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The Nature of Hellenistic Domestic Sculpture in Its Cultural and Spatial Contexts
THE NATURE OF HELLENISTIC DOMESTIC SCULPTURE IN ITS CULTURAL AND SPATIAL CONTEXTS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Craig I. Hardiman, B.Comm., B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Mark D. Fullerton, Advisor Dr. Timothy J. McNiven _______________________________ Advisor Dr. Stephen V. Tracy Graduate Program in the History of Art Copyright by Craig I. Hardiman 2005 ABSTRACT This dissertation marks the first synthetic and contextual analysis of domestic sculpture for the whole of the Hellenistic period (323 BCE – 31 BCE). Prior to this study, Hellenistic domestic sculpture had been examined from a broadly literary perspective or had been the focus of smaller regional or site-specific studies. Rather than taking any one approach, this dissertation examines both the literary testimonia and the material record in order to develop as full a picture as possible for the location, function and meaning(s) of these pieces. The study begins with a reconsideration of the literary evidence. The testimonia deal chiefly with the residences of the Hellenistic kings and their conspicuous displays of wealth in the most public rooms in the home, namely courtyards and dining rooms. Following this, the material evidence from the Greek mainland and Asia Minor is considered. The general evidence supports the literary testimonia’s location for these sculptures. In addition, several individual examples offer insights into the sophistication of domestic decorative programs among the Greeks, something usually associated with the Romans. -
PL. LXI.J the Position of Polykleitos in the History of Greek
A TERRA-COTTA DIADUMENOS. 243 A TERRA-COTTA DIADUMENOS. [PL. LXI.J THE position of Polykleitos in the history of Greek sculpture is peculiarly tantalizing. We seem to know a good deal about his work. We know his statue of a Doryphoros from the marble copy of it in Naples, and we know his Diadumenos from two marble copies in the British Museum. Yet with these and other sources of knowledge, it happens that when we desire to get closer to his real style and to define it there occurs a void. So to speak, a bridge is wanting at the end of an otherwise agreeable journey, and we welcome the best help that comes to hand. There is, I think, some such help to be obtained from the terra-cotta statuette recently acquired in Smyrna by Mr. W. R. Paton. But first it may be of use to recall the reasons why the marble statues just mentioned must fail to convey a perfectly true notion of originals which we are justified in assuming were of bronze. In each of these statues the artist has been compelled by the nature of the material to introduce a massive support in the shape of a tree stem. That is at once a new element in the design, and, as a distinguished French sculptor1 has rightly observed, this new element called for a modification of the entire figure. This would have been true of a marble copy made even 1 M. Eugene Guillaume, in Eayet's dell' Tnst. Arch, 1878, p. 5. He gives Monuments de VArt Antique, pt. -
The Underworld Krater from Altamura
The Underworld Krater from Altamura The Underworld krater was found in 1847 in Altamura in 1 7 Persephone and Hades Herakles and Kerberos ITALY southeastern Italy. The ancient name of the town is unknown, Hades, ruler of the Underworld, was the brother of Zeus (king of the gods) and Poseidon (god of The most terrifying of Herakles’s twelve labors was to kidnap the guard dog of the Underworld. APULIA Naples but by the fourth century bc it was one of the largest fortified Altamura the sea). He abducted Persephone, daughter of the goddess Demeter, to be his wife and queen. For anyone who attempted to leave the realm of the dead without permission, Kerberos (Latin, Taranto (Taras) m settlements in the region. There is little information about Although Hades eventually agreed to release Persephone, he had tricked her into eating the seeds Cerberus) was a threatening opponent. The poet Hesiod (active about 700 BC) described the e d i t e r of a pomegranate, and so she was required to descend to the Underworld for part of each year. “bronze-voiced” dog as having fifty heads; later texts and depictions give it two or three. r a what else was deposited with the krater, but its scale suggests n e a n Here Persephone sits beside Hades in their palace. s e a that it came from the tomb of a prominent individual whose community had the resources to create and transport such a 2 9 substantial vessel. 2 The Children of Herakles and Megara 8 Woman Riding a Hippocamp Map of southern Italy marking key locations mentioned in this gallery The inhabitants of southeastern Italy—collectively known as The Herakleidai (children of Herakles) and their mother, Megara, are identified by the Greek The young woman riding a creature that is part horse, part fish is a puzzling presence in the Apulians—buried their dead with assemblages of pottery and other goods, and large vessels inscriptions above their heads. -
