Analysis of Plant Material in Roadside Landscapes: the Trabzon Case Yol Peyzajlarında Bitkisel Materyalin Incelenmesi: Trabzon Örneği

DOI: 10.5152/forestist.2020.19027 Forestist 2020, 70(1): 28-35 Original Article

Analysis of plant material in roadside landscapes: The Trabzon case Yol peyzajlarında bitkisel materyalin incelenmesi: Trabzon örneği

Emine Tarakçı Eren , Tuğba Düzenli , Elif Merve Alpak Department of Landscape Architecture, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Trabzon, Turkey

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the species used in road planting in Trabzon, Turkey, and to reveal the opinion of the city population on this subject. The research method was designed in two stages. During the first stage, the three most important routes in the city of Trabzon were examined, and the plant species used in roadside spaces and traffic islands were determined. In the second stage, a survey was conducted with the users to reveal their opinions about roadside landscapes. A total of 109 plant taxa/76 genera in the first route, 83 plant taxa/64 genera in the second route, and 73 plant taxa/56 genera in the third route were identified. Consequently, a total of 118 plant taxa/81 genera were determined in all three areas. In the survey, a total of 18 questions were asked, and the degree of their implementation in these areas was investigated. In conclusion, the analysis of the required benefits for the three routes demonstrated that there were no significant differences between them. It can be said that the focus of the study was to determine whether there were significant differences between the identified three routes based on the planting design benefits they offer. Keywords: Planting design, roadside planting, plant taxa, Trabzon, Turkey

ÖZ Bu çalışmada amaç Trabzon kenti yol bitkilendirmesinde kullanılan türleri belirlemek ve bu konudaki kul- lanıcı görüşlerini ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu çalışmanın araştırma yöntemi iki aşamalı kurgulanmıştır. Birinci kısımda Trabzon kentinde en önemli üç güzergah incelenerek, bu güzergahlardaki yol kenarı, orta refüj, adalar ve kavşaklarda kullanılan bitki türleri tespit edilmiş ve elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda baskın bitki türleri ortaya koyulmuştur. İkinci aşamada ise kullanıcıların yol peyzajları hakkındaki görüşlerini belirlemek için anket yapılarak anket sonuçları istatistik programı yardımıyla değerlendirilmiştir. 1. rotada 76 tür ve 109 bitki taksonu, 2. rotada 64 tür ve 83 bitki taksonu ve 3. rotada 56 tür 73 bitki taksonu tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak 3 alanda toplam, 81 tür ve 118 bitki taksonu belirlenmiştir. Ankette ise katılımcılara 18 soru sorularak Cite this paper as: (N=390) ve bu alanlardaki uygulamalarının derecesi araştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Trabzon kentinde incelenen Tarakçı Eren, E., Düzenli, güzergâhlardaki bitkilendirme tasarımlarının sağlaması gereken faydaların üç güzergâh için değerlendiril- T., Alpak, E.M., 2020. mesi sonucunda üç yol arasında anlamlı bir farklılık olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmanın vurgusunun, Analysis of Plant Material belirlenen üç rota arasındaki, dikim tasarım faydalarına dayanarak önemli farklılıklar olup olmadığını tespit in Roadside Landscapes: etmek olduğu söylenebilir. The Trabzon Case. Forestist 70(1): 28-35. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bitkilendirme tasarımı, yol peyzajı, bitki taksonu, Trabzon, Türkiye

