L I B RAR.Y OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AM 1881-85 material is re- The person charging this return on or before the sponsible for its Latest Date stamped below. of books Theft, mutilation, and underlining and are reasons for disciplinary action may result in dismissal from the University. University of Illinois Library

IL27

L161 O-1096

152 THE LIBRARY JOURNAL. BOOKS OF VALUE

Charles Sumner's Works. Higginson's Works. all his Public Orations and vol- Containing Speeches. 15 ARMY LIFE IN A BLACK REGIMENT. . $1.50 umes. Per volume, cloth, $3.00; half-calf, $5.00. Sold ATLANTIC ESSAYS 1.50 only by subscription. Volumes I. to XIII. now ready. OLDPORT DAYS. With 10 Heliotype Illustrations. 2.00 Wendell Phillips's Speeches, MALBONE. AN OLDPORT ROMANCE. . 1.50 OUTDOOR PAPERS. . . . Lectures, and Letters.* ,. 1.50 YOUNG FOLKS' HISTORY OF THE UNITED Cloth, $2.50. Illustrated * STATES. 1.50 A new volume may be expected this containing later faljp YOUNG FOLKS' BOOK OF AMERICAN EX- Speeches and Lectures. PLORERS. Illustrated. . . .1.50 Warrington's Pen Portraits. SHORT STUDIES OF AMERICAN AUTHORS. Little Classic size...... 75 A collection of Personal and Political Reminiscences, from 1848 to 1876. From the Writings of WILLIAM S. ROBIN- SON, with Memoir, and Extracts from Diary and Letters Books of Travel. never before published. Edited by Mrs. W. S. ROBINSON. Crown 8vo, cloth, $2.50. By NATHANIEL H. BISHOP. A THOUSAND MILES' WALK ACROSS SOUTH George H. Calvert's Works. AMERICA, OVER THE PAMPAS AND THE ANDES. Illustrated, cloth, $1.50. ESSAYS .ESTHETICAL. OF A PAPER GANOE. A BRIEF ESSAYS AND BREVITIES. VOYAGE Geographical Journey of 2500 miles, from Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico, SOME OF THE THOUGHTS OF JOSEPH JOUBERT. during the year 1874-75. Embellished with Spirited Illus- FIRST YEARS IN EUROPE. trations and Ten Maps of the Coast Cloth, $2.50. " at of LIFE AND WORKS OF GOETHE. An Essay. This well-known traveller, who, the age seventeen, walked one thousand miles across South America, and pre- CHARLOTTE VON STEIN. A Memoir. With Portrait. sented the world with a graphic account of his performance, LIFE OF RUBENS. With Portrait now us with one more of the most works presents interesting " ARNOLD AND ANDRE. An Historical Drama. on modern travel and adventure that it is possible to conceive. London Sporting and Dramatic News. WORDSWORTH. A Biographic and ^Esthetic Study. Fine Portrait FOUR MONTHS IN A SNEAK-BOX. A boat voyage of 2600 miles down the and SHAKESPEARE. A Study. With Portrait. Ohio Mississippi rivers, and AND GOETHE. along the Gulf of Mexico. The exploration of Western COLERIDGE, SHELLEY, Biographic and Southern water-courses of the United States made in a .(Esthetic Studies. Barnegat duck-boat, twelve feet in length, built of cedar, and weighing two hundred pounds. With illustrations and Biographical Annals of Williams maps prepared for the work by special contract with the S. and Geodetic Bureau. College. U. Coast Survey Cloth, $2.50. Rev. C. DURFEE. With an introduction by Rev. S. By CAMPS IN THE CARIBBEES. The Adventures and IREN.US PRIME, D. D. Cloth, $5.00. Only a few copies Discoveries of a Naturalist in the Lesser Antilles. remaining. By FREDERICK A. OBER. Many full-page and letter-press il- lustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth, $2.50. History of Paraguay. " The Poet WHITTIER writes : Let me congratulate you on With Notes of under Difficulties. Hon. C. ' Diplomacy By Ober's Camps in the Caribbees.' The writings of naturalists A. U. S. Minister.' With and Illus- WASHBURN, Maps on their travels are rarely dull reading, but I know of nothing trations. 2 vols., cloth, $7.50. in the narratives of Bartram, Wilson, Wallace, and others ot their class which will better repay perusal than this well- Conington's Virgil. written story of the explorations and adventures of our young Massachusetts traveller. I have read it with satisfac- The Complete Works of Virgil, Translated into English Prose. great tion. G. WHITTIER." With an Essay (65 pages) on the English translators of JOHN Virgil, by JOHN CONINGTON. Edited by JOHN ADDINGTON MIDNIGHT MARCHES THROUGH PERSIA. SVMONDS. By Cloth, $2.00. HENRY BALLANTINE, A. M., with an introduction by Pres- ident SEELYE, of Amherst College. 12010, cloth, fully Bacon's Essays. illustrated, $2.50. Annotations. WHATELY. With By Archbishop Containing A clear, vivid, and entertaining account of the wonderful a numerous and a Glossarial Preface, Notes, Index. By march of a thousand miles, made by the author's little caravan F. F. HEARD. $2 50. through the interior of Persia to St. Petersburg, during the summer of 1875. Underwood's English Literature. THE MARVELLOUS COUNTRY; or, Thirty Years in Hand-book of intended for the use A English Literature, of Arizona and New Mexico. Containing an authentic his- and Schools, as a and Guide Colleges High Companion tory of this Wonderful Country and its Ancient Civiliza- for Private Students, and for general reading. Containing tion, with a full description of its immense Mineral Wealth, 200 Sketches of Au- nearly Biogtaphical Distinguished its remarkable Urban Antiquities and magnificent Mount- thors. FRANCIS H. UNDERWOOD, A. M. By ain Scenery, together with a full and complete History ot the Apache Tnbe of Indians. By SAMUEL W. COZZENS. British A uthors, $2.50. American A uthors, $2.50. Illustrated with more than 100 engravings. Cloth, $2.50.

Sold by all book-sellers, and news-dealers, and sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of price. Libraries supplied. Catalogues mailedfree to any address on application.

PRESS OF FRANCIS HART & Co. N. Y. LEE AND SHEPARD, Publishers, BOSTON. THE Library Journal

CHIEFLY DEVOTED TO

VOL. 7. Nos. 7-8.

JULY AUGUST, 1882.

CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS AT CINCINNATI.

Contents :

Page. Page.

THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Justin Winsor . . . 123 THE CLASSIFICATION OF BOOKS. Lloyd P. Smith . 172

CLASSIFICATION. J. N, Lamed 125 FICTION IN LIBRARIES. /. L. Beardsley 175 '

CATALOGUING. L. E. . . PROGRESS OF LIBRARY ARCHITECTURE. W.F.Poole. 130 Jones 177 CHARGING SYSTEMS. K~. A. Linderfelt SELECTING AND TRAINING LIBRARY ASSISTANTS. 178 James L. Whitney 136 YEARLY REPORT ON BOYS AND GIRLS READING. Miss C. M. Hewins 182 AIDS AND GUIDES FOR READERS. 5. .S. Green . . 13$ THE PROCEEDINGS 191 A NEW CLASSIFICATION AND NOTATION. J. BlBLIOGRAFY 209 Schwartz 148 ANONYMS AND PSEUDONYMS 309 PUBLIC LIBRARIES AND THE PUBLIC. James W. Ward 167 LIBRARY PURCHASE- LIST 210 CLASSIFICATION OF THE BOOK ARTS. C: A. Cutter. 168 GENERAL NOTES 212

NEW YORK: F. LEYPOLDT, Publisher, 13 and 15 Park Row.

LONDON : TRUBNER & Co., 57 and 59 Ludgate Hill.

YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION, $3.00. MONTHLY NUMBERS, 30 cts.

Price to Europe, or countries in the Union, 15*. per annum ; single numbers, is. dd.

Entered at the Post-Office at New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. 122 THE LIBRARY JOURNAL. \July-Aug., '82. IMPORTANT NEW BOOKS.

" Wine that inaketh glad the heart of man."

A HISTOR Y OF CHAMPA GNE. With Notes on the other Sparkling Wines of France. By HENRY " at the Vienna and Paris Exhibitions author of The Wines of the VIZETELLY, Wine Juror ; World," etc. of the Order of Illustrated with One vol- ; Chevalier Franz-Joseph. 350 engravings. elegant 4to ume, appropriately bound in bevelled cloth boards, richly and emblematically gilt. $6.

THE TEMPLE: Sacied Poems and Private Ejaculations. By Mr. GEORGE HERBERT. New edition, author of is with an Introductory Essay by J. HENRY SHORTHOUSE, "John Ipglesant." This a fac- simile reprint by typography of the original edition of 1633. No pains have been spared to make it an exact replica as regards size, paper, print, and binding. Small crown. Sprinkled sheep, imitation of original binding. $2.

GERMAN CULTURE AND CHRISTIANITY. Their Controversy in the Time 1770-1880. By " JOSEPH GOSTWICK, author of Outline of German Literature," etc. 8vo, pp. xvi-499. Cloth, $6. CONTENTS I. Limitations. II. Deism. III. Rationalism. IV. Lessing. V. Herder. VI. Jacobi and his Friends.

VII. Kant's Moral Philosophy. VIII. Fichte's Religious Philosophy. IX. Carlyle. X. Practical Results ; Transition. Goethe. XIII. Schiller. XIV. etc. XI. Poetry; Klopstock ; Wieland. XII. The" Romantic School," XV. Mysticism;

Speculative Philosophy. XVI. Schelling ; Hegel. XVII. Schleiermacher. XVIII. Strauss; Baur. XIX. Christian Evidences.

HISTORICAL MEMORIALS OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY. By ARTHUR PENRHYN STAN- LEY, D.D., late Dean of Westminster. With illustrations. 8vo, pp. (45) 540. $6. *$* This volume is printed from the copy left by the Dean at his death and containing his final corrections and additions.

CHAP-BOOK'S OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTUR Y. With Fac-similes, Notes, and Introduc- tion. By JOHN ASHTON. With numerous fac-similes of the old-fashioned wood blocks, ismo, $2.25. The Same. Large paper, $21. *** This volume contains an interesting account of the curious little chap-books published and sold by chapmen or peddlers in the eighteenth century, and now for the first time given to the public in a collected form. It is copiously il- lustrated with upward of one hundred fac-similes of the rude but characteristic wood engravings, without which the book would be of little value. The original editions of these Chap-books are highly prized by collectors, and fetch high prices whenever the rare occasion happens that they are offered for sale. The author of this volume says that he gave ^24. 13. 6 for nine volumes, containing ninety-nine Chap-books, an average of five shillings each. The books were originally sold at one penny. Considering the price literature of this kind will bring at the present day, they were exceedingly cheap.

NEW AND REVISED EDITION.

THE M YTHOLOGY OF THE AR YAN NA TIONS. By the Rev. Sir GEORGE W. Cox, Bart., M.A. One vol., 8vo, pp. xxviii-594. Cloth, $4.50.

CONTENTS BOOK I. Chap. I. Popular Theories on the Origin and the Growth of Mythology. Chap. II. The Re- lation of Mythology to Language. Chap. III. The Source of Mythical Speech. Chap. IV. The Developments of Myths. Chap. V. Diffusion of Myths. Chap. VI. Mythical Phrases as Furnishing Materials for the-'Teutonic Epic Poems, and the Legends of Arthur and Roland. BOOK II. Chap. I. The Ethereal Heavens. Section I. Dyaus. II. Varuna and Mitra. III. India. IV. Brahma. V. Zeus. VI. Odin, Woden, Wuotan. VII. Thunder, Donar, Thor. VIII. Fro. IX. Heimdall, Bragi, and Oegir. Chap. II. THE LIGHT. Section I. Surya and Savitri. II. Soma. III. Correlative Deities. IV. The Dawn. V. Dawn Goddesses. VI. Athene. VII. Aphrodite. VIII. Here. IX. The Erinyes. X. Hellenic Sun Gods and Heroes. XI. Teutonic Sun Gods and Heroes. XII. The Vivifying Sun. XIII. The Sun Gods of Later Hindu Mythology. XIV. The Moon. XV. The Hunters and Dancers of the Heavens. Chap. III. The Lost Treasure. Section I. The Golden Fleece. II. Helen. III. Children of the Sun. IV. The Theban Wars. Chap. IV. The Fire. Section I. Agni. II. Phoroneus and Hestia. III. Hephaistos and Loki. IV. Prometheus. V. The Light- ning. Chap. V. The Winds. Section I. Vayu and the Maruts. II. Hermes. III. Orpheus. IV. Pan. V. Amphion and the Zethos. VI. Aiolos and Ares. Chap. VI. The Waters. Section I. '1 he Dwellers in the Sea. II. The Lord of the Waters. III. The Rivers and Fountains. Chap. VII. The Clouds. Section I. The Children of the Mist. II. The Cloud-Land. III. The Nymphs and Swan-Maidens. Chap. VIII. The Earth. Section I. Dionysos. II. Demeter. III. The Children of the Earth. IV. The Priests of the Great Mother. V. The People of the Woods and Waters. Chap. IX. The Under World. Section I. Hades. II. Elysion. Chap. X. The Darkness. Section I. Vritra and Ahi. II. The Latin Myth. III. Bellerophdn. IV. The Theban Myth. V. The Delphian and Cretan Myths. VI. The Gloaming and the Night. VII. The Physical Struggle Spiritualized. VIII. The Semitic and Aryan Devil.

SCRIBNER & WELFORD, 745 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS.

CINCINNATI, MAY, 1882.

ANNUAL ADDRESS.

BY JUSTIN WINSOR, LIBRARIAN OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

T ADIES AND GENTLEMEN OF THE an institution, could, I doubt not, to the L ASSOCIATION: We pay to-day our advantage of learning, lend its organization to first visit as an Association to the Valley of the the creation of some special department should Mississippi. Since our initial meeting in 1876 such become opportunely the foster-child of the principal seaboard cities have welcomed us. any of its liberal citizens. For while it is true We have now moved somewhere near the that the generalizing of libraries best fits them centre of our American population, and I can- for the work of popular instruction, it is not but hope it augurs an increased library equally certain that conspicuous strength in one development in the Western, or, I should rather direction gives a collection rank in the com- in the middle of our It of libraries and rank of this sort is not say, regions, country. munity ; is, I am afraid, true, that with all its wealth of a mere vain-glorious pretension, it means books, for the student and the people, the substantial scholarship, the pushing of the seaboard seems still to develop more conspicu- bounds of knowledge, and upon this follows ously. Within a half year we have seen you fellowship with the great collections and repute will allow me to say it a native of Mas- among scholars, wherever they are. It makes sachusetts lay the foundation in a Southern the library, which has such strength, the Mecca State of a great popular library to supplement of devotees. It makes it friends wherever the scholarly collection given to it by another there is learning. It gives it a fame that tells native of that same State and these two for its in I cannot too ; advantage many ways. merchants never so much princes as when strenuously impress upon all whose lot it is to patrons of learning and instruction have control the development of libraries, the great caused the city of Baltimore long to remember desirability of giving a part of their energies in the names of Peabody and Pratt. It is to be making their libraries noteworthy in some way. hoped that the time is not far distant when Of course it is only the large libraries that can Chicago will associate with the name of New- hope to take one of the great departments of berry an active work equally shining and equally knowledge and make it an exemplar; but or even more munificent in its inception. And every library can find some minor topic of local what shall be the name which Cincinnati is to interests, like the history of its neighborhood, honor? Its excellent free library, nobly sus- like the growth of some controlling thought or tained by the people themselves, always, it power which sprung from a brain nurtured in must be confessed, the best resource for such its clustering homes. I must confess I take 126 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