A Mycenaean Ritual Vase from the Temple at Ayia Irini, Keos
A MYCENAEAN RITUAL VASE FROM THE TEMPLE AT AYIA IRINI, KEOS (PLATE 18) D URING the 1963 excavations of the University of Cincinnatiat Ayia Irini, a number of fragments belonging to a curious and important Mycenaean vase were discovered in the Temple, mostly in Rooms IV and XI where they were found widely scattered in the post-Late Minoan IB earthquake strata.' Since it is impos- sible to date the vase stratigraphically, it is hoped that analysis of its shape and decoration may contribute something to our knowledge of the later history of the Temple in its Mycenaean period. Unfortunately, the vase is so fragmentary and its decoration so unstandardized that this is no simple task. It is the goal of this paper to look critically at the fragments and see what they suggest for the re- construction of the vase, its probable date and affinities, and its function in the Temple. Following two main lines of approach, we will first attempt a reconstruction of the shape and then analyze the pictorial decoration. Both are important in deter- mining date, possible provenience, and function. The fragments fall into three main groups: 1) those coming from the shoulder and upper part of an ovoid closed pot with narrow neck, now made up into two large fragments which do not join but which constitute about one-third the circumference (P1. 18 :a, b, c); 2) at least two fragments from the lower part of a tapering piriform shape (P1. 18 :d, d and e) ; 3) fragments of one or more hollow ring handles (P1. -
Vases and Kalos-Names from an Agora Well
VASES AND KALOS-NAMES FROM AN AGORA WELL A collection of graffiti on vases, found in a well in the Agora during the 1935 campaign,' has provided a fresh grouping of Attic kalos-inscriptions, and has added new names to the list. Our brief inspection of this material falls into three parts: we must consider the few figured pieces found in the well, the inscriptions as such, and the shapes of the vases, plain black-glazed and unglazed, on and in connection with which the inscriptions appear. The black-glazed table wares and substantial household furnishings with which the well was filled had only three figured companions. Of these the most interesting is illustrated in Figure 1. Preserved is more than half of one side of a double-disk, or bobbin.2 On it, Helios rising in his chariot drawn by winged white horses, is about to crest the sun-tipped waves. This theme, familiar from black-figured lekythoi, here finds its most elaborate expression. Our composition refines upon the solidity and power of the Brygos painter's Selene,3 to which it is most nearly related. The delicately curving wings of the horses, echoing the rim-circle, provide a second frame for the figlure of the god. Beneath the horses, all is tumult. Wave upon wave seems ready to engulf so dainty a team. But above, remote from confusions, stands the charioteer, confident and serene, his divine nature indicated by the great disk of the sun lightly poised upon his head. The contest between natural forces and the divine is a well-loved theme of Greek art; but it is rare to find, as liere, an element and not its personification. -
Greek Pottery Gallery Activity
SMART KIDS Greek Pottery The ancient Greeks were Greek pottery comes in many excellent pot-makers. Clay different shapes and sizes. was easy to find, and when This is because the vessels it was fired in a kiln, or hot were used for different oven, it became very strong. purposes; some were used for They decorated pottery with transportation and storage, scenes from stories as well some were for mixing, eating, as everyday life. Historians or drinking. Below are some have been able to learn a of the most common shapes. great deal about what life See if you can find examples was like in ancient Greece by of each of them in the gallery. studying the scenes painted on these vessels. Greek, Attic, in the manner of the Berlin Painter. Panathenaic amphora, ca. 500–490 B.C. Ceramic. Bequest of Mrs. Allan Marquand (y1950-10). Photo: Bruce M. White Amphora Hydria The name of this three-handled The amphora was a large, two- vase comes from the Greek word handled, oval-shaped vase with for water. Hydriai were used for a narrow neck. It was used for drawing water and also as urns storage and transport. to hold the ashes of the dead. Krater Oinochoe The word krater means “mixing The Oinochoe was a small pitcher bowl.” This large, two-handled used for pouring wine from a krater vase with a broad body and wide into a drinking cup. The word mouth was used for mixing wine oinochoe means “wine-pourer.” with water. Kylix Lekythos This narrow-necked vase with The kylix was a drinking cup with one handle usually held olive a broad, relatively shallow body. -
Serious Drinking: Vases of the Greek Symposium