Corresponding author: INTRODUCTION Tuğba Düzenli e-mail: [email protected] Certain urban design theorists identified roads as one of the most important components of ur- Received Date: ban spaces (Dingcheng, 2006; Dunnett and Hitchmough, 2004; Li et al., 2007). In addition to pro- 02.08.2019 viding a means for pedestrian and vehicle traffic, roads also function as urban open green spaces. Accepted Date: 05.10.2019 Currently, due to the increasing building mass in urban areas, the areas occupied by open green Content of this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- spaces have shrunk. Thus, thanks to planting in roadside and traffic islands, urban green spaces NonCommercial 4.0 International Licence. are connected. One of the most important functions of roadside planting for urban aesthetics is 28 Tarakçı Eren et al. Plant material in roadsides Forestist 2020, 70(1): 28-35

the connection function (Coffin, 2007; Qiao-ling, 2002; Tarakci trees as living organisms to fulfill the functions expected from Eren and Acar, 2017; Tarakci Eren and Özbilen, 2017). them in spaces where they were planted (Jing and Zhicheng, 2009). To fulfill the expected functions and objectives, plan- The main function of wide boulevards and the roads that deter- ning and design principles for these trees should be observed mine the direction of urban development and define the urban to minimize the disadvantages in the growth environment. skeleton is to provide comfortable, reliable, and easy utilization The present study aimed to investigate the planting activities by the pedestrians and vehicles. Especially in planned cities, the in the Trabzon city on three arteries with the most intense traf- roads fulfill the task of connecting various urban occupancy forms fic based on urban roadside planting and the plant species (Söğüt, 2005; Tarakci Eren et al., 2018). Roadside plants play import- used in these spaces. Furthermore, the study aimed to de- ant roles in achieving certain standards. Trees and other plants on termine whether there were significant differences between the roads, which are used by the drivers only to pass through, are these three routes based on the planting design benefits they also effective in locating places due to the perception of their offer. functions and size that underlines and guides the routes. For pedestrians, the roads also serve as business, shopping, and recre- MATERIALS AND METHODS ational spaces (Jing and Zhicheng, 2009; Qiao-ling, 2002). The study investigated the main transportation arteries in the The tree-lined urban roads and squares and the other green urban center of the Trabzon province in Turkey. In this con- elements that accompany the former constitute the open and text, (1) The Coast Road, (2) Trabzon–Akçaabat Highway, and green urban spaces (Tunay et al., 2008; Yılmaz and Aksoy, 2009). (3) Yavuz Selim Boulevard were investigated. In the first stage, The open and green spaces that the working urban people the study methods included on-site observations, analysis and could benefit during the day are limited. On the other hand, photographing the plants, and a survey was conducted in the streets, boulevards, and traffic islands are the most important second stage. In the first stage, the identified routes were visit- open and green spaces that urbanites could use or benefit from ed; the plants in traffic islands, intersections, and roadside spac- in daily life (Küçük and Gül, 2005). es were examined; and the plant species were determined. In the second stage, a questionnaire that included 18 statements Today, the most important reason for the failure of urban road- (Table 1) was developed and applied to 130 occupants in each side planting is not being familiar with the requirements of route. There was a total of 390 occupants.

Table 1. Benefits Expected From Roadside Planting (Aklıbaşında and Erdoğan, 2016; Söğüt, 2005; Tarakci Eren et al., 2018)

The Benefits of Roadside Planting Code Description Traffic safety f1 Signalization of the road f2 Prevention of light reflections f3 Separation of pedestrian and vehicle spaces f4 Facilitation of pedestrian activities Visual values f5 Removal of urban monotony by underlining main and auxiliary design elements using color, form, and texture and creation of space and balance Improvement of the psychology of urban population f6 Providing contact between the urbanites and nature f7 Reduction of stress f8 Providing energy of life and happiness f9 Creating a sense of safety in pedestrians Regulation of urban climate f10 Shading and reduction of high temperatures f11 Balancing the relative humidity f12 Preventing the wind corridor effect Reduction of environmental pollution f13 Screening visual pollution f14 Removal of traffic-induced pollution (Pb, NOx, Cd, Ni, etc.) f15 Reduction of air particles Contribution to urban development f16 Providing an urban infrastructure f17 Connectivity between urban spaces f18 Continuity between green spaces in particular