and its pride. There has seemed to be always, it. The public library is no longer the seques- men of some taint of tered academic retreat of a studious few it is among special learning, ; personal feeling, not altogether generous, in the common town-school of the inquisitive their quite common objections to a working people. The scholar loses nothing in it; his classification of as wants are as well considered as of old the literature, distinguished ; from a theoretic methodology. They have treasures that he values are as carefully sought scorned much as the old and there is a cloister or two reserved it, perhaps, very pio- kept ; neers the wilderness have for him in corner of the but of American might some quiet place ; scorned guide-boards and finger-posts in the he must elbow in and out with the .rowd. He forest, and resented the compass-work of the must come and go on equal terms with the surveyor, blazing township lines and staking school-girl, who is under orders to compose a roads. It was not in nature that Natty Bumpo class essay on the Invention of Printing and to kind which who is for a with the should be friendly a of work looking helpful book ; " cheapened his wood-craft, taking something boy who has been fired by a story of the Four " from the value of the lore that he had spent his Years of Fighting and wants more of the life in The trackless thicket was same sort with the who is to Eu- acquiring. ; lady going full of pointing fingers for him. He found his rope and must instruct herself as to what she chart in the mosses the boles of the shall see with the who has upon trees, ; speculator bought in the bend of their boughs, in the course of shares in a Colorado silver mine and proposes " the and in all the of the land." to look into and a little streams, lay mineralogy metallurgy ; His sufficient compass swung always in the with the clergyman who has a sermon in mind heavens, through night and day. What won- on the moral bearings of the Chinese question, der if he scorned the ignorant folk who needed and needs to fortify himself with pertinent and What wonder if he facts and with all the and old are highways maps? ; young who looked jealously at the opening of the roads moved, by special occasions, or by the hunger which let them in, to swarm over his hunting that is in them, to go gleaning here and there, estates? There is something of that feeling, I by random paths and by-paths, in the great in fancy, rather instinctive and unconscious, field of book-knowledge which a public library the mind of the scholar, very often, disposing aims to enclose, more or less, for their satis- him to be unfriendly to the classification of faction. It must be as hospitable to the least books. He is at home in the literary wilder- of these, and to the smallest of their wants, as ness relishes the of it loves the to of ; exploration ; the greatest scholars and the profoundest exercise of his own craft in feeling and finding of the researches that he pursues. It must be his way. He tracks author to author, back more helpful to them than to him, because they through references to prior authorities and from need help more, and because there are really citations to original texts, with the zest of a better harvests for mankind to be gathered from hunter tracking game. I can well understand the broadcasting of little seeds in common that the systematic cataloguer who invades his fields, than from the planting of the rare acorns library with plans of formal classification, pro- which produce great oaks. So the library posing divisions and subdivisions, sections must be shaped and organized to meet the pop- and sub-sections, in the rectangular symmetry ular and common demand upon it, and it is of a Dutch garden, with every tree of knowledge that which makes careful classification a neces- and bramble-bush of folly nicely ticketed and sity now, if it was not in earlier times. numbered, and with trim paths leading straightly In his paper upon the subject last year, Mr. to each I can well understand that the eco- Cutter, speaking only of the classed arrange- nomical inventor of such vulgar contrivances ment of books on the shelves, put the promi- is more than likely to be obnoxious to the nent reasons for it in a few apt words. If the scholarly soul. public which makes use of a library can have " But democracy must have its way, not in access to the shelves, no catalog," he says, " politics alone, and all things are given over to will compare, for educational power, with the LARNED. 127

sight of the books themselves, or, for conven- supplement to it on the same plan. But the ience, with a thuro and minute shelf-arrange- troubles of the fixed location of books had ment." If the public must be excluded from come upon us, and our classification, such as the shelves, the librarian, on his own part, it was, was being thrown into dire confusion. " needs as perfect a shelf-arrangement to assist We accordingly undertook an entire recon- him in recommending books to his readers." struction of the library, and adopted the ideas But, I confess, it seems to me that the advan- of Mr. Dui in their completeness. That is to tages of classification are but half obtained if say, we not only marshalled our books upon it is confined to the shelf-arrangement. I be- the shelves in the open order of the ingenious lieve that a systematic catalogue, which repeats system of classification and location which he the classed arrangement of the books in a proposed, and thereby secured perpetual free- classed arrangement of its cards, will go farther dom for the expansion of classes, and for than any other form of catalogue, or than any future sub-classification to almost any desirable possible exertion of the most accomplished extent, but we also made a subject catalogue librarian, can go toward compensating a public for public use, in which the primary cards are which is barred from handling and examining arranged exactly as the books are arranged, the books in their places. I know that I am but with many secondary reference cards with a small minority in holding to this belief; added, to represent the same book under and I know that, being scarcely more than an different subject-headings, whenever it is many- apprentice in library work, it is very presump- sided. We prepared and printed a subject- tuous in me to hold an opinion against the index to this catalogue, enlarged somewhat from

of the master craftsmen : but I cannot Mr. Dui's model and we made an majority ; alphabetical help it. I have tried as hard in this matter as card catalogue or finding-list of authors and in some others to be orthodox, without suc- titles, for the immediate use of the librarian cess. I can well understand that a catalogue and his assistants. We have now been work- systematically arranged, without a subject-index, ing with these tools for three or four years. and without an accompanying finding-list of We had been working for a longer time before authors and titles arranged alphabetically, must with our dictionary catalogue. be a snare and a torment. But put it into a There has been, therefore, some experience library with the full complement of tools which in our library on both sides of the question, belong with it, and I firmly believe that nine in and the result with us is so entirely favorable ten of the patrons of the library, young and to the systematic catalogue, indexed, for ex- old, scholarly and otherwise, will find more ploration of subjects, with an alphabetical find- help and comfort in it than in the best diction- ing catalogue for particular book-calls, that I ary catalogue that ever was made. do not know one person making use of the In the library which I have charge of, we library who would willingly see our present adopted, substantially, a few years ago, the catalogues give place to a dictionary arrange- system worked out by Mr. Dui. We modi- ment of the cards. fied it in some particulars, and Mr. Dui will The great advantage which seems to me to pardon me for saying that if I had then pos- belong to the systematic catalogue is in the sessed the small increase of which of related and I experience juxtaposition subjects ; do not I have gained since, I should have modified value the mere convenience of that so much as his classification quite extensively in some of I do its suggestiveness, and the helpful lead- its parts; but that is an "aside." Our books ing it affords in many investigations. You had been previously in fixed locations. There may have in a dictionary arrangement the had been a certain rough shelf-classification of same subject-entries, under the same headings, them, going only so far as to distinguish the but they are scattered as the accidents of principal departments of literature. We had a orthography fling them. You have "America" very good dictionary catalogue, quite lately in all its aspects at one end of the catalogue, " put in print, at heavy cost, and with a card with the "United States as a political division 128 CINCINNA TI CONFERENCE.

of America at the other end with rational or of literature ; thirty-eight strictly logical classing ; subdividing States strewn here and there be- but he has used the term rather to signify the tween, and with the cities of the Union sprinkled rational freedom of his plan, as distinguished chance-wise in the medley like plums in a particularly from the artificial limitations of Mr. pudding. Taking an illustration or two from Dui's "Decimal System." He says: "The the great printed catalogue of the Boston plan here offered wholly neglects decimalism, Athenaeum, which is the exemplar of its kind, and seeks to give to each subject just as many " " " " ' you have Religion in Vol. 4, Mythology subdivisions as it requires. Under Europe,' in Vol. 3, "Atheism" in Vol. i, "Deism "in for instance, it allows, not ten countries, but " Vol. " Theism" in Vol. have Med- as as there 2, 5 ; you many countries, divisions, etc., " " icine in Vol. 3, Pathology in Vol. 4, are." But there is more than decimalism neg- " " " " Therapeutics in Vol. 5, Hygiene in Vol. lected in Mr. Perkins' plan. He has secured 2, "Anatomy" in Vol. I, "Physiology" and entire freedom in arranging the divisions and " "Surgery" in Vol. 4; you have Banks and subdivisions of subjects, by casting every ar- Banking" in Vol. I, "Money" in Vol. 3, tificiality of system aside. He has trammelled " " " " Wages and Trades Unions in Vol. 5, himself by no invention of that systematic no- " " Labor" in Vol. 3, Free Trade" in Vol. 2, tation, or "sign language," as Mr. Cutter has " Political Economy" in Vol. 4. called it, by which most classifications are ex- It is true you may have your references to pressed and represented. He has made his ricochet from one set of entries to another divisions and subdivisions coincide you ; "to with but it is tiresome leaping, and you lose, by for- facts," as he remarks, not caring for the order getfulness, a great deal on the way. I do in which they fall. The result is eight maintain that an arrangement which brings "classes," divided into seventy "chapters," universals and particulars the general and and those subdivided again into some fourteen the special the whole and its parts the hundred "sections;" but there is no scheme family and its members as much together as of signs or artifice of notation to signify the it is practicable to bring them, in due order of relation of each section to its chapter and each relationship and subordination, is very greatly chapter to its class. The sections are numbered helpful to almost any quest in bibliography that in one series of Arabic figures, from the begin- one may wish to make. ning to the end, and the numbers are, of Of course the many-sided relations of many course, without signification. It is this which subjects will be very incompletely and imperfectly constitutes, as I understand, the rationality of represented in the best working system of clas- Mr. Perkins' plan the rationality of a perfect if sification that can be attained ; but it reason- natural freedom of classification, constrained ably brings together the things and thoughts by no systematic artificialities. and the classes of things and thoughts which Without doubt there is importance in that are most importantly connected to one another, freedom, and it seems to me that Mr. Perkins it cannot fail to make all common research an has used it most excellently. I have gone over easier matter than it can ever be made by other his scheme many times and found its details methods. hard to criticise. Every kind of book seems Within the past year an elaborate scheme of to be happily provided for, with perhaps the classification has been published by Mr. F. B. least possible duplication of the places which Perkins, of the San Francisco Public Library. the same book will equally fit. Some librarians " It is entitled by the author A Rational Classi- object, I believe, that the classing is too minute, fication of Literature, for Shelving and Catalogu- and that it is carried into divisions which are ing Books ina Library, with Alphabetical Index." rather theoretical than suggested by actual " In calling his scheme "a rational classification books demanding to be placed. I do not find I do not understand Mr. Perkins to claim that it so. I have not been able to put my finger he has reconciled the practical exigencies and upon a section that would not be tenanted in conveniences of a library arrangement with the any library which is fairly well proportioned LARNED. 129

for general use. And can there be too much for myself, I think I should nearly extinguish minuteness of classification in a library that is Biography as a class division in it. I should organized upon the movable or relative plan of associate the lives of men with the several book-location? I can readily see that where matters on which their lives were spent. I should the fixed location is adhered to there may be a distribute the biographies of statesmen, soldiers, limit, soon reached, beyond which the assorting and like public characters, through the divisions of books becomes troublesome but it does not of to which ; political history they respectively seem to be so in the other case. When books belong. I should annex the biographies of are marshalled, like the units of an army, by authors to the departments of literature in which worked those of artists to their several corps, by divisions, by brigades, by regiments, they ; and and the of arts those of divines to church and by companies, by files, place ; history each book, like the place of each man, is fixed theology, and so throughout. But how marry by lines of relative definition which no move- would agree with me ? ment disturbs, the grading and classing ar- If, however, Mr. Perkins' classification is to rangement becomes then a feature of simplic- escape criticism, I cannot let his notation for ity rather than of complexity, and it can hardly it pass so easily. That seems to me to be the be carried too far for convenience. In fact, we limping part of his system. As I mentioned probably owe the recent increase of attention before, he has simply numbered his partitions, which classification has received to the intro- principal and subordinate, general and particu- duction of the plan of relative location in libra- lar, in one consecutive series, straight through ries, and the more elaborated schemes which from beginning to end. There is nothing to have been produced during a few years past represent the distinction between one main are in natural response to its demands. class and another, nor to mark a boundary Of course the general scheme of Mr. Perkins between them. The last section in Science is is abundantly open to criticism. I say "of 3,533, and the first section in Arts is 3,534. course," because I assume that nobody can There is no flag nor monument on the line, work out a plan of classification that will satisfy neither there nor elsewhere. To provide for anybody else, nor satisfy hrmself longer than the additional subdivisions which special li- twenty-four hours after he has finished it. There braries may need in certain places, or which is no best arrangement. There is no structural may be called for by the future development law that is absolute enough to be recognized of new phases of knowledge, new epochs in by two persons together, nor by the same history, and the like, there is a liberal allow- person in two different states of mind. The ance of blank numbers dropped here and there reasons for and against this adjustment and through the series, where the possible need for that, in a hundred particulars, are too slight, too them may be reasonably guessed. Now, this nicely balanced, and too unimportant for differ- contrivance exhibits to my mind two very

ent minds to be determined by them identically. serious defects : One is, the total want of elas-

To a very great extent it is a matter of whim, ticity in it. It is of a texture that will not stretch of idiosyncrasy, like the planning of a house. to fit different growths and needs. It is a pattern So we can all of us criticise every scheme of of set proportions, cut in inflexible stuff. And classification that ever has been or ever will be the device of blank numbers, to be a substitute

produced. I see a dozen prominent points on for elasticity in the texture of the plan, is which I might put myself in dispute with Mr. awkward and aggravating. It reminds one of Perkins; but to what purpose? It would the expedient of a prudent mother, who makes then scarcely be criticism. It would only be setting garments too big for her child, and " that notions of mine against notions of his, and also, gathers up the clumsy surplus in tucks," without doubt, against notions of yours. For are to be let out as the urchin grows. The example, I have a certain notion of my own tucks may be well distributed, and there may be concerning the treatment of biography. If I quite enough of them, and they may serve their the aesthetic ever ventured to frame a scheme of classification purpose perfectly, but they offend 130 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE. sense. I am sure that Mr. Perkins might invent sign-language of that mixture which is appal- something less primitive and more ingenious ing to ordinary minds. The key to it may be if he would take the trouble. simple enough and easily learned, but it has The other defect is the sheer, unrelieved the appearance of a hieratic mystery, and is strain which this long serial numeration of irksome for that reason. I do not wonder that class divisions the of those Perkins wished to from it I do not makes upon memory Mr. escape ; who must learn, in practice, more or less per- much wonder that he ran away from Mr. Bui's fectly, to identify each subject by its number. imperious decimals. But is there not some There is no mnemonic aid not a peg for the mode in which he could joint and articulate his memory to lay hold of in climbing or descend- system without resorting to either? That is ing the long arithmetical slide. Even a jog in the question which I hope he will take seriously the numbers, at the eight main class-dividing into consideration. of an easement I in places, would be something ; have been somewhat leisurely discussing " " but Mr. Perkins has denied even that. I am the Rational Classification of Mr. Perkins, sure there must be an experience of trouble because it has proved to be the single subject- from this cause in the working of his plan. matter of my report, as far as I am acquainted No doubt it is possible to attach too much im- with the work of the year in this department. portance to mnemonic features in arranging I had expected to have the privilege of review- the notation of a classifying plan, and to secure ing a scheme of classification worked out by them at the expense of too many artificialities. Mr. Schwartz, of the Apprentices' Library, I think that has been done in Mr. Bui's decimal New York, and another by Mr. Smith, of the system, although the conveniences produced Philadelphia Library Company, concerning both are very great, as I have found. But such of which there have been whispers in the air features are to for time but neither of these is of too much value be thrust en- some ; yet pub- tirely out of the account. Mr. Perkins wished lished. They have been reserved, I believe, " to escape the fetters of decimalism," and he for presentation at this meeting, and will prob- has an equal prejudice against combinations of ably bring the whole subject of classifica- figures and letters, with which prejudice I can tion into discussion, in the broadest possible for there is a cabalistic look to the sympathize ; way.

PROGRESS OF LIBRARY ARCHITECTURE.

YEARLY REPORT, BY W. F. POOLE, LIBRARIAN OF THE PUBLIC LIBRARY, CHICAGO. pERHAPS the Executive Committee as- objections may be obviated. In the other 1 signed to me the duty of making a report paper, Mr. J. L. Smithmeyer, of Washington, on the "Progress of Library Architecture" displayed and explained the plans which he because I am known to favor progress. At had made, under instructions from the Joint the last meeting of the Association at Wash- Committee of Congress, for the new building " ington, two papers on Library Architecture," of the Congress Library. In Mr. Smith- and the discussion which followed them, meyer's plans were embodied everything brought the subject into prominence, and which is conventional and venerable, and

1 elicited from the librarians present the expres- everything which I had condemned. sion of an unanimous opinion in favor of a 1 The two papers named were printed in the Library radical reform. In one of these I had 6. Poole's was papers Journal (v. pp. 69, 77) ; and Mr. paper the honor to set forth objections to the con- printed, with the drawings, by the United States Bureau of Education (Circulars for Information, iSSi, Nov. i) ; ventional and typical style of building, and and with the drawings in the American Architect for Sept. exhibited of construction which these plans by 17, 1881 (v. 10, p. 131). POOLE.

