DOCSLIB.ORG

A Three-Phase Delta Switch Rectifier for More Electric Aircraft

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Three-Phase Delta Switch Rectifier for More Electric Aircraft A Three-Phase Delta Switch Rectifier for More Electric Aircraft Applications Employing a Novel PWM Current Control Concept M. Hartmann, J. Miniboeck and J. W. Kolar Power Electronic Systems Laboratory Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland Email: [email protected] Abstract— In the course of the More Electric Aircraft program DF+ active three-phase rectifiers in the power range of 5 kW are required. Vo / 2 DN+ A comparison with other rectifier topologies shows that the three- S1+ phase ∆-switch rectifier (comprising three ∆-connected bidirectional switches) is well suited for this application. The system is analyzed D S1 using space vector calculus and a novel PWM current controller N concept is presented, where all three phases are controlled simultane- Vo / 2 ously; the analysis shows that the proposed concept yields optimized DF switching sequences. To facilitate the rectifier design, analytical relationships for calculating the power components average and rms L1 current ratings are derived. Furthermore, a laboratory prototype with an output power of 5 kW is realized. Measurements taken EMCinputfilter from this prototype confirm the operation of the proposed current controller. Finally, initial EMI-measurements of the system are also V1 V2 V3 presented. (a) I. INTRODUCTION In modern aircraft the trend is to replace hydraulically driven D1p actuators for flight control surfaces, such as rudder and aileron, V L1 1 vr1 by Electro Hydrostatic Actuators (EHA) in order to implement S12 V L2 the “More Electric Aircraft” concept (MEA) [1]-[3]. The EHA 2 vr2 S23 Vo units are connected to the aircraft power system by three-phase V L3 v 3 r3 S rectifiers with typical specifications as listed in TABLE I. The 31 EMCinputfilter D MEA-concept in general calls for a reduction in the size and 1n weight of the electrical systems. A major issue is the weight (b) reduction of the power generation system by eliminating the generator gearbox, which however will result in a variable mains Fig. 1: Active three-phase rectifiers suitable for aircraft applications; (a) three-level 6-switch Vienna-type rectifier and (b) two-level ∆-switch rectifier. frequency of 360 Hz. 800 Hz. Additional, the electronic systems must have very high reliability, i.e. the loss of one phase must tion losses since there are always two semiconductors connected not result in an outage of the rectifier system. Furthermore, the in series per phase. Two-level three-phase rectifier topologies may loads are not allowed to feed back energy into the mains and show better efficiencies but suffer from higher semiconductor therefore unidirectional rectifiers have to be used. Due to the voltage stress. very rigorous current harmonic limits of present airborne system standards, PWM-rectifiers with low THD of the input current and For the desired output voltage level of Vo = 400 VDC, high for a high total power factor are required. efficiency switches (CoolMOS) with a blocking voltage of 600 V In [4] it has been shown that the 6-switch three-level Vienna- and RDSon < 100 mΩ are commercially available. Hence, a type rectifier topology (cf. Fig. 1(a)) [5] is very well suited for reduction of the voltage stress, as given by three-level topologies aircraft applications. This topology’s main feature is a reduced like the Vienna-Rectifier concept, is not needed. Several two- semiconductor voltage stress, especially of importance for high level three-phase rectifier topologies are presented in the literature output voltage levels. However, the trade-off is increased conduc- and a comparative study can be found in [6]-[7]. The application of a standard six-switch PWM-rectifier bridge is not favourable because of its bidirectional power flow behavior. Additional draw- TABLE I: Typical specifications of active three-phase rectifiers in aircraft appli- cations. backs are the reduced reliability because of possible shoot-through of a bridge leg, resulting in a short circuit of the DC-voltage, the VN,i 115 V ± 15% fin 360Hz ...800Hz high current levels of the semiconductors and the involvement of Vo 400 VDC the MOSFET body diode, causing a substantial limitation of the Po 5 kW . 