Images of the Asia-Pacific War in Japanese Youth and Fan Culture

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Images of the Asia-Pacific War in Japanese Youth and Fan Culture Title Subcultures of war : Images of the Asia-Pacific War in Japanese youth and fan culture Author(s) Jaworowicz-Zimny, Aleksandra Wiktoria Citation 北海道大学. 博士(教育学) 甲第13187号 Issue Date 2018-03-22 DOI 10.14943/doctoral.k13187 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/70733 Type theses (doctoral) File Information Aleksandra_Jaworowicz-Zimny.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Doctoral Thesis Subcultures of war. Images of the Asia‐Pacific War in Japanese youth and fan culture. 戦争のサブカルチャー。若者とファンの文化における 太平洋戦争のイメージ。 Aleksandra Jaworowicz‐Zimny Department of Multicultural Studies Graduate School of Education Hokkaido University January 10, 2018 Abstract Memories of the Asia‐Pacific War (1937‐1945) are constantly present in Japanese popular culture. Despite much research concerning representations of the war in mainstream culture, little is known about representations in amateur works. This dissertation analyzes images of war in Japanese fan productions, defined via a modified concept of the 'circuit of culture'. I focus on four forms: music, dōjinshi (fan comic books), fan videos and military cosplay. I identify three main concepts necessary in the analysis of war‐themed fan productions: kandō, nostalgia, and pop nationalism. Kandō is a strong emotional reaction to given content. Nostalgia allows idealization of the past and its perception according to the needs of the present day. Finally, pop nationalism is a trend of 'loving Japan' expressed though small things like support for Japanese sports, national symbols and Japanese products, but without explicit reference to historical consciousness or politics of the contemporary state. These three elements are recurring aspects of the fan productions discussed. The fan productions presented in the case studies are created by young people who have no personal memories of war, but remain strongly influenced by media and pop culture images. All the works discussed were made public, posted on the Internet, or presented during dedicated events, with the purpose of being consumed by an audience. I analyze the content of these fan productions, the types of war narratives they present, and their ideological stances. Whenever possible, I reached out to the creators. During the interviews they shared their motivations, historical interests and details of the production process, particularly about the research necessary for creating works on the theme of war. Analysis of war‐themed fan productions shows that these amateur works are clustered towards the conservative and nationalistic end of the ideological spectrum of war memories. By contrast, mainstream representations cover the whole scale from progressive, through progressive‐leaning and conservative to nationalistic. Ideological positions are partially related to the form itself. Fan productions are made as a hobby, for the entertainment of both creators and audience. They are short, visually attractive and emotional, and this form is more suitable for expressing positive attachment and affection rather than distanced criticism. The creators usually conduct thorough research in the area of their interest, gaining deep but selective knowledge about i Japanese war history. Many actively choose to avoid discussions concerning Japanese war responsibility, although they are aware of the issue. Motivations for creating fan productions vary from mainly self‐expression to influencing audience and 'teaching' people about the war past. The latter attitude is characteristic mainly of people with nationalistic views advocating a positive interpretation of Japan’s role in the Asia‐Pacific War. While in some cases attachment to conservative/nationalistic narratives overlaps with support for conservative politics, data gathered during the interviews suggests the existence of 'nostalgic pop nationalism'. Some of the creators take deep pride in the wartime past, use it as part of their identity construct, and perceive the war generation as role models. Simultaneously they distance themselves from the modern‐day Japanese state. The analysis suggests that many young Japanese actively seek positive images of heroic past without supporting conservative politics. The study, therefore, deepens our knowledge about the place of (medialized) war history among the entertainment practices of young Japanese, and provides insights into nationalism shaped and spread from the bottom up. ii Japanese Abstract 学位論文内容の要旨 本論は日本の若者の娯楽の間に(メディア化された)戦争歴史の場を指摘し、 社会で下から形作られ、普及されたナショナリズムについての知識を深める。 