The resolution offered by Mr. Edmunds, of report to consider what has been done, and Philadelphia, expressing the opinion of the what is doing, in maturing the plans for these Association, and adopted by a unanimous vote, new buildings. was as follows : With regard to the Library of Congress "Resolved, That, in the opinion of the As- building I addressed a note to the Librarian, Mr. several sociation, the time has come for a radical Spofford, weeks ago, stating that I modification of the prevailing typical style of had been delegated to make this report, and for the library building, and the adoption of a style asking latest information on the sub- of construction better suited to economy and ject. I have received his reply, in which he practical utility." says : "As to our building there is no new in- This resolution could not be regarded as an formation, save that its special day fixed by the indorsement of any specific plans which had House last month, by a decisive vote which under discussion but it indicates has been been ; was a significant passage, postponed two or three times indication that the whole library profession is to give what they call bigger mat- ters a chance. in arms against the absurd, extravagant, com- The interior arrangement has not been fixed bustible, and inconvenient library buildings (whatever the newspapers may which have hitherto been constructed. It will say), but will rest with the Commission to determine. be the purpose of this report to state what So, give us more light." Our interest in the progress, if any, has been made in library Library of Congress construction since the last meeting of this arises not simply from the fact that it is one of Association to of the the two libraries of the ; speak buildings now great country, but in process of erection, and the plans on which largely from the other fact, that it is a National it is proposed to erect other buildings. Library, and that our citizenship gives us a A new and practical interest was imparted proprietary interest in it. We have, therefore, to the subject, when we met at Washington, a right to meddle with its concerns, and to from the fact that the two largest libraries in give our advice when we think it is needed. the country, the Library of Congress, and the As individuals, and as an Association of Boston Public Library, were about to erect American Librarians, there are duties which new buildings of a size and with requirements we owe to that library. We can serve it by such as we have had no experience with. getting the ears of the Senators and Repre- Their old buildings, which were erected less sentatives from our own States, and influencing than thirty years ago, are in the conventional them in its favor. As an Association, we can, our united ecclesiastical style of the fourteenth century, by action, strengthen the hands of our its chief and faulty in every respect. They cannot be worthy colleague, executive officer, enlarged; the books are in inaccessible gal- who asks for our advice and support. For the where from heat readers ten the interests of the leries, they perish ; past years library have have insufficient accommodations for study, and been sadly neglected by Congress in not pro- the administrative force of the library has no viding proper accommodations for its books proper facilities for doing its work. Here was and its readers. With shelving capacity for an opportunity for striking out into new meth- 200,000 volumes, it has now 400,000 volumes, ods of construction, and for introducing im- and the surplus books are stacked up like cord- provements, such as will not occur again in a wood in the galleries and upon the floors, century. If mistakes be made here they will where they are inaccessible. Nothing like be a barrier to future progress. The smaller order and systematic arrangement is possible " libraries will copy the plans of the larger under such circumstances. I know noth- libraries for it is and the the chairman of the committee ; assumed assump- ing," says joint tion ought to be true that the highest intelli- of Congress on the new library building, "more gence and the results of the largest experience humiliating to the character of Congress, or, are embodied in the largest structures. It indeed, to our national character, than the becomes, therefore, a necessary part of this present deplorable condition of our great and 132 CINCINNA TI CONFERENCE.

invaluable library." An earnest appeal has interested in the internal structure and arrange- been made every year by the Librarian for ment of the building which will be erected, and more room there have been their the of ; and, although bearing upon progress library many reports on the subject and many schemes architecture. As our National Library, it will suggested, nothing as yet has been done. The be a building of great cost, and, as a specimen delay has arisen partly from the indifference of tasteful and appropriate architecture, should of Congress, and partly from the conflict of be worthy of the noble purpose to which it will opinions as to the best method for obtaining be dedicated. It will, indeed, be a misfortune the room needed. Many members of Congress if the venerable errors which were laid before have clung to the idea that the library in its us at the Washington meeting, as "the pro- present location could in some way be supplied posed plan," which were eulogized as "the " with room by taking more space in the Capi- adopted plan by Mr. Voorhees. in his speech tol, or by throwing out wings. The unanswer- on the Library Bill in the Senate on March 2d, able objection to all these projects is that the and against which the whole library profession location itself is in a fire-trap. The old Capitol protests, are to be reproduced in this build- building, in which the library is, was erected ing. It is consoling to be assured by Mr. " before the modern principles of fire-proof con- Spofford that the interior is not fixed, but struction came into use. The roof, rafters, will rest with the Commission [of which he flooring, and timbers are of wood. The attic will be one] to determine," and that he appeals " is filled with documents and on file and to us for more It would be papers ; light.'' gratify- as there are no division walls of brick, a fire ing to see this assurance in the form of an would sweep from one end of the attic of the amendment to the bill now before Congress. old Capitol to the other, as it did through the The plan which Mr. Voorhees says has been Patent Office building a few years ago. The "adopted by the Committee," and to which Library of Congress has twice been burned, Mr. Spofford objects as earnestly as any other and it is a wonder it has not been burned a member of this Association, is a part of the bill third time. The Commissioners appointed by itself. It is not easy to see why, if the bill the President, after the burning of the Patent passes in its present form, it will not carry the Office, to examine the public buildings in Committee's plans with it. Large pecuniary Washington and report on their security or interests attach themselves to so important an insecurity from fire, brought out these facts as undertaking; and it is doubtful whether the to the insecurity of the old portion of the Capi- Commission, having the best intentions, could tol. It was a question in the minds of the radically change the plans unless this power in case of fire in that Commission, whether, was specifically conferred upon them by Con- the not fall. building, great dome would (See gress. Ex. Doc. No. 2d and 10, 45th Cong., Sess., The objections to the Committee's plans may Senate No. Reports, 753, 46th Cong., 3d Sess., be stated briefly thus : The of and the p. 25.) Library Congress 1. They will make a show building, and of the Court are under that Library Supreme not one practicably adapted to the uses of a dome. library. of the attention of Con- Fortunately, late, 2. The building will be needlessly extrava- has been drawn from all the gress away futile gant. A vast amount of space will be wasted schemes of for the in the providing library in order to obtain what is falsely called "ar- Capitol, and is now directed to the erection of chitectural effect." Such treatment would be a on some outside lot. separate building A proper in a large church or cathedral, but is bill to that effect is in at pending Congress wholly out of place in a library. this time. The location of the has building 3. The arrangement for storing the books is been discussed with much interest in Washin-- O the worst that could be devised . The alcoves are ton but the of location and of its ; questions carried five stories high, one story higher than external features do not concern us. are We in the present Congress Library. The books POOLE. '33 are made inaccessible, and the binding of such been strangely misinformed as to the opinions books as are stored in the galleries will perish and the proceedings of this Association. from heat. Mr. Spofford gave his experience The library bill has not yet come to a gen- in this at the in eral discussion in the Senate and House and matter, Washington meeting, ; these words : if it should be so amended as to refer all ques- " If you go into the upper galleries of the Li- tions relating to plans to the three Commission- brary of Congress on any day of the winter and ers, with full power to act, and with the au- take a book from the shelves, the chances are thority to consult with expert librarians, no rea- that it will almost burn your hand. It has oc- sonable objection can be raised to the bill. In curred to me that if these warped and shrivelled its present form it is likely to meet with oppo- and overheated volumes were not inanimate sition from the best friends of the Congress beings if they could only speak they Library and the library interests of the coun- ' would cry out to their custodians : Our suf- try. ferings are intolerable.' In the library I speak A senseless opposition to the appropriation of, moreover, there is only the injury resulting of public money for the expansion of an insti- from the rising heat to which the books are tution which is likely to become a National Li- subjected, since no gas is burned. When to brary must be expected, and can do little the fearful and almost incandescent heat that harm. Already the Washington correspond- gathers under every ceiling is added the well- ents of several metropolitan newspapers, whose known destructive influence of coal-gas burned appreciation of literature is limited to the 4 ' " " through many hours of each day, the effects Turf Register and Stud Book," are turn- upon the books and bindings are simply de- ing their oracular wisdom into this channel. plorable." They tell us that the Library of Congress is be- here of the heat in an ambitious and institution Mr. Spofford speaks only coming dangerous ; winter. The effect of summer heat upon the that the librarian is now helping members pre- of books stored in is even their and soon he will write them bindings galleries pare speeches, ; more deplorable. The blazing sun of a Wash- that he is a power behind the throne greater ington summer, pouring down through the sky- than the throne, and can carry any measure he of the roof of the structure sets his heart that the lights planned by upon ; library building Mr. Smithmeyer, will raise the temperature to scheme is an ambitious project to promote his a height far in excess of that caused by artifi- own political importance, and that he will soon cial heat in winter. Mr. Dyer, of the St. Louis demand a seat in the cabinet. They tell us Mercantile Library, says the temperature of his that the copyright literature of the country, upper gallery- frequently rises in summer (and which by law is deposited in the library, is he has no to It is trash and that the to make skylights) 140 degrees. folly ; proper disposition and madness to place books under such condi- of these books is to build or hire a cheap store- tions that their bindings are sure to be de- house, and pack them away, like so many red- stroyed by excessive heat. herring. They need not be catalogued or It seems unnecessary to speak of other feat- placed on shelves, for nobody will ever ask to ures in the plans adopted by the joint commit- see them. This is a cheerful view of American tee of Congress, which are as faulty as those literature ! The estimate is so absurd it needs which have been named. Mr Voorhees, in his no comment, for it carries its refutation upon elaborate speech of March 2d, stated that the its face. adopted plans were carefully examined by the The service which the Library of Congress principal librarians of the country, who attended is doing in the registration, cataloguing, and the meeting of the American Library Asso- preservation of the copyright publications of at in 1881 the alone the of erect- ciation, Washington, February, ; country, justifies expense that the committee had the benefit of their ing a new building for its accommodation. It experience and observation, and that the plans is the Census Bureau of our national literature. were warmly approved. Mr. Voorhees has Its functions ought to include the registration '34 CINCINNA TI CONFERENCE. and preservation of every book and pamphlet pains as if he were a millionnaire, had stolen a publicly and privately issued in the country, railroad, or was owner of a trotting mare with whether copyrighted or not. No institution, a record of 2.io|. Cannot the Government except it be under the auspices of the govern- do as much for a book ? We can make no rea- ment, could do this. The registration of a new sonable guess as to which of the books and book is as important as the registration of a pamphlets of our day will be rare and priceless new It matters it two hundred hence but of this we baby. not whether be a large years ; may book or a small book, a good book or a poor rest assured they will be publications which book, a book with covers or a book without we now regard as trifles or trash. all have a interest in the welfare covers. It is enough for the purpose of regis- As we deep of the of as the is tration and for preservation in a national library Library Congress ; present that it is little an crisis in its and as our a book. Every picaninny in the important history ; South, even if it be humpbacked and have the colleague, the accomplished librarian, cannot and to us in its this re- rickets, is registered by the patient census- be present speak behalf, has treated its affairs than taker, the name written out in full, with age, port more freely nativity, and social condition, and with as much would otherwise have been deemed necessary.

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY.

On the 22d of April, 1880, the State of Mas- If this means that the new building will have " in sachusetts gave to the city of Boston a lot of its great hall which they (the books) must " land on the corner of Boylston and Dartmouth necessarily be stored (which the trustees re- " streets, measuring thirty-two thousand five hun- gard as this first necessity"), it is a repetition dred square feet, for the erection of a new Pub- of the plan of the old building, which they have lic Library building, and with the condition so persistently and eloquently condemned, and that the city should begin to build within at last propose to abandon. three years. As the trustees for ten years have In order to obtain the latest information, I been complaining of their old building, and addressed a letter of inquiry to Judge Cham- when they submitted their annual report, in berlain, the librarian, and I will give the fol-

June last, had had under consideration for more lowing extract from his reply, dated April 8 : than a year the new enterprise, it was expected "We have done absolutely nothing in re- that the report would throw some light on the spect to the plan of the new library building. matter of library construction. This expecta- Mr. Greenough [the president of the trustees] tation was not realized. If the trustees had was abroad last summer, and looked at many any views as to plans of construction they buildings, both in England and on the Conti- were carefully concealed. The only passage in nent; and the same may be said of the city the report bearing on the subject was the fol- architect, Mr. Clough. A year ago the trus- " lowing, the meaning of which is obscure : No tees passed a vote recommending that the City elegant edifice is to be designed in which the Council should authorize the city architect, in books are to be deposited in conformity to the consultation with the trustees, to prepare plans architectural or ornamental structure of the for the construction of a fire-proof building. building; but it should be erected over the As yet there has been no conference that I am books, the arrangement and classification of aware of between the architect and the trustees. which for convenience of use must determine In fact, the trustees have had all they wanted the form and details of its great hall in which to do in securing the requisite land." they must necessarily be stored, and thus out- Judge Chamberlain, having described the lot line the walls of the building. The other con- given by the State, says that the trustees are ditions of the library can be easily fashioned unwilling to build on so small a lot, which is to conform with this first necessity." equivalent to a lot 250 X 130 feet. They desire POOLE. '35

to buy an adjoining lot of equal size, giving meanwhile the proposition has been considered them 65,000 square feet, a lot 25,000 square of taking the new High School property, on or cent, than the one on for the and no feet, 62^ per larger Montgomery street, Library ; " which I proposed, in my paper on Library practical results have been reached. Judge Construction," to erect a building with a ca- Chamberlain closes by saying that he will look pacity of three million volumes. The Legisla- with interest for the views of the Association ture has authorized the city to condemn the ad- on the subject of library architecture expressed but the Council has not at this jacent property ; City meeting. yet voted the money to pay for it. In the

MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY.

The University of Michigan is erecting a very which changes are improvements. The first tasteful library building from plans made in floor is of stone, and the second and third Boston. The reading-room is semi-circular in floors of hammered glass, except the passage- front, with a radius of forty feet, and has a ways, which are of stone. The height of depth of about sixty feet. The necessary stories is seven feet six inches. The building rooms are numerous and convenient. The which encloses the stack is in its exterior meas- Harvard Library stack plan is adopted for the ure 55.6 by 43.4 feet. A passage-way three feet storage of books, and will shelve one hundred six inches wide surrounds the stack. Mr. thousand volumes. The Harvard plan is modi- Winsor is the advocate and defender of the fied in several The cases are stack as I not its I shall particulars. system ; and, am patron, placed three feet apart instead of two feet four leave him, in the general discussion which is to inches the stack has a central and to its merits. ; passage-way, follow, explain three instead of six galleries or floors, all of

THE ENOCH PRATT LIBRARY.

Mr. Enoch Pratt has presented to the city of feet. The only peculiar feature of the structure Baltimore a large sum of money, for the pur- is that the first story of the middle portion, pose of founding a free public library for the thirty-seven by seventy-five feet, and eighteen circulation of popular books, provided the city feet high, is to be used for the storage of books. stories will accept the gift and administer it as a pub- Two are made of this room, each nine lic trust. It is intended to supplement the feet high, which are connected by stairs and work of the Peabody Institute Library, which lifts. The architect estimates that these two

is solely a library of reference. Mr. Pratt, like stories will shelve one hundred and fifty thou- Mr. George Peabody, the city's earlier bene- sand volumes, which, in practice, I think, will factor, is a native of Massachusetts, and in be found an over-estimate. Above the book- business has made his fortune in Baltimore. room is a reading-room of the same size, and for the to the Without waiting city accept gift, twenty-five feet high. Connected with it, on the of a Mr. Pratt has gone about erection the Mulberry-street front, is a book-room thirty building on his own land. His lot has a feet square, divided as before into two stories, a frontage of Si feet on Mulberry street, and each nine feet high, and which, it is supposed, of feet to a 2o-foot As the depth 140 alley. will contain fifty thousand volumes. lot has no light of its own except on the front There seems to be little in the general plan and rear, in order to get light into the middle of this building to be commended, and nothing portion of the building it was necessary to worthy of being copied. The lot is inappro- draw in the walls twenty feet on each side, giv- priate. The building should have been placed ing the building a width of only thirty-seven on a corner lot, where the light would be 136 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

ample. The light portions of the building are were awarded, I was surprised that he had 1 devoted to directors room, offices, janitor's taken the advice of no practical librarian, and quarters, and packing-room, and the darkest had read none of the papers on library con- portions to the books. It is a unique idea to struction which have appeared in the publica- store books in rooms nine feet high. In con- tions of this Association. versing with the architect, after the contracts

GENERAL.

