SOUTHERN/ AFRI A A Monthly Survey of News and Opinion

Published by the Southern Africa Committee of the University Christian Movement, Room 752, 475 Riverside Drive, N.Y., N.Y. 10027 ol. IIZ No. 1 January 1970

CONTENTS PAGE

1. Editorial: "A Numbers Game" 2 2. Inside Trial of 22 Africans Continues 2 Herstigte Nasionale Party (HNP) 3 Dr. Albert Hertzog on Trial 3 Removals, South African Style 4

3. Links Between Tanzania and Zambia Sabotaged 4

4. With the Guerrillas - reprint

5. Inside Rhodesia T.S. Consulate in Rhodesia: Significant or Not? 6 Victims of Fascism 7 A Dose of Medicine to Whites 7

6. United States and South Africa Tires for Apartheid 7 South Africa's Propaganda Outreach 8

7. Liberation Movements Recent Events in FRELI24O 8 Communist vs. non-communist debate 10 uinea-Bissau - some new developments 10 8. *Feature Article: Gulf Oil, Pittsburgh, U.S.A./Portuguese 11 Government, Lisbon 9. Recruiters for Racism 13 10. Cabora Bassa: Portugal and its Allies 114

11. Brief Notes 14

12. South Africa and Defense 13. Sports Ashe Seeks Entry to South Africa Vorster Comments on International Sports New Zealand Rugby Tour Still Uncertain

Ai. At the United Nations

15. New Publications and Book Reviews

from the eastern end of the lake to the EDTORtAL Namibia-Botswana border. That requires another 1,000 men in camps. And so one "A Numbers Game" can go on along the whole boundary from the Atlantic Ocean to Malawi. For in Angus MacDonald, who has been making a film stance, the Tete Province of Mozambique for Granada Television on anti-Rhodesian has a 220-mile border with Zambia. It guerrillas, gave a short summary of his ob is where the Cabora Bassa dam is planned servations obtained during a visit to a ZAPU to be built. This border requires a bit guerrilla camp, in the Observer (London, 1/4, more than 1,000 men. 1970). He says that ZAPU claims that the border from Lake Kariba to Mozambique is Suppose again that for every man at a manned by white South Africans. It is pa border camp, only one is needed behind trolled by boats, helicopters and Buccaneer the lines as support and that it costs jets. The South Africans have large camps, the South African government about $10 a five miles apart, ma ed by about 30 men. day per man (one twentieth of the cost to The camps are linked ' roads and backed up the United States for each man in Viet by other camps to their rear. nam). Then as the whole border is about 1,500 miles long, one needs about 20,000 If this description of the system the South men and something like $75 million a year Africans use to guard the border is accurate to pay for them. Just the Rhodesian and is also the general prescription for border alone-would require about 4,000 guarding the whole Black-White border in men and $15 million. Southern Africa, we can play an interesting numbers game. This game should be able to In recent years South Africa's Defence estimate the number of men involved in Budget has been about $300 million per guarding the border and give some idea of year. The numbers game suggests that it the cost of maintaining them there. The really hurts to keep those guerrillas border from Lake Kariba to Mozambique is out, even if the cost is shared with Rho about 150 miles long, so that it would re desia. At $50,000 per mile per year, it quire 30 camps spaced at five mile intervals hurts I and require about 1,000 men to man them. Suppose that Lake Kariba is impenetrable for the guerrillas because of the boat and plane patrols; this still leaves another 150 miles

Trial of 22 Africans Continues (See December 1969 issue for background.) NrsME The trial of 22 Africans under the Suppression of Act at the Old Synagogue in , was adjourned for Christmas recess and will reconvene in February. All of the defendents have pleaded not guilty. However, Mrs. Mandela, wife of Nelson Mandela, the former African N AC%\ National Congress leader who is serving a life sentence for plotting revolution and planning a military invasion of South Af- and will be jailed again if she refuses. rica, refused to plead, becase, she said, A similar story was told by Nombwe Vriline "I have been detained for the past six Makhala, who also refused to testify. She months under the Terrorism Act. This was jailed in May. No friends or members of Act I regard as unjust and soul corro- her family were allowed to see her. From the sive. I find it difficult to enter any time of her arrest, she was questioned and plea. I regard myself as having already made to stand for long hours. She became ex been found guilty." A plea of not guilty hausted from standing and eventually made a was entered for her by the judge. statement. She said that she had been pro There is heavy security at Lhe trial. mised by the police that if she made a state Police armed with machine guns guard the ment she would be released. That had not court entrances (London Times, 12/2/69). happened. For that reason and for the reason Three press photographers had their came- that she did not want to testify against her ras confiscated by the police as they friends, she refused. She was also committed tried to photograph a group of black and to prison (London Times, 12/16/69). white supporters of the defendents who were waiting outside the Court (Johannes- Herstidte Nasionale Party (HNP) burg Star, 12/6/69). The Herstigte Nasionale Party hopes to A number of witnesses have been heard. nominate at least 125 candidates in the April One, an African employee of the United general election for Parliament. This expec States Information Service, explained how tation was expressed after the party had been he allowed Mrs. Mandela and two other wo- in existence for little over a month. Party men to use the printing machines of the leaders say that they are more than satisfied USIS to print some 2,000 secret documents with the success and speed of growth of the on a Sunday. He did it without knowledge party (Johannesburg Star, 11/29/69). of his superiors because they were his However, they continue to have problems at friends (N.Y. Times 12/3/69). public meetings. In Bloemfontein, hecklers The first prosecution witness was the threw eggs and tomatoes at Dr. Hertzog and Mr. British economist Philip Golding who has Marais. The latter tried for two hours to been held in detention without trial since speak, was prevented from doing so and finally May. He said he donated $210 to the Af- closed the meeting rather than subject Dr. rican National Congress and had been pre- Hertzog to the same treatment (Johannesburg pared to support an invasion by guerrilla Star, 12/6/69). fighters. Golding said he had met Samuel Tholotho, one of the defendents, in 1967 Dr. Albert Hertzog on Trial and became friendly with him. It was The extreme right wing leader of the newly through him that he made contacts with the formed HNP (see above), and one of his sup ANC, as Tholotho was a member. The judge porters, Mr. Jaap Marais, are to be prosecuted explained to Golding that if he gave evi- for refusing to give evidence before the com dence satisfactorily he could be immune mission of inquiry into matters relating to from prosecution in the terms of the rele- the security of the state. vant legislation (London Times, 12/2/69). Dr. Hertzog has attacked the new Bureau Another witness, Shanti Naidoo, said that of State Security, because he believed that she had been arrested on June 13 and held in it will be used against "fellow ." solitary confinement. She had to sleep on He took his stand after learning that the the floor. After a 5-day interrogation dur- Government had used security police to iden ing which she was allowed no sleep, she had tify the authors of a letter attacking the made a statement under oath. Her interro- Nationalist Party (N.Y. Times, 11/16/69). gator had also threatened to arrest her en- He also alleged that the B.O.S.S. operating tire family if she refused to make a state- costs would be $70 million a year. The gov ment, she said. She refused to testify, say-ernment has said it will only cost $5.5 mil ing that two of the accused were her friends lion. Hertzog was asked to substantiate his and that she would not be able to live with claim on funding and refused to do so. It is herself if she did testify. The result of this that has led the government to prosecute her refusal was that she was committed to him. Hertzog could receive a fine of $140 or jail to serve a prison sentence. She will a maximum of 6 months' imprisonment, or both have another chance to testify in February (Johannesburg Star, 12/6/69). HANK YOU, READERS

