International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 6, November-December 2016, pp. 738–746, Article ID: IJCIET_07_06_082 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=7&Issue=6 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication

ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION ALONG THIPPAGUNTA DRAIN IN PRASADAMPADU, RURAL, ,

M. Sujatha Assistant Professor, K.L University, Andhra Pradesh,

N. Rama Rao Assistant Professor, SRK Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, India

T. Satyanarayana Professor, SRK Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, India

SS. Asadi Associate Dean of Academic, K.L University, Andhra Pradesh, India

K. Siva Kishore Babu Assistant Professor, K.L University, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT Assessment of groundwater p ollution along Thippagunta drain, the physical and chemical characteristics such as colour, turbidity, odour, pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total dissolved solids, Total H ardness, Calcium, Ma gnesium, Nitrate, Sulphate C hloride, Fluoride and Iron were studied. The main objective of the study is to know the quality of water for drinking and its impact on t h e p ublic h ealth o f P rasadampadu. A ll t h e p arameters o f g roundwater s a mples i n t he study area a re w ithin t h e p ermissible l i mits excep t a t i n dustrial E state a nd Jo hnson P rivate Limited Industry, near Pantakaluva. Key words: groundwater, pollution, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Nitrate, Cite t h is A rticle: M . S ujatha, N . R ama R ao, T . S atyanarayana S S. A sadi an d K . S iva Kishore Babu. A ssessment o f Groundwater P ollution al ong T hippagunta D rain in Prasadampadu, Vijayawada R ural, K rishna D istrict, A ndhra P radesh. I n ternational Jo urnal o f C ivil Engineering and Technology, 7(6), 2016, pp. 738–746. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=7&Issue=6

1. INTRODUCTION Water is essential for existence on the planet earth and is often referred as “Blue planet” It is recognized that water is the prime natural resource, a basic need and precious national asset. At present the quality of water is getting vastly deteriorated and polluted due to unscientific waste disposal, application of

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 738 [email protected] M. Sujatha, N. Rama Rao, T. Satyanarayana SS. Asadi and K. Siva Kishore Babu fertilizers, rapid population g rowth, improper water management, and carelessness towards environment. This has lead to scarcity of potable water and affecting the human health. Water pollution is considered with great concern, since the quality of water is of vital importance for mankind and it is associated with human welfare. With this view, the present study was carried out to assess the groundwater pollution, as the g roundwater i s t h e o nly s ource f or d rinking, d omestic as w ell a o ther p urposes i n t h e s tudy area Prasadampadu along Guntathippa drain.

2. DESCRIPTION STUDY AREA Prasadampadu is a rural area of Vijayawada urban constituted a study area, which is situated on both sides along t h e T ippaguntta d rain. T he s tudy area i s l o cated o n t h e b anks o f t h e R iver K rishna at 160 31’ N Latitude and 800 37’ East Longitude in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh. Vijayawada and its rural area s the second largest city in Andhra Pradesh and its population is around 15 lakhs and also a new capital city of Andhra Pradesh. In an d aro und s tudy area, I ndrakeeladri H ills an d d etached o utcrops are o bserved. T he geological formation m ainly i n cludes K hondalite s uit o f g neissic r o cks an d t h eir v ariations. T he r eg ional s trike of these rock formations i s North-East and S outh-West. H ydrogeological, t hey are crystalline metamorphic rocks with l ack o f primary porosity and h ydraulic conductivity. However the secondary porosity is produced d ue t o w eathering an d d eformation o f r ocks t o s tore an d t ransmit t he groundwater. The groundwater flow in the study area is towards east. The study area is developed on flat topography with clayey soils and gravel mixed with clay near hill areas. Because of flat topography and absence of effective drainage system, the entire study area gets flooded during rains. The main groundwater recharging areas to the study area are Krishna River and Rives canal. The s t udy area i s l o cated o n t h e N orth-East s ide o f t h e V ijayawada ci ty, w hich i s an i ndustrial area called Autonagar. A drain called Tippaguntta starting from Autonagar and passing through Prasadampadu and carrying the effluents discharged from various small industries from Autonagar and other surrounding Residential areas and ultimately joins the Rivas canal. The flow of the drain is in the North-East direction.

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS A t o tal of n ine g roundwater s amples and o ne surface w ater f rom d rain were co llected from various locations along the Thippaguntta drain. These samples were analyzed for physical and chemical parameters such as colour, turbidity, odour, pH, electrical conductivity total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, n itrate, s ulphate chloride, f luoride an d i r on as p er the s tandard p rocedures d escribed in APHA(1995)and Trivedy, etal (1986).The details of sampling points chosen for obtaining water samples are given in Table-1.Surface water sample was also collected from the drain for correlation purpose with groundwater samples.

