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Catalogue of the Greek and Roman Lamps in the British Museum

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Catalogue of the Greek and Roman Lamps in the British Museum g'Ji... ^_ *:; mm:.-: ' ^'-'W 'mf/'''.f^-''-':'''^' ':' :#' (*<*/.;' ,:.''. "',.., ilTrllfiilni (Citllcnr. CATALOGUE Of THE GREEK AND ROMAN LAMPS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM BY H. B. WALTERS, M.A, F.S.A., ASSISTANT-KEEPER I.N THE DEPARTMENT OK GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. Sold at the British Museum ; and by Messrs. Longmans & Co., 39, Paternoster Row Mr. Bernard Quaritch, ii, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, W. ; Street, Messrs. Asher & Co., 14. Bedford Covent Garden ; and Mr. Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, Amen Corner. 1914. [A// rights reserved^^ LONDON : I'KINTED IlY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W. %-\'\'=l'2. ^::^:.lI--<:^.x. \A._J^a^i PREFACE. The present Catalogue deals with the collections of Greek and Roman Lamps in the British Museum. Those of a distinctively Christian character, catalogued in Mr. O. M. Dalton's Catalogue of Christian An/iqitities, are omitted. On the other hand the Greek and Roman lamps in the Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities, and those which are preserved in the British Department, as having been found in Britain, have been included. The greater part of the collection is naturally in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities. The Catalogue is the work of Mr. H. B. Walters. The proofs have been read by Messrs. E. J. Forsdyke and F. N. Pryce, and b}' myself. A. H. SMITH. Febiiiaiy, 1914. a 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS. i-AGi-: Prefacp: , . iii Tahle of Contents ......... V List of Plates vii List OF Lamps ii.lu.strated on Plates of Shapes (xxxvui-xliii) ix Introduction :- Uses of Lamps in Antiquity ....... xi The Manufacture of Lamps ....... xvi Classification of Types ....... -xviii Subjects on Lamps ........ xxvi Inscriptions .......... xxxiii List of Potters' Names ........ xxxvii CATALOGUE. I. Bronze Lamps (1-117) 1. Greek Types (1-6) ...... I 2. Roman Lamps (7 ii/) ...... 2 II. Leaden and Iron Lamps (i 18-124) .... 20 III. Marble and Stone Lamps (125-129) 22 IV. Clay Lamps (130-1397) 1. Minoan period (130-136) ..... 24 2. Graeco-Phoenician types (137-157) .... 25 3. Greek Lamps (158-389) ..... 27 4. Roman Lamps (390-1397) ..... 55 1. Modelled in various forms (390 442) . 55 2. Miscellaneous (mostly early varieties) (443-529) . 64 3. Lamps with pointed nozzle with volutes (530-627) So 4. Lamps with rounded nozzle with vohites (628-853) 95 5. Fragments from handles of lamps (854-886) 129 6. Lamps with depressed centre and long nozzle (887-941) 135 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE 7. Lamps with plain nozzle and handle (942 i 109) . 142 8. Lamps with heart-shaped nozzle (1 no -1203) 9. Greek types (1204- 1356) (i) With angular nozzle and Greek inscriptions (1204--1233) 182 (2) 'Knidos'type(i234-i32i) 187 (3) Late or quasi-Christian types (1322- 1356) . 198 10. Fragments of undetermined shapes (1357-1397) 203 V. Miscellaneous Objects (1398-1467) 1. Moulds for Lamps (1398 -1405) .... 211 2. Lamp-stands (1406 1431) ..... 213 3. Lamp-holders and Lanterns (1^32-1436) . 217 4. Lamp-fillers (1437- 1442) .... 219 5. Instruments for use in connection with lamps (1443-1467) 220 VI. Addenda (1468 1513) ...... 222 Index oe Places ....... 229 Index of Subjects ....... 232 Index of In.scrittions ...... 238 LIST OF PLATES. I'l.Aii', I. Bronzk Lamps modelled in various forms. II. Bronze Lamps with figures of Kybele and Zeus. in. ROM.\N Bronze Lamp from Paris. ., IV. Roman Bronze Lamps. V. Rojian Bronze Lamps. \'r. TvPES of Roman Br(jnze Lamps. ,, \'1I. TvPES of Roman Bronze Lamps. „ \'in. Tvpes of Roman Bronze Lamps. „ I.X. Types of Greek Fictile Lamps (500-200 B.C.). „ .X. Roman Ci.av Lamp in forni of ship, from Pozzuoli. XI. ,, Ro.MAN Clay La.mps modelled in various forms, from Egypt. XII. RoiLYX Clay Lamps modelled in various forms, from Egypt. XIII. Roman Clay Lamps modelled in various forms, from Egy-pt. XIV. Miscellaneous Types of Roman Lamps. XV. Roman Fictile La.mps ; various types. X\'I. Roman types volutes Lamps ; wiih „ at nozzle ; first century after Christ. XX'II. Ro.MAN La:\ips with „ ; type pointed nozzle (100 p,.c.-loo A.D.). X\'III. Roman Lamps; type with pointed nozzle (100 B.c.