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Reproductive and Nutritional Cycles of the Crab <Emphasis Type= REPRODUCTIVE AND NUTRITIONAL CYCLES OF THE CRAB PORTUNUS* PELAGICUS (LINNAEUS) (DECAPODA: BRACHYURA) OF THE MADRAS COAST BY A. ABDtm RAHAMAN (Department of Zoology, Madurai University,~ Madurai,-2, India) Received December 28, 1966 (Communicated by Prof S. Krishnaswamy, l~.A.sc.) ABSTRACT The gonadal and hepatic indices were deterrmned. Even though the crab Portunus pelagicus is a continuous breeder, there appears to be three maximal periods of development of the gonad and hepatopancreas. The gonad index is high in the months of November-January and June and the hepatic index shows the greatest development in the months of November-January and August. There appears to be a direct relationship between gonadal and hepatopancreatic development. These results have been discussed in the light of previous work. INTRODUCTION THE reproductive cycle of invertebrates and their sexual periodicities have been extensively studied by many workers (Bennett and Giese, I955; Farmanfarmaian et al., 1958; Giese, 1959 a, 1959 b; Giese et al., 1964; Raha- man, 1965). Of these mention may be made of the studies on the periodic changes in the reproductive cycle of several species of arthropods of tem- perate regions by Boolootian et al. (1959) and Giese (1959). Except for the work on the Indian prawn Penaeus indieus (Subrahmanyam, 1963) similar work on tropical arthropods has been very few. Prasad and Tampi (1953) studied the biology of the blue swimming crab, Portunus pelagieus (Neptunus pelagieus) which forms an important fishery along the east coast of India. Delsman and De Man (1925) found berried crabs of this species throughout the year in Batavia. Prasad and Tampi (loc. eit.) working on the same species and basing their observations on the commercial landings as well as * Genus name Neptunus has been changed to Portunus. International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (1959) cited by Stephenson and Campbell (1959). ;, Formerly Department of ZoolosY, University of Madras. Madurai Centre, Madurai-2, 76 Reproductive and Nutritional Cycles of Crab P. pelagicus 77 on the occurrence of larval forms in the plankton observed that" the maximum breeding activity is during September to March ". From this it is clear that an elaborate study based on the gonadal and hepatic indices, would throw light on the reproductive and nutritional cycles of Portunus pelagicus. The present paper deals with these aspects. MATERIAL AND METHOD The crabs of the species Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus were collected in nets from the offshore region of Tondi, on the east coast of India, Madras State, 70 miles from Madurai. They were in a live condition when brought to the shore. Random sampling was made. Initially twenty animals were sampled, but the data were no more informative than data on a sample of ten animals collected monthly as was also found by Giese (1959). So ten animals were taken for analysis every month;, larger sampling being done whenever feasible. Soon after being brought to shore, the selected animals were transported to the laboratory which is about a mile away from the shore, in an earthen vessel containing sufficient sea-water for aeration. Sufficient time was given (about 1 to 2 hours) for the animals to acclimatize to the laboratory conditions before being sacrificed. Specimens that were not in a healthy condition (diseased or inactive) as well as those that had just moulted were not used for analysis. After separation of sexes, the adhering water on the surface including the appen- dages was completely wiped off using a towel. The length of the carapace was measured accurately to within a millimetre from one tip to the other of the spinous lateral extension of the carapace. The animals were weighed to the nearest gram. The length of the carapace varied between 80ram. and 150 ram. in the animals chosen, and it was observed that the weight of the crab shows a linear relationship with that of the length of the carapace. The animals were dissected, by cutting open the carapace. However, in the male, the carapace was slit open and separated carefully from the adhering tissue lining the inside of the carapace as only then the testes and other accessory reproductive organs could be completely seen and removed without damage. Care was also taken to exclude the hepatopancreas attached to the testes, as the latter was of a different colour. The gonads were taken out and were weighed accurately in a balance up to the milligram. Similarly, the hepato- pancreas was dissected out carefully, the body fluid surrounding it removed with the help of a pipette and weighed accurately. A microscopic examina- tion of the gonads was made to identify the state of maturity of the animals. 