10 kW switching frequency. In [9] a topology using either Y-connected or ∆-connected (cf. Fig. 1(b)) bidirectional switches on the AC-side Sij Sji i j (a) (b) Fig. 2: Possible realizations of a bidirectional (current), bipolar (voltage) switch using (a) two MOSFETs and (b) a MOSFET and a diode bridge. is presented. In general, the Y-connected realization shows higher conduction losses as compared to the ∆-connected alternative, since there are always two (bidirectional) switches connected in series. A short-circuit of the DC-voltage is not possible with both topologies. Fig. 2 shows two possibilities of realizing the bidirectional (current), bipolar (voltage) switches. The original Vienna-Rectifier topology uses the bidirectional switch shown in Fig. 3: Space vector diagram of the ∆-switch rectifier for the sector ϕN ∈ Fig. 2(b) instead of the two MOSFETs per phase-leg shown in [−30◦, +30◦]. Fig. 1(a). An elegant topology, which integrates the bidirectional switch of Fig. 2(b) into the diode bridge, is presented in [10]-[11]. calculated by However, the conduction losses of this realization are higher than 2 2π for the realization using two MOSFETs (Fig. 1(a)). Also, some 2 j 3 v = (vr1 + avr2 + a vr3) with a = e . (1) topologies using quasi tri-directional switches [12] or topologies r 3 operating in discontinuous conduction mode were presented [13]- The possible converter voltages vri are dependent on the state [14]. The topology using tri-directional switches increases the of the switches sij (sij = 1 denotes the turn-on state of system complexity and discontinuous-mode topologies cannot switch Sij ) and on the direction of the input phase currents fulfil the requirements on the total harmonic distortion. Due to iNi. Therefore, the available voltage space vectors change over ◦ its low complexity, low conduction losses and high reliability every 60 of the mains frequency. If (s12,s23,s31) describes the the ∆-switch rectifier topology seems to be an optimal choice different switching states, the resulting voltage space vectors for ◦ ◦ for realization of a rectifier for aerospace applications with the ϕN [ 30 , 30 ] (iN1 > 0, iN2 < 0, iN3 < 0) can be calculated requirements in TABLE I. as ∈ − 2 (000), (010) : v = V (2) Besides efficiency and power density, control issues also in- r1 3 o fluence the practical applicability of the circuit topology. Several 2 − ◦ (001) : v = V e j60 (3) possibilities for the control of three-phase rectifiers exist and a r2 3 o survey of these methods can be found in [15]. A control method 2 ◦ (100) : v = V ej60 (4) based on low switching frequencies is given in [16] but cannot be r3 3 o used for the desired application because of the high AC current (011), (101), (110), (111) : vr4 = 0 (5) harmonics. A hysteresis controller as shown in [17] would be an easy way to control the rectifier system, but its varying switching (cf. Fig. 3). frequency may increase the effort of EMI-filtering. A controller Only states (000), (001), (010) and (100) show a non-zero using the one-cycle control method is presented in [18], but there magnitude and the voltage space vector of (010) is equal to the ◦ the controller structure has to be changed over every 60◦ and space vector for state (000). In each 60 -sector there is a redun- the input current control is always limited to 2 phases. In [19]- dancy of the (000)-vector and therefore only 4 different voltage [20] a PWM-control method for the rectifier system is proposed, space vectors can be generated by the converter in each sector. however, no information was given about the exact switching These discrete voltage space vectors are used to approximate the sequence of the switches, which mainly influences the efficiency converter’s voltage reference vector of the rectifier system. ∗ ∗ v = V ejϕvr , ϕ = ω t (6) In this work a novel PWM-control method using triangular carrier r r vr N signals is presented where all three phases are controlled simulta- in the time average over the pulse-period. In conjunction with the b neously. The resulting optimal switching sequences are analyzed mains voltage system by application of space vector calculus. Additionally, the proposed jϕvN control method is able to handle a phase loss without changing vN = V N e (7) the controller structure. the voltage difference b ∗ ∗ di II. SYSTEM OPERATION v v = L N (8) N − r dt The three switches Sij (i, j 1, 2, 3 ) of Fig. 1(b) are used leads to the input current ∈ { } to generate sinusoidal input currents which are proportional to the ∗ ∗ jϕiN mains voltage. The