reservation shoul e abolisheb d generaln i d t morbu , e particularly tives to the Assembly, as a first step towards full citizenship for the wher t appliei e Coloureo dt d people e StatTh .e should ultimately Coloured community. A continuation committee was elected to give equal pay for equal work and responsibility. hold further talks, to include members of other non-white groups. Frecompulsord ean y educatio r Colourenfo d children should be introduced in phases; the Population Registration Act in its THE UNITED PARTY'S VIEWS present form stioul e abolishe b e dracia th d l an dclausee th f o s Early in the 1971 Session of Parliament Mr. J. du P. Basson, Immorality Act rc-cxamined; and the Group Areas Act should seconde . Mrsy Taylorb dD . .C , introduce a dPrivat e Member's immediately be suspended where large sections of the Coloured motion calling for the appointment of a top-level and non-political population were without housin r wero g e inadequately housed. commissio drao a comprehensivt n p wu e chartee rehabilith r fo r - Urgent steps should be taken to eliminate poverty. tation and development of the Coloured population group. Opening the debate on the Vote of the Minister of Coloure1 d Speaking at the opening of the party congress in the Cape,* 2 and subsequently, Sir de Villiers Graaff supported most of these Affairs in the Assembly on 9 June, Sir de Villiers Graaff outlined proposals, includin e municipath g l franchise e opposeh t bu ;d his party's policy. Coloured people should be represented in the Coloured representatio provincian ni l councils e latterTh .cone h , - central parliament by six Members of Parliament and two Senators, sidered, should serve as W'hite communal councils. Some form of he said, who could be either Coloured or White persons. They permanent liaison should be established between them and the woul electee d b separata n do e Colouree rollTh . d Persons' Repre- Coloured communal council, which would take over, for the sentative Council shoul e transformeb d d int a owholl y elected Coloured people e ,function th mos f o tf existino s g provincial communal council, with wider powers than it now possessed. A statu- 15 tory parliamentary standing committee should be created, represen- councils reporteds e partth wa f yt o I .leader l al that sno t agreed tative of both the government and the opposition in the House of with Sir de Villiers, and that this matter would be discussed further Assembly and the Coloured Council. Coloured people should not at subsequent congresses nationae th t A . l congress, hel Novemn di - e deprive b e municipath f o d l vote before adequate alternative ber, this questio referres nwa constitutiona a o dt l committee. rights were available vasA . t upliftment programme shoule b d Shortly afterward Transvaae th s l part . yMaraiJ . leaderS . s Mr , undertaken, simila thao t e r1930' th t carrien eliminato i t s t ou d e Steyn, suggested" that there should ultimatel a Greate e b y r South the "poor white" problem. African Federation of Communities, dealing with nation-wide During the Session a nine-member committee of party M.P.'s • interests, which would constitut a nationae" l conventioe th l al f no d Senatoran s appointedwa s , unde e chairmanshith r . Mr f o p races permanenn i , t session." Myburgh Streicher, M.P., to review the party's Coloured policy. Its \ The United Party's policy was rejected by the leaders of both report was subsequently presented to the various provincial con- of the major parties in the Coloured Persons' Representative nationae th gresseo t t published l no congresssan s wa fulln di t . bu , Council.7 Mr. Tom Swartz of the Federal Party said that Coloured One of the points apparently made in this report was that race people would neve e satisfieb r d with such inadequate measures. policies should no longer be drawn up by white parties without "We want absolute equality, saide h " , "but would lik retaio et a n consultation wit e non-whithth e group concerned. separat ecase identit th f Jew eo Afrikaners.d n i san s ya . Sonn"Mr y The committee proposed the direct representation of Coloured Leon of the Labour Party stated, "We want direct representation peopl Colouredy eb t onl no parliament,n yi t als bu ,provincian oi l l governinoal n g bodies a commo . n Rajabo "M . nA , . rollMr . councils and local government bodies. Chairma e S.Ath f .no Indian Council, commentet no d di tha e h t Points accepted at the Cape congress of the Party1 were that think thae Uniteth t d Part e s speeawarth wa y f do e with which things were changing in South Africa. '" Sunday Times, October4 2 .

1 Assembly February9 1 . , cols. 1256-66. 1272-82. Rand Daily Mall, August8 1 . - Hansar cols8 1 d . 8558-68. 1 Star, 2 September. * Various Press reports, including the Ranil Dally Mall and Star of 18 Ancust. and the Suniu 1 Star, 2fi AilRust. Exprcsx. 5 September. ' Rand Dally Hail, 19 and 24 August. A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1971 14 COLOURED PERSONS' REPRESENTATIVE COUNCIL 15 THE PROGRESSIVE PARTY Speakin meetina t ga Capn gi e Town, . ColiMr n Eglin re-empha' of care), four Federal Party members crossed the floor to vote witli sized party's thathi n i , s opinion, "nothin1 g less than full citizensh the Labour Party, with the result that the Federal Party's amend- cao justice Coloured nth o t e d man's inalienable righ o rect t o originan mena o t t l motio s defeate vote1 nwa 3 26.o y t s. db "Mr nition as a full South African citizen". Jaap Muller was reported to have been expelled from the caucus 2 d becaustwicha e h evote d wite opposition.th h e AssemblIth n Jun9 n eo y Mrs. said," 7 strikes extraordinara e m s y that White people should siParln i t i THE LABOUR PARTY ment and debate what the Coloured people want and what the In an article published in Reality in May, Mr. Sonny L. Lcon, do not want. They are perfectly capable of saying this for them leader of the Labour Party, said that although the Coloured people selves". could be regarded as an indigenous plant with roots deep in the soi Soutf o l h African history, sinc e earlieseth t dayo ss thed ha y FEDERAE TH L PARTY often been robbe f theido r dignite Whitesth y b y . They were th e During April1 Mr. Tom Swartz, the Government-appointd tvoiceless ones; the people for whom decisions were made by Chairman of the Executive of the Coloured Persons' Representa others; the people who lived in humiliation. tive Council, warned the Government that "a system which allowed The deputy leader, Mr. David Curry, said in July, "We stand injustice and discrimination could create a very disloyal and difr for full political rights for all South Africans in one 8parliament. grunlled section in the population—a fifth column. There art The terms 'White, Coloured, or African' never appear in our con- individual d politicaan s l groups exploitin e bitternesth g b t f o s stitutionwilt e accepW no l . . mova t . . givo et politicas u e l rights people, and they could succeed in making the situation dangeroif Whilee l th expens e e ae Africanth ts th Ar tryin. f eo . . mako .t g e . . . We must get away from the idea that everything must hi US allies for fear of Black danger?" assessed on the basis of a person's colour," he said. Among the major causes of irritation, Mr. Swartz continued, The Natal leader of the party, Mr. E. G. Rooks, resigned were petty apartheid reservationb jo , e disparitth d an salari,n yi a during April, becomin n Independena g t membe e Councilth f o r . paid to whites and non-whites doing equivalent work. As mentioned later, the stand of the former party leader, Mr. M. D. a part t A y congress hel Natan i d l during July, e aimth d s t cleaArendseno rs durinwa , e earlth g e yCouncil' th par f o t s 4 session. the party were changed from support of "parallel" development I that of "positive equal" development. Mr. Swartz said that tht e e Laboutacticth Th f o sr Party during this sessioe ar n Coloured people wanted "everything the White man has for him described in a subsequent section of this chapter. self". NATIONAL COLOURED PEOPLE'S PARTY With some dissension constitutiow ne e ; a part; , i th r wa y fo n At the time of the 1969 Council elections,9 the National adopte t thia d s congress s statedwa t I ,. inter alia, thae parth tt -Coloured People's Party was a right-wing group, based in Johan- would strive to realize its aims by "leading the Coloured peopl nesburg headed . Cliffore an ,Dr seath e y db n on i dt n Smithwo t I . into a new era of mature and fully-fledged citizenship", and b - tlections. "forgin foundatiow ne a g f verticao n l equal developmenu o n i t national community". Delegates called for protection for Coloura , V! During August, Dr. Smith resigned from the party. He called 00 members to disband and throw in their lot with the Labour businessme n theii n r proclaimed group areas against "crowdinj 10 out" by members of other race groups. parte Jarty.th t y continueBu beinn di leadershigw undene e th r p At a congress held in the Transvaal, the idea of a Coloura . Clarri(rMr f e September. homelan s rejectedwa d . LIAISON BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT AND THE COLOURED During August formee th , r Eastere leadee partth th n f yi to r : PERSONS' REPRESENTATIVE COUNCIL Cape, Mr. P. F. Kievetts, resigned, stating that he could no longq 5 Prime Th ier Minister announce Assemble th April3 n di 2 n yo " join in any defence of the apartheid policy. that he and other members of the Cabinet had on several occasions a comparativel n O y minor issue being debate Repree th n *di .held discussions with governmen d oppositioan t n membere th f o s sentative Council (that of the control of nursery schools and placet • IHd. 1 Cape Times. 8 June. • IbU. Ausust5 2 . 2 Hansar col8 1 d . 8629. • Ibid. July3 1 .

Sunday Time!, April8 1 . ' S« 1969 Survey, pace 7. 4 3 Natal Mercury. July2 ; Sunday Express, July1 1 . " Hand Daily Mall. August25 . 3 Ranil Daily Mall, August1 2 . » H«n.«rd II cols. 5111-21. 16 A SURVE F RACYO E RELATIONS, 1971 COLOURED PERSONS' REPRESENTATIVE COUNCIL 17