78 A. ABDULRAHAMAN The hepatic and gonad indices were calculated according to the formula given by Farmanfarmaian et aL 0958) whereby the wet weight of the hepato- pancreas or gonad is divided by the wet weight of the animal and multiplied by 100. RESULTS A perusal of Table I shows that there is no definite peak with regard to the gonad index. There appears to be three maximal periods, Le., November (3.51 mean), January (3.00 mean) and June (2-26 mean). How- ever, there appears to be a greater breeding activity in November-January periods. There is a possible second maximal breeding period about the month of June. Further, the data would indicate that breeding in these forms is more or less continuous, the spawning season alternating with periods of sexual maturity. TABLE I Gonad Hepatic Gonad Hepatic Gonad Hepatic Month index index index index index index (mean) (mean) (mean) (mean) (mean) (mean) ~ ~ ~ ~+~ ~+~ 1964 September..... 1.04 3.21 2.35 2.05 1.31 2.98 October ..... 0.45 2.26 2.89 1-67 1.91 1.91 November .... 1.05 4.01 5.96 2.71 3.51 3-36 December .... 0.67 2.23 0.52 1-56 0.56 2.03 1965 January, .... 0.18 2.56 5-26 4-14 3.00 3.44 February ...... 0.52 2.73 2.26 2.88 1.39 2.80 March ...... 0-47 1-78 1.97 1.54 1.22 1-65 April ...... 0-47 2- 66 0- 26 2- 83 0- 36 2- 75 May - .. 0.39 1.65 3-51 2.38 1.95 2.02 June .... 0.48 2.47 4.04 3.39 2-26 2-93 July .. ;. 0.37 2.27 1.40 3.92 0.82 3.10 August ...... 0.38 2.98 3.32 3.95 1.72 3 "42 The seasonal changes in the hepatic index also exhibits similar pattern. The maximal hepatic indices are found in the months of November (3.36 mean), January (3-44 mean) and August (3.42 mean). The first two peaks coincide with the maximal gonadal activity. Even though the third peak appears in August, the hepatic index for the month of June is also high (2.93 Reproductive and Nutritional cycles of. Crab P. pelagicus 79 mean) and may also be correlated with the higher gonadal activity in June (2.26 mean). A comparison of the gonadal and hepatic indices (vide Figs. 1 and 2) shows that with an increase in the gonadal activity there is also an increase in the hepatic index. This is of interest since in several invertebrates an inverse relationship appears to exist [e.g., Pisaster ochraceus and P. brevi- spinus (Farmanfarmaianet al., 1958), Asterias rubens (Delaunay, 1928), Oreaster hedemanni Rahaman, 1965)]. However, the pattern of the reproductive and nutritional cycles of this form corresponds to the results obtained in the antarctic starfish Odontaster validus (Pearse, 1965). 7 " ~, i !',,, • , ,. , , : ..--, , o " .,, ,." :/ X ",. :r" \',,/ . 4" ~ I "" ~ t / ~Iflf .," e ,~ Hor, IT~ FIG. 1. Showing the gonad index in the male and female Portunus pelagicus during different months of the year. .... ~d 5 4 tI~ .2 I I I f , ! I I ! I • . J , . fo,, o ~ • ~s~, HONTH5, ,~ /, FIG. 2. Showing the hapatic index in the male and female Portunus pelagicus during different months of the year. 80 A. ABDUL RAHAMAN DISCUSSION It has been shown by Stephep_son(1934) that species inhabiting the tropi- cal waters may exhibit several types of breeding cycles, i.e., continuous breed- ing around the year, discontinuous breeding in relation to lunar phases during greater or shorter period in a year, two spawning periods and lastly one single breeding season. Such different types of breeding cycles have been observed in the Adyar estuary (Panikkar and Aiyar, 1939) and in sessile fauna of the Madras harbour (Paul, 1942). The breeding season of crabs seem to vary very much. In the temperate regions the crabs Hemigrapsus nudus, Pachygrapsus crassipes and Emerita analoga seem to have a single breeding cycle (Boolootian et al., 1959). Stead (1898) regarded the spawning season of Neptunus in Australian waters to be about August-November. However, Thomson (1951) found the egg-bearing season to be from September-April. Based on the commercial catches and availability of berried females it has been reported that Portunus sanguinolentus (Neptunus sanguinolentus) breeds in February-March on the west cost of India (Menon, 1952). Petrolisthes cinctipes and Pugettia pro- ducta occuring along the west coast of United States (Boolootian et al., 1959) and Portunus pelagicus (Neptunus pelagicus) occurring in Batavia breed throughout the year (Delsman and De Man, 1925). The same species occurring at Tondi, on the east coast of India, appears to exhibit a similar trend. Delsman and De Man (1925) observed that the berried crabs of Portunus pelagicus (Neptunus pelagicus) occur throughout the year. The data obtained during the year 1964--65 also show that the mature males and females occur during all months of the year. However, three definite peaks in the gonadal and hepatic indices occurring in the months of November, January and in the period of June--August suggest an intense breeding activity at least during those seasons.
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