e are most grateful for the response VW7-wkNAW~ -z) IhfA to our October request for funds. So far we have received $800, which will help the Survey considerably. The Edi Tanzania and Zambia moved jointly to tors were pleased to receive numerous tighten their security measures as a re comments on the Survey and suggestions sult of the sabotage of the oil and road for improvements. Thank you. links between the two countries which took place at the end of December. Both coun Any reader still wishing to send con tries believe this sabotage marks the be tributions are encouraged to do so. ginning of a tougher policy against them by Portugal, Rhodesia and South Africa. Keep in touch and tell us of friends, Although Portugal and Rhodesia have been organizations, libraries that might suspected of undertaking sabotage opera find the Survey helpful. tions against Zambia and Tanzania, there has been nothing as ambitious, or as care fully planned, as the blowing up of the pumping station on the l,058-mile long Removals, South African Style oil pipeline, severing Zambia's crucial fuel Dr. Uarel de Wet has recently announced supplies. Damage is estimated at $240,000. that no group area will be assigned for It is thought that the damage cannot be Indians or Coloureds in Zululand. They will repaired in less than a month. Zambia's remain there on permit, implying eventual dil reserves can last at most for six weeks. removal. That is logical: non-Zulus cannot The attack on the station, near Iringa, the live in Zululand. However, there are a con main town in Tanzania's Southern Highlands, siderable number of whites in Zululand. The was carried out with considerable skill. white areas will remain white. That is lo It came simultaneously with a less success gical because it is the whites who vote and ful attempt to destroy a vital bridge near the government dare not leave whites in the Mikumi on the highway linking the two coun same insecure position that the Indians and tries. Coloureds are in. It also means that the The attack was seen as clear evidence Bantustan idea is nonsense (Johannesburg of a carefully thought out plan to halt the Star, 11/26/69). growing cooperation between Zambia and Tan The Minister of Bantu Administration and zania. The pipeline, built by Italians for Development, Mr. M. C. Botha, has made some $38.4 million, was opened only last September. truly incredible statements: "The Bantu peo There is not much doubt in either Dar es ple like being moved. It appeals to them and Salaam or Lusaka that the saboteurs, pro we have a long waiting list for future schemes. bably Africans, were agents working for the The demand for resettlement is increasing." Portuguese and their allies in Southern Af (Johannesburg Star, 11/22/69). He said that rica. (London Observer, 12/28/69). there have been about 20 major removals so far and 20 smaller ones. Some 900,000 Africans have been moved in the last decade and he claims that all the removals were voluntary. This statement could be attacked on many le vels, but one needs simply to ask, "why is it necessary to have influx control, to tear down old beloved comunities like Sophiatown and Alexandra if Africans like to move so much?" (Johannesburg Star, 11/22/69). (See the ar ticle on "Morsgat" in the December 1969 issue.)

