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Margiotta.Pdf studi superiori / 993 scienze dell’educazione Questo volume fa parte della serie “I fondamenti della pedagogia”. Direttore scientifico: Massimo Baldacci (Università “Carlo Bo” di Urbino). Comitato scientifico: Marguerite Altet (Università di Nantes), Franco Cambi (Università di Firenze), Enza Colicchi (Università di Messina), Franco Frabboni (Università di Bologna), Antonio Medina Rivilla (Università di Madrid), Luigina Mortari (Università di Verona), Umberto Margiotta (Università di Venezia), Fran- ca Pinto Minerva (Università di Foggia), Simonetta Ulivieri (Università di Firen- ze), Miguel Zabalza Beraza (Università di Santiago de Compostela). La progressiva articolazione della pedagogia, pur consentendo una migliore ade- renza alle varie questioni formative, sta producendo una marcata frammentazione della sua dimensione teorica. Pertanto, vi è l’esigenza di ripristinare prospettive di sintesi unitaria, tornando ai fondamenti della pedagogia come condizione per in- terpretare in maniera non riduttiva le problematiche formative attuali. A questo scopo, la serie “I fondamenti della pedagogia” intende costituire una sorta di trat- tato pedagogico aperto, caratterizzato dall’attenzione prioritaria ai campi (i grandi problemi dell’educazione: l’educazione intellettuale, l’educazione etico-sociale, l’educazione tecnologica ecc.), ai paradigmi (le grandi prospettive teoriche della pedagogia: la pedagogia razionalista, la pedagogia empirista, la pedagogia pragma- tista ecc.) e alle strutture (le grandi “strutture” teoriche della pedagogia: il linguag- gio, il discorso, il metodo ecc.) del sapere pedagogico. I lettori che desiderano informazioni sui volumi pubblicati dalla casa editrice possono rivolgersi direttamente a: Carocci editore Corso Vittorio Emanuele ii, 229 00186 Roma telefono 06 42 81 84 17, fax 06 42 74 79 31 Siamo su: www.carocci.it www.facebook.com/caroccieditore www.twitter.com/caroccieditore Umberto Margiotta Teoria della formazione Ricostruire la pedagogia Carocci editore 1a edizione, marzo 2015 © copyright 2015 by Carocci editore S.p.A., Roma Realizzazione editoriale: Studio Agostini, Roma Finito di stampare nel marzo 2015 da Grafiche VD Srl, Città di Castello (PG) isbn 978-88-430-7712-0 Riproduzione vietata ai sensi di legge (art. 171 della legge 22 aprile 1941, n. 633) Senza regolare autorizzazione, è vietato riprodurre questo volume anche parzialmente e con qualsiasi mezzo, compresa la fotocopia, anche per uso interno o didattico. Indice Prefazione 11 1. La questione della materia pedagogica 15 1.1. La pedagogia è una disciplina che si evolve 23 1.2. La materia della pedagogia viene determinata dal giu- dizio pratico 23 1.3. Le forme logiche della conoscenza pedagogica hanno carattere di postulati 24 1.4. La pedagogia è un sistema euristico di basi di conoscenze 27 1.5. La pedagogia è una scienza dell’uomo 31 1.6. La pedagogia è autonoma 32 1.7. La pedagogia è un sistema disciplinare che indaga i di- spositivi di cogenerazione dell’umano in evoluzione globale emergente 34 2. Le evidenze della pedagogia 37 2.1. Che cosa si intende per evidenza? 38 2.2. L’apprendimento anticipa lo sviluppo 45 2.2.1. Apprendimento e vita / 2.2.2. La mente sta al cervello come una proprietà emergente alla sua infrastruttura / 2.2.3. Sistemi biodinami- ci e conoscenza pedagogica 2.3. L’apprendimento informale modula l’apprendimento formale 58 7 teoria della formazione 2.3.1. Non si studia per diventare più razionali / 2.3.2. I sentimenti generano la coscienza, che guida conoscenza ed esperienza / 2.3.3. Gli apprendimenti informali forniscono primaria esperienza soggettiva del corpo vivo / 2.3.4. Gli apprendimenti informali danno forma all’esperienza, in quanto transazione educativa 2.4. La trama enattiva della relazione educativa genera la morfologia della persona 70 2.4.1. Il rischio educativo / 2.4.2. Gli errori dell’educazione contem- poranea / 2.4.3. La relazione educativa / 2.4.4. Quando la relazione educativa diviene formativa? / 2.4.5. Enazione: autoproduzione di mondo e di mente / 2.4.6. Coscienza: esperienza in prima persona / 2.4.7. Cambiamenti di prospettiva nell’educazione e nella formazione 3. Il dominio della conoscenza pedagogica: programmi di ricerca in competizione tra loro 99 3.1. La metodologia dei programmi di ricerca 99 3.2. Il nucleo della teoria: la formazione come evoluzione emergente 108 3.3. Il primo postulato: la formazione è la logica della vita 109 3.3.1. Logica dell’esperienza e logica della formazione / 3.3.2. La for- mazione come logica della vita / 3.3.3. Teoria dell’esperienza e peda- gogia progressiva 3.4. Il secondo postulato: l’educazione sta allo sviluppo umano come sua struttura di specificazione 117 3.4.1. Dopo il welfare, cosa? / 3.4.2. Capability come capacitazione / 3.4.3. Razionalità economica e razionalità educativa 3.5. Il terzo postulato: l’agency si compie come formazione dei talenti nell’esercizio di libertà e di responsabilità dell’uomo 130 3.5.1. La “pedagogia implicita” di Martha Nussbaum / 3.5.2. Capaci- tare l’innovazione: oltre le competenze, gli apprendimenti esperti / 3.5.3. Capacitazione e formazione: