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Nordic Action on Climate Change Nordic Action on Climate Change 3Rd Edition

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Nordic Action on Climate Change Nordic Action on Climate Change 3Rd Edition Nordic action on climate change Nordic action on climate change 3rd Edition ISBN 978-92-893-4402-9 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-4403-6 (PDF) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/2015-793 ANP 2015:793 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2015 Layout: Erling Lynder Texts : Fran Weaver Cover photo: Anne Sofie Bender, Nikolaj Bock, Hugi Ólafsson, Sigurður Ólafsson and Miljöförvaltningen Malmö Print: Rosendahls-Schultz Grafisk Copies: 600 www.norden.org/en/publications Printed in Denmark This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recommendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers. Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an important role in European and inter- national collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic Nordic Council of Ministers community in a strong Europe. Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional Phone (+45) 3396 0200 interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of www.norden.org the world’s most innovative and competitive. Nordic action on climate change Foreword 5 Progressive policies to combat climate change 6 DENMARK – World leader in wind power 10 FINLAND – Building a bioeconomy 12 GREENLAND, THE FAROE ISLANDS and arctic issues 14 ICELAND – Utilising rich reserves of renewable energy 16 NORWAY – Committed to global action 18 SWEDEN – Investing in Climate Action and Jobs 20 Joint Nordic actions 22 Key Nordic organisations and initiatives 27 PHOTO: SIGNELEMENTS Nordic vital statistics Nordic action on climate change Greenhouse gas Net GG Renewable emissions, emissions/ energy as % Human Mt CO2e, excl. removals of total Population GDP per capita Development LULUCF 2012 from LULUCF, energy 2015 2014 Index 2014 (with 1990 figs.) Mt CO2e 2012 supply 2013 Denmark 5.7 million €45,600 0.90 51.6 (68.7) -0.8 27.2% Finland 5.5 million €37,400 0.88 61.0 (70.3) -25.9 36.8% Greenland 56,000 €32,3001 0.793 0.82 (0.7) 0.0 14.2% Iceland 329,000 €39,500 0.90 4.42 (3.5) +0.7 85.8%2 Norway 5.2 million €73,400 0.94 53.42 (50.4) -26.7 65.5% Sweden 9.7 million €44,300 0.90 57.6 (72.7) -35.4 52.1% Mt CO2e = million tonnes CO2 equivalent LULUCF = Land use, land use change and forestry The 26 million inhabitants of the 1: 2013 2: 2011 3: 2010 Nordic region enjoy high living standards. Their governments are working concertedly to preserve and enhance Nordic economic well-being while radically reducing the region’s greenhouse gas emissions. 4 Foreword The latest report of the UN Inter- objectives through integrated policies contributing to economic governmental Panel on Climate responses. A growing body of growth and job creation as well Change (IPCC) clearly shows evidence indicates that effective as environmental improvements. that to limit average global mitigation actions can also The Nordic countries successfully warming to below 2°C relative to improve economic performance, demonstrate how ambitious pre-industrial levels emissions spur investment, create jobs and climate change mitigation of greenhouse gases must be have positive impacts in other targets and policies can be substantially reduced over the areas such as health and energy combined with high levels of next few decades, and decline to security in all types of economies. human development. a level of near zero by the end of the century. This booklet presents actions We hope that our experiences taken by the Nordic countries to will encourage others to instigate The IPCC report also highlights speed the transition to a sustain- ambitious climate actions and opportunities to combine climate able low-carbon society. It shows realise opportunities to achieve change mitigation, adaptation how sustainable development green, climate-resilient growth and the pursuit of other societal is possible, with strong climate around the world. Peer Stiansen Chair of the Nordic Working Group for Global Climate Negotiations (NOAK) 5 Progressive policies to combat climate change Nordic action on climate change The Nordic countries’ forward- Decoupling environmental pressures and economic growth looking climate and energy poli- cies have been designed on the 1995=100 The Nordic Region basis that well-planned efforts 150 to reduce greenhouse gas emis- 140 sions can mitigate climate change 130 120 while also promoting sustainable + 45% economic growth and employment. 