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Check list ofEuropean HymenomycetousHeterobasidiae [Cont’d] M.A. Donk DONK: On European Heterobasidiae 245 and Naematelia quercina Coker 1920 (U.S.A., North Carolina), fide Bandoni (op. tremelloides. The cit., p. 325) = Sparassis following remark by Bandoni (op. cit., tremelloides = Tremella tremelloides Mass. should be p. 326) on Sparassis (Berk.) kept "does in mind; this species, he wrote, not seem to differ significantly from Tremella in its characteristics. is that the encephala microscopic It possible two represent different manifestations from two different hosts [Stereum spp.]." In Tremella is variable than other (62). some respects encephala even more of the for to there least three species genus, instance, as colour, are at principal shades. First, hyaline-whitish, the white colour being mainly due to the white kernel Tremella that shows through. It was this condition, I believe, that received the name alabastrina. A delicate flesh colour is very common. Neuhoff (1936b: 23) has suggested that Tremellafragiformis Pers. (which Persoon called ‘ruber’) was annotated by its German collector as stawberry (fraise) coloured and that Persoon misunderstood the in- formation: “in der deutschen Tuchindustrie bedeutet fräsfarben ein milchiges das dem Farbton der T. vollkommen It Fleischrosa, encephala entspricht.” may be pointed out that when Persoon published a coloured picture of his species he stated in the French version of the text: “sa couleur à l’exterieur est semblable à celle de la fraise; intérieurementelle est pâle.” However, the accompanying figure shows the fruitbody as dingy pink rather than red. Older from have often collections, especially such as are received correspondents, lost the above-mentioned original colours and have turned more or less dingy brown or alutaceous (cf. Fries, 1822: 227 "in vegetis semper carneo-pallidus, siccus rufofuscus"). Finally, yellowish fruitbodies have also been encountered, for instance in the one collection that Bourdot & Galzin referred to their interpretation of T. rubiformis, for which they recorded the colour as pale yellow. For typical T. encephala these authors also "souvent teinte de This Link noted, creme orange". may explain why changed the name Tremella encephala Pers. into Encephalium aurantiacum when trans- of ferring that species to his new genus Encephalium (a synonym Naematelia). It well be that much of the in colour is due the host may diversity to species. Stereum sanguinolentum is one of the 'bleeding' stereums, and soluble substances that colour diffuse into the may undergo changes perhaps parasite. It is just possible that T. alabastrina is a different species. Brefelds protologue is not quite sufficiently detailed to be decisive; he does not mention the kernel. (63)- Tremellafoliacea.. —Persoon's protologue (1799 O. 2: 98) contains some that he enigmas. On the whole it might be concluded was describing not too large specimens of what is now called T. foliacea: "Unc. 11 lata, totidem fere alta, lin. 1 crassa". As a sort of afterthought he added as last words "forma pezizoidea", which of of Tul. suggests some species Exidia, or perhaps even Coryne (perfect state), still of for the least because of or more Neobulgaria foliacea (Bres.) Dennis, not part PERSOONIA Part 246 Vol. 4, 3, 1966 remark Bresadola in connection with the of this last a by original description mentioned "Habitus omnio Tremellae tantum observa- species: foliaceae Pers., a qua tione microscopica tute distinquitur." Ifthe true Tremella foliacea were really pezizoid in shape, it could hardly be anything but either Exidia saccharina or Neobulgaria foliacea. Identification with the first of these two is out of the question because of differences in colour and saccharina coniferous substratum: E. grows only on wood, while Persoon stated of Tremella foliacea: "ad truncos subputridos, praesentim Avellanae”. The that Persoon in his Coryli description published succeeding myco- logical work (1801: 626) treated the fruitbody as compound ("magna cespitosa individuum " unc. 1 latum and called it . concava .... Singulum est") again . .... however he added "... sed laterefructificat." These last Subpezizoidea"; utroque as well as the citationof "Bull. t. f. A. turn the scale in favour words, . 