Coloured Persons' Representative Council. The leaders of all tl Council, during August, by the Minister of Defence and Cape parlies represente e Councith d n beei d ha p l nu t invitese o t d leader of the National Party, Mr. P. W. Botha. It also boycotted committee to discuss with the South African Government tl the budget debate after proposing an amendment that the budget question of liaison between these bodies; but the Labour Party h; was unacceptable because the Council had no power to change it. refuse o participatt d e proceedingth n i e e committeeth f o s . At the start of the session, Mr. Sonny Leon introduced a Representative e otheth f ro s partie d decideha s o recot d i motion e inclusiocallinabolitioe th th Councie r r th fo gfo f nd o n an l mend thae linth tk e Council'shoul(h e b d s Executive Commitli of its 40 elected members in the House of Assembly as represen- and that this Committee should have formal discussions with tl tatives of the Coloured people. He proposed that these 40 M.P.'s Prime Minister annually befor e openinth e f parliamento g i a , should sit as an electoral college to nominate Coloured Senators. wit e Ministeth h d Deputan r y Ministe f Coloureo r d Affairs evei Mr. Leon said thae Labouth t r Party suggested this schemet no , two months. Other Cabinet Ministers or Council members mi;' because it accepted the principle of group representation, but as be invited to attend on occasion. The Government had agreed an interim "practical move". these proposals madd ha t cleat ei bu , Colourere thath f i t d peo; came to feel that the arrangement should be reviewed, this woul n amendmenta m n SwartI To . z Mr reaffirme, d supporr fo t the Government's policy of parallel development, and for the insti- donee b . e Representativtutioth f o n e Counci a mediu s a l m through which BUDGET AND STAFF OF THE COLOURED COUNCIL AND ITS ihc Coloured people could achieve full citizenship e addedH . , ADMINISTRATION however, that at the present stage, the Council did not provide According to the Government's Estimates of Expenditure fron adequate machiner e fulth l r expressiofo y e politicath f no l rights Revenu Load an e n Account r 1971-2,fo s followine 1th 2 g amount! of citizenship e agreeH . d with muc f wha . o hLeo said Mr t ha nd were voted by Parliament for the work of the Coloured Person; in support of his motion, Mr. Swartz continued, but it had to be Representative Council. recognized that politics was the art of the possible. Revenue Accoun 180006 e Coloureth R7 r : t0fo d Council; The Federal Party's amendment was passed by 31 votes to Loan Account : R 1993000 for the Coloured Council; e Independent28th , d member an e smino th f o rs parties voting e Councith r fo l 0 Chamber00 0 4 ; R wite Labouth h r Party.15 R 20000 for houses for Executive. Com Durin sessioe gth . SwartnMr z saie facdth t thaGoverne th t - mittee members. ment had at last accepted the principle of equal pay for equal It appears, from the Estimates, that 1 213 White public ser work was a victory for the Coloured people. Members urged that vants had been seconded to the Administration of Coloured 13 this principle be implemented speedily. Later, however, Mr. Swartz Affairs. Accordin e Minister,th o t g ther e0 Coloure wer71 8 1 e d attacked the Government for "evasive and negative" replies to persons (including teachers e Administration'th n o ) s staff earln yi other Council resolutions. 1971. All parties strongly attacked the Population Registration Act, PROCEEDING COUNCIE TH F O S197N LI 1 especially the division of the "Coloured" group into seven sub- Mr. Curry is reported"1 to have said in April that the Labour groups including "other Coloured". A Government-appointed Party considered the Government's policy of separate developmenl member. Africa labelleW e t wan b . no a o t , t Mr o , s saidd a I " , e purb o et hypocrisy—a cloa r maintaininfo k g White political 'Coloured' knowe b Souta I wan o s l t na s hAl i t. e AfricaW . . . n domination traditionae Th . l patter f Soutno h Africa's racial policies hav e fullesth e t righ o fult t l citizenshi f thio p s countrye th d an , wat goine changeb no s o gt decisiony db s e Colouremadth n ei d Government shoul callee db d upo withdrao nt tere wth m 'Coloured' Persons' Representative Council r thiFo s. reason e Labouth , r from the Statute book". Party's tactics wer o embart e a programm n o k f exposuro e d an e There was criticism of the staffing (by Whiles) and the activi- embarrassment. Many of the motions it introduced during the ties of the Coloured Development Corporation. Council's session were framed in such a way that it was virtually Mr. M. D. Arendse, the former Labour Party leader, urged impossibl e Federath r fo el Part o disagreyt e entirely without run- that the Government should consider the immediate appointment nin e ris f th alienatingo k s supportersit g . oa judiciaf l commissio o reviet n l discriminatorwal y legislation, e LabouTh r Party boycotte e officiath d l openine th f o g wit s ultimat a hit vie o wt e annulment FederaA . l Party amend- '= R.P. 2/1971 Vole 43: R.P. 7/1971: R.P. 3/1971 Votes B and O. e effecmentth o tt , thaColouree th t d people themselvesa t no d an , 3 1 Assembly Ann'10 2 . , Hansar I colI d . 732.

Sunday Express, April1 1 .

4 1 Rand Daily Mail report, 9 August. 11 RIO T GELVANDALA T E 19 18 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1971 judge, should be asked to define what hurt them, was carried bj shoul e stateb d d that these conditionmeano n y b s c uniquar s o t e Port Elizabeth.) . vote0 27 3 o t s Tensions mounted d weran , e exacerbated whe e privatelyth n - Other motions passed called for: owned bus company serving the Coloured townships decided, early (a) a commission to enquire into the question of housing fa in 1971, to increase the fares. It transpired that their application Coloured people throughout South Africa; to the local transportation board to do so was advertised in the (b) Government legislation to facilitate the taking over b; Government Gazelle 2 Januar2 n d tha o o objection an yn t s were Coloured interest f publio s c transport serviced froan i o t s lodged. However pointes Mrs. y Taylorb wa D t . s .C a d,ou , M.P., proclaimed Coloured areas; few Colourey otheran r ) (o dcitizen s reae Gazelle,e th dth d an (c) social pensions equal to those paid to Whites; t proposadiscusseno s wa l d wit Colouree th h d community. (d) freedom to be given to all sporting bodies to formulate theii! Report f whao s t transpire t coincid no l respects al d di n di e : own policies on the participation of all South Africans in 1 they were made, among others, by the police and by a group of national and international sport." seven clergymen e brieTh .f account given her s basei e d mainly Throughout the session there were rumours that a group ol .on officiaa n l. ClearyreporMr e y municipab th t, l Directof o r Labou d Federaan r l Party member d Independentsan s d btle , Housing e GovernmenTh . t refused requests from various sources . ArendseD . M . , Mr were plannin foro gt ma new , centre, party.t to appoin judiciaa t l commissio f enquiryno . This move was, however, thwarted, for the time being at any rate." The increased bus fares came into operation on 28 February. Part of the reason was, possibly, the more outspoken criticism ol A boycott of the service began, and by 6 March the usage had the Governmen . Swartz Mr t anothe y b Bu t. r decisiofactoa s wa r n dropped to between 20 and 30 per cent of the normal, the people e Laboutaketh y e sessionb nth r f Parto o t ,d y en caucus e th t a , walkin woro gt k instead publia t A . c meeting action a , n committee change its tactics. was elected, which called for a mass rally on Sunday, 7 March, The caucus decided that, although the Representative Council at the Gclvandale playing fields (which then had only one n inadequata s wa e political institution t wouli , d accept this body entrance). as an instrument to achieve its aims. It would advocate "Brown A crow peopl0 f aboudo 00 0 1 et assembled there. Some police- unitinf o power"militana y f Colouree o wa gt th a no ,t s kinda d t bu , men patrollin e vicinitth n i gr drunkenness yfo arresten ma a d . people would an ;t itsel dprimarse e f securinth fo m ysocioe ai gth - Bystanders began stonin police gth e vehicle. Ove a loud-speakerr , economic upliftment of the Coloured community. These decision! the chairma e actioth f no n committee announce e immediatth d e were subject to ratification by the party's national executive com- 17 closure of the meeting and asked the people to leave. Those doing mittee. so encountered police re-inforcements arriving at the entrance. Afte sessione th r . LeoMr , n challenge . ArendsdMr thosd ean e Police vehicle bused an s s were stoned , e passengersomth f o e n o s who supported him to resign their seats and contest by-elections the buses were assaulted, the police used their batons, and arrests under the banner of a centre party. were made. The crowd converged on the local police station to demand RIO GELVANDALET TA , PORT ELIZABETH the release of those who had been arrested. The premises were Ovee yearsth r , Coloured housing schemes have been stoned. After issuin a gwarning e policth , e released tcargad an s developed inland from Port Elizabeth city, at distances ranging made baton charges. Some shots wer s reportee firedwa t I .d that from two to ten miles. To these areas have been moved Coloured .seven civilians had been wounded by gunfire, and 23 civilians and peopl o previouslwh e y live n "mixedi d " suburbs neae citth yr policeme0 ,2 n injured durin e disturbancesgth . centre. There have never been adequate number f 'houseso s , how- Serious unrest continue r aboufo d t three weeks, buses being ever, resulting in serious overcrowding; and the provision of social ' stoned, and attempts made to set up road-blocks. More than 40 amenitie s laggeha s d behin e buildinth d f dwellingso g . Thers ei persons were subsequently charge courn di t with various offences, much poverty: accordin survea o gt y conducte Universite th t a d y such as public violence or malicious injury to property. Eleven men of Port Elizabeth, 54,3 per cent of the male workers earn less than 1 Were later found guilty of public violence, receiving sentences R67 a month, whereas the bare poverty datum line is about R70. 1 • ranging from nin emonths 8 cut1 o st ' imprisonment. Leav appeao et l School-leavers find it difficult to obtain suitable employment. (It was granted. . ClearMr y considered thae announcementh t f increaseo t d

1 Accoun1 t compiled from numerous Press reports.

7 1 Report by Mr. Stanley Uys in the Sunday Times, 4 August. faretriggered ha s a genera f dof l public resentmen f mano t y aspects 1 Information fro Cleare mth y report, mentioned later. 20 A SURVE F RACYO E RELATIONS, 1971 ATTITUDE COLOUREF SO D PEOPLE 21 of t-hc living conditions. He warned that further disturbances, in "Racis a phenomeno s i m f inferiorityo n r blacknesOu . a s i s Port Elizabeth or elsewhere, might well occur unless decisive action longeo phenomenon n rca care eW f pride n o whethe. t . . no . r o r s take wa improvo nt e matters. Municipal officials held discussion! f whites understand us. What we do care about is understanding with leading member e Coloureth f o s d communit o discust y ! j ourselves, and, in the course of this task, helping whites to undcr- grievances. '• stan de rejectin ar themselves e e ideW th g a . . tha live . .y w tb e their grace (tha , thais t t they hav e righeth o decidt t r future)eou . Mr. F. J. van Wyk, Director of the S.A. Institute of Raw s Relations, commented, "The clash . . . clearly demonstrated how '. We may live by the Grace of God, but we do not live by the close the racial flashpoin2 t is behind the apparent facade of peace ' grace of the whites". in urban non-white townships o regarT . e massivdth e non-while populatio e urbath n n i ne silen areath s ta s majority which wiD remain l timea fool'livo silen t al n er i s i ,s fo t paradise." Among various others, the Trade Union Council of S.A. expressed similar e Primviewsa letteth n I o et r. Ministers it 1 general secretary, Mr. Arthur Grobbelaar, urged that a top-lcvd enquiry be instituted into the future of the Coloured people, ll was evident, he said, that this community was "becoming increas' ingly resentful of the treatment they are receiving, and theii frustratio s movini n g toward n explosiosa n point." . DaviMr d e LabouCurrth f o y r Party said/ I " war1 e th n Government that, as much as we are trying our best to avoid anything hary thama mt relations betwee e authoritienth t th d an s people f nothini , g positiv e dones ablei b o prevenwile t et w ,no l l a situation developing that may get out of hand". Mr. Swartz's remarks about the possible emergence of a "fifth column" are recorded earlier.

