A Review of Balks As Strip Boundaries in the Open Fields by H
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The Open Fields of Northamptonshire
Chapter 3 Methods of reconstruction of open field plans Dating of ridge and furrow It has been assumed, so far, that all the sUIviving ridge and furrow is ofpre-enclosure date, and medieval in origin. The validity of this assumption must be considered; because it was much debated in the recent past, with little agreement being reached as to whether the ridges did or did not have a close relation to the open-field strips. Recent historians took it for granted that ridge and furrow was to be equated with medieval cultivation. Tate identified Sir John Lubbock, in 1892, as the first (post ' enclosure) author to equate ridge and furrow with former open-field husbandryl, and Maitland, in 1897, referred to 'the practice of ploughing the land into 'beds' or ridges, which has but recently fallen out of use. : . Anyone who has walked through English grass fields will know what they look like, for they triumph over time and change2• Trevelyan3 wrote in 1944: 'the outline ofmany ofthese strips ploughed by farmers of Saxon, mediaeval and Tudor-Stuart times can still be clearly seen. The 'ridge and furrow' of pasture fields that once were arable is one of the common features of the·English landscape today ... Often, though not always, the 'ridge' or 'land' ... reproduced a 'strip' that was ploughed and worked long ago by a peasant farmer.' This accurate statement was followed by the work of Beresford4, who, in 1948, again drew attention to ridge and furrow, linking ground observations with the evidence of maps and written records. Beresford was convinced of the pre-enclosure origins of much ridge and furrow, and made detailed comparisons of surviving examples with large scale open-field maps in eight parishes. -
Ridge-And-Furrow in Kent
http://kentarchaeology.org.uk/research/archaeologia-cantiana/ Kent Archaeological Society is a registered charity number 223382 © 2017 Kent Archaeological Society RIDGE-AND-FURROW IN KENT PROFESSOR W. R. MEAD AND DR. R. J. P. KAIN Ridge-and-furrow is a landscape feature which continues to claim popular interest especially among local historians. It attracts most interest where it is most apparent. It is arguably no less significant where it is least evident since the reasons for its absence in one place may help to explain its presence elsewhere. The total distribution of this relict feature of the British landscape is unknown. Interest in it was generated in Britain in the immediate post-war years by M. W. Beresford1 and Eric Kerridge.2 In brief, Beresford is the protagonist of the school of thought which identifies ridge-and-furrow w i t h the open field system and equates the pattern of ridges with that of former strips and furlongs. Kerridge considers the feature to be essentially the product of ploughing for drainage purposes. Debate about the origins of ridge-and-furrow usually leads to the conclusion that there is no single explanation. The only constant in the equation is that it is the product of the plough; but, since the plough is a variable in its own right, it also enters the area of debate. The first extended map of ridge-and-furrow was initiated in the late 1940s.3 It covered the county of Buckinghamshire, a territory which spans a variety of geological formations and soil types. It was predictable that a major contrast would be evident between the occurrence of the feature on the chalk lands in the south and the clay lands of the north. -
Descendants of Maunsell John Bacon
Descendants of Maunsell John Bacon Descendants of Maunsell John Bacon Maunsell John Bacon {277}, son of John Bacon {78} and Mary Baruh Lousada {69}, was born on 26 Oct 1839 in Woodland St Mary, Berkshire, England, 1 died on 29 Apr 1924 in West Ward, Westmorland, England2 aged 84, and was buried on 2 May 1924 in All Saints, Swallowfield, Berkshire, England. 3 General Notes: 1881 Census: Institution: "Felstead Grammar School" Census Place: Felstead, Essex, England Source: FHL Film 1341437 PRO Ref RG11 Piece 1812 Folio 129 Page 1 Marr Age Sex Birthplace Institution of Delaval Shafto INGRAM Charles Henry ROGERS U 28 M Newmarket, Cambridge, England Rel: Officer Occ: Clerk In Holy Orders Assistant Master Francis Hardwicke MANLEY U 29 M Jubbulpore, East Indies Rel: Officer Occ: Clerk In Holy Orders Assistant Master William Franklen EVANS U 27 M Wick, Glamorgan, Wales Rel: Officer Occ: B A Assistant Master Oakley Elford HIGGENS U 24 M Bengal, East Indies Rel: Officer Occ: M A Assistant Master John Henry FREESE U 29 M Wimbledon, Surrey, England Rel: Officer Occ: M A Assistant Master Charles Hugh PEARSON U 32 M Midhurst, Sussex, England Rel: Officer Occ: M A Assistant Master Edward NOAKS U 24 M Ascension Island Off Of, At Sea Rel: Officer Occ: B A Assistant Master Richard Middeton HILL U 23 M Beaumaris, Anglesey, Wales Rel: Officer Occ: B A Assistant Master Gerald Henry WILLIAMS U 28 M Skelton, Cumberland, England Rel: Officer Occ: M A Assistant Master William Sidney BURTON U 24 M Appleford, Berkshire, England Rel: Officer Occ: Assistant Master -
Glass News – Her News Address Is Given at the Back of This Newsletter