"The telephones of very many persons are being tapped on the Government's orders or with the Governments consent..." (Dr. Al bert Hertzog, Jo'burg Star, 11/22/69) Because of early reverses, tactics have been changed, says James Chikerema, vice-pres ident of ZAPU. Men are now infiltrated in ones and twos. Their instructions are not to fight unless engaged and to move swiftly towards the villages where they change to civilian clothes to recruit, train and arm a ZAPU underground for a future rebellion. The overthrow of the Ac white minoritr is now seen in a longer perspec tive. The ZAPU men are well equipped. Each sol (The following article appeared in the dier has four different camouflage suits to London Observer on Jan. 4, 1970. It match changes in season and vegetation. The was written by a reporter who had visi standard weapon is the Kalashnikov AK47 auto ted a training camp on the Zambezi.) matic rifle - Russian designed, Chinese made, and tested and proved by the Vietcong. Pis The guerrillas in hooded battledress tols, carbines and hand grenades are usually and green face masks lay patiently on the Czech. Other equipment includes bazookas, north bank of the Zambesi and watched for incendiary bombs and powerful radio transmitters. enemy activity. Two hundred yards away The reconnaissance base camp was simply a across the river was the first outpost of dried-up river bed, heavily screened by trees, Ian Smith's Rhodesia - an observation with a supply tent at each end. Military for post in the 'Maginot Line" which white malities were rigorously observed, and weapons Africa is building along the Zambesi to constantly stripped and cleaned. Sentries keep out black guerrillas. posted round the camp used an elaborate system The guerrillas were themselves Rhode of whistle signals as patrols came and went, sians - black Africans in exile, now sol and supplies arrived from other camps near by. diers in the command of the Zimbabwe Af But the atmosphere was easy. They have no rican People's Union (ZAPU). After three badges of rank, and each day a different guer years of operations, I was the first out rilla is made "man on duty", with authority sider allowed into a ZAPU guerrilla camp to run the camp. to report the campaign against the Smith Morale seemed high and all the men had had Government. at least 9 months' intensive military training. The men on the river bank were part of Two had trained in Russia and three in Cuba, to ZAPU's reconnaissance wing. Their chief, but now, we are told, new recruits went only Comrade Love, is a small, lively man with African countries like Algeria and Tanzania for The only pay a shaved and glistening head, who used to training under ZAPU instructors. be a schoolteacher in Salisbury. The Rho is a weekly ration of three packets of cheap desians now knew of his role, he said. Russian cigarettes per man. There is no leave, His father had disappeared without trace. partly for security reasons. The reconnaissance squads also monitor Two of the older men in the camp claimed to enemy activity on the Rhodesian side of have operated successfully as combat infiltra the river and travel in and out establish tors inside Rhodesia for a year after crossing ing caches of food and weapons along the the Zambesi in August, 1968. Some of their squad guerrilla infiltration routes. Finally, were killed, but they trekked through to the they lead the other kind of ZAPU soldiers, villages. They hid by day and travelled by the combat infiltrators, perhaps 100 miles night from village to village, training and on foot through the rugged uninhabited bush arming ZAPU civilian cadres. At weekends they towards the populated African areas. took off their uniforms and travelled into the In August, 1967, the ZAPU guerrillas, towns to contact the underground. have a low opinion together with soldiers from the South Af The guerrillas generally rican African National Congress (ANC), of Rhodesia's white settlers as bush fighters. first joined battle with Smith's troops in But they gave grudging respect to the South Af the Wankie game reserve. Since then the ricans - the , they call them - as al South Africans have moved in to help Smith together a much tougher breed. to fight off two more invasions by guer ZAPU now claims that the whole white defence rilla groups 50 and 100 strong. line from Lake Kariba to Mozambique is manned by South Africans and patrolled by their boats, helicopters and Buccaneer jets. They explained that reconnaisance patrols U.S. Consulate in Rhodesia: Significant or Not? along the 500-mile frontier found the pinions on the significance of the American South Africans based in large camps five ulate in Rhodesia and the Nixon administra miles apart, each manned by a platoon of 's position toward Rhodesia continue to about 30 men. Between these were smaller er. transit camps. A few miles farther back, ccording to John Jordi of the Toronto roads had been built and other camps es e and Mail (11/22/69), the American and tablished. esian governments have made a discreet VThen we left the camp, our squad was ement that Rhodesia will not embarrass preparing an important mission to recon U.S. by harrassing the U.S. consul into noitre new river crossings many miles away. ting his formal accreditation from the The rainy season had started, the elephant n to Mr. Smith's own acting head of state grass had begun to grow and the combat in installed at Government House. The U.S. filtrators were ready. Soon they would see nistration, now under attack from liberal action again. They did not seem to be a ica lobby" congressmen, argues that its fraid. roversial consulate in Salisbury is simply of overall U.S. representation in Bri M ain and its possessions. **AFRICA T O D A Y Several other nations are taking their cue **A JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY OPINION fro, the U.S. line. In the absence of for diplomatic recognition from anyone- Since 1953, Africa Today has attempted eve n South Africa--the degree of acknowledge to promote a clearer understanding of ent implicit in these consulates is in political and cultural developments on aluable to Ian Smith. For this reason, the African continent for the intelligent tes Jordi, Smith is seen as being in no layman, student and scholar. ur ry to establish his republic and anxious to make no fuss about it when he does. When Our purpose has been the undistorted ar liament has passed enabling legislation ad presentation of current African events, mi th has won the general election that will in light of their historical background, ol low, Rhodesia may simply slide into re potential significance, and internation- b lican status without any formal declara al implications. tion. After the June referendum Britain closed Africa Today has provided a forum for ts Salisbury mission and made it quite plain important issues that reflects the in- tha t it expected other nations to follow sit. tellectual and moral concern of African The State Department recommended to the Whit." scholars, leaders and journalists. Hou se that the U.S. do just that, but a de cis ion on the matter has been held up by For further information write to: ix on's national security staff, headed by Africa Today, c/o Graduate School of In Henry Kissinger. ternational Studies, University of Africa Confidential in London (12-13-69), Denver, University Park Campus, Denver, n contrast to Jordi's commentary, contends Colorado 80210. tha t the U.S. consular presence "s without lasting significance. Their report states that, according to a . diplomat who handles administrative mat s for the Salisburj mission, the present sul holding the fort in the zonsulate eral, Mr. W. Paul O'Neill, will not be )laced when his tour ends in a few months' e. With him will go his American secre 7-cipher clerk. The three Rhodesian ior staff will be dismissed. The consul's sular task (passport renewals and so on 900 Americans in Rhodesia--mostly mis- sionaries) will be transferred t.PAmbassador Rountree in Pretoria. The consulate's in enacted to terrorize African freedom Lelligence work will be shared by Pretoria, fighters, were taking their toll among Lusaka, and Blantyre, which all regularly what a spokesman of the anti-black Railway send staff driving through Rhodesia. Amalgamated Engineering Union described as When Britain asked Washington to close "people who have loyally supported and the consulate in September, the White House fought for this country through thick and instructed Ambassador in London Walter An thin." Hence: '"We feel Rhodesia has been nenberg to calm Prime Minister Harold Wil transformed from a democracy into a dic son with reminders that the consulate tatorship overnight!" (Zimbabwe News general had originally been kept open at 11/29/69) Britaints request to show that "nothing had officially changed and to argue that since the illegal republic had not yet been de ATTENTION - NEW FROM THE ANC clared, there was no specific need for Wash ington to take action yet. The Nixon non Calendars - with photographs and move, the report states, was a gesture to line drawings of South African the South African lobby. life and the guerrilla struggle Since UDI the U.S. consulate-general staff has been reduced from about 20 to includes copy of the ANC Freedom approximately a half dozen. Charter (4inches by 8' inches, black and white) VICTIMS OF FASCISM According to figures recently released by Order your Calendar now - only $1.50 Rhodesia's fMinistry of Law and Order," some (plus postage pleasel) 3,518 people were detained and/or restricted in Rhodesia in the period 1964-1969 for com AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS mitting or "threatening" to commit political Canadian Branch offences. (These figures do not include the P. 0. Box 123, Station "E" hundreds of freedom-fighters presently serv Toronto, Ontario, Canada ing long jail terms in prisons throughout Rhodesia.) Of the detainees and restrictees, 1,441 were placed in restriction under sections 50 and 51 of the Law and Order (Maintenance) Act; 2,077 were detained under the complemen tary Emergency Powers Act. Among those restricted were eight whites and seven Asians and Coloureds. Seven whites mere detained. (Zimbabwe News, 11/29/69)

A DOSE OF MEDICINE TO WHITES A young mixed couple accused by Imigration Officer Pieter van Der Byl of "letting physi cal love destroy their national pride and the law" have been deported. Persons who asked, "How could this happen here?" were answered by a spokesman for Ian Smith, who said the Tires for Apartheid couple was unwanted in Rhodesia because Mrs. Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, work Schwartz was Chinese. ing in complete cooperation with the South Rhodesia's railwaymen, all white, wanted a African government, recently announced plans pay increase or threatened to call a nation to build a #10 million factory at Brits in wide strike. That strike never came to pass. South Africa's Province. The The regime simply threatened jail terms of up plant is to be built in a border area adja to five years for anybody guilty of striking. cent to what are euphemistically called The Emergency Powers Regulations, originally tribal reserves. The practice of locating industries in border areas helps to legi timize South Africa's Bantustans, provides subsistence living standards for the "na In his New Year's message, South Af tives" and of course labor relations coul rican Prime Inister Vorster stated dn't be better--from Firestone's point of that again for another year, South Af view. Firestone will thus have ready ac rica has experienced "enmity on all cess to an incredibly cheap pool of labor, fronts from religion to sport." His and the South African government will have speech was interpreted by some to mean increased industrial production without that South Africa did not plan to "re threatening the status quo. lax" its sports policy, in spite of When Harry Oppenheimer, President of mounting pressure from "liberal" white the Anglo-American Corporation, recently sportsmen, particularly on the Arthur declared South Africa's economy to be head Ashe issue, as well as the prospects ed for economic suicide because it "deli of a "multiracial" (i.e. one picked on berately sets out...not to make proper use merit) cricket team to play outside of 80% of its potential working population" South Africa. Vorster said further, his concern was about the inefficiency of "We have never yet forced our way of the system and not its inhumanity. life on the world, but on the other The establishment of border industries hand we cannot be dictated to as to how is an important facet of the government's we should run our affairs in South Af apartheid policy. It is so important that rica." (N.Y. Times, 1/1/70) the government provides financial compen sation for firms locating in border areas.