29 Tarakçı Eren et al. Plant material in roadsides Forestist 2020, 70(1): 28-35

RESULTS surrounded by building blocks. Seventy-three plant taxa in 56 genera were determined (Figure 3). Analysis of Plant Material The Coast Road is part of the Trabzon coastal development, lo- The roads analyzed in the study (Table 2) are important, both cated between the Kanuni Park (Turkish–Hungarian Friendship for the city of Trabzon, its residents, and intercity passengers. Park) and the Beşirli district in urban center. It is 9 km long with These roads also determine the direction of urban develop- an average width of 250 m, and it runs parallel to the Samsun– ment and physical growth. Thus, the planting designs in these Sarp highway. The Trabzon coastal development, which is a roads, which constitute the visible urban image, were analyzed reclaimed land to improve the coastal urban occupation, was built in 2007. The road has three lanes in each direction. The northern section of the road is limited by the Black Sea and hik- ing and bike trails and green spaces, and the south is limited by green spaces, residences, and commercial buildings. A total of 109 plant taxa in 76 genera were identified (Figure 1).

The Trabzon–Akçaabat Highway is the oldest street in the city that provides both urban and intercity transportation. Only one section of this road was studied in the present study. This road has also been a reference for the physical development of the Trabzon city. The road connects the urban center of Trabzon and Akçaabat, and the distance between these settlements is 45 km. The line width varies between 4 m and 8 m, and there are two lanes on each direction. The highway runs in the east–west direction, and is surrounded by several functional spaces. A total of 83 plant taxa in 64 genera were identified (Figure 2).

The road runs parallel to the Black Sea in southern Trabzon, and it is located between the Beşirli neigborhood Efendi Street and the Değirmendere Liman neighborhood. The road is approxi- mately 7 km long, the lane width varies between 4 m and 6 m, and there are two lanes in each direction. The road is mainly