Rachel Tyson. Rachel, a specialist in Medieval glass, is well known for her book on Medieval Glass Vessels in England 1200-1500. She brings to the newsletter not only an expertise in glass which will Glass complement that of Sarah, but also has experience of editing for the medieval Finds Research Group newsletter. We welcome her warmly to the editing team and along with Sarah she is happy to receive any contributions to future issues of Glass News – her News address is given at the back of this newsletter. Number 26 July 2009 A subscription to Glass News including Membership of AHG has up to now been available at the bargain Published by price of £5 per year. At the last Board meeting it was THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE HISTORY OF GLASS LIMITED decided that, due to increasing production and postage Reg’d Charity: 275236 ISSN 1362-5195 costs and the extra activity of the Association in study Registered Office: days and grant awards, we need to raise the c/o The Society of Antiquaries of London subscription to £10 per year. The new rate, which we Burlington House, Piccadilly, feel is still a very fair price for everything AHG does, London W1V 0HS, United Kingdom will come into effect when you renew (as we hope Company Registration Number 1348828 you will) for the year 2010. www.historyofglass.org.uk THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE HISTORY OF GLASS IN THIS ISSUE Page 1 - Board members Board of Management President: Caroline Jackson - AHG Spring Study Day 2010 Hon Secretary: Sandy Davison Page 2 - AHG Autumn Study Day 2009 Hon Treasurer: Jim Smedley -
Trials to Identify Soil Cultivation Practices to Minimise the Impact on Archaeological Sites (Defra Project Number BD1705) Effec
Trials to Identify Soil Cultivation Practices to Minimise the Impact on Archaeological Sites (Defra project number BD1705) Effects of Arable Cultivation on Archaeology (EH Project number 3874) Known collectively as: ‘Trials’ Appendix 4: Studying the effects of different cultivation systems on archaeological earthworks December 2010 Client: English Heritage and Defra Issue No: 2 OA Job No: 1879 Appendix 4 The effects of different cultivation systems on archaeological earthworks By K Spandl, C Champness, M L Dresser, M J Hann, and R J Godwin Edited by P Booth and K Spandl Oxford Archaeology and Cranfield University i 14/12/10 Oxford Archaeology and Cranfield University Final report Appendix 4 The effects of different cultivation systems on archaeological earthworks 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Introduction to the project...........................................................................................................2 1.3 Aims of the project.......................................................................................................................2 2 Agriculture and earthworks - background ................................................................... 4 2.1 Affects of cultivation on earthworks ............................................................................................4 -
AERIAL ARCHAEOLOGY and the EVIDENCE for MEDIEVAL FARMING in WEST CHESHIRE R. Williams, M.A.. R.I.B.A., F.S.A
AERIAL ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE EVIDENCE FOR MEDIEVAL FARMING IN WEST CHESHIRE R. Williams, M.A.. R.I.B.A., F.S.A. Aerial archaeology, or the use of aerial photographs to interpret the landscape, is not new. The first aerial photo graphs were taken from balloons in the 19th century, but it was aerial reconnaissance during the first World VVar that made archaeologists appreciate the possibilities of this techni que for their own research. Aerial archaeology had not been seriously attempted in Cheshire until it was realised that the prolonged drought during 1976 was revealing hitherto un known ancient features throughout Britain. The unusual conditions were producing the well-known crop mark phenomenon, where a buried feature is made 'visible' on the surface by premature ripening or differential growth in the crop immediately above it. The conditions obtaining in 1976 were exceptional, but they do occur to a sufficient degree to produce some crop marks in any dry summer in most English counties. In most counties, but not in all; some counties, Cheshire among them, have for many years been pastoral rather than arable, and there have been few crops in which such marks could appear. Crop growing involves ploughing and this, too, can reveal ancient features which appear as lines or patterns of discol ouration in the soil. Unfortunately, for the aerial observer, soil marks, as these features are called, are as rare as crop marks in Cheshire, so that another method of discovery has to be used. This makes use of a very low sun which brings into sharp relief even minor declivities and protuberances on the ground. -
Natural and Historical Environment Introduction