406 a ?", of Tremella a true rather than some species of Exidia or Neobulgaria, for in these there is often difference between the sterile outside and the genera an appreciable hymenial disk. Fries simply left out any allusion to a pezizoid shape. I am more inclined to agree with him and Neuhoff ( 1933: 98) that what Persoon had in mind was after all the species of Tremella redescribed by Fries and Bresadola. After this it is not surprising that some authors (Brefeld) confused Tremella foliacea with Exidia saccharina. When Fries (1822: 212) accepted Persoon's species, not only did he leave out all allusions form but also shifted the somewhat to a pezizoid he emphasis (but not toward the form of T. his describes the quite) foliacea on conifers; although phrase colour exactly the same as Persoon's did ("cinnamomeo-carnea") his description contains, "Color constanter obscure rufus" and "Ad truncos vetustos abicgnos, &c." When Bresadola F.t. the pineos, betulinos, (1900 2: 97 pi. 2ogf. 1) published first modern account under the name of T. foliacea he conceived it inclusively as far as the colour and substratum were concerned: "ad ramos Laricis, Abietis et etiam arboreum frondosarum gregario obvia". Most authors consider T. variable with now foliacea a very species, especially the colour of the authors it includes few respect to fruitbody. According to some a fresh infraspecific taxa. It would appear desirable to collect more information on collections from various substrata. The following discussions on the forms that have received and available to be of specific names may prove some use. Tremella the of this turned out to be fimbriata.. —Establishing identity fungus another puzzle. Neuhoff (igg6b: 20) suspected that this species, as interpreted by Fries the form of T. from wood. Fries would (1822: 212), was foliacea angiosperm have made the distinction, because to him T. foliacea (see above) was in the first place the form on gymnosperm wood. The choice of the epithet 'fimbriata' is difficult to understand. Persoon's original description (1799 O. 2: 97) contains "lateraincisa, margine undulata"and thus leaves the epithet insufficiently explained; Fries wrote "margine incisis undulato-fimbriatis" which can only be true if one lenient of Neuhoff's accepts a very interpretation 'fimbriatus'. Still I believe that DONK: On European Heterobasidiae 247 suggestion is perfectly acceptable as long as an extremely plastic form on angiosperm wood is in these moist habitat postulated and, particular cases, an excessively on branches on the ground: "Ad ramos rarissime ad terram dejectos" (Persoon, I.e., fluviorum 1 799), "in ramis deiectis ad marginam rarius ..." (Persoon, 1801), "Ad locis humidis This would truncos & ramos, praecipue alneos, passim" (Fries, 1821). also explain why the fruitbody is (sub) erect. T. Fries distinguished between two forms of fimbriata, the typical one and a form "b": "Color nigrescens, luci obversus olivaceus v. fuligineus, in b. purpurascens." However, his references are not distributed accordingly, T. mesenteriformis var. violacea Bull, and T. tinctoria being cited with the typical formeven though the fruit- bodies are vinaceous. Tremella verticalis.—Fries referred Bulliard's species as "optime" to T. fimbriata, typical form. The erect habit ('verticalis') and the strongly and irregularly incised of the lobes the substratum is indicated "sur les vieilles souches". margins agree; as Bulliard himself (1791 H: 231-232) later referred this fungus to T. mesenteriformis that it violaceous. var. violacea Bull., which suggests was slightly In any case it seems to be conspecific with T. fimbriata and perhaps also with the purplish forms Fries referred to that species; these had previously received specific names of their own (T. undulata, T. violacea, T. tinctoria). Tremella —Neuhoflf "Eine Form der undulata .. (1936b: 20) wrote: purpurviolette T. foliacea Bres. gibt es nicht; der Name violascens Alb. & Schw. bezieht sich auch keineswegs auf eine Tremella, sondern auf eine Bulgariacee aus der Gegend von I about the of Tremella violascens A. Coryne.” Although agree identity foliacea var. & S. [presumably the common imperfect state, now called Pirobasidium sarcoides the (Fr.) Hohn.], I do not agree with remark that no purplish-violaceous forms may exist. Tremella undulatais in Hoffmann describedhis apoint case; species as "purpurea" and added: "colore adparet haec Tremella nigrescenti quidem, sed subdiaphana est et luci objecta purpurascens." Similar and apparently conspecific is T. mesenteriformis violacea Bull. = T. violacea Pers. T. tinctoria Pers. It to var. (Bull.) = was this form that Bulliard later reduced his T. verticalis (see above). The colours of his variety he described thus: "... dans la jeunesse d'une couleur vineuse melee d'une teinte de violet plus ou moins foncee; elles devient ensuite d'un rouge brun ou noiratre . .; mise en infusion dans de l'eau simple, elle donne couleur d'un beau bistre .." This last led Persoon to call it une rougeatre . point T. tinctoria. Tremella rather succinea. a form . .