Glossary of Defined Terms

Glossary of Defned Terms

Ambiactive Processes and systems which simultaneously stimulate and suppress rates and sensitivities. Ambidextrous Able to use both hands equally well, that is, equally capable to perform complementary activities. Ambimodal Processes and systems which produce multiple outcome states, including diferent types of agentic modality. Ambiopic Processes and systems which combine nearsighted myopia and farsighted hyperopia. Augmented Signifcantly assisted by technologies and especially digital technologies. Compositive Methods or models which are composed and customized to suit diferent contexts and problems. Digitalization Te transformation of goal-directed processes through the appli- cation of digital technologies. Discontinuous Processes and systems with diferent levels which have signif- cant gaps between them. Dyssynchronous Processes and systems which cycle at diferent rates and are poorly synchronized. Entrogenous Mediators of in-betweenness, whereby systems develop and trans- form boundaries. Hyperactive Abnormally or extremely active.

Hyperheuristic Simplifed means of selecting sets of related models or metamodels. Hyperopic Farsighted expansive processes, especially in sampling and search, the opposite of myopia. Hyperparameter Fundamental characteristics or attributes of metamodels, including their broad categories, relations, and mechanisms. Hypersensitive Abnormally or extremely sensitive. Maximize To partially rank order a set, and then choose a member of which is no worse any other members, given some evaluation criteria. Metaheuristic Simplifed means of selecting sets of related heuristics or models. Metamodel Te common features of a family or related set of models. Optimize To fully rank order a set, and then choose the member which ranks above all others. Index

A See also Artifcial agency; Augmented Adaptation agency; Human agency cultural, 160 Agentic functioning by design, 241 activation mechanisms of, 47–51 personality and, 15–18, 78–81 combinatorics of, 5, 272–273 rates of, 12 complexity of, 31 (see also science of augmented agency Discontinuous processing) and, 279–280 divergence of, 30 technological innovation modalities of, 31 (see also and, 12–13 Ambimodality) Adaptive ranges of, 31 (see also Ambiopia) aspirations, 201, 205 rates of, 31 (see also expectations, 205 Dyssynchronous processing) feedback, 231, 240 sensitivities of, 31 (see also ftness, 13, 92, 204 Ambiactivity) learning, 236, 237 upregulation and Afective computing, 11, 140, 144, downregulation of, 78 151, 161 Agentic metamodels Agency digitalized generative, 45–48 modal dilemmas of, 84–85 modern adaptive, 44–45 technology and, 29 premodern replicative, 40 types of, 6 problematics of, 57

Aggregation Annals School, 286 alternative explanation of, 80 Anthropomorphism, 29, 70, 283 of choice, 81 Aristotle (384-322 BCE), 55, collective agents and, 76 227, 285 mechanisms of, 93–95 Artifcial agency Ambiactivity autonomy and, 10, 51 defnition of, 175–176 capabilities of, 45, 225, 230–232 evaluation of performance compression of, 82 and, 209 defnition of, 6 learning and, 225–226, 230–232 diferent levels of, 9, 58, 63–65 potential benefts of, 233 empathic capabilities of, 126 self-regulation and, 175 metamodels of, 59 Ambidexterity over-processing by, 112 self-generation and, 253, 260 Artifcial empathy, 140 Ambiguity, 289 See also Afective computing empathy and, 157 Artifcial intelligence entrogeneity and, 51–52 biases and, 30 of learning, 214, 226, 233 capabiities of, 23 positional, 145 compositive methods and, 24, 46 Ambimodality metamodels of, 58–61 artifcial compression and, 82 mind-body problem and, 11, 68 defnition of, 85 risks of, 241 functional, 277 (see also Bounded Artifcial personality, 11, 48, 68, rationality) 140, 151, 232 high ambimodality, 87–91 Augmented agency low ambimodality, 86–89 defnition of, 6 (see also self-regulation and, 191–192 Human-machine) Ambiopia dilemmas of, 65–66, defnition of, 117 (see also 253–254, 273–274 Hyperopia) humanization of, 29 highly ambiopic metamodels, 119 metamodels of, 45–48 moderately ambiopic Autonomous vehicles metamodels, 103–104 collaborative supervision of, non-ambiopic 9, 29, 46 metamodels, 123–125 evaluation of performance problem solving and, 115–118 and, 214 Ambivalence, 289 learning and, 241 learning and, 233–234 self-regulation and, 180, 181, 188 Index 299