A Public Library will soon go into operation available for a library of reference as it in the city of Lafayette, Ind., and, as the plans doubtless will be one of the most interesting of the building have been prepared by myself, problems in library construction which have I need only say that they embody views of occurred in this country will then present mine which are well known. Colonel Charles itself. G. Hammond, of Chicago, is building at his The most encouraging feature in the progress own expense a library building for the Chi- of library architecture during the past fifteen cago Theological Seminary, which will have months is that there has been a greater ad- in the results a capacity of fifty thousand volumes. The vance than appears practical necessary rooms for reading and study will which have been laid before you in this report. be models of good taste and common-sense. Public attention has been awakened to the sub- The Chicago Public Library, with eighty-seven ject. Librarians are losing respect for antique thousand volumes, still occupies rented quar- absurdities, and are not afraid to think for ters but it is that a new is in the themselves. Committees ask not whether the ; hoped building near future. A bill is pending in Congress, plan is old and typical, but whether it is with every indication of .passing, by which the convenient, useful, economical, and sensible. United States will release a nominal claim to Architects are now seeking information from Dearborn Park, that it may be occupied by the those to whom they formerly dictated conven- Public Library. The legal questions concern- tional rules. Whatever improvements are to ing the time for distributing the Newberry be made in library construction must come fund, which must eventually be applied to the from the experience and suggestions of our establishment in Chicago of the Newberry own profession. The future is full of promise, Public Library, are still pending in the Su- and doubtless before the next meeting of the preme Court of Illinois. When this great Association we shall see the proof that our fund of three or four million dollars becomes faith in progress is not groundless.

SELECTING AND TRAINING LIBRARY ASSISTANTS.

BY JAMES L. WHITNEY.

E President has asked me to say a few To you, Mr. President, the task might also T words as to the best method of selecting most appropriately fall, for no one has had oc- and training library assistants. casion to feel the importance of this subject I am sorry that Judge Chamberlain is not more than you. You will remember the great here to take the part originally assigned to him, pressure of those seeking places in the Boston no there are few for, doubt, subjects which have Public Library, when you were there, and the themselves more on his impressed strongly long queue of applicants who stood in waiting. mind, since he joined our brotherhood, than To select from such a company the best assist- this. ants was no easy task. WHITNET. '37

As a means of expediting the business a an insufficient education, which are so common series of questions was printed, with blank in library assistants, may be overcome by teach- for the and a spaces answers, copy was given ing and training within the library. It has been to each applicant. These questions were both suggested that classes be formed for instruc- numerous and searching, covering the points of tion, and that lessons and lectures be given by education, health, and character, and the stand- the librarian and others outsiders, it may be ard set was a high one. As might be expected, in the various branches of knowledge. few of those who took these papers home had Much, no doubt, might be accomplished in this if the the courage to return, and, in this way, much way, pupil should prove to be bright time was saved and and ambitious but the labors of annoyance escaped. From ; both librarian the papers that were returned it was easy to and assistant are in too great demand to allow throw out those of applicants who were evi- of much time for such instruction. The libra- dently unworthy, and to narrow down the num- rian cannot expect to usurp the functions of the school-master ber to a few. Even with these precautions it and to add them successfully to was found that sometimes mistakes were made, his own. The work of study and training must so far are we influenced by prepossessions or be done, for the most part, in the school-room, prejudices, and so liable are we to be imposed and the new-comer must be thoroughly tested upon by glibness and a fair exterior. as to the fruits of this study before he is admit- We have often been informed of late that ted to library service. librarians have proved to the world that theirs In examining a candidate, having discovered that he is of is a profession worthy of being classed with good stock physically, and likely to bear the the liberal professions. However that may strain of continuous library service we are or to to for a series of that he is be, determined, ought be, years ; accustomed to admit to our ranks only such as are worthy to habits of order and punctuality; that he is become members of the studious and amiable highest professions, accurate, and, above-all, ; realizing, as we do, that there are few positions the most thorough examination should be to his where the difference between an educated and made as intellectual ability. He should, an uneducated assistant is so marked as in a first of all, have an aptitude for languages, and library, or where poor work is so fatal. For a a considerable proficiency in them, for in a " library may be compared to a watch, each part library, if anywhere, the proverb is true, He in which depends on the proper action of the who knows four languages is equal to four other, and where poor work in the least mem- men." I do not see how any one can attempt ber affects the whole. to be a librarian lacking a knowledge of Latin In the and Greek. catalogue department, for example, Without this, in a large library, the perfection of each person's work depends one must stand appalled before the open pages largely on the thoroughness of that done by of books that daily come before him. How the one who goes before him. Some persons can one hope, for example, to wrestle with the are sure to be correct, or as near to it as is terminology of botany, medicine, and the other possible, and the reviser goes on with certainty, sciences, unless he has the sixth sense, which a rapidity, and with the minimum of exertion. linguistic training gives ? The applicant should Others have a fatal facility in blundering, and also have at least the groundwork prepared for this is a trial the other severe to the strength and temper sciences which is formed by a college of the reviser, often paralyzing his own ability education.' to do good work. 1 I have said that this examination must be a It has been thought that these defects from thorough one, and it may well go back of the candidate himself to his ancestors, to see what 1 One is tempted in such cases to repeat Petrarch's in- of intellectual as well as physical quality he has vectives against the professional copyists of his time: " Who will discover a cure for the ignorance and vile sloth of these copyists, who spoil everything and turn it 1 Especially would I urge the importance of the study to nonsense?" Symonds. Renaissance in Italy, if., 129. of history. '3* CINCINNA TI CONFERENCE. inherited from them. This necessity is not young men and young women have come to a felt by myself alone. The librarian of the library, having had but slight opportunities for Boston Athenaeum recently said to me, "The an education, who have been so persevering older I grow the more I believe in cultivated in their efforts for improvement that they have assistance and the Brahmin blood." Such an risen to the highest rank in the profession. assistant naturally springs at once to the front We can all point, in unhappy contrast, to many rank, outstripping those of ordinary abilities cases where assistants, lacking this ambition, and those who take up library work merely as have gone on year after year without progress, a means of making a living, and often with and each year deepening their own ruts. little ambition beyond it. Some one has said It is hard to understand the extent of the of the people of a certain community that they knowledge which comes from routine work in a are constantly "shinningup genealogical trees." library where one apparently has time only to There cannot be too much of this when there familiar with the titles of there be books ; yet 1 is any serious work at hand. can be no doubt of the value of this intellectual When an assistant has been found possessing training. A librarian's knowledge is, to be these qualifications he should be made the sure, spread over a vast range of subjects, in most of and given every possible help and no one of which can he hope for the thor- facility. The librarian should personally revise ough knowledge of the specialist. Happily, his work and assist him at every point, at least however, it has been found that this diffusive, until he is able to stand alone. If desirous of partial knowledge serves a good purpose, and perfecting himself in any language or other that the strength of the chain is not that of its study he should be allowed a little time every- weakest link. day for such study, and be encouraged to still As a help in this training I would suggest further effort outside library hours. Here he that the library assistant, from the very begin- may be helped, as has been the case in Boston, ning of his service, make it a point to read cer- by the free or cheap evening classes such as tain literary papers. The knowledge of books those which have been formed in the languages and of events that comes from the systematic and other studies by the Young Men's Christian reading of such papers as the Nation, the Lit- Union of that city. He should be told that it erary World, the Athenaum, the Academy, is hardly possible to be too thorough and accu- and the Spectator, will prove of great service. rate, and that every mistake will be likely at To these may be added, if time allow, some of some day to rise up in judgment against him. the more bulky reviews, and also French and He should be made to understand from the very German periodicals. As a means of keeping beginning that his position in the library is as up a knowledge of the modern languages, a important as that of any officer, and that the novel or descriptive work, or a play in some library expects of him just as good work as one of those languages might always be kept from any one. He should be made to feel that in hand. 1 advancement is sure if he is faithful to his call- With the development of libraries in this ing, and that in the higher work of a library country, the need of a higher standard of edu- the opportunities for an education are very cation in librarians and their assistants has be- great. There have been cases, even, where come a pressing one. It is well that this Con- vention should itself on record as 1 put recog- It hardly seems necessary to say that applicants for this fact. It is a matter for congratulation positions in libraries who have already served in other nizing libraries should be required to bring testimonials from that young men on leaving college are enter- their former employers. Yet there are at the present time 1 persons filling positions of trust in libraries who As helps in this direction the editions of the New Tes- found have been incompetent where they have already tament, published in various languages by the American served. It is too much the habit to regard persons who Bible Society, might be mentioned. As occasion offers, that have had say they experience in a library as fitted the reading of these, which are more convenient than for undertaking even difficult work in a new position, other less familiar books, which require a more frequent without out what that " " finding experience may amount use of the dictionary, has been found helpful in fixing in to. the mind the meaning of words. GREEN. '39 ing in increasing numbers the service of libra- persons, who are doing good work in the same 1 ries, and that the newly established girls col- field. From this the most beneficial results leges have already furnished many educated are to be anticipated.

AIDS AND GUIDES FOR READERS.

YEARLY REPORT, BY S. S. GREEN, LIBRARIAN OF THE FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY, WORCESTER.

accordance with a request of the Execu- unreserved praise, for the liberality shown by IN tive Board of the American Library Asso- them in issuing this catalogue, and Mr. Cutter ciation, I herewith present a report on the will always be remembered by librarians and progress which has been made the past year in readers with profound gratitude, for the suc- furnishing aids and guides for readers. cessful efforts he has made to render it the most substantial aid to investigators in general Catalogues. literature to be found in the printed catalogues of the libraries of and America. The British Museum has made the important England Dr. S. has increased the sum of announcement that it is beginning the work of J. Billings obligations under which he has laid students of printing its catalogue. The additions to the the theory and practice of medicine, by issuing library are to be catalogued in print, and vol- a second volume of his inval- umes of the manuscript catalogue, that have (Berlioz-Cholas) uable Index of the of the become distended by numerous entries, are to Catalogue Library Surgeon-General's office, U.S. be printed, as funds are forthcoming. Thus, Army. Mr. Scudder, of Harvard is very valuable lists of books, interesting to stu- College Library, devices into the dents of Dante, Shakespeare, Homer, etc., introducing subject-catalogue of the to make it more useful to the will probably become accessible to readers college student, and the made in this throughout the world. It is estimated that it general progress direction is noted in the annual re- will be forty years before the whole catalogue every year of Professor the librarian. can be printed, unless the appropriation for the ports Winsor, The Boston Public has issued work (about $8,000 a year), made by the gov- Library during the a of works in the Arts ernment, is increased, and that when com- past year catalogue and Sciences contained in the Lower and pleted its 3,000,000 entries will fill 200 vol- Hall, added between the and with umes. This estimate, as I understand it, years 1871 1881, applies to an author-catalogue alone, as the references to books in the Bates Hall. Museum has no subject-catalogue. Indexes. The Lenox Library has issued No. 5 of its Contributions to a Catalogue. This includes The announcement that the new edition of the books in the library on the subject of Poole's Index will probably be on sale Decem- Shakespeare, and this volume, with the cata- ber i has given unalloyed satisfaction to read- logue of books on Shakespeare, in the Barton ers and students and to librarians. collection of the Boston Public Library, makes It is stated that over 200 periodicals, in 5,000 the contribution of the United States a valubale volumes, have been indexed in this work, and addition to the bibliography of the writings of that the 300,000 references which it contains the great English dramatist. will fill 1,500 closely-printed pages. It includes The valuable catalogue of the Boston Athe- entries to December 31, 1881. naeum has been completed during the year. All honor to William F. Poole and William The trustees of this library are deserving of I. Fletcher, and to the libraries whose officers 140 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE. have seconded these gentlemen in their efforts references to sets of periodicals in their pos- to accomplish an undertaking which is so session, or taken by citizens of towns where great, and which seemed likely to be unremu- they are situated, must be more useful than one nerative. This work is the fruit of the spirit of volume which makes comparatively scanty ref- cooperation which has sprung up among libra- erences to a great number of magazines and re- rians since 1876, and which the American Li- views, most of them not readily accessible to brary Association and the Library Journal have inquirers. done much to foster and increase. Palmer's Index to the Times Newspaper has, This association undertakes no business en- as usual, worked backwards as well as forwards, terprises, but has conferred lasting benefits and now covers the issues of the great English upon readers, by aiding and encouraging efforts daily from April I, 1 86 1 -December 31, 1881. in their behalf. Nothing it has done will re- The New York Daily Tribune has continued " dound more to its credit for good judgment and its series of indexes by issuing The New York wise management than the firm support and Daily Tribune Index for 1881." ready assistance it has afforded Mr. Poole in William Gushing has continued his index of ' ' bringing out the new edition of his Index. the North American Review by issuing a Sup- Four new indexes have been issued the past plementary Index to the North American Re- year by William McCrillis Griswold, of Bangor, view, Vols. 126-131 (1878-1880)." This Sup- Maine. Mr. Griswold is one of our associates, plement, as well as the original index, and an and is known to the community generally by Index to the Christian Examiner, may be had his assumed name of Q. P. Index. by addressing Rev. William Gushing, 18 Wen- The works lately published are : A General dell street, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Index to Scribner's General Index has Monthly ; A The Royal Geographical Society pub- to A General Index in v. of its List of in Lippincott's Magazine ; lished, 50 Journal, Papers to the Eclectic Magazine (vols. 1-96), and to the "Journal" and "Proceedings;" List of vols. of The and The P. and other Illustrations List of the Au- 37-148 Living Age, Q. Maps, ; Index Annual for 1881 : An Index to The thors of Papers. See v. 50, pp. 153-242. International Review, The Popular Science London. [Monthly], The Century, Lippincott's, The Mr. William I. Fletcher has done a favor to Nation, The Atlantic, The Living Age, Har- that large portion of the community which be- per's, and The Eclectic, for 1880^81. lieves there is profit or entertainment, or both, These indexes can be had by addressing in novel-reading, by allowing two indexes, pre- Q. P. Index, Library of Congress, Washington, pared by him, to be published in the Library B.C. Journal, namely, Index to Serial Stories con- It is desirable that Mr. Griswold should be tained in bound volumes of leading periodicals, encouraged to continue his work as an indexer. and List of important Serial Stories published His indexes will not be superseded by Mr. in the Revue des Deux Mondes to 1880, inclu-

Poole's work. latter 1 great The will, of course, sive (L. J., v. 6, p. 66). For a list of the be indispensable to large libraries and useful in periodicals, the stories contained in which have all. But, even in large libraries, indexes will been indexed in the former list, and for the still be needed that refer in greater detail to the Index itself, see Library Journal, v. 6, p. 42. contents of particular periodicals than is possi- On page 167 of the same volume of the Journal in a ble work which indexes in a single, al- may be found a few additions to this list by though large, volume a great number of maga- W. M. Griswold. It may be also stated that zines and reviews. Mr. Poole's work will be Mr. Frederick Leypoldt, 13 and 15 Park Row, interesting in small libraries, in enabling stu- New York, reprinted a few copies of Mr. dents to find out in what periodicals informa- Fletcher's first list, which he has sold for five tion is to be found, even although the libraries cents a copy. themselves furnish cannot the books. Still, Of other indexes published during the past smaller a few for libraries, indexes with many year, it may be enough to call attention to an GREEN. 141

Index to Neander's General History of the bers of the Library Journal, beginning with Christian Religion and Church, and an Ana- Vol. 6, No. i. lytical Index to the works of Hawthorne, by Among valuable lists with notes now issued, Eva M. O'Connor. Both of these indexes are which it will be well for smaller libraries to published by Houghton, Miflin, & Co., of Bos- make use of, are the bulletin of new books ton but before them the recommended the State of ; buying intending pur- by Board Education chaser should see to it that the references are of Rhode Island, prepared by W. E. Foster, to the edition of the works of these of and issued the particular Providence, quarterly ; bul- authors which he owns. letins of the Hartford Library Association and The same precaution should be observed the Boston Public Library, and the lists of before buying Percival Clark's Index to Trev- additions to the Boston Athenaeum and the elyan's Life and Letters of Macaulay, cabinet Young Men's Library of Buffalo. edition, 1878, London, Longman's. Librarians may also make the card-catalogues This index was issued by the Index Society, of their libraries more useful to readers by sub- which has its head-quarters in London, and of scribing to publications such as these, cutting which our minister, James Russell Lowell, is out some of the notes and pasting them on the president. cards. The other publications of this society re- It may not be amiss to remind managers of ceived since our last meeting are : Report of the small libraries that the best" sort of information second annual of the Index books be obtained meeting Society ; regarding may by reading to which are added three indexes : I . Indexes the book-notices of such papers as The Literary ' of Portraits in the British Gallery of Por- World, The New York Evening Post, or its traits," Jerdan's "Portrait Gallery," Knight's weekly issue, The Nation, in the United States. "Gallery of Portraits," and "Lodge's Por- and the Academy and the Athenaeum, in traits." 2. Index of Abridgment of Patents. London. 3. Index of Obituary Notices for 1879. In order to make libraries, in which readers Guide to the Literature of Botany, by Ben- are admitted to the shelves, attractive, the books jamin Daydon Jackson. must be well arranged, and care should be The Index Society has other indexes ready taken to make the plans of arrangement for printing. known. The following indexes have been completed. A decided influence in behalf of the educa-

It is to be hoped they may be published : tion of the community may be exerted by mak- They are : Index to the Biographical Notices ing large numbers of reference-books, such as of the first fifty volumes of the Gentleman's Encyclopaedias, Biographical Dictionaries, Dic- Magazine, by R. H. Farrar, and a Hebrew tionaries of Mechanics, etc., accessible to and Topical Index to Lange's Commentary of readers. the Old Testament, by Professor Pick. It is important also to provide quiet study- rooms for really studious persons. Knowledge of the progress that has been Libraries as Educational Institutions. made during the past year in improving plans The first thing a library has to do, if it wishes for the arrangement of books, for the indica- to exert a beneficial educational influence, is to tion of the arrangement, and for facilitating in see to it that the selection of its books is care- other ways the use of libraries by students and fully made by competent persons. readers, may best be obtained by reading the In buying additions, substantial aid may be numbers of the Library Journal issued during had by consulting the annotated lists of books the year, and the reports of the most enter- purchased, from time to time, by some of the prising librarians. " larger libraries, and the Library Purchase Lists How to Use the Reading-room," is a use- which, prepared by Mr. Cutter of the Boston ful little publication, prepared by W. E. Foster, Athenaeum, have appeared in successive num- for use in the Providence Public Library. 142 CINCINNA TI CONFERENCE.