DIVERGENCE FROM WHITES n otheO r occasions, . Curr s Mr pointe ha yw t thane ou da t generatio f Coloureno d peopl5 grows eha sincp nu e apartheid came int t ogro forc no amongsp w u d 1948n i edi t Whitese I . th t has a , d its parents. There wereColourew no d neved ha adult o r mewh s ) or talked to a White on the same social level. Many Whites knew onle employer/servanth y t relationship. Coloured people had, once, been true South Africans. Now there were many who went to international sports matches especially to jeer at the White South African teams, as a form of political protest. Coloured people . CurrMr , y said, were moving away from White society towards their fellow-oppressed, the Africans. "Power- points" were developing around apartheid institutions such as the Coloured Persons' Representative e "BantustanCouncith d an l " Assemblies, and these were passing out of the Government's con-1 trol and were developing their own "anti-White momentum". The poet and philosopher, Mr. Adam Small, has written,'

Rand Dally Mail. 10 March. 3 Quoted in the Star, 17 May. 4 Ibid. 19 May. • e.g. Rand Dally Mall. 13 July. Star. 1 May; Sunday Tlmts. 8 August. • Rand Dally Mail, 13 July. 22 INDIAN COUNCIL 23 s formemenit f o t r leaders. n SeptemberI 3 . RamgobiMr , n (who had previously been banned s servewa ) d wit f five o a hfres t -se h INDIAN POLITICAL BODIES year banning orders, including house arrest.

SOUTH AFRICAN INDIAN COUNCIL The constitution of the South African Indian Council was describe e 196th s memberf 8it n pago do Survey. f 5 o 1 e l e ar Al s nominate Governmente th s advisor y ha b d t i d y an power, s only. During 1971, the members were re-appointed for a further term of three years. The chairman of the Council's Executive Committee, Mr. A. M. Rajab, said in May1 that the Council had made it clear to the Minister of Indian Affairs that public pressure was mounting for a fully elected council, with real responsibilities. The Minister had replied that practical difficulties made this impossible for the time being: these included the finalization of group areas and the If resettlement of people, which must be done before voters' lists coul compilee db electorad dan l divisions demarcated systee Th .m of elected members would then be introduced gradually. Durin s sessiogit Marchn ni Councie th , agais wa l n concerned mainly with the effects of the Group Areas Act, including the distress suffered by displaced traders and the lack of adequate amenitie w townshipsne n i s . Other matters discussed were th e desirabilit f establishino y n Indiaa g n Investment Corporation, salary scales for professional workers, the admission to South Afric f furtheo a r professionally qualified Indians e nee r th more, dfo agricultural land and for Indian agricultural extension officers, and the development of local government in urban areas. The Council noted with appreciation that, as a result of its representations, >!',>: some Indians had been accepted as articled accountants, and others were being traine s telephonda e mechanicians.2 Mrs. Fatima Meer a sociologist, , contribute n articlt a d th o et I Spro-Cas publication South Africa's Minorities n whici e saish hd if that the nominated South African Indian Council served very little purposIndiae th r nefo people. I Indians continuede sh , , believed thei rmose positioth te b o t n precarious of all in South Africa. Because the Government had stifled all resistance, for the first time in eighty years there was no expression of Indian political aspirations.

PLAN REVIVO ST NATAE ETH L INDIAN CONGRESS A few months afterwards, however, Mr. Mewa Ramgobin of Durban announced that he planned to revive the Natal Indian Congress, whic d beeha hn inactive sinc e banninth e r imprisono g -

Kami Dally Mail. 18 May. i

1 VI } 1 Fiat Lux. March. 1 Rr.ml Da.ly Mail. 7 July . k 'f A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1971 if 62 63 Between 24 December 1970 and the end of March, six white men who were facing charges under the Act committed suicide. Mrs. Helen Suzman (Progressive Party) move a dPrivat e Member's motion in the Assembly on 26 February," calling for the MEASURE SECURITR E SFO TH D YAN abolition of Section 16 of the Immorality Act and of the entire CONTRO PERSONF LO S Mixed Marriages Act. She pointed to the "sickening" reports of miser d degradatioan y n cause y Sectiob d . Mor16 n e than half o f those charged under this Section had been acquitted, she said, yet DEFENCE EXPENDITURE, EQUIPMENT, AND MANPOWER had to face disgrace. The legal and social consequences of crossing Accordin e officiath o t lg Estimate f o Expenditurs r fo e the colour line in South Africa were such that a white person 1971-72,' a total of R316500000 is to be spent from the Revenue entereo wh d int oa mixe d marriage mus e utterlb t y committeo dt Account on defence (R59 400 000 more than during the previous the non-white partner t shoulI . e theidb r business alone. year). This represents about 17,4 per cent of the estimated total y thae favouresa sh t o T d miscegenation, Mrs. Suzman con- expenditure from Revenue Account. In addition, the following tinued, was equivalent to saying that the Nationalists favoured sums were allocated from Loan Account: such forms of immorality as adultery or intercourse between une purchasth - r fo f sharee Armamenteo 0 th 00 n i s0 00 5 sR married persons. Yet there were no laws prohibiting these. Development and Production Corporation of S.A., Ltd., As an amendment to Mrs. Suzman's motion, Mr. M. L. Mitchell (United Party) called upon the Government to appoint R4221 350 for defence buildings. a commission to examin7e problems resulting from the legislation. The Minister of Defence said in the Assembly on 5 May2 The Minister of Justice rejected both the motion and the that the Permanent Force consisted of 19000 members, the Citizen 8 000Force3 8 e Commando f ,th o s e Cadetth 000 0 d 6 f o san f , o s amendment t saibu ;d that, wherever possibl n i futuree e th , 56000, making a combined total of 218000. attorney-general's approval woul obtainee db d before prosecutions 1 were instituted d acten attorne r ha A certai. fo do wh yn accused He reiterated that South Africa had no war-like intentions. commented that this "concession" would be of little practical The Defence Force was being built up merely as a means of main- 9 taining the country's sovereignty and independence, and of en- help, becaus e attorney-general'th e s decision woul e basedb d only abling it to take up its place in the free world if a confrontation on evidence provided by the police. He would not know what the wer o occurt e . South Africa. neede o armn d s from abroar fo d defence was to be. ensurin s internait g l security d coula ver an ,o t yd large extent manufacture the armaments required for ensuring its external security. In some cases it was competitive in regard to prices on the world d receivemarketha d dan , orders from abroad. It was announced in June* that, in terms of an agreement between a French company and the Armaments Development and Production Corporation of S.A.. South Africa is to build supersonic l aircraftF- e Frencd Th Miragan . I hII e Foreign Ministes i r reported to have said on 20 July5 that these aircraft could be used for external security purposes only. When current contracts had been fulfilled, France woul t permino d e sal th o Soutt e h Africa, Rhodesia, or Portugal of any further weapons that could be used against guerillas, for example helicopters or light armoured vehicles.

During September, the Press was informed that South Africa had developed a new air-to-air missile, which ha6 d been successfully

R.P. 2/1971 Vote 18: R.P. 3/1971 Voles B and P. Hansar col3 1 d . 6067. « Hansar 4 dcola . 1787-98. Cols. 6008-9. : Cols 1804-15. Rand Dally Mall. 28 June " Cols. 1B27-39. Star, July1 2 . • Rand Daily Mall. 2 March. e.g. Star, September0 1 . 64 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1971 CONTRO F PUBLICATIONLO S 65 tested. Fired from a Mirage fighter, it had intercepted a target suspecting that undesirable publications or other objects are missile flyin t twica g e speeeth f soundo d . produced or exhibited there. They may seize any publication The Minister of Defence has stated that Coloured men are or object which appears to afford evidence of a contravention employed in various capacities in the Sout7 h African Navy. It is e Actoth f . possible for them to rise to the rank of warrant officer. increasee Th d power Boare givee th b o o dt nt s were objected ;ito by the parliamentary opposition and by many others, including STATK SECURITY , the Suid-Afrikaansc Akadcmie vir Wctcnskap en Kuns. It was mentioned on pages 34 at xcq of (he 1969 Survey thai there had been considerable public concern over the setting up ^PROHIBITION OV PUBLICATIONS of a Bureau for State Security, the powers of its head, and the ' •i Befor e establishmenth e Novembe1 n o t e rPublica th 196 f o 3 - e Generaprovisionth f Amendmenw o La 9 l 2 f Section o sd an 0 t1 s tions Control Board, a Board of Censors, appointed in 1956, had Act, No. 101 of 1969. In consequence, Mr. Justice Potgieter of powe prohibio t r e distributioth t f literaturo n e produced overseas the Appellate Division had been appointed a one-man commission jWhich was considered by it to be indecent, obscene, or on any of enquiry into matters relating to the security of the State. .ground objectionable. The Prime Minister announced in the Assembly on 21 April' • An Objectionable Literature Index is published annually by that a parliamentary committee under his chairmanship, and con- 'Mr. Kenneth Jacobsen of Pretoria. He stated during March that, sistin f equao g l number f membero s e governmenth f e o sth d an t ,|face 1956e Boarth ,f e CensorPublicationo dth d an s s Control 0 official oppositione establisheb o t s o considewa t d, mucw ho rh 'Board had banned 12651 publications, films, and records. of the Potgieter report could be released without prejudice to the ,o In February, the Minister of the Interior was questioned in country's security. "• Assemble th . y abou activitiee th t Publicatione th f so s Control Board The Government, he continued, was prepared to accept certaidv .'(excluding its consideration of films).10 He replied that, since of Mr. Justice Potgieter's recommendations, and during 1972 would 1963Boare th d prohibite, dha d 5785 publications f whico , h 5771 introduce legislation to put these into effect. Amendments would; Itmained prohibited. be made to Sections 10 and 29 of the 1969 Act. A State Security. .'*' During 1970, the Minister said, the Board had examined the Council, already established, woul e giveb d n statutory status. '* . following publications or other objects: e BureaTh r Statfo u e Security e Primth , e Minister said, wai, a normal State department o makT . e this clearerl e il titl f th ,o e Publications Other objects head would be changed to the Secretary for Security Information2 . l-iubmitte 3 membery 14 db publie th . f .. co s The Bureau had no powers of search, arrest, or detention: thes5 3 e "'Examine 5 73 e Customn termi dth f o st Ac s were the functions of the police. h _'- Of the total, 573 publications and 27 other objects had been [deemed undesirable. PUBLICATIONS AND ENTERTAINMENTS ACT, V i >V. In reply to questions relating to films, the Minister gave the No. 32 OF 1971 5 (allowing information:" This Act dealt with three main matters. f Since During 1970 1. It was made clear that a film intended for public exhibition must establishment be submitted to the Publications Control Board (establish^ of Board in in e principatermth f 1963f o o s t ) Ac l befor e fil eth showfs mi . 1963 in private r beforo , y particularan e \ W y s relatinma t i o t g submitte. Boar.. e th . o d.. dt 14440 801 j'* published. No particulars may be released about a film thatj ||{nmber totally prohibite...... d 218 49 -!> is rejected (other tha s title)it n r abouo , t portions that tbjjj *ber approved subject to the Board has decided should be excised. I'excision of specified portions ... 1 764 273 "H 2. The Board was empowered to lay down conditions if ill lumber approved for exhibition decide o impost d e control ove e holdinth r a publi f go c entefi t i?/j only to persons of a particular tainmcnt. ,; race or class ...... 757 244 3. Member e Boardth f r o spersono , s authorized theret tyy ob j nbcrapproved unconditionally ... 11701 235 may ente y placan rf i thee y have reasonable grounds lat\ »JUnd Daily Mall. 13 March.