Autonomy machine learning and, augmented learning and, 242 108, 141–142 collectivity and, 265 persistence of, 6, 141, 158, 160 Enlightenment and, 75, 91, 228 reinforcement of, 65, 142 evaluation of performance Bloch, Marc (1886-1944), 286 and, 220 Bounded rationality modernity and, 44, 58, 139 collective agents and, 93 risks for, 84, 89, 160, 193, 263 digitalization and, 21, 128–129 self-generation and, 247 See also Satisfcing self-regulation and, 169 Braudel, Fernand (1902-1985), 286 Bruner, Jerome (1915-2016), 143, 161, 228 B Bandura, Albert digitalization of agency, 11, C 173, 194 Capabilities psychology of agency, 15, 169, digitalization of, 14 201, 228 human-artifcial divergence, Behavioral theories 31, 56, 65 adaptive aspirations and, 205 limitations of, 2, 4, 19–20, 103 of decision making, 69, 128–129 Chomsky, Noam, 16, 21, 228 of economics, 106, 147 Clinical medicine empathicing and, 144 augmentation of, 64 future of, 129, 279–280 expert systems and, 21 of organizations, 81, 93 self-generation and, 251 Behavior-performance self-regulation and, 172 agentic metamodels and, 41–49 Cognitive-afective processing augmentation of, 21 agentic metamodels and, 41–49 evaluation of, 199–200 augmentation of, 21 limited capabilities of, 19 limited capabilities of, 19 personality and, 11 personality and, 11 Bias Cognitive empathicing artifcial intelligence and, 10 collective mind and, 147 augmented risk of, 25, 27, defnition of, 146 (see also 49, 64, 234 Satisfcing) behavioral theories and, 19, 104 heuristics and, 150 confrmation, 233 potential divergence of, learning and, 226 151–152, 158–159 300 Index

Cognitive empathy Compositive methods ambiopic, 141–142 defnition of, 23–24 digitalization of, 151–152 science of augmented agency and, justice and, 148 278, 287–289 limited capabilities of, 141–142 self-generation and, 258 mentalization and, 144–146 Consciousness metamodels of, 149–150 limits of, 23, 29, 106, 145 modernity and, 139–140 role of, 28–29, 43 Collective agents science of augmented agency ambimodality of, 192 and, 282–284 culture and, 131 Construal Level Teory, 130 digitalization and, 14 Contextual empathy and trust, 147 human sciences and, 15–18 evaluation of performance and, performance evaluation 200, 204–205 criteria, 204 historical models of, 40, 42, 178 personality, 15 learning and, 230–231 problem solving, 124 metamodels of, 86–89 Contextual learning origins of, 76–79 science of augmented agency and, self-generation and, 247, 264 276, 290 self-regulation and, 189 self-regulation and, 191 Collective choice Culture aggregation of, 81, 94 augmented humanity and, augmented risks for, 219 4, 265 behavioral theories of, 129 cognitive empathy and, 145, 150 microeconomics and, 106 collective agents and, 12, 18, 76, science of augmented agency 131, 201 and, 285 commitments and, 127, 284 Collective mind indigenous peoples, 287 augmented risks for, 143 institutions and, 104 cognitive empathicing and, 147 norms of, 79, 252 culture and, 12 self-generation and, 247–248 empathy and, 145 self-regulation and, 182 Commitments defnition of, 13 future science and, 284–286 D importance of, 70, 127, 284 Darwin, Charles (1809-1882), 43 referential, 42, 44 Deep learning, 24, 218, 241 Index 301