—Apparently pale-coloured ("pellucida . fuscescente succina") stated in the protologue to be "rarius ad ligna exsiccata". Neuhoff considered this to be the form typical of gymnospermwood. Thisis
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  • Lichens and Associated Fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska

    Lichens and Associated Fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska

    The Lichenologist (2020), 52,61–181 doi:10.1017/S0024282920000079 Standard Paper Lichens and associated fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska Toby Spribille1,2,3 , Alan M. Fryday4 , Sergio Pérez-Ortega5 , Måns Svensson6, Tor Tønsberg7, Stefan Ekman6 , Håkon Holien8,9, Philipp Resl10 , Kevin Schneider11, Edith Stabentheiner2, Holger Thüs12,13 , Jan Vondrák14,15 and Lewis Sharman16 1Department of Biological Sciences, CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada; 2Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; 3Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA; 4Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA; 5Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Departamento de Micología, Calle Claudio Moyano 1, E-28014 Madrid, Spain; 6Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden; 7Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen Allégt. 41, P.O. Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; 8Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, Nord University, Box 2501, NO-7729 Steinkjer, Norway; 9NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; 10Faculty of Biology, Department I, Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Straße 67, 80638 München, Germany; 11Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; 12Botany Department, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany; 13Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; 14Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic; 15Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic and 16Glacier Bay National Park & Preserve, P.O.
  • Biodiversity of Dead Wood

    Biodiversity of Dead Wood

    Scottish Natural Heritage Biodiversity of Dead Wood Fungi – Lichens - Bryophytes Dr David Genney SNH Policy and Advice Officer Scottish Natural Heritage Key messages Scotland is home to thousands of fungi, lichens and bryophytes, many of which depend on dead wood as a food source or place to grow. This presentation gives a brief introduction, for each group, to the diversity of dead wood species and the types of dead wood they need to survive. The take-home message is that the dead wood habitat is as diverse as the species that depend upon it. Ensuring a wide range of these dead wood types will maximise species diversity. Some dead wood types need special management and may need to be prioritised in areas where threatened species depend upon them. Scottish Natural Heritage FUNGI Dead wood is food for fungi and they, in turn, have a big impact on its quality and ultimate fate With thousands of species, each with specific habitat requirements, fungi require a wide diversity of dead wood types to maximise diversity Liz Holden Scottish Natural Heritage Different fungi rot wood in different ways – the main types of rot are brown rot and white rot Brown rot fungi The main building block of wood, cellulose, is broken down by the fungi, but not other structural compounds such as lignin. Dead wood is brown and exhibits brick-like cracking Many bracket fungi are brown rotters Liz Holden Cellulose Scottish Natural Heritage White-rot fungi White-rot fungi degrade a wider range of wood compounds, including the very complex polymer, lignin Pale wood More species are white-rot than brown-rot fungi Lignin Liz Holden Lignin Scottish Natural Heritage Armillaria spp.