Table 1 Details of sampling stations along Thippaguntta drain from Autonagar to NTR Road in Prasadampadu Station Sampling Station Description Source Groundwater Depth in No level in mts meters (bgl) S1 Kusalava International Limited, 8.5 50 Industrial Estate Autonagar Borewell S2 Johnson Private, Limited. Most Borewell 6.0 35 polluted in and around sampling station. S3 Opposite to Liners India Limited, near Borewell 6.2 40 Effluent reatmentplant.(Prasadampadu) S4 Second cross road, 6 th lane. Borewell 6.0 40 (Prasadampadu)

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S5 Lakshmi Appartment. .(Prasadampadu) Borewell 7.0 60 S6 Sai Enclave.(Prasadampadu) Borewell 6.5 60 S7 Berger paints shop. Solid Waste Borewell 6.5 45 dumped near the drain S8 Shakthi Kalyana mantapam waste Borewell 6.0 45 dumping place near the drain S9 Srinivasa Residency near NH-5 road Borewell 6.8 60 S10 Surface water sample from Surface - - Thippaguntta drain near NTR road drain water (polluted water) sample

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of physico-chemical analysis of groundwater samples are presented in table-2.The temperature of the water samples in the present study are ranged from 270-290C.The surface water from the drain was collected an d analyzed for comparative study, but al l the p arameters are above t h e d esirable l imits. The turbidity o f t h e co llected w ater s amples r an ged f rom 2 t o 9 N TU. T he r ep orted v alues are w ithin the prescribed limits (BIS: 10500.1991).Clear water is more appealing to drink. All the collected ground water was odorless in the study area.

Table 2 Results of physico, chemical analysis of ground water samples along Tippaguntta drain

Sampling Stations

Physico-Chemical S.no characteristics S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 1 Temperature 27 27 29 28 29 27 28 28 28 29 2 Colour 2 8 4 6 2 3.2 2 2 2 14 3 Turbidity 2 8 4 9 2 3.2 2 2 2 16 4 pH 7.7 7.8 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.2 7.3 6.9 7 8.1 Electrical 5 1764 1962 1638 1496 1638 1146 1060 684 568 2260 Conductivity TotalDissolved 6 1147 1275 1065 972 1065 745 689 445 369 1469 Solids(mg/l) 7 Alkalinity 276 320 240 232 256 140 128 80 72 440 8 Hardness 412 460 376 360 372 272 248 164 132 520 9 Chlorides 256 296 240 220 224 160 140 92 84 340 10 Sulphates 84 106 78 74 69 54 46 36 24 116 11 Nitrates 20.2 28.2 20.4 17.6 11.8 9.6 7.9 5.94.8 4.8 56.4 12 Fluorides 0.58 0.64 0.58 0.6 0.54 0.58 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.62 13 Calcium 140 172 132 132 136 112 96 64 52 184 14 Magnesium 66 70 59 58 57 39 37 24 19 82 15 Iron 0.18 1.2 0.42 0.64 0.14 0.24 0.18 0.12 0.1 0.68

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4.1. Colour Pure groundwater exhibits a light blue colour, which may be altered by the presence of organic matter to greenish blue, greenish yellow or brown. Colour which is removed to make water suitable for general and industrial applications. Colour is extremely pH dependent and invariably increases as the pH of the sample increases. In the study area, colour in all ground water samples varies from 2 to 8 Hazen, which is within the p ermissible l i mits ( B IS: 1 0500, 1 991).The p H v alue r eco rded at J ohnson p vt l t d i s 7 .8 w hich i s the highest value and at the same sampling station, the highest value of colour is 8 Hazen recorded, because the colour and pH are directly proportional to each other.

4.2. pH pH i s a m ethod o f e xpressing H ydrogen Ion Concentration, which d etermines t h e w ater is acid ic or alkaline in nature. The pH of natural waters ranges from 6.5 to 8.5.Deviation from the neutral pH value 7.0 is t h e r es ult o f i n teraction b etween a cids an d b ases. T he p H v alue i n t h e s tudy area r an ge f r om 6 .8 to 7.8.None of the groundwater sources along the drain crossed the standard limits of ICMR and BIS. The industrial wastes f r om Autonagar, as w ell as d isposed community wastes and biological process along t h e d rain i n fluences p H l ev els i n t h e s tudy a rea. L ow p H l ev el 6 .8 at S hakthi K alyan mantapam harmful impact on communities and also make the water corrosive on pipe system. The higher pH values results i n t he t aste co mplaint an d can h ave a n egative i mpact o n s kin an d e yes (Murugesan, et. al.2006).The pH values that exceed 9.0 caused excessive algal growth and a sign of nutrient enrichment. None of the groundwater sources along the drain crossed the standards of ICMR and BIS.

