Morgan Kane: a Nordic Western

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Morgan Kane: a Nordic Western Morgan Kane: A Nordic Western Karoline Aksnes Morgan Kane: A Nordic Western Avhandling for graden philosophiae doctor (ph.d.) Universitetet i Agder Fakultet for humaniora og pedagogikk 2018 Doktoravhandlingar ved Universitetet i Agder 198 ISSN: 1504-9272 ISBN: 978-82-7117-897-0 Karoline Aksnes, 2018 Trykk: 07 Media Oslo Acknowledgements This dissertation is the result of 3 years spent with Morgan Kane. During that time, I have learned much about Kane but perhaps even more about myself. And I have learned that writing a dissertation really is a process. In this process I have many people to thank. First, I would like to thank my supervisor Michael J. Prince for excellent supervision throughout this project. Thank you, Mike, for giving me tough deadlines AND ice cream breaks. I would also like to thank my co-supervisor Asbjørn Grønstad for all your help and feedback. I appreciate how you ask questions which makes me think about my material in new ways. And my English mentor Øyunn Hestetun – thank you for helping me develop an idea into a project-proposal, and for your continuous interest and encouragement throughout. Thank you, Marit Aamodt Nielsen, for all your help with proofreading, and for being my go-to person for good advice. Colleagues and friends at the University of Agder, thank you for making the university a good place to be. A particular nod to my people in “morra-kaffen,” on Knausen, on the quiz-team and in Major Laudals Vei. You are the best! I am also grateful to Institutt for fremmedspråk og oversettelse at the University of Agder for making this project possible. Last, but definitely not least, a warm appreciation goes to my family back home. Thank you for being my support system. Karoline Aksnes Kristiansand, June 2018 i ii Summary in Norwegian Denne oppgåva studerer Morgan Kane i frå ein (trans)kulturell ståstad. Morgan Kane- serien består av 83 bøker som er skrivne av den norske forfattaren Louis Masterson (født Kjell Hallbing, 1934-2004), og omhandlar den fiktive karakteren Morgan Kane sitt liv og lagnad i den Amerikanske Vesten. Denne oppgåva ser på Masterson sine westernbøker som nordiske versjonar av ein sjanger som originalt er tett tilknytt Amerika og den amerikanske kulturen. Som ei nordisk utgåve av ein amerikansk sjanger kryssar Masterson sin bok-serie både kulturelle og nasjonale grenser, og denne oppgåva set fokus på dette transkulturelle aspektet ved Morgan Kane. I dette prosjektet behandlar eg difor Morgan Kane serien som ein transkulturell tekst – det vil seie ein tekst som har nytta internasjonale litterære former og tilpassa dei til lokal kultur, språk, tradisjon og samfunnshøve. Eg ynskjer å illustrere korleis serien har nok til felles med den amerikanske sjanger-tradisjonen til å verta klassifisert som ein western, men at den samstundes har vore både påverka av og tilpassa ein norsk kontekst. Prosjektet er motivert av ei komande promotering av Masterson sin Morgan Kane i ein internasjonal (og då særskilt amerikansk) kontekst. Sett i lys av den forventa eksponeringa av den norsk-produserte westernhelten i western-sjangeren sitt heimland USA, finn eg det interessant å utforske kva som karakteriserer ein nordisk versjon av ein western. For å kunne diskutere ulike sider ved Morgan Kane serien sin hybride karakter, nyttar dette prosjektet teori frå ulike forskingsfelt. Akademisk og biografisk materiale om Masterson og Morgan Kane er supplert med teori innan kultur, populærkultur, transkulturasjon, western-sjangeren, mytologi om den Amerikanske Vesten og Nordisk Noir. Masterson sin Morgan Kane vert rekna som ei av dei fremste populærkulturelle fenomena i Noreg gjennom tidene, og har i så høve påverka norske førestillingar av Amerika. Det er difor interessant at den versjonen som Masterson sine western-bøker teiknar av amerikansk kulturell historie har vore opplevd som annleis enn den versjonen som Masterson sine lesarar var vand med gjennom importert western- underhaldning. Ved å inkorporere aukande grad av sosialrealisme i det som elles ter seg som tradisjonelle western-plot, har Masterson skapt ein særeigen stil som raskt har vorte hans varemerke. Det er verdt å merke seg at Morgan Kane-serien sin stil vart iii forma gradvis og i ei form for dialog mellom Masterson og lesarane hans. Vi kan difor seie at Norsk kultur, via Masterson sine lesarar, har spelt ei rolle i utviklinga av den særeigne stilen til Masterson sin nordiske western. I denne oppgåva ser eg på historia til Morgan Kane-serien og utviklinga til Masterson som populærkulturell forfattar. Eg ser på den transkulturelle konteksten Morgan Kane er skapt i, og syner at Masterson sin nordiske western er del av ein lang tradisjon av europeiske førestillingar