" Suggestions to Students," printed for the that lies in their power to aid the schools, and benefit of pupils in the Edinboro' State Normal have expressed their willingness to place in the School, Pennsylvania, may be found on page library, for the use of teachers, Barnard's Jour- 1 60 of Vol. 6 of the Library Journal. nal of Education, in thirty volumes, which is a The Thomas Crane Public Library, of Quincy, complete cyclopaedia of educational literature. Massachusetts, has issued two Children's Book It would seem that the school department Lists, one containing books under the heads should do as much at least as the trustees to and Historical Fiction increase the of its teach- Fiction, Fairy Tales, ; professional knowledge the other, books under the heads Biography, ers. Much study upon the history, theory, and History, Science and Natural History, Travel practice of education is necessary on the part and Adventure, Miscellaneous. The lists are of teachers, in order that mistakes may be to be both avoided and the best results obtained it is intended short, containing, together, ; yet only a few hundred volumes. The second list manifest that a teacher, on a salary of four hun- seems meagre, but both must be useful, although dred dollars or less, will have little left, after not above criticism as regards the selection of defraying expenses, to invest in books of any books appearing in them. kind. Permit me to suggest that a small sum In response to an application made by me of money be invested under your direction, so to Mr. Charles Francis Adams, Jr., for infor- that a few of the best works on education may mation regarding the results which have fol- be placed in the Public Library beside the lowed the use of the Children's Lists, he has books furnished by the Trustees, thus forming caused a copy of a recently issued report of the a nucleus around which, in the future, may be School Committee of the town of Quincy to gathered all of those books that would be use- be sent to me. I make the following extract ful to teachers." from this document: "The liberal appropria- Mr. J. N. Larned, of Buffalo, has issued tion for books and stationery, last year, has sup- during the year a catalogue of books in the plied us with means sufficient to add much good Young Men's Library suited to young persons, to our stock in addition in it such books as he knows to be reading-matter ; and, indicating to this, a set of encyclopaedias has been placed wholesome. He writes me as follows, in reply in each building. The children are making to inquiries of mine : "I think our little cata- much use of these as books of reference, and logue of Books for Young Readers has had, are daily learning not to rely upon other per- and is having, considerable influence on the sons for information which they can find out for reading of young people in this library. I themselves. Our home-reading has been greatly have had testimony to that effect from a good facilitated by the preparation of the Children's many parents and teachers who are systemati- Book Lists, under the direction of the Trustees cally using it, and who have been prompted to of the Thomas Crane Public Library. Of these exercise more supervision over, and guidance lists two numbers have already appeared, and of, the reading of their children by the help others are to follow. Many of these books which this little book gives them. The boys have trial in been on our schools, as in the and girls themselves seem to value it. That preparation of the lists all teachers were re- the books recommended in the catalogue are quested to furnish the names of those books much more in use than they formerly were is a that have been proved to be interesting and in- fact which the assistants in the library say is structive. Facts are continually presenting very noticeable. Many good books that had themselves which prove that the connection fallen into neglect, and were always catching between the Public Library and the Public dust on the shelves, are now in lively demand, Schools is gradually growing stronger and and going and coming like the newest ones. stronger, which must be especially gratifying to "I am satisfied that the results will more than all interested in the education of the young. repay the labor of preparing the list, and In this connection it may be said that the would, indeed, more than repay a much larger trustees have indicated their desire to do all undertaking in the same direction." GREEN.

Mr. Larned published a large enough edition Librarians in Baltimore and Providence have of his catalogue to enable him to sell copies to even gone so far, in one instance in each city, other libraries. in supplying the wants of the community, as to In Indianapolis the Library Committee of distribute a bibliography of the subject of a the Public Library selected fourteen volumes lecture among the auditors. as availed for a small reference library, which the School To such persons have not yet results of Foster's labors Board of that city has placed in the schools. themselves of the Mr. School libraries have been formed in Provi- I wish to say, that no library can well get along, dence. Mr. Foster writes, in his third report, if it wishes to do an educational work, without "That these 'branch' collections, as they may having in hand the monthly Reference Lists. appropriately be considered, are so administered As a specimen of their contents, I give, in a as to be used under peculiarly favorable circum- note, a list of the subjects illustrated in the last stances, for they circulate under the teacher's four numbers, namely, those for January, Feb- 1 own eye, giving him an opportunity for judi- ruary, March, and April, of the present year. ciously following up the use of each book by the They are in Vol. 2. A table of contents is most effective suggestions, instructions, and supplied with Vol. I. The lists are furnished supervision." by W. E. Foster, at $1.00 per year, or at 10 It is stated that the Boston Public Library cents per copy. is now supplying small libraries to schools. Mr. Foster is deserving of the highest praise, Some of the schools in Worcester have libra- both for the amount and the excellence of his

ries a and it has been the work. It should be borne in mind that his ; few, large libraries, " " practice of the School Board to buy a few ref- efforts in practical bibliography have the erence books for use in every school build- purpose of meeting an immediate need, and ing. are intended only to meet the requirements of It is the custom of the library in Worcester the occasion, and not to be exhaustive bibliog- to allow every teacher who wishes, to take out raphies of subjects adapted to the wants of books for school uses and some of the eighteen ; profound investigation. instructors, availing themselves of this privi- Prof. Winsor continues to supply lists of lege, and making use of cards held by scholars books, pamphlets, and articles bearing on the stu- also, have out fifty volumes at a time. These subjects of themes and discussions which books are selected from the catalogues of the dents in Harvard University have to prepare library, and from manuscript lists of choice for. These are not printed, however. books kept in the librarian's room. They can In a paper read before this association at be changed as often as desired. The practice Philadelphia, in 1876, on Personal Relations be- " of this library is to buy a number of duplicates tween Librarians and Readers, I wrote : Place of really good books, and to supply the demand in the Circulating department one of the most for them. accomplished persons in the corps of your as-

Mr. Foster, of Providence, has continued to sistants. . . . Instruct this assistant to publish, during the year, his monthly Reference consult with every person who asks for help in Lists. Many of us subscribe for these, and we selecting books." all value them highly. The Boston Public Library has recently tried He has also continued to send weekly lists of the plan here recommended, and with the hap- books on current topics of interest to two of piest results, in raising the character of the the Providence papers, and to supply to readers reading of persons frequenting the lower hall the in his library daily a list of books on subjects of that institution, that is, the portion of of present inquiry. Mr. Foster also provides lists of books for i^Estheticism, Florence, The Suez Canal, Henry Wads- worth The Roman Catacombs, The Nibelung- the use of students in Brown University, in Longfellow, enlied, The German Empire, Elements of Unity in South- connection with which have to subjects they eastern Europe, The Chinese in the United States, The investigate. Venus of Mclos, Burke, and the French Revolution. 144 CINCINNA TI CONFERENCE.

building which contains the more popular books schools and the library are doing together, that are given out for home use. classes from the schools and societies which For particulars regarding this interesting desire the benefits which come from looking at work, I refer you to recent reports of the libra- costly illustrated works, and in which clubs and rian of the Boston Public Library. associations can hold meetings when costly A distinguishing feature of the Free Public books and plates are required for purposes of Library of Worcester for the last eleven or instruction and entertainment. This hall has twelve years has been, that it has cordially in- been much used the past year. vited all inquirers, whatever their age or posi- For example, the Women's Club listened tion, to come to the reference library and pro- here to a lecture by one of its number, illus- pound their questions, assured that as much trated by works in the library, on Eastern An- time as is necessary will be taken in every case tiquities. A class from one of the grammar to satisfy their inquiries, if answers to them can schools, whose members had become interested be found in books. This work grows in impor- in Armor and in deeds of Chivalry, were brought tance every year. Instead of having a reference by their teacher to the library and shown My- library that is not used at all, as was the case rick's Ancient Armour and Le Croix's books on twelve years ago, there began to be a large use the Middle Ages. of books at once under the new system, and A class came from the High School to look there has been a great increase in its use every at the great work of the Piranesis on Roman year since. Last year we gave out to inquirers, Architecture and Antiquities. to use in serious investigations within the Soon after Christmas I sent notices to the library building, 42,000 volumes, in addition to teachers in several grades of the public schools, such works as they helped themselves to from that, between certain hours on a specified unusually well-supplied shelves of reference Wednesday afternoon, I would have on exhibi- books, to which access is allowed without ob- tion two hundred or more recently issued books taining permission. I have no doubt this use that, it seemed to me, would help the teachers will be increased 5,000 volumes the current in their work. They came to the library in year. Questions that are put to us at the library large numbers, and spent a great deal of time I almost answered but in the books. are, believe, invariably ; examining much time is, of course, taken in answering The Art Society has had a meeting at the them, and many books have to be bought or library, in which one of its number gave an ac- borrowed in carrying on the work. count of the history and purposes of the Arun- I have in its extent and vari- a of the no doubt that, del Society ; another, description we are a work in that is of and still other ety, doing Worcester processes chromo-lithography ; unique. members explained to the company, broken up I should like, to take a single branch of the into groups, the publications of the Society, work, to speak of the close connection that has which had been arranged by a committee on been brought about between the library and the curtains hung about the rooms, or, when bound, industries of the city, and to show what is be- on easels and tables. ing done to advance their interests and to As soon as I return home, a class connected technical workmen with one of the churches in which spread knowledge among ; Worcester, but a paper would be needed to treat of this has lately been making a stay-at-home tour subject, and its full treatment would be out of through England, is coming to the library for place in a report such as this. an evening to look at representations of scenes There is in our building, as I stated at the and objects of interest in Stratford-on-Avon, Washington meeting of this Association, a hall, and pictures of Kenilworth, Warwick Castle, warmed and lighted, and furnished with tables, etc. chairs, and settees, in which the officers of the The library in Worcester was a pioneer in library can meet the teachers of the public doing work in connection with schools. There schools, to confer with them on work which the have always been the most friendly relations GREEN.

" " between the Superintendent of Schools, the such books as Mahaffy's Old Greek Life and " teachers, and the officers of the library, and Wilkins's Life of the Romans," two volumes " our collection of books has been freely used by of the series of History Primers, Mahaffy's teachers and scholars of the higher grades of Old Greek Education," "Guhl & Koner's Life " the public and private schools in which Worces- of the Greeks and Romans," Smith's Diction- ter abounds, since the introduction into the ary of Antiquities," "The Encyclopaedia Bri- library, eleven or twelve years ago, of the sys- tannica," etc., etc. tem now prevailing. The object of this method of study is, ot An account of the manner in which we course, to aid the imagination of pupils, and brought about closer relations between the libra- to make real to them whatever they read and ry and the 7th, 8th, gth, and some lower grades study about. Thus, for example, they are of the public schools, was given in a paper shown a picture of the Forum as it is to-day, which I read at a meeting of the American perhaps also a picture of it as it appeared in Social Science Association, held in Saratoga a the last century, when the Piranesis represented year ago last September. it, before the excavations of later years had been All that it is to here in to made and a of the Forum as it was in necessary say regard ; picture this matter is, that the work described in that the times of Cicero, reconstructed according to paper is still carried on, and that much aid con- the directions of competent scholars, as given tinues to be afforded by the library in the study in the work of Falke and elsewhere. So, too, of geography, in helping the scholars to make views are given of the remains of the Parthe- little investigations, and in making the reading- non and a representation of this vast pile of lesson interesting. buildings as it appeared in the days of its The principal development of the work glory. among these lower grades of schools has been Pictures are shown, too, of the dress and in the increased use of the library by teachers houses and domestic utensils of the Greeks and for taking out books for the use of scholars Romans. needed in the work which they are doing, in The scholars are required to write out an trying to substitute wholesome reading for that account of different objects which they see pic- which is a waste of time. torially represented. The teacher who is Some interesting new connections have been conducting this exercise also has her scholars made with*he High School the past year. review history by topics, and sends them to the Squads of boys and girls now come to the library, where the proper books are given them library from this school during school hours. for pursuing their investigations. The plan is working well. The teacher in Every member of her class is engaged to-day

history, who has about one hundred and fifty in preparing an elaborate essay descriptive of scholars studying Greek and Roman History some class of objects, Basilicas, the Cata- under her charge, is, by my advice, sending all combs, Baths, Theatres, and Amphitheatres, of these scholars to the library, in parties of the dress of the Greeks and Romans, or of ten each, to look at illustrations of Greek and Greek and Roman educational facilities, or Roman antiquities. I show them such works concerning Greek heroes. as "Falke's Greece and Rome: their Life and Work similar to that done by Mr. Metcalf Art," translated by our associate, William and other teachers in schools in Boston is done of the Univer- in the School in Worcester while Hand Browne, Johns Hopkins High ; but, sity Library; "Stuart and Revett's Antiquities the Public Library in Boston supplies the books of Athens," "Parker's Archaeology of Rome,' needed, the pupils themselves are required with "Wey's Rome," "Josef Langl's Denkmaler us to furnish the volumes studied. der Kunst. Bilder zur Geschichte vorzugsweise It is intended to give the pupils as good a fur Mittelschulen und verwandte Lehranstal- knowledge of Bryant, Irving, Longfellow, and ten," which is being published in Vienna, and Hawthorne, as can be obtained in a course ex- give them, for additional descriptive matter, tending over two years, every scholar in the 146 CINCINNA TI CONFERENCE.