discrete converter voltage space vector can be iN = IN e , (9) b N vNi sector LNi detection 3 i clamp Ni v ij Ni i Ni vNi pwmij i* v*rNi v*r,ij Ni sij KI() s & AC v*r,ji sji carriersignal 1 & DC pwmji clamping g* v e F() s o v*o vo Fig. 4: Structure of the proposed PWM-current controller. Signal paths being equal for different phases are shown by double lines. S12 Therefore, the idea is near at hand of controlling these ∆-related t vN1 L i N1 N1 currents. Unfortunately, this is not very convenient because of the S23 v L t N2 N2 iN2 S12 necessary clamping actions caused by the large number of redun- S S Vo 31 31 dant switching states. This can be avoided if the phase currents t vN3 LN3 i (000) (001) (101) N3 t iNi of the rectifier are controlled.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Switched-Capacitor Circuits
    Switched-Capacitor Circuits David Johns and Ken Martin University of Toronto ([email protected]) ([email protected]) University of Toronto 1 of 60 © D. Johns, K. Martin, 1997 Basic Building Blocks Opamps • Ideal opamps usually assumed. • Important non-idealities — dc gain: sets the accuracy of charge transfer, hence, transfer-function accuracy. — unity-gain freq, phase margin & slew-rate: sets the max clocking frequency. A general rule is that unity-gain freq should be 5 times (or more) higher than the clock-freq. — dc offset: Can create dc offset at output. Circuit techniques to combat this which also reduce 1/f noise. University of Toronto 2 of 60 © D. Johns, K. Martin, 1997 Basic Building Blocks Double-Poly Capacitors metal C1 metal poly1 Cp1 thin oxide bottom plate C1 poly2 Cp2 thick oxide C p1 Cp2 (substrate - ac ground) cross-section view equivalent circuit • Substantial parasitics with large bottom plate capacitance (20 percent of C1) • Also, metal-metal capacitors are used but have even larger parasitic capacitances. University of Toronto 3 of 60 © D. Johns, K. Martin, 1997 Basic Building Blocks Switches I I Symbol n-channel v1 v2 v1 v2 I transmission I I gate v1 v p-channel v 2 1 v2 I • Mosfet switches are good switches. — off-resistance near G: range — on-resistance in 100: to 5k: range (depends on transistor sizing) • However, have non-linear parasitic capacitances. University of Toronto 4 of 60 © D. Johns, K. Martin, 1997 Basic Building Blocks Non-Overlapping Clocks I1 T Von I I1 Voff n – 2 n – 1 n n + 1 tTe delay 1 I fs { --- delay V 2 T on I Voff 2 n – 32e n – 12e n + 12e tTe • Non-overlapping clocks — both clocks are never on at same time • Needed to ensure charge is not inadvertently lost.
    [Show full text]
  • Switched Capacitor Concepts & Circuits
    Switched Capacitor Concepts & Circuits Outline • Why Switched Capacitor circuits? – Historical Perspective – Basic Building Blocks • Switched Capacitors as Resistors • Switched Capacitor Integrators – Discrete time & charge transfer concepts – Parasitic insensitive circuits • Signal Flow Graphs • Switched Capacitor Filters – Comparison to Active RC filters – Advantages of Fully Differential filters • Switched Capacitor Gain Circuits • Reducing the Effects of Charge Injection • Tradeoff between Speed and Charge Injection Why Switched Capacitor Circuits? • Historical Perspective – As MOS processes came to the forefront in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the advantages of integrating analog blocks such as active filters on the same chip with digital logic became a driving force for inovation. – Integrating active filters using resistors and capacitors to acturately set time constants has always been difficult, because of large process variations (> +/- 30%) and the fact that resistors and capacitors don’t naturally match each other. – So, analog engineers turned to the building blocks native to MOS processes to build their circuits, switches & capacitors. Since time constants can be set by the ratio of capacitors, very accurate filter responses became possible using switched capacitor techniques Æ Mixed-Signal Design was born! Switched Capacitor Building Blocks • Capacitors: poly-poly, MiM, metal sandwich & finger caps • Switches: NMOS, PMOS, T-gate • Op Amps: at first all NMOS designs, now CMOS Non-Overlapping Clocks • Non-overlapping clocks are used to insure that one set of switches turns off before the next set turns on, so that charge only flows where intended. (“break before make”) • Note the notation used to indicate time based on clock periods: ... (n-1)T, (n-½)T, nT, (n+½)T, (n+1)T ..