日本のサブカルチャーには太平洋戦争(1937‐1945)の影響を受けた数々の作品が絶え 間なく存在している。 戦争のイメージに関わる多くの作品の研究が盛んであるのに対しサブカルチャー に分類されるアマチュア作品の内容はそれほど知られていない。本論は独自の文化 循環で定義した日本のファンプロダクションにおける戦争のイメージを解析する。 まず、音楽、同人誌、MAD (ファンビデオ)と軍装コスプレーの 4 つのタイプを焦点 とし考察した。その中で戦争をテーマにするファンプロダクションの解析のために 必要な概念を感動、ノスタルジア、ポップナショナリズムの3つに分類した。。感動 というのは、作品に接して強い印象を受け,心を奪われること。ノスタルジアは歴 史を理想的に考えさせ、現在の事情に合わせて過去の出来事を理解させる。最後に ポップナショナリズムというはスポーツチーム、国の象徴や国産製品の応援など、 歴史認識や現代国家への愛国心とは違った、小さいことで日本に対しての愛情を表 す動向。この3つの要素が ファンプロダクションについての論の基本になる。 本研究では実際の戦争体験をもとにしたものではなく、サブカルチャーとメディ アから影響を受けた若者によって作られたファンプロダクションを事例として紹介 した。全ての作品は視聴者に消費という目的で作られ、インターネットやファンイ ベントで公表されたものである。本論ではファンプロダクションの内容、提示した 戦争物語のタイプとイデオロギーの立場について解析した。また、できる限り作者 に連絡を取り、インタビューを通して作者の歴史的な興味, 創作の動機づけとその背 景を含め戦争時代に関わる研究について話した。 戦争をテーマにするファンプロダクションの解析により、これらのアマチュア作 品が政治的スぺクトルの右端に近い、保守的、国家主義的な思想に近いことが分か る。。これに対し主流文化を考察すると進歩主義から進歩的傾向、保守主義と国家主 iii 義まで、幅広いイデオロギーの分布が見られる。本論ではサブカルチャーの作品の イデオロギーの一極化の原因はその形式と関係があると考える。ファンプロダクシ ョンは趣味として作られ、作品の享受者、創作者ともにが楽しめるものである。こ れらの作品にみられる視覚的かつ感情的な短い形式は批判的表現より愛情や憧れの ほうが表現しやすいものである。本論の研究で明らかになったのは、これらの作品 の創作者は興味がある範囲の徹底的な研究を行い、日本の戦争の歴史の狭い範囲に おいて深い知識を得る。多くの創作者は日本の戦争責任についての知識を持ってい るにも関わらず、この点に関わる論議は避けている。 また、彼らの創作の動機づけは自己表現の場合もあれば戦争の歴史を教え、伝え るというものまで作者によって異なる。後者に関しては主に太平洋戦争に日本が積 極的な役割を果たしたこと唱え、国家主義的な考え方を持っている場合が多い。 一般に保守的、国家主義的な物語に愛着がある人々は同時に保守的な政治を応援 する傾向があるという。本論の研究では、インタビューで集まったデータより対象 としたサブカルチャーに影響を受けた日本の若者は戦争の英雄の過去の積極的なイ メージを求めても保守的な政治を応援しない傾向があることが明らかになった。日 本人として戦争歴史にプライドを持ち、その歴史を国民意識の要素として使い、戦 争世代をロールモデルとして見上げる創作者もいる中で、現代の日本国家とその政 治とは距離をおく。本論ではこの概念を「ノスタルジアのポップナショナリズム」 と名付け論考する。 iv Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................... i Japanese Abstract............................................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1. .............................................................................................................................................................. 5 Japanese war memories – approaches and issues ......................................................................... 5 Chapter 2. ........................................................................................................................................................... 26 War memories as seen in fan productions ..................................................................................... 26 Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................................................................ 44 Representations of Asia‐Pacific War in manga dōjinshi .............................................................. 4 4 Chapter 4 ............................................................................................................................................................ 79 War memories in Japanese popular and fan music ...................................................................... 79 Chapter 5 ......................................................................................................................................................... 112 War‐themed fan‐produced videos .................................................................................................... 112 Chapter 6 ......................................................................................................................................................... 139 Military cosplay in Japan ....................................................................................................................... 139 Chapter 7 ......................................................................................................................................................... 171 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................. 171 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................... 182 Primary data .................................................................................................................................................. 211 Acknowledgements
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