fHinm, 233.33 d . - Kami Daily Mail. 11 December 1970. coTs Hansar I colsI d . 4842-7. IBtmar cols2 d . 14475 . . 1 [V 66 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1971 CONTROL OF PERSONS 67 March9 n O e Ministe1th 2 s askewa r d about appeals mado et BANNING ORDER PERSONN SO S againscourtw la f o st decision Boarde th f o appealso N . beed sha n In term f Governmeno s 3 July2 t f a revise,o Notic 6 44 de mad n regars i epublicationa o r filmst d fa e said h o , S . s were list was published of 30 white and 244 non-white people, still in concerned, eleven appeal d beesha n allowed d twelv an ,beed eha n South Africa, who were then subject to banning orders. Since dismissed (includin appean ga regar n l i subsequenl al o dt t editions then, further orders have been issued, while others have been of one of the publications concerned). Twelve appeals were . allowed to lapse. pending. / During the year under review two white and eight non-while Four of the appeals that succeeded were against bans on persons whose previous banning orders expired were re-banned individua l e magazinissueth f o s e Scope: e Boar th s ordere wa d d for further period f fivso e years s serve n Africawa A . n d witma n h e legath y l costpa o e issuet s th involved f so concernee On . s dwa a further two-year banning order. A few people have remained banned because it contained an article on abortion entitled "The subjec o suct t h orders since soon afte e Suppressioth r f Como n - Agony of the Unborn Child". Mr. Justice Henning, who heard . munism Act of 1950 originally came into force. the appeal, e Supremstateth n i d e Court thae publith t c should e orderMosth f o st issued during 1971, however, have been be encouraged to read this article, and not prevented from doing ; served for two-year periods on African ex-political prisoners, as so.13 their sentences expired. These men have generally been ordered e timo remait th > r e fo nbeina resettlemen n i g t townshia n i p Towards the end of 1970, the Pretoria-based Pasquino Society homeland, where it is extremely difficult to find any employment. launche a petitiod n agains e "arbitrarth t d unrealisticyan " censor- An especially f severbannino t se e g order r fivfo se years, ship of the Publications Control Board. It was stated, in a pre- . including house arrest, was served on the Rev. Father Cosmas amble, that "the ever-growing prohibitions" were "inconsistent with ;. Desmond s mentioneA . e authoe boodth th s earlierf ko rwa e h , present-day acceptability". More than 40000 signatures were ob- The Discarded People which described highly unsatisfactory con- . Vaus tainedW (Unitew . eRa Mr . d Party) presente petitioe th d n ; ditions in about sixty resettlement villages which he had visited e Deputth o t y Ministe e Interio e th Assembl th f o rn i r n 10.o y ' . in homeland areas. The restrictions imposed on Father Desmond June e latteTh . r f signaturestheo t nse produce n ,ow coming,.'s dhi - 'mad t o continui impossiblet m s hi previou hi r e fo e s work with he said, from the Youth of Christ Movement, and supporting the; ;(he Christian Institute. Numerous public protests were made. actions of the Board. He did not disclose how many people had ; There was Press comment on the irony of the fact that shortly signed this document.1* j 'afterwards the Deputy Minister of Bantu Administration, on visit- ing Sada (one of the townships described in the book) for the dayw fe s . earlierBassoA P . u Japid nMr . , eD (Unite d Party) 16 e Assembly th d pointen ha i t ou d1 5 that bona fide South Africa• n •first time, said that something would have to be done to ease students of affairs in the African continent were seriously han- :(he misery of the people. dicapped becaus relevane mano es th f yo t book beed sha n banned,, Mr. Mewa Ramgobin, who had planned to revive the Natal and could not be consulted unless special permission was obtained, 1 •Indian Congress, was also banned and placed under house arrest • i 'for five years. Mr. Justice Moloto, the general secretary of the During June Britise th , h Clarendon Press publishe secone dth d 1 •University Christian Movement, has been confined to the Mafeking volume of the Oxford History of South Africa, edited by Professof |• ;irea for five years. Monica Wilson and Professor Leonard Thompson. It contained 1 The first person subjected to house arrest, in October 1962, a chapter on "African Nationalism in South Africa, 1910-1964",

" Hansard 6 cols. 442-3.

3 Sunday1 Times. 6 March. 'i" Rand Daily Mail, 7 August . '« Assembly Hansard 18 col. 8718. ; 13 Hansar col7 1 d . 8282. u'P Star, 10 August. 68 SURVEA RACF YO E RELATIONS, 1971 CITIZENSHIP AND TRAVEL DOCUMENTS 69 from security police agents. Past trials r examplfo , f meno e '

18 '' Passport control officers were empowere detaio dt custodn ni y arrested in Victoria West in 1968, have shown that evidence ; .person faileo wh so product d requiree eth d permits chargo t d an e, provide; sucy r ,1 frob dfa h me b agentreliable y ma s . ;them befor ea competen t court. ••'£' BANISHMENT OF AFRICANS IN TERMS OF THE BANTU v> 'CITIZENSHIP AND TRAVEL DOCUMENTS V ADMINISTRATIO T NAC f In repla questio e Assemblo t th y 4 April,n 2 i n n e o y "th Loss of South African citizenship Ministe f Banto r u Administratio d Developmennan t said that thre* e Ministe e InterioTh .£.th f o re Assembl r th sai 2 n 1 i d n o y

Africans died in banishment during 1970.2° It would appear that March ' that, during 1970, 34 persons were deprived of their

1 nineteen men and one woman were still living in banishment &\ $>uth 2 African citizenship, in 28 cases because they made use of e beginninth f 1971o e gorder th e firs f .Th o s t stil forcn i l e wai; 'passports issued by other countries. Four people, while resident in issued as long ago as 1950, while two more were served in 1954.i| (he Republic, acquired foreign citizenship by formal and voluntary {Beans, while anothe renounceo tw r d their South African citizenship EMERGENCY REGULATIONS IN THE TRANSKEI With intent to accept foreign citizenship. The emergency regulations for the Transkei, issued 81 Proclamation 400 of 1960, remain in force. Passports The Minister of Bantu Administration and Development said 24 21 Questione e Assemblth 6 February,n 1 i d n o y e Ministeth r in the Assembly on 18 May that 23 Africans were then ifl laid that, in 1970, there were 182716 applications by South banishment from their homes under these regulations, fou f theo r mi Africans for travel documents of which only 174 were refused. having been exiled for as long as ten years. 22 Available t statisticreveano e racia d th l- di s ap l groupe th f o s According to the Minister of Police, 37 Africans weii ;'blicants. (Some passportth f eo s granted wer r limiteefo d periods detained under the emergency regulations during the period 1 Ju v (inly, insteae normath f o d l South African perio f thredo e years.) 1970 to 31 March 1971. At the latter date, 24 of them were ;• According to the managing director of a prominent travel

being held: four had been in detention for as long as 101 dayii Sout2 .agency,12 h1 a "totaAfrica55 f o l n residents countrlefe th t y The remaining 13, who were all released without charges havif.1 '(temporaril2 y in 1970. Of these, 49185 were non-whites, at least been laid against them, had been held for periods ranging froffl.' '3000e latteth f r0o being Muslim n pilgrimageo s e Eastth o .t s days8 7 o t 2. • .'' Prominent persons who had previously been refused passports ADMISSIO PERSON F REPUBLIE NO TH O ST C but were granted them in 1971 included Chief Galsha Buthelezi, REGULATION AMENDMEN 197F TO 15 ACT5 . ,No ^ Chief Executive e ZulOfficeth f uo rTerritoria l Authority. Mr , | knowledge Guzana, Leader of the Opposition in the Transkei, This measure increased very substantially the penalties fflf | playwrighte '|Bth d . AthoMr , l Fugard. certain offences under the principal Act of 1913 as amended, f(f,[ J, Chief Buthelezi, Paramount Chief Matanzima d Chiean , f example: £bcas Mangope toured Britain during October, as guests of the (a) aiding or being accessory to the entry into the Republijfl jritish Government. oa persof doeo t hav nwh e necessarno s eth y vis r whfao J t i During the debate on his Vote in the Assembly,2" Ihc Minister is a prohibited immigrant; ^f'the Interior denied tha a person't s political convictionr o s (b) failin o complt g y wit a hsummon o appeat s r beforj t eI (tiigious beliefs were taken into account when applications for immigration boardo answet r o , r satisfactorily questiontj I sports were considered. Reports from the security police, the e boardasketh y b d; eau for State Security, and information received from other e cas th f mastero en i f ) shipo s(c r otheo s r conveyance^ |<6nntries were taken into account. Amon reasone gth r refusinfo s g failing to remove from the country, and meanwhile- |tpasspor a vis r ao t were: arrange for the detention in custody of, a person whij "•"'• (a) if the person could become a financial burden to the is not permitted to land, or is a prohibited immigraM ] country; (eve f thii n s perso arrives stowaway)a ha n s a d ' ' . e coulh f i d ) >••'•''becom(b • n embarrassmena e o himselt ta r o f security risk to the country to which he was going; 18 Sec 1969 Survey, page 65. 11 Hansard II col. 777. HinsarM j cold6 . 484. '" See 1%7 Survey, page 43, (or the conditions of banishment. 21 [ •Hlnwr cold3 . 210. Hansard 15 col. 896. l Dallytm • [' Mall, August6 . " Assembly April2 . , Hansar cold9 . 679. Jane. Hansar cols8 1 d . 8733-41, 8765-74. TRAVEL DOCUMENTS 70 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1971 71 (c) if he was a former communist or supporter of a banned The stories of Miss Shantie Naidoo and Mr. Robert Sobukwc organization; have been told in earlier issues of this Survey.'1 Both arc under knowa s wa n e terrorish (df i ) r terroriso t t sympathizer; strict banning orders, and are confined, respectively, to the (e) if he had at any time pleaded for revolution, sabotage, Johannesbur d Kimberlean g y districts. During 1970 they both riots r act o ,f violenco s e against people Stateth r ;eo applied to the Department of the Interior for permanent exit e undermineh f i (f) d peac d orderan e ; permits, which were granted. Miss Naidoo had a permit to enter e besmircheh f (gi n countr) ow s hi dy overseas, going further ano wort d n Britaini k , whil . SobukwMr e d beeha c n offerea d than normal criticism, or advocated violence against university lectureship in the United States. They then applied to South Africa. the Departmen f Justico t a relaxatio r efo f theio n r banning orders Mr. Lionel G. Murray (United Party)27 once again urged that to enablSmutn Ja o t se Airporo theg mo t r somo t e other porf o t e Minister'th s decision e final shoulb t tha t bu a , tribunatno d l departure. These applications were refused. be established to hear appeals. The existing procedure, he pointed Applicatio s thewa n mad a Ful o t el e SupremBencth f o h e out, mad o provision e r representationfo n e e madb th y o t b es Court, Pretoria orden a r rfo , enabling the o leavmt e areaeth o t s person concerned. which thed beeha y n restricte e purposth r f fo dmakinf o e o e us g Action taken against clergymen in regard to the granting or their exit e applicatiopermitsth t Bu . n failed e threTh . e judges refusal of travel documents is described on page 50. concurre findinn i d g that, becaus e absolutth f o e e wordine th f o g Suppressio Communisf npowero e th d t gavsi an Ministee t emth Ac r Deportation orders, exit permits d cancellatioan , f temporaro n y of Justice a restrictio, n order issues n termi dwa f t thio s Ac s equivalent to a court order of imprisonment in relation to an exit