Natural and Historical Environment Introduction Landscape, geology and setting Arnesby is a hilltop village at the northern edge of the ridge that is central England’s main watershed, between the Soar/Trent, the Welland and the Avon. This position gives the parish an elevated aspect, with extensive northward vistas across the Midland to Charnwood Forest, and more intimate views into the rolling country of south Leicestershire in other directions. Geologically, the whole Plan Area is underlain by Jurassic clay and siltstone, but this is only Topographical map of Arnesby revealed in the valley bottoms where streams have cut through the thick covering of glacial till, a mixture of heavy clay, sand and gravel. Outcrops of sand and gravel within the glacial clay determined the original (Anglo-Saxon) locations of settlements in the area because of the associated combination of freshwater Topographical map of Arnesby springs and dry ground for building sites. Generally, soils in the Plan Area are heavy and fairly fertile; in the 18th century this part of the country was renowned for its ’champion’ grazing land, although much has been converted to arable since the mid-20th century. Geological map of Arnesby. The whole parish is mapped at Grade 3 in the Brown - Jurassic clay; blue - glacial till, national agricultural land classification scheme; cream – alluvium. Source: British Geological Survey detailed post-1988 mapping is not available to distinguish 3a (which is the lowest of ‘best and most versatile’ classes) from 3b, which is not specially protected under National Planning regulations. The parish is located in National Character Area NCA 94 Leicestershire Vales, as defined by Natural England for planning purposes. -
'A Perticuler Sort of Christaline Glasse': a Taste of Politeness And
VIDES XII SANGEETA BEDI ‘A perticuler sort of Christaline Glasse’: A taste of politeness and politics in the early eighteenth century This paper examines and compares two artefacts of the early eighteenth century; a heavy baluster wine glass c.1700 - 1710 and the poem Glass by Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea (1661-1720) first published as a separate verse in her Miscellany of Poems on Several Occasions in 1713. From her unique position as a female aristocrat, once at the centre of court as maid of honour to Mary of Modena, and then for many years an internal political exile, Finch’s poem explores how the humble wine glass and its contents can embody an external and internal form of politeness and the division between the temporal and spiritual condition. n 1674, George Ravenscroft was granted a patent for the English manufacture of ‘a perticuler sort of Christaline Glasse…not formerly exercised or vsed in this Iour Kingdome’.1 Whilst the patent itself is silent on the raw materials used in production, presumably to prevent competition, contemporary evidence suggests that it was substantially different in composition to existing glass manufacture.2 This initial composition was prone to ‘crizzling’; a form of glass corrosion which renders blown glass cloudy and eventually causes breakage.3 The defect was later corrected with the addition of lead oxide and as John Houghton, writing at the turn of the seventeenth century notes, Ravenscroft’s modified metal became known as ‘flint glass’- the term synonymous with colourless lead-based glass.4 This new brilliant English crystal, which mimicked naturally found rock crystal, had an extraordinary ability to refract light and was heavy, ‘hard, durable and whiter than any from Venice.’5 Whilst knowledge of producing coloured domestic glass was also 1 Albert Hartshorne, Old English Glasses: An account of glass drinking vessels in England from early times to the end of the eighteenth century (London, 1897), p. -
Buckinghamshire County Council
Part 4: Further Information - Accessing Historic Landscape Characterisation The Bucks HLC Project produced the The analytical archive and full GIS data set Data for Milton Keynes is held at the Milton following outputs: are held at the Buckinghamshire Sites and Keynes SMR. Contact: Monuments Record. Contact: • A non-technical summary report The Archaeology Officer, (this document) The Sites and Monuments Record Officer, Milton Keynes Council, County Archaeological Service, Design and Conservation, • A series of ten technical appendices County Hall, Aylesbury, PO Box 112, Civic Offices, (listed adjacent) Bucks HP20 1UY. 1 Saxon Gate East, • An analytical archive Milton Keynes MK9 3HQ. Tel: 01296-382072. • A GIS data set as an ArcGIS Shapefile email: [email protected] Tel: 01908-691691. The non-technical summary and technical Information is made available in accordance appendices are available via the Archaeology with the Sites and Monuments Record Service’s pages on Buckinghamshire County Access and Charging policy of the Council’s web site. relevant authority. It is intended that selected GIS data will be made available on-line. Web address: http://www.buckscc.gov. uk/archaeology/index.htm 24 25 37HH artwork version2.indd 26 25/9/06 11:18:27 Contents of the Technical Appendices Title Content Appendix 1 Historic Landscape Types Standardised description of each Historic Landscape Type (HLT) Appendix 2 Project Methodology Detailed description of the project method Appendix 3 Project Design The original project design Appendix 4 Landscape Period Summaries Period by Period maps and description assessment of time depth Appendix 5 Analysis - Settlement Maps and brief discussion of differing settlement types Appendix 6 Analysis - Enclosure Maps and brief discussion of enclosure patterns Appendix 7 Analysis - Woodland Maps and brief discussion of woodland patterns Appendix 8 DataTables 1. -
The Play of Colours of Prisms