SERIOUS DRINKING: Vases of the Greek Symposium “Drink with me, play music with me, love with me, wear a crown with me, be mad with me when I am mad and wise when I am wise.” - Athenaeus The ancient Greek symposium (from the setting. In studying side A of this 4th century Greek symposion) was a highly choreographed, B.C. vase, one can readily observe a symposi- Serious Drinking: Vases of all-male drinking party that often drew ast’s idealized version of himself in the heroic the Greek Symposium has to a close with a riotous parade about the soldiers taking leave of their women. The been organized collaboratively shuttered streets of town. Wine, and the soldiers, like the drinkers, depart from female by Susan Rotroff, professor in temporary self-abandonment it offered, was society to participate in decidedly male action. the Department of Classics and the chief ingredient of these gatherings; yet The symposium is the peaceful inverse of the Department of Art History intoxication was not the party’s sum intent. battle; both define the society, one in fostering and Archaeology; Grizelda Certain rules were devised under the auspices community and the other in defending it. The McClelland, PhD candidate in of a designated leader, the symposiarch or ban- krater itself is emblematic of the symposium’s the Department of Classics and quet master, who regulated the socializing communal ideals. Its physical placement the Department of Art History of his guests. It was he who set the tenor of at the center of the room is analogous to its and Archaeology; and Emily the party, defining how much wine was to be function. -
Download Circe and Odysseus in Ancient
Circe and Odysseus in Ancient Art This resource offers a series of questions that will help students engage with four ancient artifacts that represent the goddess Circes interactions or influences upon Odysseus and his companions. All these artifacts were made several centuries after the Odyssey was composed, but they should not be approached as straightforward or mere illustrations of episodes from the Odyssey. Rather, all five works of art (four artifacts and the epic poem) represent different versions of the story of how Circe interacts with Odysseus and his men. This resource assumes that students already will have read Books 9 and 10 of the Odyssey. This handout is formatted as a guide that an instructor can use to facilitate a conversation during a class meeting. The questions are meant to be asked by the instructor while students actively look at images of each artifact, using the weblinks provided. After each question, examples of possible observations that students might offer are included in italics. The italicized answers also sometimes include extra information that the instructor can share. Artifact #1: A kylix (drinking cup) at the Museum of Fine Arts (Boston) Attributed to the Painter of the Boston Polyphemos Made in Athens (Attica, Greece) ca. 550-525 BCE https://collections.mfa.org/objects/153469/drinking-cup-kylix-depicting-scenes-from-the- odyssey;jsessionid=31E168DC9A32CBB824DCBBFFA1671DC1?ctx=bb1a3a19-ebc8-46ce-b9b1- 03dc137d5b86&idx=1 Accession number 99.518 1. We are going to look at both sides of this kylix, but we will begin with the first image on the website (“Side A” of the kylix, which does not include anyone holding a shield). -
Cosmological Narrative in the Synagogues of Late Roman-Byzantine Palestine
COSMOLOGICAL NARRATIVE IN THE SYNAGOGUES OF LATE ROMAN-BYZANTINE PALESTINE Bradley Charles Erickson A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Religious Studies. Chapel Hill 2020 Approved by: Jodi Magness Zlatko Plese David Lambert Jennifer Gates-Foster Maurizio Forte © 2020 Bradley Charles Erickson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Bradley Charles Erickson: Cosmological Narrative in the Synagogues of Late Roman-Byzantine Palestine (Under the Direction of Jodi Magness) The night sky provided ancient peoples with a visible framework through which they could view and experience the divine. Ancient astronomers looked to the night sky for practical reasons, such as the construction of calendars by which time could evenly be divided, and for prognosis, such as the foretelling of future events based on the movements of the planets and stars. While scholars have written much about the Greco-Roman understanding of the night sky, few studies exist that examine Jewish cosmological thought in relation to the appearance of the Late Roman-Byzantine synagogue Helios-zodiac cycle. This dissertation surveys the ways that ancient Jews experienced the night sky, including literature of the Second Temple (sixth century BCE – 70 CE), rabbinic and mystical writings, and Helios-zodiac cycles in synagogues of ancient Palestine. I argue that Judaism joined an evolving Greco-Roman cosmology with ancient Jewish traditions as a means of producing knowledge of the earthly and heavenly realms. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my adviser, Dr. -
Focus on Greek Sculpture
