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The Great War. Reflections, Experiences and Memories of German and Habsburg Jews

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The Great War. Reflections, Experiences and Memories of German and Habsburg Jews The Great War. Reflections, Experiences and Memories of German and Habsburg Jews (1914-1918) edited by Petra Ernst, Jeffrey Grossman, Ulrich Wyrwa Issue n. 9, November 2016 QUEST N. 9 QUEST. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History Journal of Fondazione CDEC Editors Guri Schwarz (Università di Pisa, editor in chief), Elissa Bemporad (Queens College of the City University of New York), Tullia Catalan (Università di Trieste), Cristiana Facchini (Università Alma Mater, Bologna), Gadi Luzzatto Voghera, (Fondazione CDEC) Michele Sarfatti (Fondazione CDEC), Marcella Simoni (Università Ca’ Foscari, Venezia), Ulrich Wyrwa (Zentrum für Antisemitismusforschung, Berlin). Editorial Assistants Laura Brazzo (Fondazione CDEC) Sara Airoldi (Hebrew University of Jerusalem) Matteo Perissinotto (Università degli Studi di Trieste) Book Review Editor Dario Miccoli (Università Cà Foscari, Venezia) Editorial Advisory Board Ruth Ben Ghiat (New York University), Paolo Luca Bernardini (Università dell’Insubria), Dominique Bourel (Université de la Sorbonne, Paris), Michael Brenner (Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München), Enzo Campelli (Università La Sapienza di Roma), Francesco Cassata (Università di Genova), David Cesarani z.l. (Royal Holloway College, London), Marco Cuzzi (Università degli Studi di Milano), Roberto Della Rocca (DEC, Roma), Lois Dubin (Smith College, Northampton), Jacques Ehrenfreund (Université de Lausanne), Katherine E. Fleming (New York University), Anna Foa (Università La Sapienza di Roma), Ada Gigli Marchetti (Università degli Studi di Milano), François Guesnet (University College London), Alessandro Guetta (INALCO, Paris), Stefano Jesurum (Corriere della Sera, Milano), András Kovács (Central European University, Budapest), Fabio Levi (Università degli Studi di Torino), Simon Levis Sullam (Università Ca’ Foscari, Venezia), Michele Luzzatti z.l. (Università di Pisa), Germano Maifreda (Università degli Studi di Milano) Renato Mannheimer (ISPO, Milano), Giovanni Miccoli (Università degli Studi di Trieste), Dan Michman (Yad Vashem, Jerusalem), Michael Miller (Central European University, Budapest), Alessandra Minerbi (Fondazione CDEC Milano), Liliana Picciotto (Fondazione CDEC, Milano), Micaela Procaccia (MIBAC, Roma), Marcella Ravenna (Università di Ferrara), Milena Santerini (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano), Perrine Simon-Nahum (EHESS, Paris), Francesca Sofia (Università Alma Mater di Bologna), David Sorkin (CUNY, New York), Emanuela Trevisan Semi (Università Ca’ Foscari, Venezia), Christian Wiese (Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main). QUEST. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History Journal of Fondazione CDEC ISSN: 2037-741X via Eupili 8, 20145 Milano Italy Reg. Trib. Milano n. 403 del 18/09/2009 P. IVA: 12559570150 tel 003902316338 fax 00390233602728 www.quest-cdecjournal.it [email protected] Cover image credit: "Kriegslandschaft in der Vaux-Schlucht" [detail], photo-card. Europeana1914-1918.eu II QUEST N. 9 Contents FOCUS Petra Ernst, Jeffrey Grossman, Ulrich Wyrwa Introduction VI-XX Cartsten Schapkow German Jews and the Great War: Gustav Landauer’s and Fritz Mauthner’s Friendship during Times of War p. 1 Ulrich Wyrwa German Jewish Intellectuals and the German Occupation of Belgium p. 18 Péter Bihari Aspects of Anti-Semitism in Hungary 1915-1918 p. 58 Filip Hameršak, Ljiljana Dobrovšak Croatian-Slavonian Jews in the First World War p. 94 Gerald Lamprecht The Remembrance of World War One and the Austrian Federation of Jewish War Veterans p. 122 DISCUSSION Ernst Toller, Complete Works: Critical Edition by Steven Schouten p. 144 III QUEST N. 9 REVIEWS Robert Weinberg Blood Libel in Late Imperial Russia. The Ritual Murder Trial of Mendel / Edmund Levin A Child of Christian Blood. Murder and Conspiracy i n Tsarist Russia: the Beilis Blood Libel by Darius Staliunas p. 155 Atalia Omer When Peace Is Not Enough: How the Israeli Peace Camp Thinks about Nationalism, and Justice by Jon Simons p. 161 Yulia Egorova, Shahid Perwez The Jews of Andhra Pradesh: Contesting Caste Religion in South India by Galit Shashoua p. 165 Sharon Rotbard, White City, Black City: Architecture and War in Tel Aviv and Jaffa by Barbara Mann p. 168 Nevenko Bartulin Honorary Aryans: National–Racial Identity and Protected Jews Independent State of Croatia by Vjera Duic p. 172 Sarah Panter, Jüdische Erfahrungen und Loyalitätskonflikte im Ersten Weltkrieg by Elisabeth Weber p. 176 Keren Friedman-Peleg Ha-‘am ‘al-ha-sapah: ha-politiqah shel traumah be-’Israel [A Nation on the Couch: The Politics of Trauma in Israel] by Tamar Katriel p. 180 IV QUEST N. 9 Emanuele D’Antonio La società udinese e gli ebrei fra la