High School being engaged for six months in brary Journal. It is desirable, however, to studying each one of these authors. notice a few works. Much work has to be done at the library, in Two valuable publications have been issued connection with this study of American litera- from the British Museum, namely, a Hand-list ture. Allusions have to be looked up, for ex- of bibliographies, classified catalogues, and ample. An interest developed in the Alhambra indexes placed in the Reading-room of the of Irving leads to the desire of seeing such British Museum for reference, by G. W. Por- representations of the remains of Moorish ar- ter, and The book of British topography; a chitecture, and particularly such remains of the classified catalogue of the topographical works Alhambra as the library possesses. in the Library of the British Museum, relating The principal of the High School came to to Great Britain and Ireland, by J. P. Ander- me a few months since and stated to me that he son. was dissatisfied with one feature of the English Two timely lists of books are, The literature course of study, and wished to substitute some- of civil-service reform in the United States, by thing in the place of book-keeping for a portion W. E. Foster, published by the Young Men's of the class. He had received permission from Political Club, Providence, and a list of works the Superintendent of Schools to talk the mat- on Political Economy, and Political Science, ter over with me and arrange some new exer- compiled by W. G. Sumner, David A. Wells, cise agreeable to him, if the library could aid W. E. Foster, R. L. Dugdale, and G. H. Put- him. We considered the matter carefully, and nam, and issued as Economic Tract No. 2, by concluded that, as the scholars were studying the Society for Political Education, New York. Greek history, it would be well to give them a A revised edition has been published of taste of Greek literature. We formed this plan : Books and Reading, by Noah Porter, President I, having the power to buy duplicates, agreed of Yale College. This is a valuable book for to furnish six copies of each of the two little popular use. The present edition is enriched volumes in the series of ancient classics for by an appendix, containing a select catalogue English readers about Homer, namely, one on of books, prepared by Mr. James M. Hubbard. the Iliad, and one on the Odyssey, and six This list of Mr. Hubbard is excellent, and copies each of good translations of the poems cannot fail to prove useful. The works given, " " of the Iliad and Odyssey. The members of however, under the headings Bible and " the class would never have the opportunity of Christ," are utterly inadequate to gwe a record becoming acquainted with Homer in Greek, of the thought and scholarship of the present and as young people enjoy reading his poems time. when their attention is fixed upon them, the A book to which particular attention should experiment seemed worth trying. The class be called is a manual of historical literature by has gone through the little books, which were Prof. Charles K. Adams, published by Harper intended to give the members a preliminary & Brothers. It com prises brief descriptions of general knowledge of the story of the poems the most important histories in English, French, before attacking the big books which contain and German, together with practical sugges- Homer's writings themselves, and are now at tions as to methods and courses of historical work on the Iliad and Odyssey themselves. study, and is a very valuable bibliography. The teacher in charge tells me the plan has (See notice in The Nation of May 4, 1882.) proved successful, and that the class is enjoy- Gardiner and Mullinger's introduction to the ing a very pleasant and profitable exercise. study of English History contains valuable lists of books. Bibliography . In connection with the Bibliography of the It seems unnecessary to give a list of the Pre-Columbian discoveries of America, pub- bibliographical publications of the past year, lished in the Library Journal recently, it is well for their appearance has been duly chronicled to call attention to "Notes on the Bibliography " in the department Bibliografy," in the Li- of Yucatan and Central America," by Ad. GREEN. 147

F. in the of In this Bandelier, published Proceedings closing branch of my subject, I must the American Antiquarian Society, at the meet- call attention to an important work on anonyms ing held at Worcester, October 21, 1880. and pseudonyms, the first volume of which Bibliographies of the writings of Dickens bears the imprint of the present year, namely, and a list of the S: and Thackeray ; published writings Halkett, Laing, J: Dictionary of the of Herschel on astronomical subjects, by E. anonymous and pseudonymous literature of S. Holden, and many other interesting lists of Great Britain, including the works by foreign- books, pamphlets, and articles have appeared ers written in, or translated into, the English since our last meeting. Particulars regarding language. Vol. I. Edinburgh. 2. 2. (Boston them may be found by consulting a recent file agents, Lockwood, Brooks, & Co. $10.50.) of the Library Journal. The paper, "Library For current information in regard to pseudo- Aids," which I read at the meeting of this nyms and anonyms, reference is made to this Association in Baltimore last February, has heading of the Library Journal. been published as a circular of information by While finishing this portion of my report the Bureau of Education in Washington, and the welcome news comes of the publication, by is probably in the hands of all librarians. Triibner & Co., of a second edition of their Lists of good books are appended to many Catalogue of Dictionaries and Grammars of the of the articles in the Encyclopaedia Britannica. principal languages and dialects of the world. The Birmingham Free Libraries have just

Miscellaneous . issued a preliminary list of Bibliography in the new reference library, Birmingham, 1881-82. In conclusion, I will mention the titles of Very valuable bibliographical aid is to be five books recently published, which librarians had from the Bulletins of the Boston Public will at once recognize as sources from which to Library and of Harvard University. Twelve obtain information very generally sought for. numbers have been issued of Bibliographical Who wrote it? An index of the authorship Contributions prepared in the Library of Har- of the more noted works in ancient and mod- vard University, and edited by Justin Winsor. ern literature, by William A. Wheeler. Edited

Among the latest issues in this series are : 1 1 . by Charles G. Wheeler. Boston : Lee & Shep- Samuel H. Scudder, The Entomological Libra- ard, 1881. ries of the United States. 12. A List of the Familiar Allusions. A hand-book of mis- Publications of Harvard University and its offi- cellaneous information, by William A. Wheeler cers, 1870-1880. 14. William H. Tillinghast, and Charles G. Wheeler. J. R. Osgood & Co., Notes on the Historical Hydrography of the 1882. Handkerchief Shoal in the Bahamas. 15. J. The reader's hand-book of allusions, refer- D. Whitney, List of American authors in ences, plots, facts, and stories, by Rev. E. Cob- Geology and Paleontology. ham Brewer. J. B. L. & Co. It is announced that No. 17 of this series Words, facts, and phrases. A dictionary of

will be : A List of the most useful Reference curious, quaint, and out-of-the-way matters, by 1881. Books, by Justin Winsor. Eliezer Edwards. J. B. L. & Co., of Cornell University has begun the publication Ogilvie, J. Imperial dictionary English. " of The Library." The first number was New edition, by C. Annandale. Vols. I and 2. issued with the date January, 1882, and con- Of this work, which is practically a new work, tains notes, list of additions, etc. This num- by Mr. Annandale, and which claims to con- words than other ber has two bibliographical lists, namely : tain many thousand more any London Works relating to architecture, in Cornell Uni- dictionary of our language, the Spec- " : have versity Library, and Petrarch Bibliographies. tator of November 26, 1881, says We a most Twelve monthly bulletins a year are issued no hesitation in saying that it will prove and by the Cincinnati Public Library. When gath- thorough piece of workmanship, that, it will hold ered into volumes, indexes are provided, namely, among reference-books of its class, and a source a subject-index and an index of authors, anony- the first place, both as an authority mous works and collections. of instruction and entertainment." 148 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

A NEW CLASSIFICATION AND NOTATION.

BY J. SCHWARTZ, LIBRARIAN OF THE APPRENTICES LIBRARY, NEW YORK.

1870 I was requested to examine the vari- modified systems have freely acknowledged INous systems of shelf-arrangement then in their indebtedness to me. 1 make the above use, with the view of recommending one for explanation not only in justice to myself, but adoption in the New York Apprentices' Li- to prevent any possible misconception in the brary, which had been successively arranged minds of those who are unacquainted with the on the numerical and alphabetical plans, and facts. had found both unsatisfactory. None of the The system submitted in the present paper schemes examined seemed to.be free from ob- is substantially the same as the one devised by jection, and a careful study of them was made, the author in 1871, but contains such improve- with the idea of combining their best features ments and modifications as have suggested in one system. It soon became evident to me themselves in an experience of ten years with that all the possible methods of shelf-arrange- the plan in its crude form. The changes intro- ment might be reduced to three fundamental duced are considerable, but do not in any way forms : the Numerical, the Alphabetical, and affect the essential and fundamental principles. the Classified. It then occurred to me that if In its present dress I believe the system to be a system could be devised that combined the worthy of consideration and examination, and, three forms in one, it would approach nearer if not accepted in all its details, it may still be perfection than any other, and it is this leading of value, as it was in its original form, in sug- " idea that forms the basis of the Combined gesting improvements and modifications to system," devised by me in 1871, which has others. been in successful operation in the Apprentices' The points in the present system that seem Library since that time. A brief account of the to me to require special consideration and ex-

will be found in the to the cata- are : the classification the plan preface planation, A, ; B, logue of the Apprentices' Library, published in author-number; C, the title-number; D, the at treatment of and editions 1874, and a fuller explanation, written the duplicates ; and, E, solicitation of the editor, appeared in the Li- the manner of indicating the size. I will con- brary journal, Vol. 3, No. i. Without any sider each of the points in order. effort on my part, other than the above, the scheme has attracted considerable attention, A. The Classification. and has been adopted, with more or less modi- There are 23 main departments, of which 20 fication, in at least ten libraries in this country. are devoted to the 8 and smaller sizes, and the Indeed, I may say that, either directly or indi- remaining three to the 4 and larger sizes. rectly, it has suggested all the systems of shelf- Twenty of these departments are designated arrangement, devised since 1871, that have by the initials of their names. In the remain- come to my knowledge. Most of these plans ing three the class letter designates the size, Q have been published in tne Library journal, being used for the quartos, F for the usual folios, and have been taken up for consideration at and X for the Xtraordinary sizes, such as ele- the annual conventions of the Library Associa- phant folios and the like, that have to be placed tion. In reading the proceedings of these in cases, or specially constructed shelves. meetings I have been unable to discover any Each of these 23 departments, except class reference to myself as the originator of the N (novels), is divided into nine classes, which method of combining the three fundamental are designated by the Arabic figures i to 9. forms of shelf-arrangement, although elsewhere, They are also arranged alphabetically. In the and in private, most of the authors of these 22 departments arranged on this plan there are SCHWARTZ. 149

(22 X 10) 220 classes, including the 22 general and Apprentices' libraries, is the best way of classes. harmonizing the rival claims of the Systematic A final division of these 220 classes is made by and Dictionary catalogues, it is not clear why dividing each into four sub-classes, designated the same method should not work just as well in the tables by the letters a, b, c, d. These on the shelves. Precisely the same arguments letters are only for reference, and are not actu- will apply in the one case as in the other. ally used in applying the scheme. How one In laying out the details of the classification will division is distinguished from another ap- the law of proportion has been strictly ob- pear when we come to the explanation of the served. If we divide human knowledge into author-number. the three well-defined groups, HISTORY, LIT- I call the classification mnemonic because it ERATURE, and SCIENCE, it will be found that is alphabetical and self-explanatory. The order each has just seven departments in the present of the alphabet is peculiarly adapted for mne- scheme. The same law is observed in the monic purposes, as it is universally known and minor divisions, as far as practicable, so that understood. I could easily have thrown the although there are only 887 heads, every im- tables into a logical form, but I have care- portant subject about which books are written, refrained so as I sure fully from doing, am or that is likely to be sufficiently represented in that, like its innumerable predecessors, it a library, is provided with a separate rubric. In would have been satisfactory to no one but some of the later schemes very little attention its are libraries ar- maker. There many is paid to this law. We find, for instance, mi- in order but no two of them ranged logical ; nute subdivisions of Philosophy, Photography, are and the that arranged alike, only thing and Engraving, the three classes embracing the classifiers from Aristotle to Messrs. 120 out of 1,000 classes, or 8 per cent, of the Cutter and Perkins are is to agreed upon whole ; whereas Geography and Travels, which disagree. There must be something radically in most libraries have ten times as many works wrong in a method that results in discord. As as all three combined, have no more sections the basis of each new logical scheme de- than Photography! On the other hand, Fic- some pends upon preconceived metaphysical tion, which is the most largely represented idea in the of the I call mind classifier, would class, in circulating libraries at least, is rele- it the Subjective method, and would substitute gated to an obscure corner of Literature. The for it an alphabetical or Objective method, in natural consequence of this unphilosophical which the order of the classes is conditioned proceeding is a multiplication of numbers by something outside of the mind of the clas- where economy is most desirable, and the evil sifier, that is to say, by the names of the sub- is sought to be overcome by either omitting jects themselves. Assuming that an alpha- the class symbols altogether, or by substitut- betical arrangement of classes is desirable, ing some arbitrary mark in their place. there would probably be very little difference B. The Author Number. of opinion as to the order and nomenclature here chosen, as I have endeavored, as far as Having a system of alphabetically arranged possible, to select the names most generally as- classes from A.o to Z.g, the problem is to sociated with their respective subjects. Still, unite with them a series of numbers sufficiently in this respect, the scheme is, to a great extent, large to provide for the probable acquisitions only tentative, and is open to improvement. If in each class. I have selected 999 as the space permitted, much additional argument lowest admissible number. The usual method might be advanced in favor of the proposed of numbering the separate works in each class, " arrangement, but I will content myself, at pres- in the Movable" system, is to take them in ent, with one that seems to me to have con- the order of their acquisition and call the first siderable weight. If the Alphabetico-classed No. I, the second No. 2, and so on. This is method of classification, as exemplified in the essentially arbitrary, as there is no reason what- catalogues of the Harvard, Congress, Brooklyn, ever, aside from the mere accident of purchase, '5 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

why a book should have one number rather entirely carried out, it will be found that there than another. As the subject treated of deter- is a variation of only one number. mines the place of each book in a scheme of In applying the key to the first table of 100 classification, it would be more logical and numbers, we get 9 divisions of n^ numbers consistent to have the number conditioned each the letters will be num- by ; consequently key something in the book itself. It was this consid- bered as follows: A. o; Br. ir^; D. 22|; eration which led in to devise G. I- M. O. S. me, 1871, my 33f ; 44? 55$; 66$; 77 ; system of alphabetical notation, which forms T. 88|; and the letters will be found so one of the essential and peculiar features of my numbered in the table, the fractions being original plan, and which has been adopted with of course suppressed. In table b, of 300 num- more or less variation in most of the schemes bers, the key letters are numbered A. 100; devised since that time. The 999 numbers Br. (11^X34-100) 133; D. 166; G. 200; in our table might be arranged in one series I. 233; M. 266; O. 300; S. 333; T. 366. In combinations but in that are increased of alphabetical ; table c these numbers by 300 case only 230 classes could be numbered, each, and in table d?by 600 numbers each. and our tables have 880 exclusive of Fiction. If we want to number more than 230 classes, C. Title-Numbers. we must divide the 999 numbers into as Where a class contains several works by the many series as there are subdivisions in same author, it is necessary to add a character each of the classes A.o to Z.g. I have se- of some kind to distinguish one individual work lected four divisions as sufficient. This gives from another. I have chosen, as the simplest three series of 300 each and one of 100 num- and most expressive, the 9 Arabic figures, bers. In the numbering table these four series and the 26 letters of the alphabet. As an are headed a, b, c, d, and correspond to, and author number may also be used alone, we have are to be used in numbering, the similarly (9_|_26-{-i) 36 possible variations for each designated sub-classes in the mnemonic classi- alphabetical combination. The separate works fication. Care has been taken that the series of an author can be arranged either alphabeti- is used for the less im- An of 100 numbers always cally, or in the order pf their acquisition. portant classes. alphabetical arrangement is more convenient If we take a number of alphabetically ar- and useful in Fiction, Biography, and Litera- ranged works, such as Directories, Cyclopedias, ture, but may be applied to other classes, if and Catalogues, and average the space occu- thought desirable, although it is of very little find pied by the several letters, we shall that account outside of the classes just named. To with we can make nine nearly equal divisions secure an alphabetical arrangement the title-

the following letters : No. i beginning with A, 2 numbers should be used as follows : with B, 3 with D, 4 with G, 5 with I, 6 with M, In the case of popular authors of fiction, 7 with O, 8 with S, and 9 with T. This scheme biographies of celebrated characters, such as of division is easily remembered, as the vowels Napoleon, Washington, etc., and in voluminous A, E, I, O, and U, have the odd numbers I, 3, and noted authors in other classes, the whole

5, 7, and 9. It not only forms the basis of the 26 letters can be utilized, the 9 Arabic figures several numbering tables, but has been applied being reserved for less important authors, the in numbering the classes. It will, therefore, initial of the title (where letters are selected as serve as a mnemonic key to the whole system, title-numbers), and the figures corresponding to and will enable one to not only give the class the key-letters (where the 9 figures are selected), number of every important subject, but to make being used to maintain the sub-alphabetical a pretty shrewd guess as to the author number. arrangement of the individual books. Where

Thus : British is K. 2 British his- exact initial or is kallography ; the figure already occupied tory, E. 2; Music, D. 6; Chemistry, C. 2; the next vacant one can be taken. Biblical T. 2 and U. The method of the title- theology, ; Engineering, 3. foregoing applying In the few cases where this idea could not be numbers, if carried out in all the classes, would SCHWARTZ.

give a uniform average of two authors for each can be increased to any desirable extent by number. But 26 title-numbers is much too subdividing the class by means of the 26 large for one author, except in Fiction and the letters, added to the department letter. I do other cases enumerated, and it will be found not think such division will be found necessary that 9 title-numbers are quite sufficient for most or even desirable, as the number of special authors. Our 36 title-numbers will, therefore, heads is large enough for a library of 2,000,000 generally enable us to number, alphabetically, volumes, and the number of libraries that ex- four authors with each combination. By writing ceed this is limited. I merely indicate the the figures and letters under the 9 key letters, possibilities of the system to provide for any we shall have four series, beginning with figure contingency that may arise. As our 887 classes