Descartes, Rene ambimodality and, 95 (1596-1650), 28, 139 ambiopic problem solving Digital assistants, 5, 11, 140, 173 and, 115–118 Digital divide, 12 defnition of, 55 Digitalization evaluation of performance economic development and, 252 and, 218 generative agentic metamodel science of augmented agency and, and, 45–48 273, 288–289 historical period of, 5, 10–12 three main types of, 50–51 period of, 45–47 Epistemology problematics of, 269, 279 behavior and, 20 risks of, 6 commitments, 67, 160 Discontinuous processing contextual, 17 evaluation of performance, 207 of science of augmented learning schemes, 232–234 agency, 275 self-regulatory schemes, 174 Ethics See also Ambiactivity cognitive empathy and, 94 Dyssynchronous processing commitments, 20, 67, 160 learning rates, 232–234 contextual, 17 performance evaluation rates, 208 future science and, 285 self-regulatory rates, 174 moral disengagement See also Ambiactivity risk, 190–191 theories of justice, 148 Eudaimonia, 69 E future science and, 285 Economics Evaluation of performance behavioral theories of, 129 agentic metamodels and, 41–49 classical theories of, 105, 146 augmentation of, 21 cognitive empathy and, 140 collectivity and, 218–219 eudaimonia and, 69 criteria of, 205 evaluation of performance and, 203 diferent rates of, 207 fourishing and, 107 digitalization of, future science and, 285 201–202, 206–209 of welfare, 81 downregulation of, 211–213 Engels, Friedrich (1820-1895), 77 metamodels of, 210–211 Entrogenous mediation personality and, 218–219 ambiactive learning and, 232–234 sensitivity to variance ambiactive self-regulation and, 206–207 and, 182–183 upregulation of, 213–216 302 Index

F G False consciousness, 149 Gardner, Howard, 228 Feedback Generative Adversarial adaptive, 26 Networks (GANs) augmentation of, 21 hyperparameters of, 28 divergent rates of, 175 science of augmented agency evaluation of performance and, and, 278 199, 218 self-generation of, 24–26 insensitivity to, 240 semi-supervised versions of, 232 inter-cyclical, 45, 226 Generativity learning updates and, 225, 227 artifcial agents and, 10–11 mechanisms of, 42 augmented metamodels, self-regulation and, 173 45–49, 59–61 Feedforward of augmented learning, 235–239 augmentation of, 21, 46, 50 commitments and, 284–286 consciousness and, 49, 240 entrogenous mediation and, 55–56 entrogenous mediation human agency and, 247–249 and, 85, 130 human sciences and, 15–17 evaluation of performance and, Giddens, Anthony, 287 199, 218 Goodman, Nelson (1906-1998), 264 intra-cyclical, 26, 48 learning rates and, 19, 225 organizational learning and, 231 H self-regulation and, 173 Hayek, Friedrich Flourishing (1899-1992), 24, 289 deprivation and, 251, 254 Hedonic, 68 economics of, 107 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich feasibility of, 69 (1770-1831), 61 future science and, 284 Heraclitus (?500 BCE), 55 self-generation and, 262 Heuristics Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939), 77 algorithmic, 25, 27, 112–114 Functional divergence cognitive empathy and, 145 in learning, 240–241 cognitive limits and, 19 science of augmented agency evaluation of performance and, 273 and, 206 upregulation and fast and frugal, 26, 104, 110 downregulation, 94, 210 representational, 105 See also Agentic functioning self-regulation and, 172 Index 303