Restaurazione e l’età unitaria. Mondi cattolici, emancipazione e integrazione della minoranza ebraica a Udine 1830-1866/70 by Carlotta Ferrara degli Uberti p. 185 V Petra Ernst, Jeffrey Grossman, Ulrich Wyrwa The Great War Reflections, Experiences and Memories of German and Habsburg Jews (1914 - 1918) by Petra Ernst, Jeffrey Grossman, Ulrich Wyrwa This issue is devoted to the situation of German and Habsburg Jews during World War I. It delimits its scope in this way for the simple reason that Imperial Germany and the Austrian-Hungarian Empire formed one of the two opposing wartime alliances. At the outset of the war German and Habsburg Jews widely expressed their loyalty to their home countries, consenting to fight against the Triple Entente of the British Empire, France, and the Russian Empire. The methodological focus of this issue is to examine the dialectic between expectations and experiences among the Jews of both Wilhelmine Germany and the Habsburg Empire,1 expanding the dimensions of this dialectic by considering the development of war memories.2 After two years of murderous fighting and of an atrocious, hitherto unseen industrialized form of warfare the First World War was nowhere near an end. On the contrary, the year 1916 witnessed some of the war’s most devastating battles, including the Battle of Verdun, “the longest battle in world history.”3 In three hundred days of attrition warfare more than 200,000 soldiers lost their lives, an average of 666 dead every day or twenty-seven dead every hour.4 The landscape 1 Reinhart Koselleck,“ ‘Erfahrungsraum’ und ‘Erwartungshorizont’ - zwei historische Kategorien” [1976], Vergangene Zukunft: Zur Semantik geschichtlicher Zeiten, ed. Reinhart Koselleck (Frankfurt /M.: Suhrkamp, 1979), 349-375; English translation: “Space of Experience and Horizon of Expectation: Two Historical Categories,” Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time ed. Reinhart Koselleck (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1985). 2 Petra Ernst proposes this triad of expectation, experience and memory in Petra Ernst, “Der Erste Weltkrieg in deutschsprachig-jüdischer Literatur und Publizistik in Österreich,” Krieg, Erinnerung, Geschichtswissenschaft, ed. Siegfried Matt (Wien: Böhlau, 2009), 47-92, 59, 63-68; on memory in this context, see: Jay Winter, Remembering War: The Great War between Memory and History in the Twentieth Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006). 3 Olaf Jessen, Verdun 1916: Urschlacht des Jahrhunderts (München: C.H.Beck: 2014), 12; Gerd Krumeich, Antoine Prost, Verdun 1916. Die Schlacht und ihr Mythos aus deutsch-französischer Sicht, (Essen: Klartext, 2016). 4 An analog determination of what the First World War was like has been given by Gert Buelens in his impressive study on war poems: Europas Dichter und der Erste Weltkrieg (Berlin: Suhrkamp, 2014), 285. VI QUEST N. 9 - FOCUS had been devastated, and was ravaged by relentless artillery shelling.5 An anonymous photographer took a picture of the desolated landscape at Fort Vaux near Verdun, which is presented here as the frontispiece of this issue. The young Jewish psychologist Kurt Lewin (1890-1947), later a pioneer of social psychology and group dynamics as well as founder of psychological field theory, served in the Prussian army. In 1917 he wrote an article titled “The Landscape of War” (“Kriegslandschaft”), in which he sought to provide a phenomenology of the landscape to convey how it was experienced on the battlefield.6 In a peacetime landscape, Lewin begins, “the area seemed to extend out to infinity on all sides.” Yet, when one moves from the rear toward the front, and increasingly toward the enemy, one experiences a reshaping of the landscape. This new “landscape of war” is now “bounded.”7 As one’s “idea” of the bounded area, e.g. of the position of the first trench, the connectedness of various visible markers, the distances to the "boundaries" becomes more determined, the bounded area becomes a “zone,” referred to by Lewin as a “border zone.”8 While at a forward position, this zone differs from “danger” zones, which begin later and for the most part increase "in the direction of the enemy" but which are not strictly fixed. In the trenches, for instance, more exposed areas become “danger zones,” and one finds “unconnected islands of danger at the rear extremity, frequently bombarded villages and crossroads, for example.”9 Abandoned trench positions are “still full of death and war” and they are “left behind in the countryside as a ‘war formation’” as are “burned-down villages” as well.10 Lewin’s phenomenological observations are instructive because they provide us with an example, not untypical of intellectuals, of how young Jewish scholar attempting to make sense of the war experience by immediately transforming it into 11 theoretical explanation. 5 Anne Duménil, “21. Februar 1916: Die Hölle von Verdun,” Der Erste Weltkrieg: Eine europäische
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