Figure 2. Trabzon–Akçaabat Highway

Figure 1. Trabzon Coast Road Figure 3. Yavuz Selim Boulevard

30 Tarakçı Eren et al. Plant material in roadsides Forestist 2020, 70(1): 28-35

Table 2. Prevalence of the Identified Plant Taxa in the Three Areas

Prevalence of the Identified Plant Taxa in the Three Areas Prevalent (3 routes) Berberis thunbergii atropurpurea, Campsis radicans, Cedrus deodora, Cedrus libani, Cercis siliquastrum,Cotoneaster frigidus “Cornubia,” Cupressus macrocarpa goldcrest, Cupressus sempervirens pyramidalis, Cupressoparis leylandii, Cupressoparis leylandii multiponpon, Eribotria japonica, Euonymus japonica, Eouymus japonia aureus, Euonymus japonicus “Aureo-variegutus,” Forsythia x intermedia, Hedera helix, Hibiscus syriacus, Hydrangea macrophylla, Jasminum fruticans, Koelreuteria paniculata, Laurus nobilis, Laurocerasus officinalis, Ligustrum japonicum, Ligustrum japonicum variegatum, Liquidambar orientalis, Morus alba pendula, Nerium oleander, Parthenocissus tricuspidata “vetchii,” Paulownia tomentosa, Philadelphus coranarius, Phoenix canariensis, Photina fraseri, Picea pungens glauca, Picea orientalis, Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster, Pittosporum tobira, Pittosporum tobira “variegatum,” Platycladus orientalis, Prunus cerasifera atropurpurea, Pyracantha coccinea, Pyracantha coccinea “lalendei,” Rhododendron ponticum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Robinia pseudoacacia “Umbraculifera,” Rosa sp., Rosmarinus officinalis, Sequoia sempervirens, Sparteum junceum, Spirea x vanhouttei, Syringa vulgaris, Thujo occidentalis, Thujo plicata, Tilia platyphyllos, Trachycarpus fortuneii, Viburnum tinus, Vitis vinifera, Washingtonia filifera, Wisteria floribunda, Wisteria sinensis, Yucca filementosa Moderate (2 routes) Abies nordmanniana, Acer buergerianum, Acer palmatum, Acer pseudoplatanus, Aesculus hipocastanum, Albizia julibrissin, Buxus semmpervirens, Catalpa bignonioides, Chamaecyparis pisifera, Cryptomeria japonica, Cryptomeria japonica var elagance, Cupressus arizonica glauca multiponpon, Fagus orientalis, Hedera helix “Eleganttissima,” Juniperus pfitzeriana, Juniperus chinensis, Lagerstroemia indica, Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia soulengeana, Melia azaderach, Phus typhina, Pittosporum tobira, nana, Platanus orientalis, Rubus sp., Salix babylonica Rare (1 route) Acacia cynophylla, Acer negundo, Acer platonoides, Alnus orientalis, Azalea japonica, Betula pendula, Camelia japonica, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana “Ellwoodii,” Chamaecyparis nootkatensis pendula, Citrus limon, Citrus reticulata, Citrus sinensis, Cotoneaster franchetti, Crataegus oxyacantha, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Fraxinus excelsior, Gingko biloba, Juniperus communis, Juniperus chinensis “Pfitzeriana Glauca,” Juniperus virginniana, Liquidambar stracyfolia, Malus floribunda, Olea europaea, Picea pungens, Prunus avium, Prunus serrulata kanzan, Punica granatum, Quercus pontica, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Taxus baccata, Viburnum opulus, Viburnum plicatum based on aesthetic and functional properties, the utilized After the assessments of the participants on each route, the plants were identified, and prominent species were deter- mean item values were calculated, and an analysis of variance mined. Consequently, 118 plant taxa in 81 genera were found (ANOVA) test was applied to determine whether the mean item in all three areas. Twenty-nine species were in the angiosperm scores differed based on the route (Table 4). group, and 89 were in the gymnosperm group. Sixty-one taxa were identified in all three areas (prevalent), 25 were identified The ANOVA table demonstrates that “Sig.” >0.01 for the state- in two areas (moderate), and 32 were identified in only one ments f1, f2, f6, f7, f15, f17, and f18. In other words, there was area (rare). no significant difference between the implemented benefits of planting design in the three routes for these statements. Be- Survey Findings cause Sig. ≤,001 for other statements, there was a significant dif- The required benefits of the planting designs on the three ference between occupant assessments for these three routes. routes for the city and city residents (Table 1) were convert- F-values demonstrated that the highest differences were ob- ed into statements in the questionnaire, 18 questions were served found in the f14 (F: 79,834) and f12 (F: 52,903) statements. posed to the survey participants (N=390), and the degree of Detailed analysis demonstrated that the statements “separation their implementation in these areas was investigated. The of pedestrian and vehicle spaces, providing an aesthetic value arithmetic mean, scale mean score, and frequency analyses and safety for pedestrians” received the highest scores. Among were conducted on the responses. The aim was to rank the the three routes, Trabzon–Akçaabat highway and Yavuz Selim implementation levels of the benefits of planting designs in Boulevard received the highest scores when compared to the these routes and to determine which route the occupants Coast Road. were more satisfied with. Eighteen statements about the benefits such as providing traffic safety, creating visual values, im- CONCLUSION proving the psychology of urban residents, regulating urban climate, reducing environmental pollution, and contributing The most important study finding was the fact that a high num- to urban development were given to the participants using ber of plant species used in roadside landscape designs is not a Likert-type scale. In the survey, a Likert-type scale was used, a condition for correct planting design. Instead, the selection of and the responses were assessed as positive (1, 2), neutral (3, right plant species at the right location is important. An analy- 4), and negative (5). sis of the plant material around the Coast Road demonstrated that the highest number of plant taxa used in this are; howev- It was found that the Cronbach Alpha coefficient that deter- er, when the benefits of the planting design were assessed by mines the scale reliability was 0.906. This value was above the the occupants, the Akçaabat–Trabzon highway and Yavuz Selim required level of 70% (Table 3). Boulevard received higher scores. However, the number of plant