4.3. Electric Conductivity (EC) It is a measure of the salt content of water in the form of ions. The conductivity in water is affected by the presence o f i n organic d issolved s alts s uch as ch loride, s ulphate, n itrate, m agnesium et c. T he electrical conductivity of water is an indirect measure of the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) content of water and there is approximately linear relationship between TDS and Conductivity. A sudden rise in EC in groundwater indicates, ad dition o f s ome p ollutants t o i t ( Trivedy an d G oel,1986).The co nductivity values of groundwater along T hippagunta drain v aries from 568 to 1 992 micromhos/cm. Water with electrical conductance m ore t h an 2 000µmhos/cm i s u nsatisfaction f or d rinking an d i rrigation, w hen i t exceeds 8000µmhos/cm ( G rangal et .al.,1990).Maximum el ectrical co nductivity ( 1 962 µ mhos/cm)was n oticed at sampling station no.2 and minimum value (568 mhos/cm) recorded at sampling station No9.

4.4. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) The TDS in ground water originates from natural sources, sewage of urban run-off and industrial wastes. In t h e p resent s tudy area, t h e T DS o f g round w ater s amples v aries f rom369 t o 1 275 m g/l. T he TDS concentration is increased by the percolation of contaminated water from surface drain and cesspools in the study area. Safe levels of TDS for drinking water are less than 1000mg/l(WHO,1971) observed at station no’s 6 ,7,8 an d 9 ,indicating t h at t h ere i s n o p ollution. W hereas m ore t h an 1 000mg/l o f T DS v alues are noticed at 1 ,2,3 an d 5 s ampling s tations i n dicating t h at i n filtration o f p ollutant s olutes f r om t he sewage drain and cesspools.

4.5. Alkalinity Alkalinity is a measure of ability to neutralize acids. Excess alkalinity gives bitter taste to the water and reacts with cations forming precipitates, which can damage pipes, valves etc. However some alkalinity is required for drinking water to neutralize acids such as lactic acid and citric acid produced in the body. In the p resent s tudy, t h e t o tal al kalinity r an ged f r om 7 2 t o 3 20 m g/l w hich are i n t h e p ermissible limits. Alkalinity i n i t self i s n ot h armful t o h uman b eings; s t ill t h e w ater s am ples w ith l es s t h an 6 00 m g/l are desirable for domestic use.

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4.6. Hardness Hardness is the chemical property of water, which prevents the formation of lather with soap, caused by metallic cations such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and strontium. Therefore hardness of the water reflects the n ature o f g eological f ormations. T otal H ardness v aried f rom 1 32 t o 4 60 m g/l i n t he s tudy areas. Hardness o f t he w ater cro sses p ermissible l imits 1 20mg/l(Hem,1986) at al l t he sampling stations. Moderately hard waters with values of 150-200mg/l (Twort et al, 1974) are noticed at sampling stations 8 and 9 an d r es t o f t h e g roundwater s am ples h as h ardness b eyond p ermissible l i mits. I t i s m ainly d ue to concentration of calcium, magnesium, and chloride in the sewage drain and subsurface clayey soils. Total Hardness greater than 300 mg/l generally not recommended for drinking as it may lead to heart and kidney problem and unfit for domestic as well as industrial purposes.

4.7. Chloride Chloride is one of the major inorganic anion occurs in all types of waters. In potable water, the salt taste produced by the chloride concentrations which is variable and dependents on the chemical composition of water. The chloride values in various sampling locations of the study area vary from 84 to 296 mg/l. All chloride v alues are as p er s tandard l imits p rescribed (BIS: 1 0500, 1 991).The h igh concentration of chlorides is considered to be the indicators of pollution due to high organic wastes of animal or industrial wastes o rigin i n t he s tudy area. T he co ncentration o f t he ch loride i s h igh i n g round water, where temperature is high and rainfall is less (Mnugesan etal, 2005).

4.8. Nitrate Higher l ev els o f n itrates are p rimarily as sociated w ith h uman f r om f ertiliz ers an d s ewage. M ost o f the nitrate to the groundwater reaches with the percolating water through soil. High nitrate concentrations of water are deterious to human health (Feth, 1966).Unpolluted waters contain less than5 mg/l of nitrate, but polluted waters co ntain upto100mg/l or more ( Karanth, 1987).In the study area, the concentration of the nitrate was 4.8 to28.2 mg/l. Moderately high nitrate content in ground waters at location no, 1, 2 and 3 is due t o i m proper m aintenance o f s ep tic t an ks an d u nlimited s ewag e d rains. T he r ai nfall an d r eturn flow from surface d rains in t h e study area are the m ain carriers of nitrates to g roundwater from soil enriched with organic matter. The rest of the groundwater samples are within the permissible limits.