    [Show full text]
  • Printed Circuit Board Mount Switches Shock Proof • Waterproof • Explosion
    shock proof • waterproof • explosion proof Printed Circuit Board Mount Switches These versatile switches are a great choice for many applications due to their small size and variety of connection styles. Although these switches are built to connect to a printed circuit board, they can also be retrotted for nearly any application by connecting wire leads. These switches can sense a pressure ranging from 6 inches of water all the way up to 65 PSI. For a frame of reference, a trumpet player blows 55 inches of water (or 2 PSI) on average, so these switches have a broad range. They can also be used to sense a vacuum ranging between 6 inches of water to 65 inches of water. Therefore, these miniature single pole and double pole switches are used as pressure, vacuum, or dierential pressure switches where moderate accuracy is sucient. Presair switches deliver critical benefits: CSPSSGA - PC Mount Switch SAFE: Presair switches deliver complete electrical isolation with zero voltage at the actuator to shock the user or spark an explosion. 1”x1”x1.5” ECONOMICAL:Presair’s switching system costs are comparable or lower than digital controls meeting the needs of original equipment manufacturers. ACCURATE: All switches are 100% tested to meet 100,000+ cycle life. General Specification: RATING: 1 amp resistive 250 VAC Ratings are dependent on actuation pressure and must be derated at lower pressures. APPROVAL: UL Recognized, CUL Recognized. File #E80254 MATERIAL: Lower body: Rynite w/ pin terminals molded Upper body: Acetal Diaphram material is dependent on application. PRESSURE RANGE: When used as a pressure or vacuum switch the actuation point must be factory set.
    [Show full text]
  • A High Efficiency 0.13Μm CMOS Full Wave Active Rectifier With
    Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal ASTES Journal Vol. 2, No. 3, 1019-1025 (2017) ISSN: 2415-6698 www.astesj.com Special issue on Recent Advances in Engineering Systems A High Efficiency 0.13µm CMOS Full Wave Active Rectifier with Comparators for Implanted Medical Devices Joao˜ Ricardo de Castilho Louzada, Leonardo Breseghello Zoccal, Robson Luiz Moreno, Tales Cleber Pimenta Federal University of Itajuba,´ IEST, Itajuba´ - MG, Brazil ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT Article history: This paper presents a full wave active rectifier for biomedical implanted Received: 30 April, 2017 devices using a new comparator in order to reduce the rectifier Accepted: 29 June, 2017 transistors reverse current. The rectifier was designed in 0.13µm Online: 11 July, 2017 CMOS process and it can deliver 1.2Vdc for a minimum signal of Keywords: 1.3Vac. It achieves a power conversion e ciency of 92% at the Active Rectifier ffi 13.56MHz Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. CMOS Comparator Medical Devices 1 Introduction but it is unusable for circuits running on power sup- plies of 1V or less. Alternatively to the conventional This paper is an extension of work originally pre- diodes, Schottky diodes can be used, but the manu- sented in The 15th International Symposium on In- facturing process of low forward drop voltage can be tegrated Circuits, Sigapure, 2016 [1]. It presents some more expensive than the traditional processes [4] be- details not described in the original paper. This paper cause they might not be present in some regular pro- also brings new results obtained after a new calibra- cesses and require extra fabrication steps [5].
    [Show full text]
  • Switched-Capacitor Integrator
    EE247 Lecture 10 • Switched-capacitor filters (continued) – Switched-capacitor integrators • DDI & LDI integrators – Effect of parasitic capacitance – Bottom-plate integrator topology – Switched-capacitor resonators – Bandpass filters – Lowpass filters – Switched-capacitor filter design considerations • Termination implementation • Transmission zero implementation • Limitations imposed by non-idealities EECS 247 Lecture 10 Switched-Capacitor Filters © 2008 H. K. Page 1 Switched-Capacitor Integrator C φ φ I φ 1 2 1 Vin - φ 2 Cs Vo + T=1/fs C C φ I φ I 1 2 Vin Vin - - C C s s Vo Vo + + φ High φ 1 2 High Æ C Charged to Vin s ÆCharge transferred from Cs to CI EECS 247 Lecture 10 Switched-Capacitor Filters © 2008 H. K. Page 2 Switched-Capacitor Integrator Output Sampled on φ1 φ φ 1 2 Vin CI φ - 1 Cs Vo Vo1 + φ φ φ φ φ Clock 1 2 1 2 1 Vin VCs Vo Vo1 EECS 247 Lecture 10 Switched-Capacitor Filters © 2008 H. K. Page 3 Switched-Capacitor Integrator ( (n-1)T n-3/2)Ts s (n-1/2)Ts nTs (n+1/2)Ts (n+1)Ts φ φ φ φ φ Clock 1 2 1 2 1 Vin Vs Vo Vo1 Φ 1 Æ Qs [(n-1)Ts]= Cs Vi [(n-1)Ts] , QI [(n-1)Ts] = QI [(n-3/2)Ts] Φ 2 Æ Qs [(n-1/2) Ts] = 0 , QI [(n-1/2) Ts] = QI [(n-1) Ts] + Qs [(n-1) Ts] Φ 1 _Æ Qs [nTs ] = Cs Vi [nTs ] , QI [nTs ] = QI[(n-1) Ts ] + Qs [(n-1) Ts] Since Vo1= - QI /CI & Vi = Qs / Cs Æ CI Vo1(nTs) = CI Vo1 [(n-1) Ts ] -Cs Vi [(n-1) Ts ] EECS 247 Lecture 10 Switched-Capacitor Filters © 2008 H.