South Africa's Propaganda Outreach In the October, 1969 Progressive, Leslie Wuitten reviews materials circulated in the U.S. by the South African government. The facts he reveals about the sume of money in volved are striking. Last year, in one six month period, the South African Information Service spent L'~A~Y \~4~ $210,000 for films and printing alone. The South African Foundation has recently opened a government-sponsored office in New York "to promote international understand ing of South Africa, her achievements, her problems and her potential; and, by so doing, to advance the welfare of all her peoples." John Chettle, the South African head of the office, received a $20,000 salary and used $18,000 of government funds to set up shop. Recent Events in FRELflO On the American scene the publicity and On November 5, 1969 Uria Simango, member literature battle between American organiza of FRELIO's three-man Presidential Council, tions is on a miniscule scale compared to issued a 13-page statement to the Tanzanian government expenditures. Opposing apartheid press attacking the other two members of the is the American Committee on AMrica with a Council, attributing to them and other "south budget of $165,O00; while the American erners" a plot to kill him and others in Southern African Council, a pro-apartheid FRELIMD. President Nyerere of Tanzania met group headed by former Youth for Wallace with the three members of the council, as did chairman, John Acord, operates on $200,000. representatives of the OAU Liberation Commit Perhaps it is not surprising that when tee. An editorial in the Tanzanian party Americans are asked what they think about newspaper, The Nationalist, commented on 11/7: when they hear of South Africa, they say sun, "The circular (of Simango) underlines the surf, lobster tails, and not apartheid. existence of personal differences and mutual -91

is 191.m.19haepoeexrmldi

.fcU. ysri fo4ALM RE Ohsa

fmeapsaii of Preidet Mornd-~ iq MoitttambewIiro LTteroedu _lo Com-unist vs. non-commuist debate interprets Senegal's motives as sup Occasionally the U.S. press carries items portive of the liberation movements but 'Ithe Southern African liberation move desirous of a non-violent process of rents. On Nov. 27 the Ch2ican Tribune ran a leading Guinea-Bissau toward independence. .iuters release (datelined Dares Salaam) on Yet it appears from the Patuguese reac t "nationalist" (as opposed to Communist) tion, that Portugal "knows better" (or in crientation of the liberation movements. The fact realizes that the fighting forces "rticle points out that Coi'ist nations of the PAIGO are in fact the real future -''vide the movements with much needed arms, of Guinea, not the moderates sitting in money and training, and quotes Jorge Rebelo Dakar) (Le Monde, Weekly Selection, 12/17) of FRELLMO: We are synpathetic to commun West Africa's "Griot" (11/29/69) isn - partly as a reaction to the conditions expands on this issue citing a report in created by capitalism in our country." Yet a new Paris magazine, Continent 2000, it goes on to show that F,9ELI? also receives that President Senghor via General de aid from Western Surope (includLng the Swedish Gaulle made contact with Salazar of Por Social Imocratic Party), and is believed to tugal, but that the latter refused cour Now an approachas been made to be the only movement receiving both Soviet and- tesy. Chinese aid. The article goes through the Caetano. The magazine, published by a nvrmal (and simplistic) cassification of the former Jeune Afrique writer, Mohammed movements as either in the Russian or Chinese Behri, claim that Senghor has informed camp, but contends that met of the liberation the liberation movements of his action and movements see the experience of the Chinese told them "whilst continuing their armed revolution as more relevant for their struggle conflict, they should not exclude the than that of the Soviet Union. he article possibility of solving their problems by fails in many respeCts: -to analyue the pro negotiation." The French article con gress of the struggle, the maintenance of cludes that "the warmth with which they western support for racist regimes and coun bhanked the Senegalese President would ter-revolution, the movements' developments appear to encourage him to continue his in liberated areas of some sections, - but efforts." Senghor, the West Africa most important the legitimacy of the revolu article points out, also has an eye on tion is underplayed to stress rather a Com the Cape Verde islands... Another source munist/non-communist or Russian/Chinese debate. cites the presence of 1,100 Senegalese troops in the border of Guinea-Bissau Portuguese in GUflEA-BISSAU - some new develclments stationed to cope with Cape Verde activity: The Portuguese news filtrators and artillery fire. Thefct service reported that a military court has sen that Portugal fired on the Senegalese tenced four men with up to five years imprison town of Samine (11/25/69), resulting in ment and deprived another of his "political the Security Council action mentioned U.N., rights" for 15 years. The accused were members under this issue's section on the of the PAIGC and evidence liberation activity on is interpreted as the beginning of a the strategic Cape Verde islands, cited by the new Portuguese offensive to try to re West as a second Azores (Daily Telegraph, 11/3) gain the vast areas (estimated at 2/3 of Senegal and the PAG:" iApparently disturbed the country) held by PAIGO. Some Sene by intensified Portuguese attacks across the galese believe that Portugal's aggression Guinea-Bissau border into *Senegal, the Senegalese may be an attempt to force them to put government sent troops to its southern border in tighter screws on PAIGO. Senghor's peace rtd-December (Casamance Island area in the south attempts are outlined as involving a west). "The sending of the troops was aided by cease-fire, a ten-year period before French Army units." One explanation of the Por complete independence, and the evolve tuguese artillery and air attacks on Sknegal is ment of a "Portuguese Commonwealth." that Portugal wants to "sabotage" the attempt by Dakar to open up talks between moderate Guinean nationalists and the more liberal elements in the Caetano government. Le Monde cited contact between the leader of the non-A-recognized FLING, Benjamin Pinto-Bull, and Prime Minister Caetano himself last summer, although in 1963 Mr. Bull also apparently met with Salazar. Le Monde Gulf BURGH, U.S.A./PORTUGUESE GOVERNMENT, LISBON BLOOD BROTHERS IN OPPRESSION