verso il welfare delle capacitazioni 3.6. Il quarto postulato: la formazione sta alla mente come la sua struttura emergente 144 3.6.1. Rilevanza e rappresentazione: la cognizione embodied / 3.6.2. Intelligenza come enazione / 3.6.3. La formazione nel mondo nuovo 8 indice 4. La pedagogia come scienza prima della formazione 151 4.1. Il principio cardinale dell’educabilità 152 4.1.1. La formazione come processo bio-antropologico / 4.1.2. Il siste- ma dei saperi del soggetto / 4.1.3. Il processo educativo tra pratiche narrative, riflessive e di apprendimento cooperativo 4.2. Il principio cardinale dell’intersoggettività 160 4.2.1. Intersoggettività e formazione / 4.2.2. Le reti della multi-iden- tità / 4.2.3. Territorio e globalizzazione: glocal milieu / 4.2.4. La rete come insieme di enacted environments / 4.2.5. Una teoria dei processi generativi e distributivi della conoscenza e dell’esperienza / 4.2.6. Ac- coppiamento strutturale: il significante del valore / 4.2.7. Il governo della complessità: la riscoperta dell’inventio come matrice formativa originaria 4.3. Il principio assiale della formatività 175 4.3.1. La crisi del paradigma fordista della formazione: dal controllo all’autodeterminazione / 4.3.2. Il principio di formatività 5. L’euristica negativa della pedagogia 187 5.1. La “problematica costitutiva” della formazione 187 5.2. Lo spazio formativo 191 5.3. Grammatica e aporetica dello spazio formativo: le on- tologie pedagogiche 193 5.3.1. Concetti, mappe e rappresentazioni / 5.3.2. Le ontologie peda- gogiche come basi di modelli di analisi 5.4. Gli operatori logici: problemi di logica della spiegazio- ne pedagogica 211 5.4.1. Perché la spiegazione pedagogica oggi è un problema / 5.4.2. La domanda sul “senso” della pedagogia contemporanea / 5.4.3. Un esperimento mentale: la relatività dell’evento pedagogico / 5.4.4. La dimensione genealogico-ermeneutica / 5.4.5. I requisiti della spie- gazione / 5.4.6. La dimensione pragmatica della spiegazione in pe- dagogia / 5.4.7. La dimensione pragmatica del lavoro scientifico in pedagogia. i modelli sono teorie? / 5.4.8. Gli interrogativi su modelli e modellizzazione 9 teoria della formazione 6. L’euristica positiva: dar forma alla formazione 225 6.1. Lavoro intellettuale e formazione dei talenti nell’età elettronica 226 6.2. Quale progetto di uomo per la formazione contem- poranea 230 6.3. Formazione e sviluppo personale 234 6.4. La matrice professionale della formazione: azione, in- tervento, impatto 236 6.4.1. Il lavoro non abdica a sé stesso 6.5. Il lavoro come agire generativo 239 6.6. Fenomenologia dell’agire e sue implicazioni per la ricerca pedagogica: ridislocazione di mappe e di paradigmi 240 6.6.1. Lavoro autonomo e agire creativo / 6.6.2. Retoriche della for- mazione / 6.6.3. Il ritorno di Prometeo Conclusioni. Un itinerario per la pedagogia del tempo futuro 253 Bibliografia 259 10 Prefazione A chi si avvicini oggi a quell’insieme di ricerche che prendono il nome di “pedagogiche” può non risultare facile l’identificazione di un nu- cleo problematico specifico che le accomuni. Esse infatti si estendono dalla ricostruzione storica dei percorsi della riflessione sul concetto di educazione, all’elaborazione, sempre più di dettaglio, di una strumen- tazione metalinguistica raffinata che sostiene l’indagine sui fenomeni concreti di qualificazione dell’apprendimento; dai tentativi di fonda- zione epistemologica dei suoi concetti fondamentali, talvolta attraver- so la loro assiomatizzazione, o l’affinamento di metalinguaggi logico- formali, all’interpretazione delle pratiche educative e formative, fino alle aperture verso problematiche affini che altre discipline riconosco- no come proprie. In questo quadro, senza alcuna pretesa di decidere di un futuro che solo lo sviluppo della ricerca potrà determinare, si inserisce il lavoro che presentiamo. Esso nasce dall’idea che sia urgente la costruzione co- operativa di una teoria standard che renda possibile il riconoscimento della specificità del discorso pedagogico; che sia dunque necessario un approfondimento delle evidenze che stanno alla base dell’impresa pe- dagogica; e che insomma sia venuto il tempo di tentare una costruzio- ne cooperativa di quella teoria standard attraverso la messa a prova di un approccio (nel nostro caso, quello della metodologia dei program- mi di ricerca) che consenta di corroborare il nocciolo duro del discorso pedagogico, che per noi è nell’intendere la pedagogia come teoria della formazione e la formazione come logica della vita. Nel tentare i primi passi verso questo obiettivo, abbiamo compiuto una scelta di campo e assunto una prospettiva di indagine (che è anche una scelta interpretativa dell’esistente). La scelta di campo è quella per cui lo studio si colloca all’interno della pedagogia fondamentale con- 11 teoria della formazione temporanea. Una tale scelta, per quanto in parte dovuta agli accidenti della storia personale, manifesta nondimeno la convinzione che la for- mazione costituisca l’anima fondamentale della pedagogia, e ne rap- presenti il punto di riferimento privilegiato per tentare di esplicitarne la specificità.
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