Focus on Greek Sculpture Notes for teachers Greek sculpture at the Ashmolean • The classical world was full of large high quality statues of bronze and marble that honoured gods, heroes, rulers, military leaders and ordinary people. The Ashmolean’s cast collection, one of the best- preserved collections of casts of Greek and Roman sculpture in the UK, contains some 900 plaster casts of statues, reliefs and architectural sculptures. It is particularly strong in classical sculpture but also includes important Hellenistic and Roman material. Cast collections provided exemplary models for students in art academies to learn to draw and were used for teaching classical archaeology. • Many of the historical casts, some dating back to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, are in better condition than the acid rain-damaged originals from which they were moulded. They are exact plaster replicas made, with piece moulds that leave distinctive seams on the surface of the cast. • The thematic arrangement of the Cast Gallery presents the contexts in which statues were used in antiquity; sanctuaries, tombs and public spaces. Other galleries containing Greek sculpture, casts and ancient Greek objects Gallery 14: Cast Gallery Gallery 21: Greek and Roman Sculpture Gallery 16: The Greek World Gallery 7: Money Gallery 2: Crossing Cultures Gallery 14: Cast Gallery 1. Cast of early Greek kouros, Delphi, Greece, 2. Cast of ‘Peplos kore’, from Athenian Acropolis, c570BC c530BC The stocky, heavily muscled naked figure stands The young woman held an offering in her in the schematic ‘walking’ pose copied from outstretched left hand (missing) and wears an Egypt by early Greek sculptors, signifying motion unusual combination of clothes: a thin under- and life. -
Geometric & Archaic Greek
GEOMETRIC & ARCHAIC GREEK GEOMETRIC & ARCHAIC GREECE Ancient Greek Art Can be classified into the following categories: Geometric Period ca. 900-700 B.C.E. Orientalizing Period ca. 725-600 B.C.E. Archaic Period ca. 625-480 B.C.E. --- Greeks defeat Persians 480-479 BCE --- Early Classical Period ca. 480-450 B.C.E. High Classical Period ca. 450-400 B.C.E. Late Classical Period ca. 400-330 B.C.E. Hellenistic Period ca. 330-31 B.C.E. GEOMETRIC & ARCHAIC GREECE Ancient Greek Art Mesopotamian = Worship Egyptian = Afterlife Greek = Humanism GEOMETRIC & ARCHAIC GREECE The Geometric Period The beginning of Greek art is found in painted pottery and small scale sculpture. Artists established different categories of shapes of ceramic vessels- most important was the amphora - two- handled vase used to carry wine and oil Around 800 BC, pottery began to move away from purely non-objective designs - ornamental figures. Dipylon Vase was a grave monument - bottom has holes through which liquid offerings filtered down to the dead below- done in remembrance rather than to appease the soul of the dead. Geometric Krater from the Dyplon Cemetery Athens, Greece, ca. 740 BC GEOMETRIC & ARCHAIC GREECE The Geometric Period The vase functions as a grave marker depicting the funeral procession of an obviously well respected individual. The magnitude of his funeral procession speaks to the wealth and position of the deceased family in the community. Contains no reference to an afterlife The nature of the ornamentation of these early works has led art historians to designate these as GEOMETRIC. (all empty spaces are filled with circles and M-shaped ornament. -
HELLENISTIC ART O. Palagia This Chapter Deals with Art In
CHAPTER 23 HELLENISTIC ART O. Palagia This chapter deals with art in Macedonia between the death of Alexander III (“the Great”) in 323 bc and the defeat of Perseus, last king of Macedon, at the battle of Pydna in 168 bc. As a result of Alexander’s conquest of the Persian Empire, a lot of wealth flowed into Macedonia.1 A large-scale con- struction programme was initiated soon after Alexander’s death, reinforc- ing city walls, rebuilding the royal palaces of Pella and Aegae (Vergina) and fijilling the countryside with monumental tombs. The archaeologi- cal record has in fact shown that a lot of construction took place during the rule of Cassander, who succeeded Alexander’s half-brother Philip III Arrhidaios to the throne of Macedon, and was responsible for twenty years of prosperity and stability from 316 to 297 bc. Excavations in Mace- donia have revealed very fijine wall-paintings, mosaics, and luxury items in ivory, gold, silver, and bronze reflecting the ostentatious elite lifestyle of a regime that was far removed from the practices of democratic city- states, Athens in particular.2 Whereas in Athens and the rest of Greece art and other treasures were reserved for the gods, in Macedonia they were primarily to be found in palaces, houses, and tombs. With the exception of the sanctuary of the Great Gods of Samothrace which was developed thanks to the generous patronage of Macedonian royalty from Philip II onwards, Macedonian sanctuaries lacked the monumental temples and cult statues by famous masters that were the glory of Athens, Delphi, Olympia, Argos, Epidauros, or Tegea, to name but a few.