The giant Oil Corporations of England money to Lisbon is the actual oil. Current and America were among the first Corporate total Portuguese import of oil (there are Empire Builders of the 20th Century. Their no internal sources) is 75,000 bbpd. By empires reached across the face of the 1970 Portugal will be able to secure all its globe, but until recently Latin America and needs from Angola thus guaranteeing itself a the Middle East were the main sources of "safe" source of supply in the face of poten petroleum supply; it was from those areas tial international embargos, and incidentally that the corporations drew their massive saving itself foreign currency. (Not only super-profits, exploiting the people and Portugal, but also Rhodesia and South Africa making and breaking rulers and governments have had their ability to obtain strategic to suit their balance sheets. Now, with oil infinitely improved by the Gulf Cabinda recent new discoveries, their attention has operation). shifted to include Africa, Algeria, Libya, Cabinda oil reserves are vast. They Nigeria and Portuguese held Angola and Moz have been estimated at a minimum of 300 ambique as major areas of activity. million tons, so annual production could go Gulf Oil, the world's third largest Oil well beyond 150,000 bbpd if this were "neces Corporation, and among the top ten U.S. Cor sary." Indeed Robert F. Ward, Texan Manager porations of all kinds, has been quick on the of Cabinda Gulf, has already indicated that scene in Africa. It has had no scruples Cabinda "represents one of the major growth about the nature of the allies it uses to areas in the Corporation.'$ capture its profits. APPROPRIATIO OF THE PEOPLESWAT As is to be expected,$ the tremendous GULF IN ANGOLA: OPERATION CABINDA Cabinda, the Portuguese ruled enclave wealth extracted from Angolan natural re wedged between Congo-Kinshasa and Congo sources is not going to the people of Angola. Brazzaville to the north of Angola, ruled by With each renewal of the contract, the Portu Lisbon as part of Angola, has so far proved guese government has continually raised its the most profitable oil venture in Portuguese "price" to Cabinda Gulf, thus increasing Africa; by the end of 1969 Cabinda was ranked government revenue from the oil operation. Africa's fourth largest petroleum producer. Gulf in turn has acceded to the new demands Gulf Oil controls it all, being the sole oil because of the profitability of the venture. concessionaire in Cabinda. Gulf got its first But the Angolan people get nothing, not even oil strikes in 1966 and had spent probably some crumbs in the way of new jobs. Although more than $125 million by the end of 1968 the new oil field is supposed to employ about when it went into production. It has expan 2000 people, of these, 400 jobs have been sion plans which will require considerable specifically reserved for Portuguese citizens new investment in the near future. World recruited for specific technical jobs; other Petroleum reported in 1969 that Gulf-wouid jobs will go to technical and engineering spend more than $76 million on facilities personnel recruited from Gulf subsidiaries in for producing 150,000 barrels per day (bbpd) the rest of the world. The chances of an by 1970. The corporation already had 30 Angolan being given such a job are slight, wells under exploration by February, 1969. considering that the rate of illiteracy in Major production and main exploration areas Angola is still 90%. So the revenue derived are both off-shore. from Angolan oil will be shared between an By June, 1969, the daily output from American corporation and the colonial govern Cabinda Gulf was already 30,000 bbpd and ment of Portugal. rising rapidly towards the 150,000 bbpd There has been some debate about the target. Figures below will indicate the exact size of the Portuguese government's enormous revenue that the Portuguese govern revenue from the Gulf Cabinda operation. The ment is deriving from these Gulf activities; elements involved in this income are best but probably more important even than the shown by a brief reference to the last con- -12- Portugal's eagerness to protect the oil fidfs tract drawn up between Gulf and the Portuguese the agre ;ent with covernmrent in 1968, by which time it had be is no doubt re-inforced by ,-lear thai the wells were going to be Cabinda Gulf under which the Portuguese gov - J:fLi cant producers. ernment has retained the right to take all "lhe contract laid down inter alia: crude oil that is produced, or the eq'iivannt ?. .3rface rent terms: considerably higher in refined products, should her .nlitary or h-in tho :e in the 1966 contract. political needs dictate it. Robert 4'7ird, 2. Nininum investment: approximately commenting on the implications of this si ',.,625,O00 annually for prospecting. recently to a New York Times reportor, "We2., come to that." 3. Royalties: to be paid by Gulf to the For let's just say it will never tu uese government at the rate of 10 noer In fact the continued existence of Gul' hirrel in currency actually earned. By in Cabinda must be seen as contributing sir 1970 at 150,OU bbpd this alone should nificantly to the strength not only of the 'ield the Portuguese government a daily in colonialist 'Portuguese government but als come of 15,OOv. of the whole oppressive racist power bloc in h,.Income Tax: 50% on net profit. The govern Southern Africa. ment induced Gulf to pay the estimated Quite directly, this bloc needs oil and amounts due for 1971-73 in advance, thus is now assured of a friendly supply. Less reaping a quick $7 million by July 1, 1969. directly, whatever strengthens one member of 5 Direito de concessao: which gives the Por the alliance strengthens all the members. tuguese government the right to 12'4 of all And Portugal's gains from Cabinda are cbvious: petroleum produced, or its value. Oil Thus it is difficult to estimate precisely Income to pay the army the revenue the Portuguese government will get. Income to buy guns and napalm Lisbon made estimates of about $l7 million Income to build roads annually. The 1969 revenue was probably even Even income to build a few schools and greater (The U.N. estimates almost $20 mil clinics in the "resettlement areas," lion) mainly because the Portuguese government the current Portuguese equivalent to clearly made a great effort to get as much as the U.S. pacification hamlets in Viet it could as quickly as it could. Thus several nam, which have forced many Angolans payments were