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Optimisation Perspectives in the Åland Energy Market Due to the Increase of Renewable Energies

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Optimisation Perspectives in the Åland Energy Market Due to the Increase of Renewable Energies Different Optimisation Perspectives in the Åland Energy Market due to the Increase of Renewable Energies Master Thesis | Julia Marie Leichthammer, B.Sc. | 1635597 | Business Engineering with the technical field of studies Electrical Engineering and Information Technology | Specifications in Finance & Project Management as well as Electrical Power Engineering | Submission date: 1. November 2016 TU Darmstadt | Department of Law and Economics | Institute of Corporate Finance | Prof. Dr. Dirk Schiereck TU Darmstadt | Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology | Institute of Electrical Power Supply with Integration of Renewable Energies | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jutta Hanson | Tim Plößer, M.Sc. ABB Oy | Strömbergintie 1B, 00381 Helsinki, Finland | Discrete Automation and Motion Division | Business Unit Motors and Generators | Teijo Kärnä List of Contents List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................... III List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................... IV Personal Declaration........................................................................................................................... VI List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... VII 1 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Facts and Data about the Market in Åland with a Focus on the Energy Sector ........................ 3 2.2 Definition of the Term Smart Grid .......................................................................................... 7 2.3 Considerations for a Smart Grid in Åland ............................................................................... 9 2.4 Directly and Indirectly Involved Parties of the Åland Smart Energy Platform ........................ 11 2.4.1 Åland Government ........................................................................................................ 11 2.4.2 ÅTEC ............................................................................................................................. 12 2.4.3 TSO Kraftnät Åland AB .................................................................................................. 12 2.4.4 DSO Mariehamns Elnät AB ............................................................................................ 13 2.4.5 DSO Åland Elandelslag (ÅEA) ....................................................................................... 13 2.4.6 Energy Producer Mariehamns Energi AB ....................................................................... 13 2.4.7 Electricity Producer Allwinds AB ................................................................................... 13 2.4.8 Finnish TSO Fingrid Oy ................................................................................................. 14 2.4.9 Finnish DSO Caruna Oy................................................................................................. 14 2.4.10 Swedish DSO Vattenfall AB ........................................................................................... 14 2.4.11 Swedish TSO Svenska Kraftnät AB ................................................................................ 14 2.4.12 ABB Oy ......................................................................................................................... 15 3 Technical Analysis of the Åland Grid and Identifying Future Challenges ...................................... 16 3.1 Current Situation in Åland and Developments ...................................................................... 18 3.1.1 Generation .................................................................................................................... 18 3.1.1.1 Wind Power in Åland ............................................................................................. 18 3.1.1.2 Biomass Power in Åland ......................................................................................... 22 3.1.1.3 Solar Power in Åland .............................................................................................. 23 3.1.1.4 Fossil Power in Åland ............................................................................................. 23 3.1.2 Transmission ................................................................................................................. 23 3.1.3 Distribution ................................................................................................................... 24 3.2 Load Curves and Balance Challenges .................................................................................... 26 3.3 Metering .............................................................................................................................. 30 4 Economic Analysis of the Åland Energy Market and Market Opportunities................................... 33 4.1 Networks and Authorities ..................................................................................................... 33 4.1.1 Nordel ........................................................................................................................... 33 Julia Marie Leichthammer | Master Thesis | List of Contents I 4.1.2 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) ........... 33 4.1.3 NordREG ....................................................................................................................... 36 4.1.4 Nordic Council .............................................................................................................. 37 4.1.5 The Åland Energy Authority .......................................................................................... 38 4.2 The Legal Framework and the Political Agenda .................................................................... 38 4.2.1 Åland Electricity Laws ................................................................................................... 38 4.2.2 Finnish Energy and Climate Roadmap 2050 .................................................................. 39 4.2.3 Nordic Grid Code .......................................................................................................... 41 4.2.4 Network Access Conditions for Cross-Border Exchanges ................................................ 42 4.2.5 Network Code on Electricity Balancing .......................................................................... 43 4.2.6 Network Code on Demand Connection .......................................................................... 43 4.3 Financing ............................................................................................................................. 43 4.3.1 Internal Equity Financing .............................................................................................. 44 4.3.2 External Equity Financing.............................................................................................. 44 4.3.3 Internal Debt Financing ................................................................................................. 44 4.3.4 External Debt Financing ................................................................................................ 45 4.3.5 Project Finance .............................................................................................................. 45 4.3.6 Mankala Company ........................................................................................................ 45 4.3.7 GO2 ............................................................................................................................... 46 4.4 Energy Exchange at Nord Pool ............................................................................................. 47 4.5 Different Tariff Models ......................................................................................................... 57 4.6 Collecting Data ..................................................................................................................... 58 5 Grid Modernisation Needs and Recommendations for a Åland Smart Grid ................................... 60 5.1 Smart Meter and Smart Home .............................................................................................. 60 5.2 Future Generation and Reserve Power .................................................................................. 61 5.3 Updating Old Wind Turbines ................................................................................................ 64 5.4 Combined-Heat-Power ......................................................................................................... 64 5.5 Energy Storage ..................................................................................................................... 65 5.6 E-Vehicles and Solar Panels .................................................................................................. 66 5.7 Virtual Power Plant .............................................................................................................. 67 6 Proposal for a New Market Model for Åland ...............................................................................
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