-ioo a.d.). ,, XIX. Roman Lamps with gladiatorial subjects (first century after Christ). ,. XX. Ro.MAN Lamps with voluted nozzles (first century after Christ). „ XXI. Roman Lamps with voluted nozzles (first century after Christ). „ XXII. Roman Lamps with mythological subjects (first century after Christ). „ X.XIII. Roman Lamps with voluted nozzles (first century after Christ). ,, XXIV. Roman Lamps with \oluted nozzles (first century after Christ). ,. XXV. Roman Lamps with voluted nozzles (first century after Christ). XXVI. Roman Lamps with voluted nozzles (first century after Christ). XXVII. Ro.MAN Lamps of first century after Christ. ,. XXVIII. Roman Lamps with double nozzles (first centur\- after Christ). „ XXIX. Roman Lamps with plain nozzles (second century after Christ). „ XXX. Roman Lamps with plain nozzles (second century after Christ). „ XXXI. Roman Lamps with plain nozzles (second century after Christ). „ X.XXII. Roman Lamps with enamel-glaze (second century after Christ). „ XX.XIII. Roman Lamps with heart-shaped nozzles (third century after Christ). „ XXXIV. Roman Lamps from Greek sites (second century after Christ). ,, XXXV'. Roman Lamps from Greek sites (second century after Christ). „ XXXVI. Roman Lamps from Greek sites (third century after Christ). „ XXXVII. Bronze Lanterns, Mould, and Mass ov Spoiled Lamps. „ XXXVIII. Shapes of Bronze Lamps. ., XX.XIX. Sh.'VPEs of Greek Lamps (fifth-fourth centuries i;.c.). „ XL. Shapes of Greek Lamps (fourth-third centuries n.c). „ XLI. Shapes of Roman Lamps (various periods). „ -XLI I. Shapes of Roman Lamps (100 b.c.-ioo a.d.). „ XLI II. Shapes of Roman Lamps (first-third centuries after Christ). Errai \.— On PL .XXXVI. for 1324 read 1334. Page loi. The reference to PI. .\\T. should be attached to No. 66r, not CCo. LIST OF LAMPS ILLUSTRATED ON PLATES XXXVIII-XLIIL Plate XXXVIII. 1 Cat. No. 44- Plate XL. 41. Cat. N 53- 59- 4^ 64. 5 85. 6 95- 7 98. 8 104. 9 116. XXXIX. lo. 131- II 140. 12 147. '3 153- 14. 155- 15 161. 16 162. 17 164. t8 165. XLI 19, 169. 20, 171. 21 176. 22 '79- 23 180. 24, 181. 25 182. 26 183. 194. 204. 29, 208. 30. 212. 3 214. 32 220. XL. 33 224. 34 226. 232. \L11. 240. 37 244. 38, 246. 39 250. 40. 254. LIST OK LAMPS ILLUSTRATED ON PLATES XXXVIII-XLIII. Plate XLII. 8i. Cat. N 82. 83. 84. 85. S6. 87. 88. 89. JII 90. 91. 92. 93- 94- NTRODUCTION. The lamps described in this volume include examples of this utensil from Greek and Roman sites, in all materials, and of all periods. They may be ' considered to extend— so far as it is possible to date them—from the ' Minoan period down to the third or even fourth centur\' of our era. In the latest examples the forms are often identical with those of the Christian lamps, which are not included in the present Catalogue,' and, apart from the designs, it is liardly possible to distinguish those of Pagan from those of Christian origin. They are found in all parts of the classical world. Those in the British Museum collections come chiefly from Southern Itah', especially from Pozzuoli, the source all those in the Collection others arc Naples, of nearly Temple ; from Rome, Baiae, Armento, Torre Annunziata, and Civita Lavinia. There are also many examples from the excavations of J. T. Wood at Ephesus (1867 1874), of C. T. Newton at Knidos, and in Rhodes and Kalymnos (1854- 1859), and of various explorers in Cyprus ; and from the Departments of Marne and V'aucluse in France, obtained in the Morel Collection (1904). A considerable number come from Sicily, Carthage, Athens, Naukratis, Sardinia, Tarsus, and other sites round the Mediterranean - The collection in the British and Mediaeval Department, numbering some ninety examples, is chiefly from Roach Smith's collection of London Antiquities (1856) ; other specimens come from Colchester. The col- lection in the Egyptian and Assyrian Department, numbering about 120 examples, is mostly from Alexandria or the Fayum. It will thus be seen that almost every part of the ancient world is represented by examples in the Museum collection. USES OF LAMPS IN ANTIQUITY. The invention of lamps was ascribed by Clement of Alexandria (Strom. i. 16) to the Egyptians, but excavations have yielded no certain examples of early date in I'^gypt. Clay lamps, however, have been found from time to time among the remains of the Minoan civilisation in Crete, ^ and lamps of stone occurred on the Acropolis of Mycenae.' In the Bronze Age tombs of Cyprus lamps of bronze ' See for these O. M. Dalton, Cat. of Early Chrislian Anliqs. in Brit. Mas. (1901), pji. 100 IT., 139 I'l. - For a complete list of sites represented see the Index. ^ See Nos. 130-136, 1473, and 1501. • Tsountas and Manatt, Mycenaean Age, p. 79. All CATALOGUE OF LAMPS. have been occasional 1_\- found placed in niches or fastened to the wall by means of a spiked attachment. An example is ijiven in No. i of the present Catalogue. One or two similar finds of fictile lamps have also been noted.' Herodotus (ii. 62) describes the lamps which he saw in Egypt as simple saucers filled with oil in which the wick floated, and this statement is partlj' supported by the form of tlie lamps found in the earlier Graeco-Phoenician tombs of Cyprus and other sites under Phoenician influence." There is also a class of vessel discussed below (p.
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