extracted in advance, providing off their land. the embattled government with desperately The muscle that comes from having a needed funds ($20 million is almost exactly giant U.S. corporation on your side. half the total military budzet for Angola, It's just one more time when the people which was estimated at 1,125 million escudos of a country fighting for liberation finJ /h6,375,092/ in 1969). American power lined up with the army of the enemy. i GULF AIM THE WAR According to Portuguese military bulletins, there has been constant guerrilla activity in (Much of the information in this article in the Cabinda district for several years. A taken from an Africa Fund Bulletin: "Amer large contingent of government troops has been ican Oil Investments in Angola and ozambifiun." stationed there since 1967 to protect the Ca Copies can be obtained from The Africa kund, binda Gulf operations. Under the 1966 and 1968 164 Madison Ave., New York City, 1,16.) agreements, the Portuguese government "agrees to undertake such measures as may be necessary GULF AND BOLIVIA to ensure that the company may carry out its In October, 1969, after the Ovando operations freely and efficiently, including regime in Bolivia announced the measures to permit the company the use and expropriation of Gulf's Bolivian oil fields, Gulf Oil board Chairnan S free access to public land and such measures as may be necessary to prevent third parties Brockett called for impiosition of the from interfering with the company's free exer Hickenlooper Amendment cutting off U.S. cise of its contractual rights." Thus a major aid to Bolivia. American corporation has sought the aid of the Portumruese colonial government to protect it POSSIBLE ACTIONS WITh R;cwAPRD TO GULF 91L against the mass of the people of the country A campaign against Gulf Oil .s heing in which it is onerating. launched this spring by a number of organiza- -13- tions, including the Committee of Returned Vol that all corporations, or agencies using the unteers (a "movement" organization made up of University facilities guarantee "absolute ex-Peace Corps types and the lie). A book equality of opportunity in all facets of its let exposing Gulf's international activities operations, demestic and foreign, and in all will be produced. Possible actions include branches, subsidiaries or affiliates under demonstrations and leafleting at various its control and responsibility." If a cor Gulf offices in the country and a "happening" poration did not cimply it would mean at the Gulf stockholders meeting on April 28. "immediate termination of its option to con If you are interested in participating in duct job placemert interviews on the univer this campaign, consider the following questions: sity campus." 1) Do you own any shares of Gulf stock? On Novemeber 25, the University Senate, 2) Does an institution (e.g. university, cor with 30 members absent, held proceedings poration, etc.) with which you are affil on the Resolution and defeated it 35 to 17. iated have Gulf stocks? The UCONN FREE PRESS commenting on the vote 3) Do you know of foundations, schools or any headlined an article, "UCONN SENATE SAYS other 'worthy causes" which receive substan 'NO' TO RACISM BUT VOTES 'YES' TO APARTHEID tial funds from Gulf? TO SOUTH AFRICAN REICH-TO THE 407 U.S. Please let us know about questions 2 and 3. CORPORAIDNS WTTH SOUTH AFRICAN HOLDINGS-TO And for more information, write either the ACADEMIC FREEDOM-TO EXPLOITATION OF BLACK Editor of Southern Africa or the Committee of WORKERS." (12/10/69, UCONN FREE PRESS).. Returned Volunteers, New York, Southern Africa During the Senate discussions some students Committee, P.O. Box 380, Cooper Station, New sat in on the proceedings. Overheard were York City, 10003. such faculty comments as: "This resolution will not do away with racism in South Africa... GULF AND IRAN We should do something more meaningful "There is no doubt at all that the C.I.A. such as boycotting all products made by Amer organized and directed the 1953 coup that ican firms, because they all have something overthrew Premier Mohammed Mossadegh and to do with racism!" "I'm terribly concerned kept Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi on his with the purity of the University.... Are we throne. But few Americans know that the supposed to give attention to every moral coup that toppled the government of Iran issue that arises on our campus? When are was led by a C.I.A. agent who was the grand we gping to get back to our basic job of son of President Theodore Roosevelt. insuring academic freedom and the true Kermit "Kim" Roosevelt .... is still known calling of the scholar?" "...How about as "Mr. Iran" around the C.I.A. for his conferring with the Placement Advisory spectacular operation in Teheran more than Committee and see about the feasibility of a decade ago... ", Kim Roosevelt "later left submitting the whole thing to a student the C.I.A. and joined the Gulf Oil Corpor referendum - not binding on anyone of course." ation as 'government relations' director in In addition, the paper reprinted * letter its Washington office. Gulf named him a from the Dean of Engineering to various vice-president in 1960." faculty members: In this letter the Dean said: -- The Invisible Government, Wise and Ross, "...No matter how devoutly I might believe p. l11. in the validity of the issues, it is my (Ed. After the overthrow of Mossadegh, all conviction that a University can imperil its oil properties were not restored to the existence as a 'community of scholars old holder Anglo-franian; a new corpora searching for the truth' and its basic con tion was given control of the properties cepts of academic freedom if it tries to let and 8% of the holdings went to each of the political bias on current national or in five major U.S. oil corporations, includ ternational issues govern its own policy ing Gulf.) decision...,." All of these and other well-known comments indicate the present unwillingness of Becruiters for Racism- University of Conn. Model academia to deal with the issues of racism, Beginning in the fall, a core gtoup of in of Southern Africa, or corporate exploitatinn terested students and faculty posed the issue even, as phrased in the UCONN. resolution, of institutionalized racism at the university in its most mild and liberal form. through developing and lobbying for the At the U. of Conn. the prime movers of University Senate to pass a resolution demanding the campaign, many of whom were involved in -14-