Higgins, E. Tory, 68, 170, 194 In-betweenness History augmented mediation of, 50–56 acceleration of, 286–287 (see also Entrogenous contingency of, 3 mediation) periods of, 2–4 Heraclitus and, 55 science of augmented agency Institutions and, 286–287 ambimodality and, 95 Hobbes, Tomas (1588-1679), 178 felds, 22 Homo economicus, 105 historical change and, 270 Human agency risks of digitalization, 14 contextuality of, 15–18 Intuition defnition of, 6 empathy and, 144, 157 learning capabilities of, 226 self-generation and, 261 modalities of, 75–77 suppression of, 143, 158–160 modern problematics of, 14 Irrationality sluggishness of, 83 perception of, 143 (see also Human-machine Cognitive empathicing) collaboration, 6 divergence of functioning, 49, 57 Hyperheuristics J algorithms and, 116 James, William (1842-1910), 78 problem solving and, 112 Hyperopia cognitive empathy and, 142 K defnition of, 114 Kahneman, Daniel, 68 dilemmas of, 115–116 Kant, Immanuel problem solving and, 116–118 (1724-1804), 14, 67 Hyperparameters Kempis, Tomas à (1380-1471), 40 of agentic modality, 76–77 Kuhn, Tomas (1922-1996), 286 defnition of, 21 hyperheuristics and, 25 of science of augmented L agency, 275 Latour, Bruno, 3, 24 visibility of, 27 Learning ambiacitivity of, 232–234 ambiguous and ambivalent, 237 I highly ambiactive Idealization, 20, 67 metamodels, 235–238 Imitation of Christ, Te, 40 individuals and, 228–229 304 Index

Learning (cont.) problem solving and, 144–145 limited capabilities of, 229 See also Cognitive empathy lowly ambiactive Metaheuristics, 26 metamodels, 235–236 in problem solving, 112 new problematics of, 242 Metamodels organizations and, 230–231 of agency, 22, 56 (see also Agentic superstitious, 234, 241 metamodels) theories of, 227–228 defnition of, 21 Levinthal, Daniel, 105 of learning, 235–238 Levi-Strauss, Claude supervision of, 31, 62–65 (1908-2009), 205 Methods Locke, John (1632-1704), 227 compositive, 23–24 Luther, Martin (1483-1546), 40 science of augmented agency and, 280, 287–289 scientifc, 106–107 M Microeconomics Machine learning aggregation and, 94 bias and, 27, 108, 122, 141 classical theory of, 105 supervision of, 27 Mischel, Walter (1930-2018), 41, March, James (1928-2018), 76, 79, 203, 231 110, 289 Modernity Marx, Karl (1818-1883), 4, 205 adaptive metamodels, 44 Maximizing agency in, 42 artifcial agents and, 59 assumptions of, 28, 67 cognitive empathicing conceptual architecture of, 21 and, 150–151 problematics of, 11, 20 evaluation of performance problem solving in, 103–104 and, 208–209 Myopia metamodel ft, 24, 86, 118, 155, behavioral theories and, 104 239, 253 cognitive empathy and, 141 in problem solving, 26, 110 historical focus on, 114–115 satisfcing and, 104, 129 human tendency for, 49 science of augmented agency hyperopia and, 114, 116 and, 270 learning and, 226, 240 self-regulation and, 177 persistence of, 6 Mentalization problem solving and, 19, 104 limited capabilities of, 145–146 reinforcement of, 117 practical maximizing of, 146–148 self-generation and, 250 Index 305

N Organizations Neural networks design of, 128 opacity of, 113 digitalization of, 85, 186 self-generation of, 231 evaluation of performance Neuro-economics, 161 and, 200 Neuroscience institutional theory and, 77 consciousness and, 29, 68, 69 problem of aggregation and, 93–95 learning and, 228 procedural routine and, 111 mentalization and, 144 Other minds mind-body problem and, 68 augmented misunderstanding of, science of augmented agency 159 (see also Cognitive and, 284 empathicing) problems of, 140

O Ontology P commitments, 20, 67, 160 Personality contextual, 17 agency and, 11, 18 (see also of science of augmented Artifcial personality) agency, 275 cognitive-afective model of, 41 Oppression habits and, 78 augmented self-generation trait models of, 16 and, 263 Persons in context, 15–18, 41, 44, 77 augmented self-regulation evaluation of performance and, 200 and, 193 self-regulation and, 170 digitalization of, 12, 127 Piaget, Jean (1896-1980), 229 evaluation of performance Plato (?429-347 BCE), 55, 227 and, 219 Positive psychology, 69 Optimizing Potentialities algorithms and, 25 human-artifcial divergence, 56 cognitive empathy and, limitations of, 2 146–147 self-generation and, 248–249 empathy and justice, 148 self-generative risks, 262–264 microeconomics and, 105–107 Premodernity problem solving and, 110 agency in, 9 satisfcing and, 104–131, 277 assumptions of, 28 self-generation and, 256 historical period of, 2, 39 self-regulation and, 171–172, 178 replicative metamodel, 40 306 Index