om den Amerikanske Vesten. For å identifisere korleis Masterson sin nordiske western skil seg frå den amerikanske samanliknar eg utvalde Morgan Kane bøker opp i mot den amerikanske tradisjonen. Den amerikanske westernen definerer eg ut i frå karakteristiske kjenneteikn innan western-sjangeren, historiske mønster, samt studiar innan mytologien kring den Amerikanske Vesten og tilknytinga denne har til amerikansk nasjonal identitetskjensle. Den typiske amerikanske westernen vert så eksemplifisert gjennom eit representativt døme beståande av utvalde bøker av den amerikanske forfattaren Louis L’Amour. I ei komparativ litterær analyse mellom Masterson og L’Amour sine westernar, identifiserer eg særtrekk ved Morgan Kane-serien som skil seg ut frå (og stundom kontrasterer med) den klassiske amerikanske westernen. Gjennom arbeidet med dette prosjektet har eg oppdaga at dei aspekta ved Morgan Kane-serien som opplevast som annleis samanlikna med den amerikanske tradisjonen, har mykje til felles med sjanger-trekka til den forma for realisme som i dag vert kalla Nordisk Noir. Samanhengen er kanskje ikkje så overraskande med tanke på at den same nordiske konteksten som påverka stilen til Masterson sin Western også er opphavsstaden for den stilen som vert kalla Nordisk Noir. I denne oppgåva føreslår eg difor at dei trekka som Morgan Kane serien har til felles med Nordisk Noir er influerte av deira felles nordiske kontekst. Eg reknar, i så høve, desse aspekta for å vera dei nordiske aspekta ved Morgan Kane. iv Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... i Summary in Norwegian ............................................................................................................ iii 1 Introduction: A Nordic Western in the US ......................................................................... 1 2 Theory and the Story of how the Nordic Western came to be ............................................ 7 2.1 Morgan Kane as Popular Culture .............................................................................. 10 2.2 The American Western and American Cultural Identity ........................................... 29 2.3 The making of a Nordic Western – a Transcultural Story ......................................... 37 2.4 Morgan Kane and Nordic Noir .................................................................................. 48 3 Europe and the American Western ................................................................................... 51 4 Morgan Kane and the American Western: A comparison between Louis Masterson’s Morgan Kane and Louis L’Amour’s Barnabas Sackett ........................................................... 67 4.1 Masterson’s and L’Amour’s (re)presentation of the history of the American West . 72 4.2 Morgan Kane vs. the Progressive American Western Hero ...................................... 84 4.3 Morgan Kane vs. the Moralistic American Western Hero ........................................ 99 5 Conclusion: Transculturation going full circle ............................................................... 113 5.1 From American Frontier Myth to Nordic Noir ........................................................ 115 5.2 Morgan Kane from Scandinavia to American Popular Culture............................... 129 6 Bibliography: .................................................................................................................. 139 v vi 1 Introduction: A Nordic Western in the US “Most likely the first time in history that a Western novel goes from Norway to the English-speaking world.” Kjell Hallbing/Louis Masterson 19711 When William “Buffalo Bill” Cody toured Europe in the late 19th century, his Wild West show contributed to an exchange of cultural influences between Europe and the US which went both ways. Not only did Cody’s show impact the European audience’s image of the Wild West, but when Cody returned to the US it was with a show that had been colored by his European experiences. The encounter with a foreign audience made Cody increasingly conscious of his role as a promoter of the values of the Frontier Myth with its appreciation for self-reliance and heroism, its optimistic promise of liberty, individual freedom, mobility, democracy and extraordinary opportunities for riches to those who were adventurous and hardy. Performing outside of the US inspired Cody to further boost the lore about the American West, and to exaggerate the Wild West show’s already distinct prototypes and typifications of frontier history even further. As Richard Slotkin writes, “the appeal of the Wild West could only be enhanced by representing it as a kind of cultural embassy from the New World to the Old – an exhibition of all the exotic American types that had piqued
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