4.9. Fluoride The water in contact with natural mineral deposits such as Topaz, fluorspar mica and criolite are found to contain excess fluoride in groundwater. The fluoride content in groundwater of the study area varied from 0.44 to 0.64mg/l. The reported values are within the permissible limits (BIS:10500, 1991).The presence of large amount of fluoride is associated with skeletal and dental flourosis. High profile of fluoride in shallow groundwater zo ne i s d ue t o g eochemical d isposition i n t he v icinity o f t he g round water extraction structures. The toxicity of fluoride is also influenced by high ambient temperature, alkalinity and calcium and m agnesium co ntents i n w ater. H igh co ncentration ( ab ove 1 .5 m g/l) cau ses d ental caries . A fluoride concentration of 1.5mg/l in drinking water is recommended.

4.10. Sulphate Sulphate i ons are u sually occurs in n atural w aters. M ost o f the co mpounds o riginated from oxidation of sulphide o res, s olution o f g ypsum an d an hydrite, p resence o f s hales, p articularly t h ose r i ch i n organic compounds. Concentration of sulphate in water samples of the present study ranged from 24 to 106 mg/l which are within the permissible limits. Sulphates at high levels taint. The taste of water and may create a laxative effect. T reatment f o r t h e r em oval o f s ulphur i n t h e w ater can b e d one t h rough m any methods. Removal of sulphates may be carried out by reverse osmosis on negative ion-exchange.

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4.11. Iron The presence of iron in the natural waters can be attributed to the dissolution of rocks and minerals, landfill leachates, s ewage an d en gineering i ndustries. T he p resence o f i ron i n d rinking w ater supplies is objectionable for number of r eas ons. I r on in water causes h ardness, taste, odour, and incrustation in the water. I r on i n w ater i s f r equently acco mpanied b y h eavy g rowth o f i r on b acteria, w hich ex aggerate the staining, pipe logging, and other troubles. In the present study, iron content of groundwater samples ranged from .0.1 to 1.2 mg/l. The concentration of iron at Johnson pvt.LTD, vessel making and furniture works at Autonagar (sampling stations 3 and 4) is above the prescribed limits of IS: 10500:2012. Treatment for iron reduction can b e d one b y s everal m ethods d epending u pon t h e co ncentration o f i r on an d p H o f water. Initially, a w ater s o ftener can b e u sed t o el iminate i r on co ntent t o t o lerable l evels. Secondly, potassium permanganate o n “ green s and f ilters” i s h ighly s uccessful t o r emove t h e i r on co ntent. F inally aeration process can help in precipitation of iron, thus removing the iron from the water. Calcium and magnesium are the major constitutes of igneous, sedimentary and metromorphic rocks. The main sources of calcium and magnesium in groundwater are weathering of feldspars, pyroxenes, limestone’s, and dolomites. In the present study calcium and magnesium varies from 52 to 172 mg/l and 19 to 70 mg/l respectively. Although i t i s co mmon p lace an d h as n o s eries effects o n h umans, h ardware can b e an noyance. The primary preventive measure is to install water. The results are that the water has little if any soda taste and the formation of soap curd and mineral deposits are eliminated.

5. CONCLUSION The present s t udy, all al ong T hippaguntta drain at A utonagar and P rasadampadu areas , determination of physical an d ch emical ch aracteristics a re es sential f or as sessing t h e p ollution o f g roundwater because ground water is the only source exploited by the people through number of shallow tube-wells and open- dug w ells f or d rinking, h ousehold u se, an d i n dustrial p urposes. T he d ata r evealed t hat al most al l the physical an d ch emical p arameters are w ithin t he m aximum d esirable l imits o f S tandards, except at Johnson’s p vt. L td i n dustry. T he d ata r ev eals t h at t h e h igher concentrations are d ue t o ad dition of large quantities o f efflu ents t o t h e d rain d ue t o m ovement o f i n dustrial efflu ents f rom Autonagar, agricultural and other anthropogenic wastes in and around Prasadampadu and Autonagar areas. Therefore the regular monitoring of the quality of water should be undertaken temporally and spatially to identify the source of toxic pollutants and other chemicals, which affects the quality of water in and around Prasadampadu and Autonagar. The treatment methods for reduction of various chemical parameters of groundwater also have been mentioned.the groundwater quality of studied water wells or bore wells in parts of investigated area has n o t h reat t o h uman co nsumptions p rotecting t h e g roundwater r es ources i n t h e s tudy area w ill b e a formidable challenge in future.

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