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Spanish Frontiers: a Study of Social and Economic Exchange

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Spanish Frontiers: a Study of Social and Economic Exchange SPANISH FRONTIERS: A STUDY OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EXCHANGE NETWORKS PRESENT IN 18TH CENTURY SPANISH MISSIONS by Danielle Lynn Dadiego B.A., University of Southern Maine, 2007 A thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences The University of West Florida In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2014 The thesis of Danielle Lynn Dadiego is approved: ____________________________________________ _________________ John J. Clune, Ph.D., Committee Member Date ____________________________________________ _________________ Ramie A. Gougeon, Ph.D., Committee Member Date ____________________________________________ _________________ John E. Worth, Ph.D., Committee Chair Date Accepted for the Department/Division: ____________________________________________ _________________ John R. Bratten, Ph.D., Chair Date Accepted for the University: ____________________________________________ _________________ Richard S. Podemski, Ph.D., Dean, Graduate School Date ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to mention financial support from numerous sources including the Pat and Hal Marcus Fellowship in Historical Archaeology, the Archaeology Foundation Research Grant, and the University of West Florida Student Government Association Travel Grant. This project was also supported by a grant from the University of West Florida through the Office of Research and Sponsored Programs. I would also like to thank Frances Montgomery and Sarah E. Price for reviewing and editing my thesis with patience, even with impending deadlines. In addition to my committee members, several people have been especially helpful to me in my research. Dr. Elizabeth Benchley, Director of the Division and Archaeology Institute, provided financial and academic support which made my experience at the University of West Florida very enjoyable and profitable for my professional career. Dr. John E. Worth, Associate professor of Anthropology, generously supported and guided my endeavors in Spanish paleography, and provided me with every opportunity possible to explore my research interests. Jennifer Melcher and Colin Bean, and Karen Mims helped me accomplish specific tasks related to my thesis. In addition, I want to publically acknowledge my friends Patricia McMahon, Nicholas Simpson, Alesia Hoyle, and my mother, Lori Matthews, for emotional support when I needed it most. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................ iii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER I. OVERVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .............................1 A. Introduction ..........................................................................................1 1. Regional Context .........................................................................2 B. Local Mission Economy .......................................................................3 1. Research Objectives .....................................................................5 2. Theoretical Framework ................................................................6 3. Significance................................................................................10 CHAPTER II. HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS AND PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH .............................................................................................12 A. Historical Document Research Methods ............................................12 1. Types of Documents ..................................................................12 2. Organization and Relevance of Documents ...............................16 3. Archives and Repositories .........................................................17 4. Translation of Selected Documents ...........................................19 B. Archaeological Data Sample ..............................................................20 1. Case Study: Mission San Joseph de Escambe ...........................21 C. Artifact Processing and Analysis Methods .........................................24 1. Presence and Absence ................................................................27 2. Distributions, Percentages, and Proportionality.........................27 3. Origin and Function ...................................................................28 4. Personal Value: Availability, Quality, and Preference ..............29 5. Monetary Value and Change over Time ....................................30 CHAPTER III. HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND CULTURAL SETTING .....................31 A. Exploration and Conquest, 1513–1565 ..............................................31 1. The Spanish in Florida ...............................................................31 2. The Spanish in Pensacola...........................................................32 B. Missionization and the Colonial System, 1565–1698 ........................34 1. Saint Augustine and the Atlantic Coast .....................................35 C. Settlement in Pensacola, 1698–1763 ..................................................42 1. Santa María de Galve .................................................................42 2. War of Spanish Succession and Destruction of Missions ..........43 3. War of Quadruple Alliance ........................................................45 4. Isla de Santa Rosa, 1722–1756 ..................................................46 5. The Pensacola Situado ...............................................................49 iv D. Local Historical Context .....................................................................49 1. Mission San Joseph de Escambe................................................50 2. Mission San Antonio de Punta Rasa ..........................................58 3. San Miguel de Panzacola and the Seven Years War .................61 4. The British Period, Post 1763 ....................................................62 CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS OFARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL DATA .....63 A. Economic Systems Present .................................................................63 1. Gift Goods ..................................................................................64 2. Local Production ........................................................................65 3. Supply and Demand ...................................................................65 4. Purchased Goods ........................................................................66 5. Bartering ....................................................................................67 6. Illicit Trade.................................................................................68 B. Bartering Entities ................................................................................68 1. Spanish Presidios .......................................................................69 2. Upper Creek ...............................................................................69 3. Lower Creek...............................................................................72 C. Primary Transportation Routes ...........................................................73 D. Archaeological Evidence of Trade .....................................................74 1. Glass Trade Beads......................................................................75 2. Button and Cufflinks ..................................................................79 3. Jewelry and Personal Items ........................................................80 4. Firearms and Ammunition .........................................................83 5. Lead Clothing Seals ...................................................................89 6. Smoking Pipes ...........................................................................90 7. European Ceramics ....................................................................91 8. Mexican Earthenwares ...............................................................93 9. Chinese Porcelain.......................................................................96 10. French Faience .........................................................................97 11. Other European Exports ...........................................................98 E. Documentary Evidence of Trade ......................................................100 1. Spanish Units of Measurement ................................................100 2. Common Trade Items ..............................................................101 3. Examples of Exchange from Primary Documents ...................102 CHAPTER V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ..................................................110 A. A Local Model for Regional Comparisons ......................................110 1. Spanish Comparisons ...............................................................110 2. French Comparisons ................................................................112 3. English Comparisons ...............................................................113 B. Conclusions .......................................................................................114 REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................117 v LIST OF FIGURES 1. Escambe
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