residence permits permit. Further appea bees ha ln Appellate madth o et e Division.*

28

2 In repl o questiont y e Assemblth February,6 n i 1 s n o y e th 3 Minister said that, during 1970, 90 Whites and 56 Africans from Visas South Afric d Soutan a h West Africa were served with deportation orders. Twenty persons who had been refused passports were e Ministe Interioe Th th f o r rFebruary 9 sai n o d ™ that, during granted permanent exit permits: one White person, ten Coloured, 1970, visa d beeha s n9 foreigner refuse46 I o t d s (excluding those manrefusew d beeho yha y dn sa grantedretur t no n d visas).di e H . live Asians d fouan , r Africans. . JoeMr l d beeCarlsonha no attornee accusewh , th r n fo ydi Among thos o whoet m visas were refuse 197n i ds (fo 1wa a r more than twenty political trials s saidi , o hav2t 9 e e comth o t e second time) the Negro tennis player, Mr. Arthur Ashc. conclusion that it was no longer possible for him to continue his As mentioned on page 46 of the 1969 Survey, Congressman work in South Africa. Inter alia, several attempts had been made Charle ss i chairma Diggs e Foreigo th wh f , o nn Affairs Sub- on his life. He decided to take up a law lectureship offered him Committe e UniteAfricn o th e f o ad States' Hous f Representaeo - tives, was, that year, granted a visa on condition that he did not Yorkw iNe n . Accordin e Ministes wif th e Interior/hi e th o t gd f o an r e 1h 0 address any public meetings in South Africa and refrained from obtained British passports during April, relinquishing their South doing anything that would constitute interference in the Republic's African citizenshi d becominpan g aliens . CarlsoMr . n lef Mayn i t , domestic affairs e theH .n cancelle s proposedhi d visit. his wife remaining to settle their affairs. She and the children Congressman Diggs applied again in 1971. This time, he was were granted temporary residents' permits valid until the end of • grante n unrestrictea d d visa e ,event th but n i ,, whe e arriveh n d May, but this period would, if necessary, be extended, the Minister .difficulties were placed in the way of his visiting South West Africa said. ' an a dresettlemen t villag n Africaa n i e n homeland s visiHi s i .t o AmericaTw n citizens, eac f whoo h d bee mha n Souti n h described in a subsequent chapter. Afric r somfo a e years, were advised that further extension f theio s r temporary residents' permits e consideredwoulb t no d . They were Mr. Richard Rock, a lecturer at the University of the Witwaters- rand, and Mr. Rex Heinke, president of the Students' Repre- sentative Counci same th t ea l university.

" e.«. 1970 Surrey, 196: 61 9 . Surrey, pace59 . s58 pac. e43 " Cols. R702-3. R74I-4. n Star. 22 June. " Hansar cols3 d . 209-10. " AHcmbly Hansar col2 d . 113. -' Sunday Time!. 9 May. 1 This appeal failed. " ' Rand Daily Mail, I MayI . 94 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS-IN-EXILE 95 d abouDelhi0 guerillasw anha 00 Ne dt 2 I t . , several hundref o d whom have been fighting with Zapu forces. POLITICAL MOVEMENTS-IN-EXILE, AND Rhodesiae Th n Zimbabwe African People's Union (Zapud an ) Zimbabwe African National Union (Zanu) were sai havo dt e about GUERILLA FIGHTERS 2000 and 600 guerillas, respectively. It was reported that the South West Africa People's Organi- zation (Swapo d eveha ) n more branch offices overseas thad ha n FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE The assistance being given by the World Council of Churches the ANC. to movements-in-exile and guerillas is described on page 51. The PAC-in-exile appears to be ineffective. According to the Press,4 the head of South Africa's Security s reportedi t I that African liberation movements still obtain 1 Police, Brigadie . VenterJ . P s rdescribe ha , n internaa d l struggle their arms from communist countries e increasinglar t bu , y looking for e ANC-in-exilepoweth n i r . Oliver Tamb d beeoha n seriously to the West for other forms of help. The Swedish Government assaulte Dar-cs-Salaamn i d e . MatthewMarksB Jo . d J an , , sHe . allocate l 19000R d n 1970i r "refugee1fo d nationaan s l liberation were state havo dt e resigned fro e movementmth largA . e number movements", mainl African yi e mone e useth b ,r humani do fo t y - of disillusioned rank-and-file member d fleha sd from training tarian purposes only. camps to seek refuge in Kenya. Since 1967, Brigadier Venter con- Other Western i s n countrie havo wh se voted suppore th r fo t tinued, more than 13 members had returned to South Africa and humanitarian activities of African freedom movements during the surrendere e Securitth o ( d y Police, thereafter becoming police past year include the Rhineland division of the Evangelical agents. Churches of Germany, Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, the Whe Progressive nth e Party leaders . ColiMr , n Egli Mrsd nan . Presbyterian Church e Josepth , h Rowntree Social Services Trust Helen Suznian, visited Nairobi on 11 October, they were ap- in Britain, Oxfam, and various left-wing British organizations. proached by a delegation representing about 80 South African Money from the Rowntree Trust and Oxfam is stated to be used political refugee e d Republilefsth ha t there o wh c, illegalld an y for hospitals, schools, and their equipment. A committee of the dared not return. They were, they said, unable to live on the RIO British Labour Party was formed to launch an appeal for funds monthly allowance paid to them by the United Nations High to aid "liberation movements" in Southern Africa. It was reported 1 Commission for Refugees through a church organization. They that, in this case, the money collected would be handed over aske financiar dfo l hel enablo pt p businesseu e t thee se th o m t f i s unconditionally. Kenya Government agreed to allow non-citizens to do this. In response to a request from the United Nations' Secretary- During August, thousand f pamphleto s s purportinf o e b o t g o liberatiot Generad ai r nfo l movements, Israel decide donato t d e origiC AN n were scattere y home-maddb e time bomb t Africaa s n foode th , o t medicines 0 96 d l blanket e R valuan ,th f o eo t s d burailwaan s y terminal n Johannesburgi s , , Durban, Organization of African Unity. The South African Government and Port Elizabeth. Similar pamphlets a newspape d an , r issued then temporarily suspende e transfeth d f "substantialo r " sums by the S.A. Communist Party, were sent anonymously through the of money, raised by the Zionist movement, to Israel through the pos o mant t y private persons. S.A. Reserve Bank. However, the Israeli offer was very shortly afterwards withdrawn. Instead e comfortth , s weree giveth o t n RHODES1 RHODESIAD AAN N MOVEMENTS-IN-EXILE United Nations fund in Geneva for the education of African Various Press reports indicate that there has been much e transfeth n f o fundo r refugees/n o Israet ss ba lifte e wa ld Th 1 dissension both withi d betweean n n Zap d Zanuan u membern i s in September. Zambia. James Chikerema emerge e formes leadea th d f o rr organization, and advocated a united front with Zanu, but attempts AFRICAN LIBERATION MOVEMENTS to bring this about failed. The French periodical Jeune Afriqite has issued a guide to s statewa dt I that member e militarth f o s y win f Zano g u African liberation movements. It stated, inter alia, that the ANC- kidnapped this organization's five-man war council, headed by in-exile has provisional headquarters in Morogoro, Tanzania, with Herbert Chitepo, with the object of forcing them to stop arguing branch oflices in London, Algeria, Dar-es-Salaam, Lusaka, Cairo, and start fighting. President Kaunda is reported to have placed the kidnappers in detention; to have ordered more than 100 mem- 1 Star. 28 September.