    [Show full text]
  • Practical Issues Designing Switched-Capacitor Circuit
    Practical Issues Designing Switched-Capacitor Circuit ECEN 622 (ESS) Fall 2011 Practical Issues Designing Switched-Capacitor Circuit Material partially prepared by Sang Wook Park and Shouli Yan ELEN 622 Fall 2011 1 / 27 Switched-Capacitor practical issues Practical Issues Designing Switched-Capacitor Circuit MOS switch G G S Cov Cox Cov D S D Ron o Excellent Roff o Non-idea Effect Charge injection, Clock feed-through Finite and nonlinear Ron ELEN 622 Fall 2011 2 / 27 Switched-Capacitor practical issues Practical Issues Designing Switched-Capacitor Circuit Charge Injection G Qch1 Qch2 C VS o During TR. is turned on, Qch is formed at channel surface Qch = WLC OX (VGS −Vth ) When TR. is off, Qch1 is absorbed by Vs, but Qch2 is injected to C o Charge injected through overlap capacitor o Appeared as an offset voltage error on C ELEN 622 Fall 2011 3 / 27 Switched-Capacitor practical issues Practical Issues Designing Switched-Capacitor Circuit Charge Injection Effect CLK Ideal sw. Vout MOS sw. 0.1pF 1V CLK o When clock changes from high to low, Qch2 is injected to C o Compared to ideal sw., MOS sw. creates voltage error on Vout ELEN 622 Fall 2011 4 / 27 Switched-Capacitor practical issues Practical Issues Designing Switched-Capacitor Circuit Decrease Charge Injection Effect (1) CLK Vout W/L = 1/0.4 0.1pF 1V W/L = 10/0.4 o Decrease the effect of Qch o Use either bigger C or small TR. (small ratio of Cox/C) o Increased Ron ELEN 622 Fall 2011 5 / 27 Switched-Capacitor practical issues Practical Issues Designing Switched-Capacitor Circuit Decrease Charge Injection Effect (2) CLK CLKb 10/0.4 3.1/0.4 Vout With dummy sw.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction How Circuit Protection Devices Work?
    Introduction Adding extra strain to any person or object can be a recipe for disaster. This is especially the case for electrical circuits. When they’re tasked with carrying more current than they were designed to handle, the added burden can lead to detrimental and dangerous circumstances. Not only could overloading your circuits damage or destroy your sensitive electronic equipment, but it could also generate extra heat in wires that weren’t meant to carry the load. If this happens, it can cause a fire in a matter of seconds. This is where an overcurrent protection device, such as a fused disconnect switch or a circuit breaker, comes in. Though they serve a similar purpose, these two components each have a unique design. Today, we’re sharing how they work and how to choose the right one for your project. Ready to learn more? Let’s dive in. How Circuit Protection Devices Work? The field of circuit protection technology is vast, designed to prevent circuits from risks associated with overvoltage, overcurrent, reverse-bias, electrostatic-discharge (ESD) and overtemperature events. Such risks include: • High-voltage transients • Capacitive coupling • Inductive kickback • Ground faults • High inrush currents From your smartphone battery to your steering wheel, these components are necessary to ensure safe and reliable electronics. While they all serve a valuable purpose, we’re delving deeper today into the specific field of overcurrent protection. Overcurrent protection devices are designed to disconnect or open a circuit quickly in the event that an overload or short-circuit occurs. This helps to mitigate any damage to the connected equipment and can also reduce the risk of electrical fires.
