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Authoritarian Censorship of the Media in Spain Under Franco's Dictatorship Darby Hennessey University of Mississippi

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Authoritarian Censorship of the Media in Spain Under Franco's Dictatorship Darby Hennessey University of Mississippi University of Mississippi eGrove Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors Theses Honors College) 2017 Oprimido, Censurado, Controlado: Authoritarian Censorship of the Media in Spain under Franco's Dictatorship Darby Hennessey University of Mississippi. Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis Part of the Journalism Studies Commons Recommended Citation Hennessey, Darby, "Oprimido, Censurado, Controlado: Authoritarian Censorship of the Media in Spain under Franco's Dictatorship" (2017). Honors Theses. 249. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis/249 This Undergraduate Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College) at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. OPRIMIDO, CENSURADO, CONTROLADO: AUTHORITARIAN CENSORSHIP OF THE MEDIA IN SPAIN UNDER FRANCO’S DICTATORSHIP By Darby Hennessey A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Mississippi in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College. University, Mississippi © May 2017 Approved by _________________________________________ Advisor: Dr. Samir Husni _________________________________________ Reader: Dr. Robert Magee _________________________________________ Reader: Professor Joe Atkins ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to begin by thanking Dr. Samir Husni, my advisor and professor, who was patient and understanding during the thesis process. I am very grateful for his help, support, and willingness to allow me to handle his magazine collection, partially for thesis purposes, partially because of my own curiosity. Additionally, I would like to thank Dr. Robert Magee and Professor Joe Atkins for their generous willingness to be my additional readers. Thank you all for taking the time out of your busy schedules to help me with this project. I hope I have made you proud. I would also like to thank my family and friends for their continual support and encouragement through this process. Whether it was sending an uplifting message, buying me coffee, or simply putting up with me when things got stressful, your support was felt and highly appreciated. From the bottom of my heart, thank you. Finally, thank you to the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College for an inspiring past four years. You made an Oregon girl feel at home, and I can hardly find the words to express my gratitude for the memories I’ve made, the academic skills I’ve learned, and the brilliant people I’ve met. Muchísimas gracias. 2 ABSTRACT Francisco Franco is one of the most formidable dictators of the 20th century, and his overwhelming control over the press and other media in Spain during his 36 years as an authoritarian dictator is among the most notable forms of press censorship in history. This thesis examines the various measures Franco’s regime took to censor the press and other media platforms (print news, non-news print media and digital media) and explains that, through these measures, Franco’s regime fits and even expands the Authoritarian Theory of Mass Communication. This theory has historic and philosophical backgrounds, but by applying the basic principles to the modern example of the franquismo period in Spain, one can see the overarching idea of censorship in the media imposed by an authoritarian regime. Furthermore, this thesis will examine the aftermath of the regime, and how the legacy of censorship and media corruption still lingers in Spanish society today. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Part One: Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..5 Part Two: The Man and His Regime……………………………………………..……………...11 Part Three: Print Media…………………………………………………………………………..16 Part Four: Non-Journalism Print Media………………………………………………………….38 Part Five: Digital Media: Television, Radio, and Cinema……………………………………….48 Part Six: Post-Franco and the Legacy Today…………………………………………………….53 Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………………….60 4 Part One: Introduction We, as Americans, feel entitled toward our freedom of speech, and rightly so, as the First Amendment guarantees this right in our lives as professionals and citizens. But what about the injustice and suppression of speech and press in other countries? It’s a reality thousands across the world live with today, and an issue that has countless historic roots. Many people have at least some kind of understanding about media censorship in foreign countries today, but in Western society, many adhere to the disillusioned mindset of “it would never happen here.” But what many in today’s world do not know (due to a combination of societal apathy and passage of time), is that Spain, one of the world’s most influential Western countries, was subjected to tyrannical media censorship for decades under the reign of dictator Francisco Franco from 1939 to 1975. While Franco’s name may not stir the terror in Spaniards’ hearts like it once did, he is still a formidable historic figure when considering fascist dictators of the 20th century. Allied with Benito Mussolini of Italy and Adolf Hitler of Germany (among others), Franco quickly made the Kingdom of Spain his own toy to manipulate, exploit, and censor. His atrocities are numerous, including orders of mass executions and assassinations, repressing regional cultures and languages, and maintaining a tight grip on the press and cultural media for his propaganda. Most notably, for the sake of this thesis, Franco restricted the citizens, authors, filmmakers, and journalists of Spain from the freedom of speech and expression that is now guaranteed in their Constitution. The significance of this time in Spain’s history reaches beyond its time and borders. Franco’s era and his censorship practices upon the press serve as an example of an overarching 5 theory that reaches back to the philosophies of ancient Greece: the Authoritarian Theory of Mass Communication. By the definition coined by scholar Fred Seibert, this is “a theory under which the press, as an institution, is controlled in its functions and operation by organized society through another institution, government” (Siebert 10). This theory is largely considered the most pervasive of all press theories, both historically and geographically. One can see instances of the authoritarian method of control throughout historic dictatorships all over the world, such as in Japan, Russia, several South American countries, and of course Spain, among many others. However, the theory itself was developed in England in the 16th and 17th centuries, and has since spread throughout the world as an accepted method of examining and explaining power struggles in the press (Siebert 7). Although the theory appears straightforward, there is actually much more complexity to it than simply a government’s control over the media. The obvious reason for controlling the media as an authoritarian regime is to maintain power and promote propaganda, but there are psychological and philosophical reasons behind it that better explain why authoritarian leaders choose this theory for their own means. The desire to control the media as a governmental institution is driven by four philosophical relations between man and the state: the nature of man, the nature of society and of the state, the relation of man to the state, and the nature of knowledge and truth (Siebert 10). All four of these relations revolve around one goal: for man to be the pervasive and absolute entity in charge of his own free will. These may seem like abstract ideas, but they all come back to one philosophy: an authoritarian leader, above all, desires absolute power over his people, and can ensure this power by using the press to “support and advance the policies of the government in power; and to service the state” (Siebert 7). Franco 6 was no different, and was particularly known for his ambition to transform Spain into a conservative, Catholic country by means of promoting his ideals via various forms of media, including the press and other cultural platforms (theater, film, literature, etc.), and by suppressing unfavorable opinions in said platforms. The Authoritarian Theory of Mass Media can be broken down into five specific principles: 1. Media should do nothing which could undermine establish authority. 2. Media should always (or ultimately) be subordinate to established authority. 3. Media should avoid offense to majority, or dominant, moral and political values. 4. Censorship can be justified to enforce these principles. 5. Unacceptable attacks on authority, deviations from official policy or offenses against moral codes should be criminal offenses (McQuail 86). Under these principles, clearly the press does not have a lot of autonomy to publish what they want in fear of potential criminal charges and/or censorship. In short, the authoritarian government in control has absolute power over the press, both on WHO is allowed to print or produce media and WHAT they are allowed to produce. The theory claims that authoritarian leaders view this control as a means to “protect and prevent the people from the national threats through any form of communication (information or news)” (Communicationtheory.org). This can either be done via licensing requirements, legislation, or censorship policies; in Franco’s case, it was all three. If these measures are violated, the government has the right to revoke any licenses, increase censorship policies, or
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