2 Star. May0 2 . 3 Rand Daily Mail, June5 2 . • Sunday E.tprc.u January4 2 , : Sunday Times. t AprilI . 96 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1971 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS-IN-EXILE 97 bers of the two organizations to leave Zambia; and, in August, year's Survey, that South Africa reserve e righ th do t pursu t e 10 have told (lie leaders lo "unite or get out". terrorists wherever they might e fleeaddeH . d thao countrn t y At abou e samth t es stated timewa t i ,, som9 member12 e s could allow communist-trained terrorists to violate its territory from both organizations returne o Rhodesit d d surrenderean a d without being punished o injurt r r kilo s o citizen,e it l n suci s a h to the security forces there. cowardly way. "Dit word, dcrhalwe. in hierclic geval gcdoen" Subsequent reports indicate that a new group, the Front for (This is. therefore, being done in this case), and if the pursuers the Liberatio f Zimbabweo n s beeha , n formed, claimine b o t g were attacked, they would defend themselves e responsibilitTh . y a merger of the Zapu and Zanu fighting units. This move was rested squarel e shoulderth e countrn th o y f o s y making available encourage Jamey b d s Chikercma e leadeTh . s Sheltoi r n Siwela, its territor r thifo y s sor f aggressiono t . During July, the Rhodesian police discovered a number of . Vorster'Mr s remarks were interprete boty db e Afrikaan th h s crates of weapons and other guerilla equipment in a warehouse and the English Press to mean that South African policemen had on the outskirts of Salisbury. An African storeman employed crossed the border into Zambia. The Minister of Police denied there pleaded guilly n courti , o havint , g brought the y lorrmb y that d thioccurredha s . South Africa's Foreign Mini.sler (ole dth from Lusaka. He was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment. Security Council that the trail of four persons had been found, The Rhodesian authorities stated5 that on 29 August a group leading from the Zambian border to the location of the landmines, of Frelimo6 guerillas crossed the border from Mozambique, but and back. The police followed this trail for some distance, but were intercepte y securitb d y forces e membeon , f whico rs wa h did not cross the Zambian border to continue the pursuit. slightly wounde e skirmisth n i d h that followed. e Seveth f o n Zambia mad n officiaa e l complain e Securitth o l t y Council, guerillas wer e ecaptured s reporteon killed wa d t I an ,. d that, alleging that units had crossed her borders, earlier, three members of the Rhodesian Light Infantry had been and thae 24tth t hs thiviolatiowa s f Zambia'o n s territord an y killed when their vehicle struck a land mine just beyond the air space. Burundi, Somalia, Sierra Leone d Syrian , a introduced border s thea , y were returning afte a brier f visi o Portuguest t e a motion to the effect that the Security Council should condemn officials statione e vicinityth n i d . such violation f Zambia'o s s sovereignt d shoulyan d call upon South Africa to respect Zambian territorial integrity. SOUTH WEST AFRICA. After realizing that the resolution would not obtain the re- On 24 May the Minister of Police announced in the South quired majority, the sponsors modified it, omitting any mention of African House of Assembly, that continuous police patrols had 7 "condemnation". The resolution declared that if South Africa been operating alon e Caprivi-Zambiath g n border. Guerillad sha refused to respect Zambia's sovereignty, the Security Council made several attempts to lay landmines. A few days earlier, a would meet agai o examint n e situatioth e n further. min o policd blowtw eha p en u vehicles, killin policemeo gtw d nan injuring seven others and two trackers. The tracks of six people MOZAMBIQUE had been found between the scene of the explosion and the Guerilla forces based in Tanzania are reported" to have Zambian border. launched actions during January on each of the three main fronts e CommissioneTh f Polico r 8 eSeptember 2 sai n o d thae h t 8 in northern Mozambiqu Cabe th oe — Delgad oextreme areth n ai e e thise s t dibordeno d r endine neawa th r a rn i gs future i t "I . north-east, the Vila Cabral area near Lake Malawi, and the Tcte cold war in which we cannot and will not publicise our successes. area, in which the Cabora Bassa dam is being built across the Nor will we give the enemy—that is, the communists—information Zambesi River. In the north-east, attempts were made to cut the regarding any possible setbacks." tarred road between the Portuguese air base at Mueda and Porto s announcewa Prime t I th y eb d Ministe a Nationa t a r l Party Amelia on the coast. Those attacking in the Tete area were, Congress on 5 October that two more South African vehicles ' apparently, transporte y trucb d k across Zambia d the- an in ,n operatin e Caprivth n i g i Strid strucha p k landmines policA . e filtrated at various points from the border. Heavy engagements Captain had been killed, and four police constables seriously in- were fought s reportei t i : d tha guerilla3 7 t d beeha s n killed, num- jured. A further two mines had been discovered before they bers wounded or captured, and quantities of war materials seized. exploded, while another exploded a few days later without causing .Portuguese Th : e losses wer t statedeno . injuries. Mr. Vorster repeated an earlier statement, quoted in last : During April a Portugues, e munitions freighter e Angochcth , , ' Rand Dally Mall, 7 September. was found at sea off the Cabo Delgado coast, damaged by fire ' Front of the Liberation of Mozambique. ' Hansard 16 col. 7330. " Kami Dally e followin th Mall f o g day. • Star, I Pcbruary. 98 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1971 99 and abandoned by her crew. She was towed to Lourenco Marques, wher e authoritieth e s stated thae shid apparentlth tha p y been sabotaged by expertly-placed explosives. It was possible that one r moro e member e cred beeth wha f no s killede th e fat f th o :e FOREIGN AFFAIRS others was not known. There were rumours that they were prisoners in Dar-es-Salaam d thaan ,t Frelimo and/o d ChinesRe r e forces SOUTH AFRICA'S MEMBERSHIF PO had raided the ship. The Portuguese navy undertook in future to INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS convoy coasters sailing in this area. At a meeting of the International Civil Aviation Organization, In May, after the rainy season, the Portuguese resumed held in Vienna during July, a decision was taken by a narrow attacks, making considerabl f helicopter-borno e us e e commandos. majorit excludo t y e South Africa fro l regionamal d locaan l l con- Air-attacks were made against Frelimo settlements in the northern 10 ferences of this body. It is understood that, thereafter, invitations Cabo Delgado area. Frelimo claims that, in the area it controls to South Afric o t atten ao specializetw d d conferences were s therestarteha t i , d schools, health services d agriculturaan , l pro- cancelled.1 jects among Ihc local Africans. Men operating from this territory . ArthuMr r Grobbelaa Trade th f eo r Union Counci f Souto l h laid landmines along the main road to the south. Convoys of Africa attended, as an observer, the annual conference of the trucks bringing supplies to the northern Portuguese bases had International Labour Organization, held in Geneva. He reported e accompanieb o t y armb d y vehicles, frequent stops being made afterwards "virulencee th n o anti-apartheie th f "o d feeling among ensuro t e tha e roas safeth t dwa . 2 e TetTh c distric s placewa t d unde a militarr y governon i r the representatives present of the governments, trade unions, and May. Many mines have been placed here, m took 0 , 15 alon e gth employers' organizations of 119 countries. A resolution which, roa m sitee droa da th , fro e dtowe th f mth froTeto n mo t e inter alia, condemned racisformy d callean an n mr ,actioi dfo o t n Rhodcsia to Malawi (which passes through Portuguese territory at secur e eliminatioth e f apartheio n o discouragt d an d e emigration Tete), and the road and rail linking Tete with the coast at Beira. to Souts thia r s hfa tende Africo s o supporn t di a e apartheith t d During July a grou, n infiltrate f abouo me p 0 6 t d from Zambia policy, was approved by 113 countries (including Portugal). The inte Tetth o e district l weral : e state o havt d e been killea n i d representatives of six governments abstained from voting on the command r forcai ed attack.an o 11 ground thae resolutioth t s impracticablewa n e employeth t bu ; r e mininTh d ambushinan g f roado g n i this s districs wa t and trade union representatives of these countries were in favour stepped up during September, apparently to deter Dr. Banda from of tho resolution. visiting various part f Mozambiqueso , includin e Caborgth a Bassa Proceeding e Uniteth f o sd Nations affecting South Africe ar a dam site. In the event, the Malawi President's tour took place described later. without incident t numeroubu ; s Press reports stated tha t becami t e extremely dangerou o travet s l alon e roadth g s around Tete; that BOTSWANA, LESOTHO, AND SWAZILAND after several vehicles had been blown up, with casualties, trucks Ia npaper givea symposiu t na mUniversite th hel t a d f yo d caran s were allowe o travet d l onl n convoyi y s with military Potchefstroom3 . during August, Dr. P. Smit described the close escorts d tha an a ;railwat y e lin bridgth o t Beires n o wa ea economic ties existing between South Africa and Botswana, destroyed. Lesotho, Swaziland d Malawian , . It is stated'- that there has been dissension among Frelimo e MinisteTh f o Foreigr n Affairs . HilgarDr , d Mullcr, leaders in Tanzania, as a result of which some members left for announced in May that South Africa and Lesotho planned to Kenya, where they founded a rival organization called FUMO exchange consular services. Earlier, he said that, at Lesotho's (Mozambique United Front). request, 26 South African public servants had been seconded to that country temporarily, to give expert help in various fields. The South African Wool Board is helping to establish a merino sheep stud farm there.4 s describeA d later, Lesotho's Prime Minister, Chief Lcabua

' Aucust1 Star,3 Jul9 d an y.

10 : Rand Daily Mail. 7 July. Star, 27 September. 3 Entitled "The e PlacBlac d Rolth f an eko e States with Referenc o Economit e c Co-operation 11 Star. 6 July. 2 1 in Southern Africa". Star. September0 1 . 4 Report jrom South Africa. May.

'\ 142 PASE TH S LAWS 143 e tota Th s marginalli l y higher tha e 196th n 9 figure, excepn i t the cas f Pretoriao e , wher e numbeth e f peoplo r e removes ha d more than doubled. THE PASS LAWS "AID CENTRES" e DeputTh y Ministe f Banto r u Administration . PicDr ,t PROSECUTIONS Koornhof, announce n Juni d e thae governmenth t t intendeo t d Accordin e latesth o tt g e Commissionereporth f o t e th f o r introduce a new system of dealing with pass offenders—through

South African Police r Julfo , y 1969—Jun person0 e 38 1970,1 s62 "aid centres" and homeland "rehabilitation centres". Provision for were sent for trial for infringements o1 f laws and regulations this syste Bante mads th m wa i euh Laws Amendmen2 t 4 Act . No , relatin e productioth o gt f documentno Africansy b s , 7 whil51 2 e2 of 19645, Section 12 of which stated that: were senr triar infringementfo tfo l f Masterso s d Servantsan ' ' laws and the Bantu Labour Regulation Act. Thus 643 897 persons y Africaan ) n(a arreste r o convicted d unde e influth r x were trie r infringementdfo f wha o se commonl ar t y knowe th s na control and pass laws may "be admitted to an aid centre "pass laws." These cases constituted 26,l case r cenal 8f pe so t sent a labouestablishe r fo r o bureau" y db ; for triale averagth , e numbe f dailo r y prosecution r pasfo s s (b) aid centres may be used for periodical sittings of Bantu offences being 1 764. The comparative figures for 1970 are: 632 077 Commissioners' Courts; cases sent for trial, constituting 26,5 per cent of all cases, and a Bant ) (c u Affairs Commissione y "afte e enquirma rdu r y makin pas2 averagn ga 73 s1 prosecution f eo r day. e 197pe s Th 0 2 d wite e familregaran th du h o t dy d obligationtiean s s figures were lower thae 196th n 9e 197 th ones t 1 bu , figuree ar s or commitments of such Bantu, make such order as may marginally higher than those for 1970. appear to him to be just in regard to the placing in The Minister of Justice stated in Parliament in May that 42 employment of such Bantu or the issue to him of the per cent of all prisoners serving sentences of up to four months requisite documents ... or permission in regard to the had been imprisoned as a result of influx control laws and 3 repatriation of such Bantu and his dependants to his regulations. hom r laso e t plac f residence o ea settlement o t r o , , Prosecution w infringement la r Bant fo x s Ta u s numbered rehabilitation scheme or any other place indicated by 138 307. constitutin e tota r centh f pe l o tnumbe 8 5, g f prosecuo r - such Bantu Affairs Commissioner"; tions. The comparative figures for 1970 were 188 361 and 7,9 per cent. a Commissione ) (d alsy oma r suggest tha criminao n t l action be taken against an African admitted to an aid centre or AFRICANS REMOVED FROM URBAN AREAS detained for a pass offence. Questioned in the Assembly in February, the Minister of Dr. Koornhof said that the system he envisaged was a genuine Bantu Administration and Development said that the following attemp o "reduct t e e burdetechnicath th e n o n l offendeo t d an r number f Africano s s were removed fro e followinmth g arean i s divert the majority of these offenders away from the courts and 1970: the prisons." The aid centres would attempt to legalize the position Men Women Total of "technical offenders" by liaising with their employers, the local Witwatersrand ... 23267 1528 24795 labour bureau, or the homeland authority. If their position could 6 22 5 3 Cap 1 e Peninsul19 . a.. be legalised they would not have to go to gaol, but if not, they Pretoria ...... 355 8 149 404 9 would be gaoled or sent to "rehabilitation centres" where they . .. Durba269 . .. 5n 2071 4766 could learn a trade. (In February 1970 it was slated in Parliament 5 1 2 Por 3 1 t Elizabet . .. h that there were not yet any rehabilitation centres in the home- lands.)6 Dr. Koornhof said he believed the majority of those 29717 4134 33 8514 Africans whose position legalize e coulb t dno d were "won't-works", s theswoulo wa an ewh t e sen i d db rehabilitatioo t t n centrest Bu . the basic approach was that almost all the people concerned were 1 R.P. 45/1971.