support of the GE strike, are now working and the German companies Siemens and Brown on the building of a base and the "slow ed Boveri, already involved in the ZAMCO consor ucating and converting" of students. They tium, which matntain that their have new advanced seen many of the pitfalls of a parlia thyristors can replace the mercury valves. mentary approach to the Southern Africa ASEA's reason for withdrawing was that the issue (which can be seen as simply a logical project involved violation of Rhodesian sanc consequence of the present American system), tions. Such involvement would be particularly and feel that more basic educational work blatant in the case of a British company, and must be done. might invite reprisals by Zambia agains the A campaign aimed at campus recruiters English Electric subsidiary there. The from corporations involved in southern Germans, already involved in the consortium, Africa must be seen as part of the con are unlikely to be troubled by such sonsidera. scious-building program itself - as a way tions. of concretizing the issue. In certain cases (For a detailed article on Cabora Bassa and the legalistic approach may lead to a success. its significance in the Southern Africa struggle If so the banning of such recruiters would see High Stakes at Cabora Bassa, Sechaba, provide significant precedents for the December, 1969.) movement as a whole.

BRIEF NOTES: MALAWI AND PORTUGAL are solidifying their relationship with the establishment of the Malawi Embassy in Lisbon and an exchange of visits between the Governor-General of Mozambique and Dr. Banda. Governor-General Rebelo de Sousa vistid in November; Dr. Banda CABORA BASSA: PTUGAL AND ITS ALLIES is to reciprocate t.a year. A new Commercial On December 5, the South African Digest Bank of Malawi is to be established, Malawi reported that the first convoys had left South having 40% of the capital, Portugal 60%. Africa for the Cabora Bassa site. (See map page 9). Globe Transport of Germiston,S.A. 3N SEPTEMBER 1969, FRELIDO shot down plans three convoys an a week over the next American plant with markings of Bendix fbeyears. A large drilling rig, compressors, Aviation Corporation, Pioneer Division, as it four-wheel drive trucks for on-site communi was raiding a village in Cabo Delgado province. cations and timber and building materials The American Embassy in Tanzania has sent an are among the items in the first convoys. inquiry to the United States State Department. But the project is not without its diffi culties. The withdrawal of the Swedish firm THE JOINT SOUTH AFRICAN-PORTGUSE A.S.E.A. Kunene from the consortium (see article hydroelectric scheme on the Angola-South in Southern Africa, October, 1969) marks the West Africa border is due to begin soon. first serious break with Portugal of a The whole scheme will cost around-L- 35m. western European country. Sweden is, with The first phase will give South West Africa portugal, a member of the European Free all the power and water it needs until the Trade Association, and it is likely to move turn of the centnry. The irrigation potential further in its conflict with Portugal vver th is enormous, and already some South African colonial issue. In October Marcelino Dos ranchers have settled in southern Angola. Santos of FRELIMO and Amilcar Cabral of PAIGC, were guests at the Swedish Social A SOUTH AFRICAN COMPANY has been awarded Democratic Party Congress. Later a grant the contract for extensions to the Petrangol of financial aid to the two movements was ap oil refinery in Angola. Once Babcock and proved unanimously by Parliament. (See "La Wilcox of Africa have completed the extensions, Suede Conteste le Portugal", Africasia, 24/11/ the refinery will fully satisfy Angola's re 69"ASEA was to supply mercury valves for the quirements for gas, oil, liquid petroleum, jet fuel, fuel oil and petrol. long-distance power transmission lines, a Petrangol is technology in which it excels. The competi 1/3 Portuguese government, 1/3 Portuguese tion now includes English Electric, which private capital, and 1/3 owned by the Belgian has a know-how sharing agreement with ASEA, company Petrofina. -15- JAPAN-SOUTH AFRICA WIDEN TIES 10,000 of tos manganese ore will be ship Although written for a British readership, the ped by the African Metals Corporation to the section of his article which follows is a Mizushina Ferro-Alloy Company plant where it partial rebuttal to American right-wing will be smelted. If the test is a success, proponents of a similar alliance wfrth South Amcor will contract with the Japanese to Africa. build a furnace in South Africa to produce "As a result of our peacetime naval high carbon ferro-manganese (to be used in planning with South Africa, and naval exer steel). (News From South Africa, 1/26/69) cises with are conducted with the South African Navy, the Government are perfectly SOUTH AFRICA HAS DISCOVERED COPPER in a satisfied that no threat exists in the South remote area. What may prove to be large Atlantic or south Indian Ocean for which there quantities of the metal has been found by is not at present adequate provision. The the Anglo Transvaal Consolidated Investment Conservatives hive yet to explain how some Company. The site in is the Northern Cape extra alliance with South Africa would take Puovince, and it is believed that geologists care of this situation in a way different are more optimistic than has officially been from now. disclosed so far. The United States Steel "One point which is frequently forgotten Corporation has a 15% share in the operat&on, by those who raise the spectre of the Russian representing an investmebt of $7.4 million. fleet and the likelihood that it would U.S. attack, Steel has the option of another 15% harass and obstruct our merchant ships is that in February. (New York Times, 12/6/69) shipping lanes are not and can never be given a kind of static protection provided by warships sailing up and down them like sentries. If shipping comes under attack it has been proved time and again that the most effective method of protection is to form convoys and position one's warships where they can protect a mass of merchant shipping, rather than to dissipate them along the whole route which our shipping has to sail.

SOUTH AFRICA AND DEFENCE An increasingly popular argument in support of friendship with South Africa by right wing Americans with racist leanings has been South Africa's strategic naval importance. Strom Thurmond recently inserted in the New U.N. PUBLICATION Congressional Record a copy of a three page OBJECTIVE JUSTICE: Vol. 2 #1 article contending January, 1970, that Russian naval acti OPI/380,$1.00. vity in the Indian Ocean more than justified In response to General Assembly resolutions a strong and friendly link with South Africa, calling for substantial publicity on Apartheid, whose ports and facilities could be badly racial discrimination and colonialism, the U.N. needed in the future to counter-balance grow Office of Public Information has turned out the ing Soviet naval power in that area of the second of a series of magazines on Southern world. Africa. A compilation of much of the Speeial (You may wish to write Senator Thurmond fur Committee on Apartheid's work, this issue of his approach to Southern Africa. His comments Objective Justice contains articles by Mary are fascinating and might well rival those of Benson and Bishop Ambrose Reeves on events Smith or Vorster if put in print.) inside South Africa, Eliot Zupnick on trade In a lengthy analysis in the London Times boycott, and Robert Resha, an ANC representative of November 1969, 5, Charles Doilas Home, on the U.N. right-wing analyst and son of the Conservative Party's shadow foreign secretary and former prime minister, wrote an essessment of South Africa's strategic importance to Britain. SPORT 5 .she Seeks AUtry to South Africa Arthur Ashe, who has faced controversy for South African teams ,are still acceoted i.avirg competed against South African white in but are in danger of being forced out of ',7nns players, has formally applied for a the pentathlon, wrestling, gymnastics, and .za to play in that country's championships squash. They are accepted, but on a restric texMarch. He would be the first black ted basis, in swimming, hockey, rugby, athlete to compete individually against cricket, tennis and golf." .1hites there. In his statement to the press With an eye to the international events recently, he was careful to point out that this year, pressures are mounting against nc would be visiting South Africa "to play South AFrican particination in the last four tennis and only to play tennis, although it's sports in particular, the four closest to the natural that I have a desire to see the hearts and egos of most white South Africans. country first hand, too." Ashe claims the suoport of the United Vorster Comments on International Soort 2tatues Lawn Tennis Association; Secretary of "The Prime Minister warned the world last State William ?. Rogers; The South African night that international s-.ort was degenerat Lawn Tennis Union (which has accepted his ing, that is, was being recklessly exploited e ntry); Owen Williams, who directed this by people with political motives, and that year's U.S. Open; and Cliff Drysdale, who if this continued, sports would soon serve no reoresents a group of South African tennis purpose whatsoever.;" (STAR, 11'11/69) nlayers. The top-seeded American appears What political motives and what purpose. to be serious in wanting "to make sure every Mr. Vorster? thing goes through the proper channels In South Africa the RAND DAILY MAIL, with no mistakes.' November 18, 1969, offers editorial opinion in The South African government, however, response to such attitudes: has indicated that it is unlikely Ashe will Whether we like it or not, the world getthe visa. Frank W. Waring, the Ninister of has undergone a moral revolution in our time. And one of its results is that Soort and Recreation, has charged that Ashe's racial discrimination is widely regarded intentions are "to engage in political activ as degradation. ity '! and that he has shown "an outright un friendly and threatening attitude to South ..a.We proudly believe that we do South rica.I, Africa a service by bringing it that mes Ashe concedes he has made anti-South sage. And as for the stupid charge, made African statements, "but only in relation by the Prime Minister among others, that to the original issue in which I am involved: we would Jike to see a sports tour wrecked, as a black athlete excluded from competing this is the simple answer: We should like in South Africa solely because of his color." to see our sportsmen accepted in internat He said he is seeking entry as an American ional competition all over the world. We citizen and "not to expound my political be should like to see them playing and com liefs about South Africa, but simply to play peting with anybody and everybody--abroad my best possible tennis. " and in South Africa. It is not our attitude Poofessional tennis players in South Af that is making matters difficult for them. rica have warned that if Mr. Ashe is turned It is the Government's. down it could be "catastrophic for South Af The irony of this debate is not even subtlo rican tennis," according to the N.Y. Times considering the official policy of the govern of December 21, 1969. "South Africa is now ment with regard to international competition excluded not only from the Olympics, but ale in sport with South Africa. Initiated in 1967 from table tennis, soccer, amateur boxing, it is as follows: wieght-lifting, fencing and judo." Further 1) Politics should be kept out of sport and more, says the Times correspondent, "if he is the team selection should not be olitically granted a visa it could be a tremendous gain influenced. for South Africa in world sport. If not, it 2) Sport should not be used as the thin end will mean almost certain exclusion from the of the wedge for other motives. International Tennis Federation, the Davis 3) The side selected should not create any in Cun and internation tennis in general." ternal difficulties in South Africa for the Governent. (STAR, 11/21/69) -17-