Problematics S defnition of, 13 Sampling of digitalization, 14, 58, 60, 269 artifcial over-sampling, 116 of modernity, 14, 43, 57 cognitive empathy and, 152 Problem representation, 129–130 hyperopic, 114 problem solving metamodels intelligent, 46 and, 111–112 myopic, 109 satisfcing and, 103–105 of other minds, 141 science of augmented agency satisfcing and, 103–105 and, 290 sparse, 82 Problem solving Satisfcing ambiopia of, 115–118 cognitive empathicing and, 146 digitalization of, 107–108, descriptive, 104, 109, 120–121 116–118, 129–130 extremes, 117 highly ambiopic, 119 future of, 128–129, 277–278 hyperopia in, 114–115 normative, 105, 109, 121–122 metamodels of, 109–111 two types of, 104 non-ambiopic Science metamodels, 123–125 dualism of, 43, 279 routines of, 111 historical metamodels satisfcing in, 103–105 of, 279–280 Procedural action, 78–81 methods of, 106 resistance to, 67 Science of augmented agency R agentic combinatorics Rationality and, 272–273 cognitive empathy and, 139 compositive methods and, ecological, 15, 19, 129–131 278, 287–289 modernity and, 103 conceptual architecture of, 270–273 of sampling and representation, dilemmas of, 273–274 129–130, 278 future prospects of, 289–290 See also Bounded rationality intelligent sampling in, 278 Rawls, John (1921-2002), 17, 148, problematics of, 279 161, 205 Search Regulatory Focus Teory, artifcial over-computation, 112 68, 130 hyperopic, 114 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques myopic, 110 (1712-1788), 227 satisfcing and, 104 Index 307

Self-efcacy referential commitments and, 118 digitalization risks for, 209, 214 science of augmented agency false sense of, 193 and, 276 illusion of, 217, 263 Sensory perception self-regulation and, 169 agentic metamodels and, 41–49 Self-generation augmentation of, 21 ambidexterity and, 253 limited capabilities of, 19 augmented worldmaking personality and, 11 and, 264–265 Shoda, Yuichi, 41, 79, 203, 231 digitalization of, 249–252 Simon, Herbert (1916-2001) digital resistance or surrender, on digitalization, 113, 279 252–253, 262 on human agency, 76 history of, 247–249 satisfcing and, 104, 109, 146, 288 human fourishing and, 265 on scientifc insight, 11, 18 modern metamodels of, 255–258 Singularity, 11, 270 new problematics of, 254 Skinner, B.F. (1904-1990), 228 Self-regulation Smith, Adam (1723-1790), 3, ambiactivity of, 179 105, 178 digitalization of, 172–175 Social Cognitive Teory, 169 discontinuous schemes, 180–181 Socrates (470-399 BCE), 40 dyssynchronous rates, 179–181 Superstition metamodels of, 176–179 digitalization of, 12 modernity and, 169–170 learning and, 230 moral disengagement premodernity and, 2 risk, 190–191 Supervision psychological theories of augmented self-generation, 266 of, 170–171 of augmented self-regulation, 194 Semi-supervision challenges of, 7, 61 bias and, 57, 234 dysfunctional, 10, 64 learning and, 232 of science of augmented metamodels and, 25 agency, 282–284 Sen, Amartya, 17, 69, 105, 148 Sensitivity to variance artifcial hypersensitivity, 5 T augmented learning and, 225–226 Technology cognitive empathicing and, 150 assistance of agency, 4 entrogeneity and, 51 digitalization and, 48 human insensitivity, 5, 19 history of, 39 308 Index

Taler, Richard, 129 U Trust Utility maximization, 109 augmented problematics of, 60 cognitive empathy and, 143 human-machine, 15 W potential erosion of, 143, 159 Wegner, Daniel (1948-2013), 193 sociality and, 83 Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1889-1951), 20 Tversky, Amos (1937-1996), 68 Worldmaking, 264–265