1 1970 Survey, . 164p . 1 Hansar cols6 1 d . 749 7539d 1an . » 1964 Survey, on. 174-187, csp. n. 182. * Hansard 2 col. IRQ. • 1970 Suri'«v, p. 165. 144 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1971 THE PASS LAWS 145 not criminals. "All they want to do is find work . . . The new will fac a more e terrible fate than prison—tha f beino t g dumped system will help them immeasurably." in hunger in poverty infested Bantustans."15 7 d centreai o s Tw have been establishe o farCaps dn i , e Town and Welkom. Othe establishee r b centre o t e ar sJohannesburg n di , RECOMMENDATION E NATIONATH Y B S L INSTITUTR FO E Bloemfontein, Pretoria, Krugersdorp, Germiston, Alexandra, CRIME PREVENTIO REHABILITATIOD NAN OFFENDERF NO S , Brakpan, Nigel, Sebokeng, and Modderbee. In a memorandum to the Minister of Bantu Administration 8 The enabling legislation of 1964 said nothing about the and Developmen n Marchi t e Nationath , l Institut r Crimfo e e circumstances in which prosecution might be waived, and at the Prevention and Rehabilitation of Offenders (NICRO) made specific s passagit tim f o e e fears were expressed that Africans coule db proposals for changes in the pass laws to help combat crime and faced wite choicth h e betwee d repatriatioa nspecifi an b jo c o nt recidivism among African ex-prisoners, and re-integrate them into their homelands.9 Centres might becom ea sourc f cheaeo p labour the community e unavoidablTh . e implicatio e memoranduth f o n m for employers who could not attract workers by normal means." is that the pass laws are a significant cause of crime—in the proper These anxieties were once again expressed when Dr. Koornhof sense of the word. It was NICRO's experience that the great mad s announcementhi e . Mrs. Helen Suzman said thae mosth t t majority of African ex-prisoners were not in possession of important objectio e systeth s thao nt mt coul wa i tmethoa e db f do reference e timbook th f theio et a s r release d weran , e likelo t y legalizing the "highly objectionable 'in lieu of prosecution'" sys- be destitute. Without registration an African could not have a fare th m whico t m labou te d hle r scandal.11 While welcominy gan settled place of residence, was subject to arrest and imprisonment, 1 !....* and was debarred from seeking lawful employment. The alternative measures designe o reduct d e "incalculablth e e misery" causey db to whic turnee h extremels dwa y likelcrimee b o yt . influx control e Institutth , f Raco e e Relations drew attentioo t n the "need to apply the power to direct labour with requisite NICRO's recommendation Ministee th o st r included: consideratio e aptitude t th onl no n f e wisheo y t th als bu sf f o o s (a) pre-release documentation of prisoners so that they could the individual concerned. It is necessary to guard against naked be employed with the minimum of delay when they were direction of labour."12 Fears were also expressed that the holding released; m of court sittings at aid centres, which would be in African areas, deletioe th Bante ) th (b n f frouo ) (Urbam(b Sectio) n(1 0 1 n Ml could mean that they were in effect closed to the white press and Areas) Consolidation Act of 1945 of the clause which public. Further, there wouloptioo n a fine—whic e f db no h many deprive n Africa a s righ hi o urbat f t o n n residence h f i e pass offenders chose to pay.13 The Black Sash condemned the receives a six-month prison sentence or a fine of over new t anotheplanye s a s r (and easier) mean f removino s g Africans R100; from urban areas. Aid centres might reduce the number of short-. (c) allowing the wife of a prisoner receiving a sentence of term pass-offence prisoners, "but this will only be because instead six month a finf over o e o s e wido rth a R10 r f wo o 0 of going to prison the people will be taken to the homelands ot - deceased African a reasonable time to obtain employment rural areas and placed in employment where there is a shortage d qualifan r urba;fo y n residence: , instea f rapidlo d - en y of labour, particularly on white farms—and the statistics will no. ' dorsin outr happens a ghe , mann si y case t presentsa ; f: 1 Ul: longer be available." * 1.. :' (d) placing on the Bantu Affairs Commissioner the onus of senioA r membe Sowete th f o r o Urban Bantu Council sai. dhe proving tha African a t s "idlei n r "undesirable"o " before if feare systew dne thame th twoul d lea o mast d s repatriatiof no punishing him, instead of making the accused African f»,v e peoplhomelandsth o t e I " believ. e thae governmenth t t will prove the contrary as is the case at present.16 (This m decrease the prison population but drastically increase the homen ; recommendation conflicts sharply wite manneth h n i r land population," which would be a tragic day for South Africa, which aid centres are to be run in terms of the 1964 Act, Another U.B.C. member said "My fears are that too many people- for they have the power to "deal with" thousands of alleged "undesirables", a widely defined term which 7 Star. 9 June. thren includeo s eAfricay ha consecutiv an so wh n e occa- " Rand Dally Mail, Star, October4 1 . sions refused "without lawful cause" to accept employ- • Rand Daily Mall. 8 June. : 17 ° 1964 Survey. . 182P . laboumena y b t rofferem bureau.)hi o t d Rand Daily Mall, June0 1 . 1Race Relations News, June. 2 t 'n •World, June0 1 . Rand Dally Mall, 10 June. " Memorandum to the Minister, summarized by the Institute of Race Relations In RR. 96/71. 3 IbM. » Rand Daily Mall, 17 June. 146 SURVEA RACF YO E RELATIONS, 1971 PASE TH S LAWS 147 FOREIGN AFRICANS of their foothol urban i d n areas despite qualification o remain(t s ) Accordin e Africth o t ga Institut 0 foreig00 2 en 56 ther e ar e in terms of Section 10 of the Urban Areas Act." Throughout the African worker n Souti s h Africa d 22000an , n Rhodesia.0i n I " Western Cape, building schemes for family housing in African Southern Africa as a whole, there are 1 500 000 workers (mostly township d beeha sn reduce r droppedo d , while bachelor com- Africans) working outside their national boundaries at any given pounds were being encouraged. "When people lose their houses time. The migratory labour system thus affects (when families are for any reason, they are not helped to find fresh accommodation taken into account) about 6000000 peopl Southern ei n Africa." and are pressed to accept repatriation ... or resettlement . . . Unlike white immigrants, foreign born black people can never t n intalwayWorkinpu ca o e n singlb s me g e quarters o lons , s a g acquire South African citizenship, however long they have lived (he women and children fade out of the picture." r worke o Republice th n di r whetheo ,t the e marrieno yar r o r o dt South African citizens. Foreign migratory labourers may not be- In terms of regulations gazetted in 1968,-' houses are now com e tenantth e f homeo s f theio s ry the ownma y r brin,no g being allocate qualifo wh n yd undeonlme o t y) r(a Sectio) (1 0 1 n 20 e Urbath f o n ) Area(b ) s(1 Actan0 1 dd whos,an e wivee ar s their wives to live with them in the prescribed areas. The same, already lawfully residing with them. This rule t untolou s d num- of course, applies to contract workers from the homelands. ber f coupleo s n housinso g waiting-lists n whosMe . et wiveno o d s African children born in the Republic have no right to South qualify in their own right to be in a prescribed or urban area, African citizenship, if, at the time of their birth, their father had and many families with children thus find it very difficult to get no right of residence and their mother was not a South African 21 accommodation. "The resul s thai t t families with right f resio s - citizen. Man f theso y e teenage childre e beinar no t go g tol o dt e aredencth an ei fin d themselves virtually coerced into accepting e countrth f theio y r father's origin when they appl r referencyfo e offers of rural housing, thereby forfeiting all urban rights." f sixteeno e e fatherag Th .booke f manth o s t f a thessyo e children have been living and working in the Republic for many years, Section 7 (4) of the above regulations allows the Superin- and have carried South African reference books until compelled tendenn urbaa f o nt Bantu residential are o issut a a ehousin g o applt r passportfo y e Bantn termi th s f uo s Laws Amendment permit to an adult woman who has dependants to support, but Act of 1963. only "with the approval in writing, of the Bantu Affairs Com- missioner". This approva t giveno s ni l readily. SOME EFFECT PASE TH S F LAWSO S e AthlonTh e Advice Office also reportee "hopelesth n o d s e AthlonTh e Advice Offic n Capi e e Town (run jointly b y position f widowo " s who regulations,w , ne unde t e th no r c 2ar " the Black Sash and the Institute of Race Relations) and the Black allowed to remain as tenants in their houses when their husbands Sash Advice Office in Johannesburg are among the few white die. Even whe e wido r th children n provhe w ca d ean n thae sh t organizations which have some experienc e impace th th f f o eo t e qualifth f n o thein i righy ) ow r(b t r undeo ) (a r Sectio) (1 0 1 n pass law Africansn o s e JohannesburTh . g office reporte Marcn di h Act, she is not allowed to rent a house, but must become a sub- that they believed "that the Bantu Urban Areas Act and the tenant or be re-settled. Regulation e beinar s g more rigidly enforce Johannesburn i d g than ' yeae Latee Officth th rn i r e reported thae Departmenth t f o t ever before," thad 2an 2t mor mord ean e people were being affected Bantu Administratio d agreeha n d tha n speciai t l individual cases by their implementation. Government policy was to reduce the widows migh allowee b t stao dt thein yi r houses with their families. numbe f Africano r s residin e prescribeth n gi d ensur o t area d ean s The Johannesburg Advice Office also reported that problems tha s mana t s possiblya workere th f eo s neede metropolitae th n di n 23 f housino aros t ou e g regulations. Women were very rarel- al y areas were migrants. lowe o takt d e ove a housr e fro ma mal died er ha tenano d o wh t Accordin e Athlonth o gt e Advice Office e Governmenth , ; s i t , deserted them, while women on their own were not accepted on using housing policy as a means of reducing (he number of i Ihe waiting r houseslisfo t t madI . o di(Terencn e e whether (hey Africans throughout the Western Cape. There were "ominou smanw ho e reny r th o childre tcoul y pa d n thed en y e hadth t .A signs that the Government has found a way of depriving Africans 6f 1970 it was reported that residents of Soweto were to seek legal advice and challenge the eviction of widows from their homes " Bulletin Africae th f o Institute f Southo Africa, August . 315p , . e Johannesburbth y g City Council. n MarchI 26 , Government " Rand Daily Mail, April6 . e Blac2"Th k Sash. Advice Office Report, May. and Johannesburg City Council officials confirmed that African 31 Act No. 44 of 1949. Memorandum on Ihe Application of the Pass Laws and Influx Control, The Black Sub 22 Johannesburg, February. " Government Gaiette No. RI036 of 14 June 1968. -* Srt.i/i (The Black Sash Maaazinc) March. 30 . p , " See Sash. February, 1970, p 36. Rand" Daily Mall, September8 . 148 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1971 149 pensioners were being separated from their familie d senan o st t the homelands." The more rigid implementation of the pass laws referred to GENERAL MATTERS above is due partly to the narrower construction which the authoritie e puttinar s g upo e wordnth s "lawful residence n Sec"i - e Actth .f o Previousl ) (b ) (1 n tioAfricaa 0 y1 n n could qualify THE CAPE COLOURED MUNICIPAL FRANCHISE o remait n Johannesburi n e coulh f i gd d beeprovha ne h ether e A (Cape) Local Authorities Voters' Amendment Draft for fifteen years; now he had to prove fifteen years' "lawful" Ordinance was published on I October. In terms of this measure, residence — i.e. registered in employment or on a residential existing municipal voters' rolls are to be scrapped. Only those permit. who qualify for the parliamentary franchise will in future be e JohannesburTh g Advice Office reported thae problemth t s entitled to vote in municipal elections in the Cape, or to stand of wives and their children were the "most recurring and the most for election e effectTh . s wile thab l t Coloured people wile b l disturbing" feature of its work. Tt poinlcd repeatedly to the prob- disenfranchised from 1972, whe e nexth n t election c dued ar san , lem of providing documentary proof of a right to urban residence that ther o more n wil e eb l Coloured city councillors e limth et A . in e termUrbath f Sectioo f so n 0 Area1 n s Act. Residencs i e of writing, ther e Colourear e d councillor n Capi s e Towd an n deemed to be unlawful unless documentary proof can be furnished, Kimberley only. The Ordinance was passed, despite strong United but such proof a starting-poinrequire s a — s a nama n — to e Party opposition, even to the first reading. house permit, a birth certificate, and a reference book, in addition (Somewhat similar provisions came into forc n Natai e n i l o proot f employmento f s onli recenn t yi I . t years, however, that 1956, when the Separate Representation of Voters Act provided registratio f birtho n s beeha s n compulsor r Africansfo y o thas , t that persons whose names were added to municipal voters' rolls in many cases the required proof is virtually impossible to obtain. there mus entitlee b t registratioo dt s parliamentarna y voters. Non- In 1964 the words "after lawful entry" were inserted in Section white people have never possessed the municipal franchise in the e Actth .f o Wome ) (c childred ) 1an n0(1 n hav o provet e lawful Transvaal or Free State.) entry into the urban area — "an almost insuperable problem". For example, if children born in the area leave it temporarily to COLOURED LOCAL GOVERNMENT go to school and their father fails (through ignorance or careless- Questioned in the Assembly on 12 February,1 the Minister of ness o infort ) e locatioth m n superintendent thereo n advancei f , Community Development said tha Coloure2 2 t d management com- they will be refused re-entry. As a result there are thousands of 3 consultativmittee5 d an s e committee y theb nd beeha s n estab- young people who return from school and have nowhere to go. lished. Of the management committees, only those in Bellville, Many of the wives coming to the office for assistance who Graaff Reinet, Johannesburg, Paarl, Port Elizabeth, and Worcester e lawfullar y marrie o t husbandd s qualifyin r residencfo g n i e had elected as well as nominated members. Johannesburg under Section 10, but themselves come from rural Shortly afterward a partly-electes d committe s providewa e d areas are refused entry into Johannesburg, which means they can- fon Kimberlei r y (wher . SonnMr e y Leon, e Labouleadeth f o r r not live with their husbands e AdvicTh . e Office said tha t seemei t d Party, is a City Councillor). Of about 8 000 people who qualified to be more difficult for a woman to live with her husband than for to register as voters, only 564 did so, and, on nomination day, no needle.a f a o camethrougo e g 2ey 8o t le hth candidates presented themselves for election.2 6 Septembe2 n O e Ministeth r f Coloureo r d Affairs issuea d PUBLICATIONS Press statemen n whici t e saih d thae rat f th developmenteo f o t A comprehensive Memorandum on the Application of the Coloured local government must be accelerated. Its control was, Pass Laws Influxd an Control s publishe wa Blace th y kb d Sasn hi ; by legislation, to be transferred from provincial councils and local February. This supersede a ssimila r memorandum publishen i d authorities to the Department of Coloured Affairs, through Ihc 1966e BlacTh . k Sash also publishe Novemben i d r 1970 a serie, s Coloured Persons' Representative Council. of articles on the pass laws entitled "Who Cares?". The articles Consultative committees were to be abolished. Management originally appeared in The Star. committees would consis a majorit f o t f electeo y d membersd an , their functions would be extended. The remaining nominated -7 Ihirl. 5 March. s - Unless olhcrwisc staled, these paragraphs have been compiled froe annuamth d monthl an l y 1 Ilnnsar 2 cold . 144. reports of ihc Johannesburg and Athlonc Advice Offices. ' Rand Daily Mail. March9 1 . , 1 }