    [Show full text]
  • Power Sense Switch & Fan Control Thermostat
    Speed Controllers & Switches_8_DR_ref.qxd 6/11/2015 10:34 AM Page 17 POWER SENSE SWITCH & FAN CONTROL THERMOSTAT POWER SENSE SWITCH TYPE - VZ-IISNSE TECHNICAL DATA Switched Output Model Number Load Sense Range Max. Amps Enclosure Size, mm On = 2.5 - 15 amp VZ-ISNSE 5 153W x 110H x 60D Off = 0 - 1.5 amps SUGGESTED WIRING ARRANGEMENT The VZ-ISNSE is a 240V AC power sense switch that provides automatic on/off control of a fan or exhaust fan system. The unit detects the current of an appliance such as a clothes dryer, closing and opening the switched output 240V relay when the load sense range Switched Output parameters are met. Can be used with the VZ2-10TS, VZM0-28TS, VZ6-4PL or as a stand alone unit. In LED’s indicate when load is activated. 3-pin Socket Warning Not to be used with fans with EC motors Appliance or inverters. FAN CONTROL THERMOSTAT TECHNICAL DATA Model Temperature Maximum Number range Mounting Amps Dimensions, mm TFC6 5ºC to 30ºC Wall mountable 6.0 86W x 86H x 33D SELECTION TABLE The TFC6 is suitable for most 240-volt fans. The TFC6 can be set in two modes: Cool mode - will start the fan when the room temperature is higher than the set point. The Fantech Fan Control Thermostat has Heat mode - will start the fan when the room temperature is lower than the set point. been developed to control the operation of a 240-volt fan based on the setting made on the thermostat dial. It can be set to turn on a fan when the WIRING DIAGRAM room temperature is either higher or lower than the set point.
    [Show full text]
  • FSW Fuse-Switch-Disconnectors
    Motors | Automation | Energy | Transmission & Distribution | Coatings FSW Fuse-Switch-Disconnectors www.weg.net Fuse-Switch-Disconnectors The FSW Fuse-Switch-Disconnectors, developed according to International Standard IEC 60947-3 and bearing CE certification, are applied in electric circuits in general so as to provide the disconnection and protection against short circuits and overloads by means of NH blade contact fuses. In order to ensure a long lifespan, the FSW Fuse-Switch-Disconnectors are manufactured with reinforced thermoplastic materials and flame retardant. Additionaly, they feature contacts with silver coating, providing low power losses. Safety and Simplicity WEG switch-disconnector has several characteristics which aim at increasing security for operation and maintenance of the equipment, simplifying diagnoses and fuse replacement: g The switch-disconnector allows checking the state of the fuses through a transparent cover, besides featuring small openings which allow making electrical measurements without interrupting the operation. g As per IEC 60947-3, the switch-disconnector can perform the non- frequent opening under load. The FSW series has arc chambers for the extinction of the electric arc and disconnects all the phases together, ensuring full insulation between the load circuit and power supply. g In the opening of the switch-disconnector, the fuses remain fixed to the cover, preventing their drop or accidental contact between the energized parts. Furthermore, the cover is totally removable, allowing simple fuse replacement in a simple and safe area out of the electrical panel. g The switch-disconnectors also feature a built-in auxiliary contact in order to indicate when they are open or not properly closed.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermostats, Thermal Cutoffs & Fuses
    Temperature Controllers Bulb and Capillary Thermostats Thermostat Styles and Selection Construction Characteristics This type of control operates by expansion and contraction of causing the opening and closing of a snap-action switch. For heat- a liquid in response to temperature change. Liquid contained ing applications the contacts are normally closed and open on within the sensing bulb and capillary flexes a diaphragm, temperature rise. See Page 13-77 for typical wiring diagrams. Style A Style B Single-Pole Thermostat Bulb Double-Pole Thermostat ✴ General purpose ✴ Recommended for directly thermostat recommended Pilot Lamp controlling high wattage for most applications. (Optional on loads due to its Style B & ✴ Capable of controlling heavy duty contacts. C ONLY) loads from 120V/30A up ✴ Capable of controlling loads to 480V/20A Knob up to 30 Amps at 277 VAC and (Optional on 10 Amps at 