31 Tarakçı Eren et al. Plant material in roadsides Forestist 2020, 70(1): 28-35

Table 3. Planting Design Benefits in Each Route Based on taxa in these two routes was lower than the Coast Road. Occupant Statements The above-mentioned finding was consistent with similar study findings. It was suggested to utilize the principles of series, The Routes rhythm, repetition, continuity, and similarity in plant species Scrutinized use in roadside landscapes. In other words, planting the same in the Study plant taxa to ensure continuity or repeating the same species Planting Design Benefits 1 2 3 at certain intervals would lead to aesthetically pleasant views and provide urban identity (Altınçekiç and Altınçekiç, 1999; f1 (mean) 2.61 2.33 2.63 F: 1.744 Demir, 2004; Karaşah and Var, 2012; Söğüt, 2005; Van Der Ree f1 (standard deviation) 1.198 1.116 1.257 Sig.:.157 et al. 2015). f2 (mean) 2.62 2.76 2.56 F: 1.161 Another study finding was that the use of a combined design f2 (standard deviation) 1.190 .998 1.105 Sig.:.324 instead of metal separators when separating the two directions f3 (mean) 2.08 2.80 2.83 F: 15.025 on double-lane roads was considered to be aesthetically pleas- f3 (standard deviation) .961 .943 1.158 Sig.:.000 ant by the occupants, and they assessed these planting designs more positively. On the Coast Road, one of the three routes f4 (mean) 3.28 2.84 3.33 F: 5.614 covered by the present study, the landscaping was conducted f4 (standard deviation) 1.170 1.118 1.119 Sig.:.001 generally on the roadside. It was suggested that this was the f5 (mean) 2.01 3.19 3.02 F: 33.772 reason why it got more negative reviews when compared to the other roads. f5 (standard deviation) 0.902 1.139 1.023 Sig.:.000 f6 (mean) 3.02 2.61 2.66 F: 3.531 Urban roadside landscapes play the role in orientation, empha- sizing certain points, limitation of the driver’s interests, shading f6 (standard deviation) 1.049 1.198 1.121 Sig.:.015 the halted traffic, pedestrian safety, preventing vertical and hor- f7 (mean) 2.38 2.62 2.72 F: 2.237 izontal negative views, connecting structures and spaces on the f7 (standard deviation) 1.022 1.190 1.075 Sig.:.083 roadside. As a result of the occupant assessments, it was determined that the Trabzon–Akçaabat highway and Yavuz Selim f8 (mean) 2.45 1.92 2.67 F: 11.476 Boulevard were more successful. This finding was probably due f8 (standard deviation) 1.057 .915 1.195 Sig.:.000 to high speed limits on the Coast Road and the lack of intersec- f9 (mean) 2.12 3.20 2.75 F: 25.203 tions or traffic islands. f9 (standard deviation) .996 1.123 .884 Sig.:.000 In a study conducted in 2014, Fathi and Masnavi argued that f10 (mean) 2.19 1.92 2.67 F: 12.643 the visual value of tall plants was higher when compared to f10 (standard deviation) 1.057 .872 1.041 Sig.:.000 groundcovers and bushes. This was similar to our study findings. In another study, Sezen (2018) claimed that substantial f11(mean) 2.22 2.95 2.03 F: 24.366 roadside natural vegetation and its diverse color effects during f11 (standard deviation) .996 .979 .770 Sig.:.000 spring and fall improved the visual quality of the landscape. The f12(mean) 3.75 2.39 2.34 F: 52.923 study argued that the transition between the colors and color diversity were among the important factors that affected the vi- f12 (standard deviation) 1.022 1.000 1.042 Sig.:.000 sual quality of roadside landscape, and they claimed that these f13(mean) 2.92 2.30 2.12 F: 16.846 effects of colors were possible thanks to the diversity of plant cover and flowering period, seasonal changes such as fruit peri- f13 (standard deviation) .945 .986 .949 Sig.:.000 od if available, the changes in color especially during spring and f14 (mean) 2.31 1.93 3.76 F: 79.834 fall, the presence of water surfaces such as lakes, rivers, streams, f14 (standard deviation) .963 .917 1.151 Sig.:.000 brooks, and reservoirs and other natural and cultural elements. The most important finding of that study was the positive im- f15 (mean) 2.40 2.25 2.37 F: 2.901 pact of natural and unchanged quality of the elements that f 15 (standard deviation) .894 1.037 1.046 Sig.:.035 form the roadside landscapes (Sezen, 2018). f16 (mean) 2.72 2.61 2.10 F: 8.869 In 2017, Yazıcı analyzed the urban roadside landscapes and ex- f16 (standard deviation) 1.078 1.254 .716 Sig.:.000 isting plant designs based on functional and aesthetic aspects f17 (mean) 2.45 2.74 2.39 F: 3.339 in the Tokat province in Turkey and reported that roadside f 17 (standard deviation) .890 1.131 .869 Sig.:.019 planting applications were elaborate based on plant design principles; however, there were problems in plant selection and f18 (mean) 2.46 2.84 2.56 F: 3.127 planting techniques. The study advocated that plants should be f18 (standard deviation) .997 1.052 1.082 Sig.:.026 considered as the main roadside elements in urban road planning, the aesthetic and functional properties and ecological