The play of colours of prisms Amelia Carolina Sparavigna Institute of Fundamental Physics and Nanotechnology Department of Applied Science and Technology Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, Italy A short history of prisms from Lucius Anneus Seneca to George Ravenscroft The first scientific paper written by Newton was on the compound nature of white light, a paper where he described his experiments with prisms and the spectrum produced by the light. Newton had performed the experiments, probably between 1664 and 1667, in Woolsthorpe and Cambridge, using several glass prisms [1]. These glass artifacts existed and were sold at the country fairs to be used for the "play of colours", that is, to see the rainbow colours looking through them. This phenomenon of white light dispersion, created by crystals and glasses, was well known from ancient times and reported by Latin writers. Newton, experimenting with glass to improve optical instruments, explained that the play of colours was inside the nature of light. Few years after the Newton's studies, the development of lead glasses allowed new applications for the play of colours. Here a short history of prisms from Seneca to Ravenscroft. 1. Seneca, Pliny and their prisms A Latin writer, Lucius Anneus Seneca, was fascinated by prisms. In his Natural Questions, [2,3], he told that there existed some glass rods commonly made in two forms: striated, and with many angles. If they received the sun's rays obliquely, they create the colours as it is usually seen in a rainbow. It seems therefore that the glassmakers were producing such rods for observing the play of colours. -
Historic England Research, Which Showcases the Wide Variety of Work Undertaken in the Heritage Sector
Discovery, innovation and science in the historic environment Building Buddhism Issue 03 | Summer 2016 As a Commissioner of Historic England, a member of its Advisory Committee and an economic and social historian, I am delighted to introduce the third issue of Historic England Research, which showcases the wide variety of work undertaken in the heritage sector. This issue looks at work carried out across the country into Sikh, Quaker and Buddhist faiths, highlighting how research is bringing a new understanding of heritage to both traditional and new audiences and indicating the importance of the reuse, renewal and adaption of faith buildings. It also provides updates on partnership work which looks at the landscapes of Wiltshire and the North West, as well the much publicised excavation at Must Farm, jointly funded by Historic England and the brick manufacturer Forterra. Previous issues of the magazine are available to download from the Historic England website. Martin Daunton Commissioner, Historic England In this issue... Buddhist buildings in England .........3 Must Farm Bronze Age timber platform ...................33 Understanding Sikh places of worship ........................8 Revealing past landscapes in Cumbria and Lancashire ....................38 Quaker Meeting Houses assessed .....12 The changing historical landscape of The church interiors of John West Wiltshire .....................45 Loughborough Pearson .............16 Local Authority asset management Early fabric in Chipping Norton .......21 plans: what don’t they know? ........50 Reginald Farrer’s private Historic England’s Introductions to rock garden .......................24 Heritage Assets ....................53 England’s shopping parades .........30 Historic England publications ........55 2 | Historic England Research | Issue 3: Summer 2016 Buddhist buildings in England A faith that has repurposed a significant number of historic buildings. -
The Corning Museum of Glass Annual Report 2018 Cover: Officers of the Board Antony E
The Corning Museum of Glass Annual Report 2018 Cover: Officers of the Board Antony E. Snow* Jim Oliveira The Manhattan skyline at dusk Susan M. Taylor Jutta-Annette Page Jeffrey W. Evenson Peter F. Volanakis* Elmerina L. Parkman creates a beautiful backdrop Chairman for GlassBarge at its stop in Wendell P. Weeks Paul D. Parkman Brooklyn, New York. James B. Flaws Ian McKibbin White* Lindsy R. Parrott Vice Chairman Karol B. Wight Paul N. Perrot + Opposite: John V. B. Perry Linda E. Jolly * Trustee Emeritus Joan P. Randles Staff members of The Corning Secretary Richard F. Randles Museum of Glass and the crew Peter B. Rath of GlassBarge stand on its upper Melissa J. Gambol The Fellows of The Corning Rachel Russell Assistant Secretary deck for a group photo. Museum of Glass Josh Simpson John P. Smith Mark S. Rogus Carole Allaire Treasurer Walter Spiegl+ John Allaire Jane Shadel Spillman+ Michael J. Burns III James K. Asselstine Paul J. Stankard§ Assistant Treasurer Sheldon Barr Arlie Sulka Mike Belkin Lino Tagliapietra Alan L. Cameros§ Jennifer Thalheimer Officers of the Lt. Gen. Christian Clausen, retired§ Catherine M. V. Thuro-Gripton+ Corporation Simon Cottle Kenneth R. Treis Damon Crain Deborah Truitt Karol B. Wight Kenneth C. Depew Durk Valkema President and Executive Thomas P. Dimitroff William Warmus Director Jay R. Doros† Mark J. West Alan T. Eusden Micki Doros Karol B. Wight Chief Operating Officer Paul E. Doros Diane C. Wright David Dowler Rainer M. Zietz Roland “Max” Erlacher+ Maris Zuika Trustees Christopher T. G. Fish Alice Cooney Frelinghuysen * Life Fellow Roger G.