I, and letters a, j, and r. If more than four can be increased to 23,062, and each of these authors in the same combination are to be pro- can accommodate 10,800 works, it is difficult vided with numbers, any of the unoccupied to imagine a case where the system would not title-figures or numbers can be used for the be able to provide every work with a special purpose. and distinct number, and still use no more As our 36 title-numbers are not intended to than seven characters in any case. be used exclusively for one author, but may In class N, Novels, where the number of accommodate two, four, or more, and as 36 is individual works of most authors is very large, about the maximum number of works for a and where a satisfactory division into classes is shelf, it would be better, perhaps, to call each hardly feasible, the system has been modified of our alphabetical combinations an ideal shelf. as follows : the series b, c, d, of author-num- When all the title-numbers of a combination bers are extended to 3,000 each by allowing are used the ideal will correspond with the real ten variations for each combination. The first shelf. Bearing this in mind, there is no diffi- series of 3,000 is devoted to English, the culty in providing for certain exceptional cases second to French, Spanish, and Italian, and that may arise. There may be, for example, the third to German and Teutonic fiction. " authors who will need more than the 9 or 26 The series of 100 combinations headed "a is numbers reserved for them in our plan. The similarly extended to 1,000 numbers, and is remedy is simply to continue the same series of divided into four sub-classes, as shown in the title-numbers in the nearest vacant combina- tables. In each of the series of 3,000 num- tion, either preceding or succeeding. As such bers, each number is uniformly divided among cases can only arise when the proper ideal shelf two authors, the title-numbers I to 9 being is filled, the new series will, as a matter of used for the less voluminous authors, and the course, be continued on the next shelf, and all 26 title-letters being reserved for the more the separate works with the same initial or popular writers. Each of our three grand number will be immediately underneath those divisions of Novels will, therefore, provide for in the first series. It is, therefore, easy to pro- 6,000 separate authors, and if these should be vide for the most voluminous authors, and keep insufficient they can be increased to 156,000 by up the sub-alphabetical arrangement of their adding one letter to the class letter. works. Taking, for example, an extreme case Our system of notation consists, then, of six where an author has written 75 works in the characters only for the largest classes, viz., a same class, three shelves will accommodate department letter, four figures, and a title- them all, and any separate work can be found number of one character. The ordinary shelf with ease, as all the a's and b's, etc., will be systems, using Arabic figures only, have just as found together, only instead of being side by many characters, and it would not be possible side they will be placed immediately under- to number a library of 100,000 works with less, neath each other. if but our restricted to Arabic figures ; system If the 36 title-numbers and 300 ideal-shelf- is capable of marking 8,000,000 works without numbers should prove insufficient to provide for using more. all the works in a class, the numbering capacity As I use 35 characters in my title- numbers, 152 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

and as Mr. Dui's new numbering-base con- only necessary to consider that each ideal shelf sists of the same characters, I think it is admits of 36 works. A class with 300 ideal proper for me to state that I am not a convert shelves has, therefore, room for 10,800 works, to his system, and that there is nothing in and a department for (10,000X36) 360,000. common between our two methods of applying The whole scheme of 24 departments conse- these characters. I use the characters for a quently provides for (360 X 23) 8,280,000 specific purpose, as explained in this section, works, or 16,560,000 volumes, if we may as- for individual works alone, whereas Mr. sume that each work will average two volumes. Dui's plan is, if I understand it correctly, Allowing 90 per cent, for waste, we shall still to use the numbers and letters interchangeably have room for nearly 2,000,000 volumes, with- in place of the ordinary decimal system of ten out counting duplicates, or, in other words, for characters. I first used the 35 title characters more books than are now in any library in the in precisely the same way as explained in this world. section, in 1878, whereas Mr. Dui's system D. Duplicates and Editions. was not published until 1879. Without ex- pressing an opinion on the merits of his pecu- Duplicates, that is, other copies of the same liar manner of using numbers and letters, I work, should have a letter in addition to the would say that I have not found it necessary to title-numbers. Another edition of a work, that avail myself of his method of economizing merely differs in form, should be treated as a du- nor have I found it desirable to if it contains additions or characters, plicate ; but, changes amplify them by means of the decimal system in the matter, it should receive a separate title- as applied in the plan of my friend Mr. Cutter, number. As a rule, it will be found that edi- in which in stands before 2, and 299 before tions in fiction must be treated as duplicates, 3. The body of my system of notation con- and, in other classes, as separate works. As sists of Arabic numerals only, used in the usual there may be several copies of editions treated is after and way, where in placed no, 299 as duplicates, and as it is desirable to keep before 300. I have found the ordinary decimal them together, the first edition should be num- to meet system of Arabic figures fully adequate bered a, the second /, the third o, and the is that I all the requirements, and the proof do fourth u. This allows eight copies of a, and as characters as of the not need many any six each of /, o, u. Should there be more than devised since Mr. for schemes 1871. Dui, four editions to be treated as duplicates, the seven characters to number example, requires letters e, /, r, and x could be used for number- and for a collection of 1,000 novels, eight ing the first copy of each. This would pro- has 10,000. Mr. Edmands's fiction catalogue vide for six editions with three copies, and seven in most cases without counting the class two with four copies each. Assuming that four which is understood. Mr. letter, Massey gen- editions of David Copperfield are in a library, uses and Mr. in a table he erally seven, Cutter, they would be designated as follows : N.I722.# sent me, finds that he needs seven and eight be the first N. would copy purchased ; characters in 40 per cent, of a class of 3,000 an edition in two volumes, of which N.I works, although, according to his calculation, N.i722.dc, and N.ij22.dd would be other his for a of volumes average library 250,000 copies; ^.ij22.di would be an edition printed characters. In would not exceed six or seven in Boston, and N. 1722. do and N.ij22.du, edi- are excluded. While all these cases duplicates tions printed in Philadelphia and Chicago, of the number of characters would probably re- which N.iJ22.dp and N.ij22.dv were other the same as at if the libraries main present copies. represented were twice or three times as large, E. Size. the fact remains, that the largest number of characters are used in the most popular classes, In my original plan I distinguished one size such as Fiction and Biography. from another by using a different series of num- G it is bers for each of the four 8 and To show the capacity of my system, sizes, 12, , 4, SCHWARTZ. 153 folio. For example, a work in 12, by Smith, one, not only to facilitate reference, but be- would be numbered 412; in 8, 747; in 4, cause the difference between the ordinary 883; and, in folio, 983. It is better, however, 12 and 8 is too trifling to serve any prac- to use the same number, or the same number tical purpose by the. separation of these two increased by a uniform addition, for the same sizes. combination in every class, and to distinguish To make the foregoing explanations more the unusual sizes by class letters, as I have intelligible, I have added a number of exam- done in the present plan. The 12 and 8 sizes, pies, showing the application of the system in which I formerly arranged in two alphabetical various classes. They immediately follow the series, I have thought it best to combine in author tables. '54 CINCINNA TI CONFERENCE.

Q SCHWARTZ. 155

T) C rt b O

& 2 y W '56 CINCINNA TI CONFERENCE.

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Division

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-; < (0 >_i i O 158 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

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i i *2 2 .6 o . . >> S -g . 8 b J2 g ,rif 111 -all jjiiifiiji 1 60 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE. SCHWARTZ. 161

1 U-,O >-, I 62 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

D.

Division SCHWARTZ. 163

IV. ALPHABETICAL TABLE OF AUTHOR NUMBERS.

Alphabet

Combination. 164 CINCINNA TI CONFERENCE.

IV. ALPHABETICAL TABLE OF AUTHOR NUMBERS. Concluded.

Alphabet

Combination. SCHWARTZ. 165

V. APPLICATION OF THE SYSTEM: HISTORY.

Biography. Napoleon. By Abbott 8.3294.0 Abell f By 8.3295.3 Goetke, 5 . W. von. By himself 8.4507.7 By Antommarchi 8.3293.0 By Austin 6.4507. a By Bailleul 8.3294.^ By Carus 8.4507.^ By Bausset c By Eckermann 6.4507. c 8.3295. By Bertrand 6.3295.0' By Lewes 8.4507.*? By Be-gin 6.3293.,* By Grimm B. 4507. d By Bourrienne 6.3293.*: Goldsmith, Oliver. By Black 8.25087' By Bussey 8.3293.0' By Forster B.25o8./ By Chambure 8.3294.*: By Irving ..B.25o8.w 7 By Doris B.3294-0 By Macaulay 6.2508.0 Paine, Tkos. ByBlanchard 6.1603.1 By Prior 8.25087} By Cheetham 8.1603.2 Jackson, Andrew. By Cobbett 6.1236.^ By Gifford B. 1603.4 By Dusenbery B. 1 236.^ Eaton ByOldys 6.1603.6 By 6.1236.*? Ricicman B. Frost B. 8y 1603. 7 By 1236.7 Sherwin B. By Goodwin B. 8y 1603.8 1236.^ By Vale 8. By Headley 6.1236.^ 1603.9 - By Hillyard 8.1236.^ Richelieu. By AubeVey 6.3328.0 By Jenkins B. 1 236.7 By Capefigue 6.3328.^ By Parton B. 1236.7 By Jay Waldo B. 1 8.3328.0- By 236.^ Le Clerc Walker By 8.3328.*- By 8.1236.^ Montresor Walsh B. By 8.3328.7 By 1236.^ Richard Martin. himself B. 8y 8.3328^ Luther, By 4864.7 Robson By Audin 6.4864.0 By 6.3328.^ By Bowen 8.4864.^ Wesley, John. By Larrabee 6.2988. By Gelzer 8.4864.^ 8y Nast 8.2988.0 By Koenig 6.4864. r By Southey 8.29887} By Pnzer 6.48647} By Watson 8.2988.,, By Scott 6.4864.^ By Whitehead 8.2988.*

V. APPLICATION OF THE SYSTEM: LITERATURE.

Cooper. Afloat and ashore N. 1605.0 Eliot, George. Adam 8ede , . . . . N. 1805. i Bravo N.i6o5. Daniel Deronda N. 1805.2 Chainbearer N. 1605. c Felix Holt '. N. 1805. 3 Crater N. i6o6.r Middlemarch N. 1805.5 Deerslayer N. 1605.0' Mill on the floss N. 1805.6 Headsman N. i6o$.g Romola N. 1805.7 Heidenmauer N. 1605.^ Silas Marner N. 1805.8 Home as found N. 1605. z Scenes of clerical life N. 1805.9 Homeward bound N.i6o6.^ Tier N. / Jack 1605. Novels in English. Last of the Mohicans N. 1605.7 Farjeon. At the sign of the silver flagon. N. 1865.0 Blade o' Dumas. Adventures of a marquis N. 1766.0 grass N.i865.^> Bread and cheese and kisses N. Amaury ^.1765.0 1865.*: Duchess of Lane N. 1 .d Ascanio ^.1765.^ Rosemary 865 Golden grain N. 1865.7 Andrde de Taverriey N. 1 767. Grif N. 1 Beau Tancred N. 1 766.^ 865.5- Black N. Island pearl N.i865./* Tulip 1767.^ Trim Paul N. Jessie N.i865.* Captain 1766.*: Marvel N. Castle of Soudet N. 1 765 c Joshua 1865.7 of no land N.i865-/ Chevalier N. 1767.*- King Love's N. Chevalier d'Harmental N. 1768.0 victory 1865.^ Conscript N. 1768.^ N. Conspirators N. 1768.*: Feuillet. Camors 1899.2 Count of Monte Cristo N. i"j6S.d Led astray N. 1897. 5 N. Count of Moret 1^.1767.0' Marriage in high life 1897.6 N. Countess of Charny 1^.1768.^ Romance of a poor young man.... 1897.7 7 Diana of Mendor N.I766.0 Story of Sibylle N. 1897.8 Doctor Basilius N. 1 765.0" 1 66 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

V. APPLICATION OF THE SYSTEM: SCIENCE, etc.

Theology : Bibles. Same. In paragraphs. Lond., 1850. 8 Amharic. Biblia sacra amharice. 1840.. T. 1105 Arabic. Holy Bible in the Arabic language. French. La bible. "T.i 1857 ...... T.iioS Londres, 1686-87. 196.0 Same. Imprime'e sur 1'ddition de Paris de 1'annee. T. Bohemian. Biblia sacra: to gest, biblja 1805 1196.1$ Same. Revu sur les swata. 1851 ...... originaux par Martin. 1855 T. 1 196.*: Same. Selon la Avec les Canarese. Bible in the Canarese language. Vulgate. dessins de Dore". 1866 1820-38 ...... T. 1 143 T.ng6.d Chinese. Bible in the Chinese language. 1809-21 ...... T.I 151. a Gaelic. Leabhraicheanant-sean tiomuaidh, Same. Transl. by Morrison. 1812- etc. 1807 T.I200 23 ...... T.I 151. German. Bibell mit annotaten [von] Cingalese. Holy Bible transl. into Sin- Dietenberger. 1577 T. 1203.0 ghalese. 1846 ...... T.I 153 Same. Ubersetzt durch Piscator. 1784 T.I203.3 Danish. Bibellen, eller den helige skrift. Same. Nach der iibersetzung von 1855 ...... T.II6; Luther. 1856 T.I2O3-C Dutch. Bijbel : dat is, de gansche heilige Same. Goln, 1857 T.I 203.0" schrift. 1857 ...... T.I 176 Hawaiian. Palapala hemalele. 1837-38. T. 1219 English. Biblia: the bible, that is, the holy scripture of the olde and new tes- Italian. Sacra bibla tradotta da Diodati. tament. Transl. by Myles Coverdale. 1 850 , T. 1 235 1835 ...... T.uSi.a Same. Transl. from Vulgate. With Karen. Bible. Transl. by Mason. 1 853. T. 1 242 notes by Haydock. 1845 ...... Same. (Geneva version.) 1606 . . T. uSi.c Latin. Biblia cum summarium apparatu, Same. Edinb., 1793 ...... T.nSi.d etc. 1519 T.I 25 1. a Same. Printed by R. Bowyer. Lond., 1796 ...... T.nSi.e Same. Vulgato ed. 1555 T. 1251.^ Same, with apocrypha. Phila., 1798. T.uSi./ Same. Ad vetussissima exemplaria Same. 4 vols. Phila., 1804 ...... T.u8i.- castigat a. 1571 T. 1251.^ Same. Transl. from Greek by Thomp- Malay. Elkitab. 1731-33 T. 1270.0 son. 4v. Phila., 1808 ...... T.n8i./fc Same. In Arabic characters. Re- Same. Self-interpreting bible, with vised by Hutchings. 1821 T. 1270. notes by Brown. 1815 ...... T. iiSi.z Manx. Yu vible casherick. 1819 T. 1270.^' Same. Stereotype edition. 1818. . T. uSi.j Same. N. Y., 1819. 8 ...... T.ii8i. Portuguese. Biblia sagrada. 1 858 T. 1 3 1 6 Same. N. Y., 1819. 12 ...... T.iiSi./ Same. N. Y., 1819. 16 ...... T.uSi.m Spanish. Biblia en lengua espanola. Same. With notes by D'Oyley and 1824 T. 1357.0 Ment. 1818-20 ...... T.nSi.w Same. Traducidos por P. Scio de S. Same. Stereotype edition. 1833.. T. 1181.0 Miguel. 1858 Arranged in chronol. order by Towns- Swedish. Bibelen : aller den heliga skrift. end. 1834 ...... T.n8i./ 1855 T.i 365 Same. With notes by Boothroyd. 1836 ...... T.n8i. Turkish. Bible Transl. by Boboosky. Same. 3 vols. Lond., 1836. 8..T.ii8i.r 1827 T. 1376.0 Same. With notes by Gaunter ..... T. i iSi.s Same. Transl. by Goodell T. 1316.6 Same. Oriental bible. With notes by Cobbin ...... T. I iSi.t Welsh. Bibl cyssegr-lan. 1 857 T. 1 387 WARD. 167

PUBLIC LIBRARIES AND THE PUBLIC.

BY JAS. W. WARD, LIBRARIAN OF THE GROSVENOR LIBRARY, BUFFALO.