480 VAC all Styles except F) Bezel Capillary (Optional on Style B & C ONLY Thermostat Electrical Ratings: Normally Closed Contacts, Open on Temperature Rise – Adjustable Stock Items Are Shown In RED Temp Ampacity at Bulb Bulb Capillary Thermostat Optional Thermostat Parts Instruction Control Range Line Voltage Dia. Length Length Part Sheet Type Style °F 120V 240V 277V 480V in in in Terminals Number Knob Bezel Pilot Lamp P/N 60–250 30 30 30 — 0.27 6.00 12 #10 screw TST-101-137 TST-104-103 n/a n/a IDP-119-102 60–250 30 30 30 — 0.38 4.63 48 #10 screw TST-101-131 TST-104-103 n/a n/a IDP-119-102 SPST A 70–245 30 30 15 15 0.25 5.50 12 #10 screw TST-101-130 Included
    [Show full text]
  • TCI-W-U Series Wall Mounted Controller IOM-525 Installation and Operation Manual Installation and Set up Overview
    TCI-W-U Series Wall Mounted Controller IOM-525 Installation and Operation Manual Installation and Set Up Overview Features......................................3 Duct Application............................4 Room Application...........................5 Wiring Schematics.....................6-12 Operation...............................13-14 Features Universal PID and/or binary control for any analog input/output signal and range. Multiple auxiliary functions: automatic enable, set point configuration Averaging, min and max functions Alarm monitoring of low and high limits Accuracy of +/- 2% RH Large Backlit display Displays Actual RH% and setpoint RH% Analog output displayed by a vertical bar Jumper selectable 0-10VDC or 4-20mA The Armstrong TCI-W-U controller can be used for either duct or room applications. 3 Duct Application The Armstrong D51772 is used in a duct application and includes the parts listed below: Armstrong Part number: D50390 (TCI-W-U Controller) Armstrong Part number: D50388 (SDC-H1 Transmitter) Please refer to your humidifiers IOM for proper placement of the D50388. (The D50388 will be referred to as a sensor in the IOM) The D50390 can be mounted in any location because the sensing of relative humidity is being done by the D50388. Max wire length from sensor to controller is 200 feet. 4 Room Application The Armstrong D51768 is a stand alone controller used in room applications, see below: Armstrong Part number: D51768 (TCI-W-U Controller) Please refer to your humidifiers IOM for mounting locations of the humidistat/controller as well as set up of the humidifier. This is only installation and set up for the controller. 5 Wiring Schematics HC6000 Series Humidifiers: Supply 2 24V Main Stat / Sensor In 6 A01 Modulating High Limit Sensor Armstrong 0-10 Vdc Stat Outdoor Temp.
    [Show full text]
  • Hexfet® Transistor Irhn9230
    Provisional Data Sheet No. PD-9.1445 REPETITIVE AVALANCHE AND dv/dt RATED IRHN9230 ® HEXFET TRANSISTOR P-CHANNEL RAD HARD -200 Volt, 0.8Ω, RAD HARD HEXFET Product Summary International Rectifier’s P-Channel RAD HARD technology Part Number BVDSS RDS(on) ID HEXFETs demonstrate excellent threshold voltage stability and breakdown voltage stability at total radiation doses as IRHN9230 -200V 0.8Ω -6.5A high as 105 Rads (Si). Under identical pre- and post-radiation test conditions, International Rectifier’s P-Channel RAD HARD HEXFETs retain identical electrical specifications up Features: to 1 x 105 Rads (Si) total dose. No compensation in gate 5 drive circuitry is required. In addition these devices are also n Radiation Hardened up to 1 x 10 Rads (Si) capable of surviving transient ionization pulses as high as n Single Event Burnout (SEB) Hardened 1 x 1012 Rads (Si)/Sec, and return to normal operation within a few microseconds. Single Event Effect (SEE) testing of n Single Event Gate Rupture (SEGR) Hardened International Rectifier P-Channel RAD HARD HEXFETs has n Gamma Dot (Flash X-Ray) Hardened demonstrated virtual immunity to SEE failure. Since the P-Channel RAD HARD process utilizes International n Neutron Tolerant Rectifier’s patented HEXFET technology, the user can expect n Identical Pre- and Post-Electrical Test Conditions the highest quality and reliability in the industry. n Repetitive Avalanche Rating P-Channel RAD HARD HEXFET transistors also feature all Dynamic dv/dt Rating of the well-established advantages of MOSFETs, such as n voltage control,very fast switching, ease of paralleling and n Simple Drive Requirements temperature stability of the electrical parameters.
    [Show full text]