32 Tarakçı Eren et al. Plant material in roadsides Forestist 2020, 70(1): 28-35

Table 4. Analysis of Variance Findings

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig f1 Between groups 7.427 3 2.476 1.744 .157 Within groups 547.909 386 1.419 Total 555.336 389 f2 Between groups 4.222 3 1.407 1.161 .324 Within groups 464.196 383 1.212 Total 468.419 386 f3 Between groups 47.329 3 15.776 15.025 .000 Within groups 404.250 385 1.050 Total 451.578 388 f4 Between groups 21.740 3 7.247 5.614 .001 Within groups 495.670 384 1.291 Total 517.410 387 f5 Between groups 106.611 3 35.537 33.772 .000 Within groups 405.116 385 1.052 Total 511.728 388 f6 Between groups 13.390 3 4.463 3.531 .015 Within groups 487.954 386 1.264 Total 501.344 389 f7 Between groups 8.090 3 2.697 2.237 .083 Within groups 465.253 386 1.205 Total 473.344 389 f8 Between groups 38.785 3 12.928 11.476 .000 Within groups 434.859 386 1.127 Total 473.644 389 f9 Between groups 76.566 3 25.522 25.203 .000 Within groups 390.928 386 1.013 Total 418.359 389 f10 Between groups 62.032 3 12.477 12.643 .000 Within groups 380.928 386 .987 Total 418.359 389 f11 Between groups 62.032 3 20.677 24.366 .000 Within groups 327.568 386 .849 Total 389.600 389 f12 Between groups 165.536 3 55.179 52.903 .000 Within groups 402.608 386 1.043 Total 568.144 389 f13 Between groups 46.583 3 15.528 16.846 .000 Within groups 355.787 386 .922 Total 402.369 389

33 Tarakçı Eren et al. Plant material in roadsides Forestist 2020, 70(1): 28-35

Table 4. Analysis of Variance Findings (continued)

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig f14 Between groups 246.711 3 82.237 79.834 .000 Within groups 397.620 386 1.030 Total 644.331 389 f15 Between groups 8.612 3 2.871 2.901 .035 Within groups 381.963 386 .990 Total 390.574 389 f16 Between groups 28.846 3 9.615 8.869 .000 Within groups 418.490 386 1.084 Total 447.336 389 f17 Between groups 9.441 3 3.147 3.339 .019 Within groups 363.851 386 .943 Total 373.292 389 f18 Between groups 10.225 3 3.408 3.127 .026 Within groups 419.703 385 1.090 Total 429.928 388 demands of the plants should be considered, and indigenous that examined the roadside landscapes from different perspec- species should be preferred (Yazıcı, 2017). tives, and the plants were used mainly for aesthetic purposes.