The Guinean representative thanked the New Zealand Rugby Tour Still Uncertain that as Star of November 21,1969, Council for its support and stated The Johannesburg person," had prove: of Information, Social long as Portugal, a "sick auo es the MInister "allergic to medicine," only surgery was pos Selfare and Pensions and Immigration, Dr. C. that sible, and the forces of national liberation Mulder, as having' stated categorically He asked the allies of would only decide after the New had undertaken this. South Africa to appeal to it to undertake a dia ,ealand selectors had named their team, whe Portu al to the Rep logue with the freedom fighters. 'her the team would be acceptable those who exola'ined their (see above article) Before the vote, ublic. The three conditions said that there was not nough evi preconditions which will determine abstention are the enable them to take a position on tne .he final decision on whether Vorster's dence to qualifying 'but...' will become an unqual conflicting allegations. ified "yes." NEW PUBLICATIONS Dr. Mlder said, 'Like a good tennis the player, Mr. Vorster had put the ball into and New Zea The following new International Defence New Zealnd court. It was now up to from: the net. If it Aid Fund Publications are available landto hit the ball back over ACOA net and it fell back hit the abll into the 164 Madison Avenue on its side, Mr. Vorster was fully entitled to New Zealnd: 'You do not want to New York, N.Y. 10016 to say SOUTH AFRICA: THE VIOLENCE OF APARTHEID play tennis. We are wasting our time.'" of South later, by A. Sachs: 750 An examination But the RAND DAILY MAIL, four days law enforcement, saying that ;It has been Africa*s penal system, quoted Dr. Malder as punishment by decree, racial laws, security finalised that the Maoris can come. If there they will come." system, prisons and prisoners. is not political interference SOUTH AFRICA: "Resettlement"--The New Violence He said the decision was made final on the African government s massive by 600 The South basis of the three conditions outlined of hundreds of thousands of Afri Mr. Vorster in 1967. uprooting cans make South Africa's "white spots" Casting devious analogies aside, why not to simply call a political football a political SOIJikLCA: WORKERS UNDER APARTHEID by football? Alex Hepple. 90 South Africa's racial code showing how discriminatory laws and practices affect employment, wages, trade IAt the TTnited Nations unionism. On December 22,1969, the Security Council SOUTH AFRICA: THE BOSS LAW 250 South of the United Nations voted a motion of cen Africa's "new instrument for maintaining sure against Portugal for "violating the sov white supremacy" is framed in the 9urenu ereignty and territorial integrity of the Rep of itate Security (BOSS). This new bureau The decision, passed 9-0 with 'blic of Guinea." es is "designed to intimidate the opponents of six abstentions (including Portugal s NATO alli apartheid and suppress the ugly truth about France, U.K. and the U.S.A.), was "without the treatment of political victims". much punch," according to several U.N. analyst RHODESIA: WHY MINORITY RULE SURVIVES. 500 who noted that six abstentions badly weakened Background leading to U.D.I., negotiations its impact. with Britain, Rhodesia's alliance with South Perl.aps encouraged by the number of absten Africa, sanctions, internat&onal financial tions, the Protugese representative declared interests, Rhodesian lobby. the text"entirely one-sided"' since it did not (the above annotations taken in part from the reflect the situation created by the interna Episcopal Churchmen for South Africa bulletin tional conspiracy' to provide aid for the Christmas, 1969). armed attacks launched from Guinea. The resolution deeply deplored "the loss of BOOK REVIEW life and heavy damage to several Guinean cil lages inflicted by the Portugese military auth SOUTH AFRICA'S DEFENCE STRATEGY by Abdul S. orities" operating from bases in Portugese Minty. Published by The Anti-Apartheid Guinea. It further warned Portugal "that if Movement, 89 Charlotte St. London W.l. 30¢ such acts were to be repeated in the future, the Council would have to seriously consider A study which reveals ways in which, this decision.' further steps to give effect to despite the official U.N. arms embargo, * §eleeed List of U.N. Publications Western Governments aid South Africa's AparthMed and Racial Discrimination in Southern mighty military machine, particularly in Africa: No.OPI/316 $1.00 a] Lowing South Africa to purchase licenses Segregation in South Africa and blueprints for military equipment. An Questions and Answers on the Policy of example, cited in the Observer's review of Apartheid: No.E.69.1.15 500 Minty's booklet (Nov. 2, 1969) is that of The Effects of Apartheid on Education, engines for South Africa's Impala aircraft. Science, Culture and Information in S.A. The )ngines are of British design (Rolls No. 67.1.6 400 Royce Bristol Division), although South Foreign Trade Statistics of Africa-Series B, Africa is making them under license agree ll.K.No. 13; 3 $5.ooTrade by Commodity: No. E/F.68. ment with an Italian firm. In addition, the booklet reveals that the British Marconi Co. Foreign Investment in the Rep. of South Africa built a military radar system along the No.E.68.11.L8 500 northern border of South Africa (1965), Apartheid and Repressive Measures in S.A. while in 1967 Decca Co. helped with a radie No. OPI/265 150 navigational system (at the cost of L 3m.) Apartheid and the Treatment of Prisoners in covering the coastline of South West Africa South Africa: OPI/279 $1.00 to the South African Natal Coast. Action Against Apar6heid No.OPI/364 The booklet goes beyond the question of Foreign Economic Interests and Decolonization British complicity to outline South Africa's No. OPI/370 300 Military and Police Forces in the Rep. of S.A. relationship with the rest of Africa, No. E.67oII.K.95. 500 Portugal, the "South Atlantic Treaty Organ ization (SATO)" plans, and includes appen Repressive Legislation of the Rep. of S.A. dices on military forces and expenditures. No. E.69.II.k.8 $2.00 Apartheid-A selective Bibliography on the Racial Policies of the Rep. of S.A. ST/LIB/22 The ILO and "Aparthhid" Nov. 1969 Eleventh Report on the Special Committee on Apartheid (under publication) Order: Sales Section, United Vationsj,4. ' _1 Room LX2332

Southern Africa Committee University Christian Hovement Room 752 475 Riverside Drive New York, N.Y. 10027

January 1970

RLU £uer 22 0 mvn A wNms,~* 3