172 FOREIGN INVESTMENT 173 Government's acceptance of the Economic Development Pro- gramme's 5,5 per cent annual growth target for the period EMPLOYMENT 1970-75.' n effora improvo n t I t e country'eth s export performance th e Government has announced the creation of an Export Advisory THE ECONOMIC SITUATION Council (which replace e Exporth s t Promotion Council whichn i , s annuaIit n l economic e yeareporth r endefo t d June 1971 its turn, replace Expore th d t Trade Advisory Committee)e th d an , the South African Reserve Bank stated that the economy had appointment of a commission of enquiry under the chairmanship slowed dow d showean n a dmor e moderate rat f growtho e e Th . of Professor H. Reynders of the University of Pretoria. The mem- increase in the gross domestic product at current prices was 12 bers of the Export Advisory Council are drawn from a wider range per cent in 1969/70 and 9 per cent in 1970/71. Reduced contri- 4 butione primarth y b s y sectors were mainly responsibl r thifo es of industrialists than were those in either of the earlier bodies. decline. e StarTh reporte 5 November n o d , thae Treasurth t s wa y An all-time record net inflow of capital from abroad, amounting clamping down tightly on all State capital expenditure for the to R725 000 000, obviated the high balance of payments deficit of remaining five month e financiath f o s l year. R1084 000 000 from exerting its full impact on the country's gold and foreign reserves. Nevertheless, R359000000 of the gold FOREIGN INVESTMEN SOUTE TH HN TI AFRICAN ECONOMY and foreig e utilisenb reserve o t o financt d d e overalha sth e l questioe extene Th th f whico no t t h foreign investment bolsters deficit. (It appeared that there was considerable moderation of the th eSout n i status o hqu Afric s receiveha a d closer scrutiny from adverse trade balance in the fourth quarter of the year.) opponents of apartheid during the year. Debate has tended to The Reserve Bank attributed the imbalance in the economy to be located principall e Uniteth n i yd States, although mounting pressure is discernible in the United Kingdom. In the United excessive spending by the public authorities, and by the private . States these pressures should be seen as only one aspect of the sector on consumption goods and capital projects of a less pro- growing calr sociafo l l criteri e applieb o t abusiness o t d . Thers ei ductive nature. Tight labour conditions, which have characterised a tendenc Soutn yi h Afric discouno t ae withdrawa th cale r th tfo l l the South African economy throughou pase th t t decade, continued of foreign capita s beina l g confine o radicat d l minority groups. to exist but it appeared that there had been a slight easing of However, the concern for the role of American business in South the position in the first half of 1971. Africa is far more broadly-based and embraces senators, congress- On 10 February sales duties on a variety of articles were men, cleric d academican s s committe e idea th f eradicatin o lo t d g increased and the 1971/72 Budget presented on 31 March placed racial discrimination. emphasis on curbing private consumption expenditure. Direct In January the American firm of Polaroid announced a one- taxes were raise increasiny b d surcharge gth n personaeo l income year experimen s Soutit y hb t African distributo o improvt r e th e lax from 5 to 10 per cent, indirect taxes included an increase in wage f non-whito s e worker d promisean s a dfairl y substantial excise dutie petroln o s , alcoholic beverages, cigarette tobaccod san , amount to be used, annually, for African education." In April and loan levie n individualo s d companiean s s were also raised. the South African Institute of Race Relations conducted a survey Also, in March, the Governor of the Reserve Bank announced an of American investment in South Africa and the results, together I increase in the bank rate from 5,5 per cent to 6,5 per cent a year, with recommendations, were briefly, summarised in the May issue a simila e interesr th ris n ei t rat n three-yeaeo r Government stock of Race Relations News. and an increase from 7,75 per cent to 8,5 per cent on Government

stock of twenty years or more. The influential Afrikaanse Sake- In the United States the Congressional sub-Committee on kamer warned that economic 1 curbs were leadin a scal f o t o ge Africa, under the chairmanship of congressman Charles Diggs. has heard evidence from informed critics includin e Episcopath g l bankruptcy comparable with that which followed the Sharpeville ; shootings in I960.2 Bisho d Dea an f pWashington o n , Judge William Boothe th , Reverend Leon Sullivan . WilliaMr , m e AfricanCotteth f o r - n FebruarI e Ministeth y f Plannino r d announceha g e th d • Rani Daily Mall, February7 1 . 1 Rand Dally Mail, 31 March. * Financial Mail. August3 1 . ' Rand Daily Mall. March9 2 . . ' Financial Mall, January2 2 .