Bekçi et al. (2017) investigated the impact of roadside landscapes Ethics Committee Approval: N/A on urban skyline, and they determined that the plant design criterion of the order–sequence was the most preferred planting Peer-review: Externally peer-reviewed. design criterion in roadside landscapes, and this criterion was Author Contributions: Concept – E.T.E., T.D.; Design - E.T.E., T.D.; Super- generally used in the present roadside landscapes. They claimed vision - E.M.A.; Resource - E.T.E., E.M.A.; Materials - E.T.E.; Data Collection that a successful roadside landscape would be achieved with an and/or Processing - E.T.E., T.D.; Analysis and/or Interpretation - E.T.E., aesthetic and functional roadside landscape and a sustainable E.M.A.; Literature Search - T.D.; Writing -E.T.E.; Critical Reviews - T.D. green area texture. In the selection of plant species, they em- phasized that the use of an adequate indigenous plant species Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. would facilitate maintenance and reflect regional values. Financial Disclosure: The authors declared that this study has received Çorbacı and Var (2011) proposed various suggestions to inves- no financial support. tigate the landscape features of the Bartın–Amasra road based on landscape planning and to solve the existing problems. In REFERENCES their study, the most important landscaping elements were • Aklıbaşına M., Erdoğan, A., 2016. Nevşehir Kentiçi Yol Bitkilendirm- identified as the sea and the rolling terrain. It was suggested to elerinin Estetik fonksiyonel Yönden Değerlendirilmesi ve Kullanılan balance the visual complexity level on the roadside. The authors Bitki Türlerinin Tespiti. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, ISSN: 1302- argued that this could be achieved by planting design. The mo- 0943 EISSN: 1308-5875. notonous sea landscape should be screened by planting in ad- • Altınçekiç, Ç.S., Altınçekiç, H., 1999. Karayolları Peyzaj Düzenleme equate areas, and this part should be exhibited in spaces where Çalışmalarında Bitkilendirme Esasları. Forestist B(49): 100-104. the land view is available. Interest should be improved by cre- • Bekci, B., Dinçer, D., Üçok, A.G.M., 2017. Karayolu Peyzajının Kent ating contrasts in color in the environment by planting colorful, Silueti Üzerindeki Etkisi; Rize Örneği The Effect Of Hıghway Land- blooming trees, shrubs, and bushes with autumn foliage. Thus, scapıng On The Urban Skylıne: A Case Study Of Rıze. In Internatıon- it was suggested that indigenous plant species that are suitable al West Asia Congress Of Tourısm (Iwact’17) The Book Of Full-Text (P. 40). for the region should be used, and if they are insufficient, exotic • Coffin, A.W., 2007. From roadkill to road ecology: a review of the species could be used. ecological effects of roads.Journal of Transport Geography 15(5): 396-406. [CrossRef] The use of species indigenous to the region was determined • Çorbacı, Ö.L., Var, M., 2011. Bartın-Amasra Karayolunun Peyzaj as the most important and similar finding among these studies Özelliklerinin Peyzaj Planlama Açısından İrdelenmesi Ve Sorunların

