Fish, Feather, Fur and Forest: Exploitation of Wild Animals In
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JQI6175_proof ■ 25 April 2016 ■ 1/10 Quaternary International xxx (2016) 1e10 55 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect 56 57 Quaternary International 58 59 60 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint 61 62 63 64 65 1 Q1 Fish, feather, fur and forest: Exploitation of wild animals in medieval 66 2 67 3 Q2 Novgorod and its territory 68 4 * 69 5 Q6 Sheila Hamilton-Dyer , Mark Brisbane, Mark Maltby 70 6 71 Dept of Archaeology, Anthropology and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK 7 72 8 73 9 article info 74 10 75 11 springtime when it reaches its maximum extent of approx. 40 km 76 12 Article history: Available online xxx long and 32 km wide but with a maximum depth of only 10 m. 77 13 The lake's shallowness and flooding helps to create a more 78 14 equitable microclimate in the Novgorod area, providing better 79 15 alluvial soils and slightly raised annual temperatures 80 16 (Spiridonova and Aleshinskaya, 2012: 30). This means that some 81 17 species of deciduous trees are more widely found here, and that 82 18 1. Introduction the land, when cleared, is good for growing crops. Around the 83 19 lake there are a labyrinth of creeks, reed beds and water 84 20 Veliky Novgorod (Novgorod the Great) is a well-known and meadows. 85 21 well-researched medieval city, made almost entirely of wood and Four main rivers (the Msta, Pola, Lovat, and Shelon) flow from 86 22 with remarkable preservation of its organic remains. It was a the catchment into the lake but only one flows out, the Volkhov, 87 23 thriving urban centre, heavily involved in production and trade, which continues some 224 km north to Lake Ladoga. This means 88 24 notably of furs and pelts. Increasingly the growing city was that the shallow lake has rapid water change and high oxygen 89 25 dependent on a large territory known as Novgorod Land (Fig. 1), levels, making it a very favourable habitat for a wide range of fish: 90 26 which lay mostly to the east and northeast of the city. At its greatest today there are around 26 species (Savenskova et al., 2010). 91 27 extent in the 14th and 15th century, this territory was larger than Novgorod was founded, according to the Russian Chronicles, in 92 28 modern day France (Brisbane et al., 2012: 2) and provided much of AD 862 although archaeological evidence indicates that it began 93 29 the wealth of the ruling elite, largely through the collection of with tree felling and site clearance in the first half of the 10th 94 30 tribute. century on low hills on either side of the Volkhov. However, it is 95 31 The inhabitants of Novgorod extensively exploited this territory, highly likely that nearby earlier settlements started to have an 96 32 especially the forests, not only for raw material for building and impact on the forest with small-scale land clearance for farming 97 33 street construction, but also for furniture, domestic and agricultural beginning in the 8th century (Yeremeyev, 2012). These settlements 98 34 equipment, tools and other everyday items. The lands also provided were primarily located near the lakeshore and along the river val- 99 35 fuel for heating and cooking, and fodder and pannage for animals. leys. They included Georgii, Prost, Vasilievskoye and Gorodishche, 100 36 In addition, the wild animals of the forest were hunted and trapped sometimes known as Ryurik Gorodishche (i.e. Ryurik's ‘hillfort’), an 101 37 mostly for their skins and furs, but also in some cases for their meat, important 9th and 10th century centre of trade and artisan pro- 102 38 antler and other products. Lacustrine and riverine environments duction, as well as a military-administrative centre. Situated at the 103 39 were also rich in potential food resources. crossing of the BalticeVolga route, the material culture from this 104 40 Using material from Novgorod and other sites, this paper brings site contains a distinctive assemblage of objects of Scandinavian 105 41 together the zooarchaeological evidence for the exploitation of fish, origin, alongside artefacts attributable to the Slavs. The residence of 106 42 birds and wild mammals and sets them into the context of forest the Novgorod princes was founded at Gorodishche and it continued 107 43 penetration. in this role, on and off, for most of the medieval period (Nosov et al., 108 44 2005). 109 45 2. Location, chronology and sites Around AD 1000 saw the beginning of a period of rapid urban 110 46 expansion in Novgorod, with substantial population increase and 111 47 Novgorod is located on the River Volkhov, approximately six the consequent greater demand on local and regional resources 112 48 km from Lake Ilmen. Lake Ilmen itself floods extensively in the including those from the surrounding woodland, rivers and lakes. 113 49 The town reached its greatest extent and economic influence be- 114 50 115 * tween the 12th and 14th centuries, when it became an important 51 Corresponding author. fi 116 E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Hamilton-Dyer). Kontor of the Hanseatic League, housing rst a Gotlanders' Court, 52 117 53 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.04.024 118 54 1040-6182/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. 119 Please cite this article in press as: Hamilton-Dyer, S., et al., Fish, feather, fur and forest: Exploitation of wild animals in medieval Novgorod and its territory, Quaternary International (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.04.024 JQI6175_proof ■ 25 April 2016 ■ 2/10 2 S. Hamilton-Dyer et al. / Quaternary International xxx (2016) 1e10 1 66 2 67 3 68 4 69 5 70 6 71 7 72 8 73 9 74 10 75 11 76 12 77 13 78 14 79 15 80 16 81 17 82 18 83 19 84 20 85 21 86 22 87 23 88 Fig. 1. Map showing the approximate area of Novgorod Land around AD 1400 including the region of Byeloozero where the site of Minino is located. After Yanin 1990, 74, with 24 additions. Drawn by Mark Dover. 89 25 90 26 91 27 92 and subsequently a German Court known as Peterhof, through 28 93 which much of the town's trade with the Baltic took place (Brisbane 29 94 et al., 2012). 30 95 In this paper we draw upon evidence from Novgorod itself, 31 96 mainly from the Troitsky excavations in the south-west quarter of 32 97 the town, and, from its immediate hinterland around Lake Ilmen, 33 98 the sites of Gorodishche, Georgii and Prost (Fig. 2). As an example of 34 99 a site on the edge of Novgorod Land, we also include a group of sites 35 100 at Minino, which is located on Lake Kubenskoye some 500 km to 36 101 the east-northeast of Novgorod (Fig. 1). A brief description of these 37 102 sites follows. 38 103 Within the medieval city of Novgorod, many systematic exca- 39 104 vations have taken place since the pioneering work of Artsi- 40 105 khovsky began in 1932. Well over 40 open-area excavations 41 106 located on both sides of the River Volkhov have demonstrated the 42 107 extent of occupation and its date from the early/mid 10th century 43 108 onwards. The Troitsky excavation is one such site, located on the 44 109 Cathedral (West) side of the river, immediately to the south of the 45 110 kremlin area. Work began here in 1973 and continues to the 46 111 present time revealing over 6000 m2 of dense occupation to a 47 112 depth of almost 5 m. Each area (large trench) of the Troitsky site 48 113 has been given a Roman numeral from I to XVI.