110 This decoupling of emissions from 100 90 economic growth has already – 17% begun in the Nordic region. Fossil 80 70 greenhouse gas emissions across the region were successfully 2011 2010 2012 1995 1997 2007 2002 2005 2003 1998 2001 1996 1999 2009 2004 2008 2006 reduced by 9% between 1990 and 2000 2011, while total Nordic GDP rose GDP Greenhouse gas emissions by 55% over the same period. Energy efficiency – a hot These factors have long made The urgent need to reduce the issue in the cold north energy efficiency a crucial use of fossil fuels has com- Energy consumption and issue. When it comes to heating pounded efforts to improve the greenhouse gas emission rates Nordic homes, innovations energy efficiency of industrial per capita are relatively high by including low-energy con- processes, buildings and global standards in the Nordic struction and district heating transportation. At the same region, due to factors including systems have cut annual carbon time all of the Nordic countries the long, cold winters, long dioxide emissions from house- run wide-ranging clean energy transportation distances in hold heating systems to just research programmes, and sparsely populated regions, 0.2 tonnes of CO2 per capita, Nordic governments support high levels of material con- compared to an average of 0.8 industrial investments in sumption, and the prevalence tonnes for OECD Europe. energy-saving and low-carbon of energy-intensive industries. technologies. 6 Social acceptability for are well aware of the related are instead supported through green policies environmental issues, and mu- social welfare policies that en- In addition to mitigating cli- nicipalities are widely striving to able them to meet their heating mate change, promoting local promote green energy by setting needs, while preserving incen- renewable energy sources also their own targets and launching tives that encourage everyone enhances energy security and local initiatives. to use less energy. The use of reduces import dependency. fossil fuels such as heating oil Policies with such goals have The Nordic countries apply is declining, while biofuels, Nordic action on climate change gained widespread social few energy subsidies, even for heat pumps and other greener acceptance. Nordic citizens low-income households, who alternatives are on the rise. Today a third of the energy used Making the most of renewable sources even when they are not the across the region is renewable, assets cheapest option in the short term. and half is fossil-carbon-free. The Nordic countries are variously The Nordic countries’ advanced Ambitious emission reduction tar- blessed with plentiful renewable cross-border electricity market faci- gets have also been set for future energy resources including hydro- litates the greater use of renewable decades, with each country defin- power, wind power, geothermal energy, since fluctuations in produc- ing ambitious targets and visions energy and forest biomass. Each tion often even out between regions, for 2050 (see table, page 8). country is striving to make the and can be balanced by flexible most of the renewable resources hydropower production. The Nordic countries are already available locally. making good progress in the The Nordic countries have historical- transition towards a more sustain- In 2011 these energy sources ly pioneered energy and carbon tax- able low-carbon society. Many accounted for about 65% of the es, providing further incentives to successful Nordic climate policies region’s electricity generation save energy and switch to renewable and practical projects could be and more than 30% of total ener- sources. Taxes on energy and fossil beneficially adapted for applica- gy consumption. This is largely fuels generally remain significantly tion in other regions, including due to the widespread use of hy- higher in the Nordic region than example actions highlighted in dropower in Norway and Sweden, elsewhere in Europe. this booklet. and the effective use of biomass in combined heat and power National targets for reducing The Nordic countries are also plants in Finland and Sweden. greenhouse gas emissions have working actively to foster an am- Meanwhile Denmark has the high- been defined across the region bitious, binding agreement under est share of wind power in the together with related action plans the UNFCCC, and to promote glob- world, and Iceland is blessed with and initiatives. Individual countries’ al action and increased coopera- abundant geothermal energy. emission reduction targets for 2020 tion through other international vary between 15% and 40% of 1990 climate policy forums. National policies have favoured benchmark figures. Each country the use of renewable energy has also mapped out far-sighted 7 policies designed to work towards residues have increasingly been expected to boom as other regions a shared Nordic vision for the used as an energy source in the seek ways to respond to the global decarbonisation of energy systems Nordic countries in recent times, climate challenge. by 2050. particularly in efficient combined heat and power systems. Biogas is The Nordic countries have resolved Progress towards these targets increasingly being produced from to promote the spread of climate- is carefully monitored at national agricultural residues and organic friendly best available techniques.
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