34 Tarakçı Eren et al. Plant material in roadsides Forestist 2020, 70(1): 28-35

Giderilmesine Çeşitli Öneriler. Journal of Bartin Faculty Of Forestry • Söğüt, Z., 2005. Urban greenways and Adana Case. Akdeniz Üniver- 13(20): 23-37. sity Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture 18(1): 113-124. • Demir, M., 2004. İstanbul’da Yol Ağaçlandırmasının Peyzaj Teknikleri • Tarakci Eren, E., Acar, C., 2017. Bina-bahçe-yol ilişkisinde mekân- Açısından İrdelenmesi ve Ağaç Bilgi Sistemi Oluşturması. Agabis; sal bileşenlerin analizi: Trabzon, Yavuz Selim Bulvarı örneği, Tra- Şişli-Cumhuriyet Caddesi Örneği, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik bzon. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 67(2): 275-289. Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul. [CrossRef] • Dingcheng, L.J.Z., 2006. Natural and Ecological Road Planting De- • Tarakci Eren, E., Düzenli, T., Alpak, E.M., 2018. The Plant Species Used sign Approach Landscape Design for Shenzhen Binhai Boulevard As Edge Elements And Their Usage Types: The Case Of KTU Cam- [J]. Landscape Architecture 1. pus. Kastamonu Unıversity Journal of Forestry Faculty 18(2): 108-120. • Dunnett, N., Hitchmough, J., 2004. The dynamic landscape: design, [CrossRef] ecology and management of naturalistic urban planting. Taylor & • Tarakci Eren, E., Özbilen, A., 2017. Kentsel açık yeşil alanların kentsel Francis. [CrossRef] tasarım teorilerine göre incelenmesi: Trabzon kent merkezi örneği. • Jing, W., Zhicheng, Q. 2009. Research on Planning and Design of Asos Journal The Journal of Academic Social Science 5(43): 438-460. Urban Residential Landscape Planting Road-Yuanmou Yunnan [CrossRef] Feature Landscape Planning Design [J]. Chinese Agricultural Science • Tarakci Eren, E., Düzenli, T., Akyol, D., 2018. Kent Merkezinde Cad- Bulletin 18. delerin Yayalaştırılması: Trabzon Kahramanmaraş Caddesi Örneği. • Karaşah, B., Var, M., 2012. Trabzon ve Bazı İlçelerinde Kent Dokusun- Megaron, 13(3). daki Bitkilendirme Tasarımlarının Ölçü-Form Açısından İrdelenmesi. • Tunay, M., Yılmaz, B., Ateşoğlu, A., 2008. Bartın-Amasra Karayolu Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 14: 1-11. güzergâhının doğal peyzaj özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerinin saptan- • Küçük, V., Gül, A., 2005. Isparta kentiçi yol ağaçlandirmalari üzerine ması. Ekoloji 17(66): 23-30. [CrossRef] bir araştirma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü • Van Der Ree, R., Smith, D.J., Grilo, C., 2015. Handbook of road ecolo- Dergisi 9(3): 111-118. gy. John Wiley & Sons. [CrossRef] • Li, S.Y., Huang, J.X., Hu, Y.Y., Zhuge, Z.X. 2007. Analysis of Ecologic • Yazici, K., 2017. Kentiçi Yol Bitkilendirmelerinin Fonksiyonel-Estetik Landscape-design Plan of City Environment [J]. Northern Horticul- Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi Ve Mevcut Bitkisel Tasarımların İncelen- ture 5. mesi: Tokat Örneği. Ziraat Mühendisliği (364): 30-39. • Qiao-ling, Q.I.U., 2002. Several Issues Concerning on Urban Arterial • Yılmaz, F., Aksoy Y., 2009. Şehir içi yol bitkilendirmelerinin İstanbul Roads Planting [J]. Journal of Chinese Landscape Architecture 3. ili Beyoğlu İlçesi Cumhuriyet, Halaskargazi ve Büyükdere caddesi • Sezen, I., 2018. Karayolu Peyzajı ve Manzara Yolları. Mimarlık Bilimleri örneğinde İrdelenmesi. Journal of Yasar University 4(16): 2699- ve Uygulamaları Dergisi (MBUD) 3(1): 54-65. [CrossRef] 2728.