[We have not received this paper, but, question of time. Fortunately, the librarian instead, a note from Mr. Ward, regretting does not read like other men. He reads by his to furnish the a sort of instantaneous inability manuscript, which, glimpses ; by photo- in some unaccountable manner, he says, has graphic process; not by words, but by pages. got out of his hands, and is, to all appear- But whether his process be slow or rapid, some ances, lost beyond recovery. The chief points of the time at his disposal must be spent in of the paper he gives from memory, as ascertaining the argument, character, and at follows. ED.] least the general drift, of each book he provides for public reading. rPHOUGH so much is done by library directors Again, there are those who expect of a library and so much that it should be one-sided J_ librarians, money expended, exclusive, partisan, ; and so much ingenuity exercised, for the whereas a public library is the one place above comfort, expedition, and convenience of the all others that should be forever out of reach public, many library visitors are still dissatis- of all sectional or partisan control. It is the fied with the ingeniously-devised facilities thus place where all light-rays, from whatever source, afforded them are because and of whatever are into the ; they disappointed color, gathered they do not find their privileges fully up to pure white focus of truth. their expectations, expectations founded on a Then there are those "who cannot brook misapprehension of the true nature of the control," and are uneasy and unhappy under undertaking of a public library, and, therefore, necessary restrictions and regulations for good erroneous and misleading. Of this so often en- order. Some not unfamiliar illustrations were countered misapprehension, there are several given of this phase of discontent, happily not degrees, more or less affecting the librarian's common, the treatment of which, like that of peace of mind. all other matters and questions that spring from Some look upon a public library in much the complex and ill-understood relations that the same light that a street Arab regards a free exist between the public library and the lunch. Others, with a juster appreciation of its public, must be based upon mutual confidence, true character, still expect of it too much : too concession, and compromise. much of the library, as a source of knowledge, The paper, on the whole, was of a practical and too much of the librarian, the oftenest and conservative nature, its strictures being consulted book in the library. He is expected aimed at those whose notions in regard to to know everything, in the library and out of it. library privileges are extravagant and un- This class is impatient of delay, if time is reasonable. It was a plea on behalf of the " to look a an answer is librarian. Like the said Mr. required up question ; Apostle Paul," expected off-hand. A question arises, to what Ward, "I magnify mine office. I think that in extent a librarian should read the books that the daily administrations of his functions, the pass through his hands to the library shelves. librarian (if possible) has every motive of po- I am unable to see in what sense it can possibly sition and reputation to be right, and every " be true that the librarian who reads is lost." opportunity of observation, experience, and In my judgment the librarian who did not read professional consultation with his contempo- the lost man. extent to be and I think it will be would be hopelessly The raries, right ; gen and thoroughness of his reading is simply a erally found that he is right." 1 68 C1NCINNA Tf CONFERENCE.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE BOOK ARTS.

BV C: A. CUTTER, LIBRARIAN OF THE BOSTON ATHENAEUM.

/CONCERNED as we are, all our lives, with been made for it in any of the hitherto pub- \^ books, living among them and on them, no lished schemes. part of our libraries, one would think, would Now, I do not deny that these classings were receive more of our attention than the books correct, and that my proposal of grouping al- about books. And it is a to the book arts is striking testimony together highly unsystematic ; the unselfishness of librarians, and their desire that to bring into one group several classes hav- to attend rather to what interests their patrons ing reference to a concrete thing like a book, than to what interests themselves, that they do and intrude this group among classes founded not appear to have bestowed any special thought on abstract conceptions, as Filosofy, Religion, the classification of the book which is an and to upon arts, by History, Sociology, incongruity ; I mean all that relates to the making, the keep- form this group by taking various subdivisions ing, and the using of books. So far as I know, out of the proper classes is a robbery. But, nobody has thought of putting them together. nevertheless, I maintain that there is an overbal- Literary history is usually made a subdivi- ancing convenience, both for the memory and sion of the Belles-lettres but is for use. I do not claim a conven- ; Bibliografy very great made a class by itself, entirely separated from ience, but there is enough to override considera- literature. Publishing and Bookselling are put tions of theoretical propriety. There is a cer- with Commerce, but booksellers' catalogs are tain number of books which treat of these book- put in Bibliografy. Printing is put with the arts altogether, or of several of them together. Mechanic arts, but histories of printing are Moreover, they illustrate one another much again put in Bibliografy, and so are lists of more than each of them illustrates the rest of early-printed books, and the incunabula them- the class into which it is usually put, some of selves are put in the safe or the closet. Illumi- them having been joined to these classes by a nation of manuscripts is sometimes put with very loose connection, so that several, as I have Bibliografy, sometimes among the Fine Arts. already pointed out, were assigned, by different of are in to different classes. Catalogs manuscripts put Bibliografy ; classers, the manuscripts themselves are treated in vari- Printing is of no especial interest to the man ous the which are who is the Mechanic nor book- ways ; writing by they made, looking up arts, which also is an important step in the prep- selling to the student of Commerce. Rhetoric aration of the printed book, is put sometimes appears to be classed with Language, simply be- with Language, sometimes under a heading Arts cause language is used in Rhetoric, which is of communication, which itself is one of the much as if one should put Music in the Me- arts if I I have arts it uses instruments. useful ; and, remember right, chanic because seen Writing reckoned as a Commercial art. Having decided to put the book arts to- Paper-making, and all the other preparation of gether it became necessary to arrange them. the materials for writing, is put in Manufac- I will not weary you by describing all the tures. Authorship and Composition or Rheto- steps which needed to be taken before a satis- ric is sometimes put with Language, sometimes factory result was reached. I went thru my with the Belles-lettres. Where Indexing would books on these subjects to see what classes be put I do not know, because, notwithstanding they called for. I looked over catalogs to the strenuous efforts of Mr. Allibone, the apos- see if books which were not yet in the Athe- tle of indexing, it did not get a literature of its naeum could require any additional classes. I own till within a few years, and no niche has studied the subjects to forecast the future, and CUTTER. 169

provide, if possible, for books that have not are, of course, divided into Private and Public. been written. Here I must confess to a failure. The first have a preliminary section of works " The future, so far as it is not a repetition of on Book-buying, book-collecting, biblio- the present, is not provided for in this classing mania," which very properly follows auction- of the book arts. eering, and is half-way between the two divis- After a time I found that the subjects could ions book distribution and book storing,

fall into four main divisions : being, in fact, book distribution viewed from Production of books (which we might call the other side. I place private before public of books because in the inter- Bibliopoetics) ; Disposition (Biblio- libraries, they are, fact, of books mediate between the dealer and the thetics) ; Description (Bibliograph- stage pub- natural- lic ies), the second (Disposition) falling library, the treasures of collectors gravi- ly into two subdivisions : Distribution of books tating to the latter. As long as books are in and Storing of books. private hands they may reappear again and In detail the arrangement is this : First again in the market. Only when they have come, of course, the general works, those reached the shelves of the public library can which relate to all or several of the book arts, they be considered to be in their final resting- 1 as Porter's "Handy book about books." place. Then come the book-producing arts, arranged Having then made our books, distributed in the order which they actually take in the them, and permanently placed them, we pro- production of books. First, the genesis of ceed to describe and enumerate them. In the book in the brain of man, Authorship, Bibliografy, as everywhere else, the general including Rhetoric and the principles of Criti- works come first (such works as Brunet and cism the art which these are followed works ; next, by thoughts Gra'sse) ; they by describing are recorded, Writing, which, of course, in- particular classes of remarkable books, as the cludes Palaeografy, and is followed by cata- condemned or prohibited, the imaginary, the logs of manuscripts. Here I should put the privately printed, the rare, the vellum books, art of Illumination and Book ornament in gen- etc. Anonyms and pseudonyms are not out of eral, altho they might equally well go among place next. National bibliografy and its near the Fine arts. Next the art of multiplying relative, Literary history, succeed, followed by the record, Copying processes and Printing, Subject bibliografy, and, to sum up and close including the history of Printing and lists of the whole, works on the Selection of read- incunabula. When the sheets are printed they ing. go to the binder. Book-binding, therefore, You will note that there is a double classifi-

next. This finishes the Production cation thru x : one of and one comes ; runing subjects Distribution follows. of countries. You find catalogs of MSS., book- It is not worth while to make two classes of sellers' and auction catalogs, public library cat- Publishing and Bookselling; they are often alogs, private library catalogs, bibliografies, combined in practice, and it would be impossi- literary histories, books on the selection of ble to their literature. Here is a each in a but it is separate geo- reading, separate place ; booksell- grafical arrangement for publishers', equally easy to see all that belongs to any one ers', and auctioneers' catalogs. It would have country in these various relations. For instance, been easy to separate auction catalogs, but E being the mark for English, we have what good would it have done ? It would have been like the ineptitude of having an index of 1 It did not seem worth while to separate the history of authors and an index of subjects to a book, private libraries from the catalogs, for the so-called as classification for the sake of classifying, or, histories are mostly lists of the books in the library, and are whereas the vexed reader is apt to think, for the sake therefore, partial catalogs; public library nature reports and histories are of an entirely different of trouble to all concerned. This sec- making from their catalogs, and wanted for different purposes, tion forms a natural transition to the for the latter very and, usually, at different times ; separation These division Book storing, i.e., Libraries. was plainly necessary. 170 CINCINNA TI CONFERENCE.

X4E Catalogs of English manuscripts, and of One wants, too, to collect together the liter- MSS. in England. ary history of particular classes (as royal and x8E of in noble and the local histories History printing England. authors) , literary ; XEE Catalogs of English publishers, book- just as in literature we have a place for the sellers, and auctioneers. collections of the works of local authors. And XHE Catalogs and history of English private so on. Every form into which Literature is libraries. divided, Periodicals, Essays, Ana, Letters, Ora- XKE Reports and history of English public tions, Wit and Humor, Satire, Dialogues, Drama, libraries. Fiction, Fables, Fairy Tales, Legends, Popular XME Catalogs of English public libraries. Literature, Ballads, Poetical romances of chiv- XNE Works on English pseudonyms and alry, Poetry, all have their corresponding sec- anonyms. tions in Literary history. There is also a place XTE English bibliography. for Dialects, with a possible subdivision of each XVE Literary history of England. dialect into its literary forms. The British Mu- of seum would not need more the xx8E Bibliografy English history. any ; village XXAE Bibliografy of English topografy. library may use as much less as it pleases. XYE Selection of books for English readers. If any of the sub-divisions is thought to be unnecessary, one has only to disuse it, and put The inquirer has merely to go from division its books into the general alfabet of English to division, looking at the subdivision E alone, literary history. and he will exhaust the capacity of the library I at first intended to put the bibliografy and in regard to the Book arts of that country, so literary history of each country with the litera- far as they are not contained in works of more ture of the country. Thus, we should have the and that is as far as class- of then the Lit- general capacity ; any Bibliografy English literature, ing can take him. erary history of England, then the Literature I have tried to prepare a scheme that could itself, so that the student of English literature be used in a very small, or in the largest would have everything he could desire put to- possible, library. As an example take literary gether under his hand. The notation still history, xv and xw. This, itself only a division, allows this arrangement, but I have given it up is subdivided by countries (as XVE English lit- for three reasons : (i) It is plain enough that

erary history) . So far almost any library will people do not usually want, at the same visit, wish to go, and there many libraries will stop, the history of the literature of the country and leaving all their books in one alfabetical ar- a work of the literature. They usually want rangement. For my own purpose I shall sepa- either a play or a history of the drama, a par- rate from the mass of works a certain ticular or a criticism on general poem English poetry ; number of sections, showing the history of the but not, in general, both at once. So that the drama, of the fiction, of the poetry, etc., of the advantage of mixture could not be great. (2) country, each by itself. I also have special On the other hand, the arrangement is clearer sections for the literary history of certain pe_ if each is kept by itself. There is more danger

riods : the early English, the Elizabethan, the of confusion in the minds of readers if we have Stuart, the Queen Anne, the Georgian, the three slices of English bibliografy, English lit- Victorian another section for the his- and and then ; literary erary history, English literature, tory of single authors, arranged by their names. a sandwich of French bibliografy, literary his- If the library is very large it may be necessary tory, and literature, succeeded by a Washing- to similarly divide the form-sections above men- ton pie of American bibliografy, literary his- tioned, and make a place for the history of tory, and literature. (3) It does not suit the Elizabethan poetry or of the Elizabethan drama, notation so well. (4) One often gets as much either as a subdivision of the history of Eng- information from the general histories of litera- lish drama, or of the history of the Elizabethan ture as from the special literary histories of the lierature. and one is reminded of that fact bet- country ; CUTTER. 171

the ter when general and the special are put retically perfect. They are right in part, but in together by themselves one class, and are not wholly, (i) It is easier to learn first, and not separated from one another by the interpo- to remember afterwards, an order which is sition of parts of the other classes Bibliografy made on some evident principle than one which and Literature. I therefore now in Litera- is at a put made hap-hazard ; (2) theoretically jus- ture only the belles-lettres books about litera- tifiable arrangement is more likely to bring ture are in the Book arts. together classes of books that will be wanted will is xv and at the same time there is a certain num- Literary history, you notice, ; (3) xw, so that, to make the notation for the literary ber of persons who pay considerable regard to of one has to theoretical considerations in their life history any country, only prefix daily ; an x to the mark for its literature (e. g. VF, they feel a need of justifying to themselves

XVF XVG . As national whatever do and if seems ; VG, ; VH, XVH) bibliog- they ; anything inept rafy is XT and xu, we have an easily remem- or not congruous with the rest of the arrange- bered trio : ment, they have a continual sense of irritation. Some one has said that "nothing produces VE English literature. more discomfort than the constant presence of XTE Bibliografy of English literature. a thing which one dislikes a little," and we all XVE History of English literature. know that the "saddest of words of tongue or pen are those sad words, ' It might have " been.' To feel that a classification to which The literature, it should be noticed, is not very one is committed is careless or that it far removed from the works about it, x follow- stupid ; have been made with a little ing close after v. might satisfactory more to think of class- Much is said about the memory-assisting thought ; any ingenious as some men think of their best qualities of the alfabet. I would not speak dis- ing jokes, just when it is too late to utter is one of the respectfully of the alfabet, but it must not them, minor miseries of a librarian's which it is assume to be the only memorizer. A natural, life, worth to avoid. Even if it made no logical, reasonable arrangement is easily under- something difference to the he would wish to be stood and easily remembered. The order public careful for his own comfort. adopted here, of progression from the brain of the thinker through the hand of the writer and the machines of the printer and binder over BOOK ARTS, the counter of the publisher and bookseller to x. Book arts in the shelves of the private bookbuyer and pub- general. lic library, is so simple, so clearly indicated, as Book the physicians say, that I cannot imagine any production. one forgetting it to whom it had once been ex- xi. Authorship, including Rhetoric and plained, and I should not imagine that it would Indexing. require any elaborate explanation. Yet I must X2. Writing, including Shorthand and confess that I did not get it completely settled the materials for writing. till a few after trials and days ago, repeated ; if, X3- Palasografy. after looking at this, I should show you some X4, X5. Catalogs of manuscripts arranged of my previous schemes, you would wonder geografically. that any one could be so blind to the obvious x6. Illumination and other book orna- requirements of the situation. ment. To some of my friends, I know, all this ap- X7. Printing (for literary purposes, ex- to be much ado about it pears nothing ; makes, cluding, therefore, fotografic, they say, no practical difference how these sub- telegrafic, and dry-goods print- divisions are when one has once : the art. arranged ; got ing) accustomed to an order one can use it just as x8, xg. Printing : the history, arranged well if it is theoretically bad as if it were theo- geografically. 172 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

XA. Incunabula : catalogs and history. xj. Public libraries : general works and XB. Incunabula: the books them- administration. selves. XK, XL. Management, reports, and his- xc. Binding and book-preservation. tory of particular libraries, ar- ranged geografically. Book distribution. XM, XN. Catalogs, arranged geografically. XD. Publishing, Bookselling. Book description. XE, XF. Catalogs of publishers, booksell- in ers, and auctioneers (arranged Bibliografy general. Remarkable books geografically) . XQ. (condemned, imaginary, lost, privately print- Book-buying and book storage. ed, rare, vellum printed, etc.). XS. and XG. Book-buying, book-collecting, bib- XR, Anonymous pseudonymous liomania. books, arranged geografically. XU. XH, XI. Private libraries : history and XT, Bibliografy, arranged geografically. XW. catalogs (including catalogs of XV, Literary history, arranged geografi- those sold, and catalogs of pri- cally. vate collections which have XX. Subject bibliografy, arranged in the order of been incorporated in public subjects. Selection of libraries, but are catalogd by XY, XZ. reading, arranged geo-

themselves) . grafically.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BOOKS.

BY LLOYD P. SMITH, LIBRARIAN OF THE LIBRARY COMPANY OF PHILADELPHIA.

from to Those who they may differ on the subject of been put forward age age. the of the will HOWEVERcataloguing, librarians are agreed that wish to examine history subject, books should be arranged on the shelves accord- find it set down in detail in Woodward's System universal science ing to subjects. Experience teaches that it is of (Philadelphia, 1816). the of impossible to attach too much importance to the Suffice it to say that genius orderly have advantages flowing from a wise and methodical arrangement seems, in modern times, to its abode with the who order in the arrangement of a library. It is taken up special French, when it comes to systems of classification that have succeeded as well in classifying books as a limited to differ have in some other experts number begin ; they ordering things usually and the reason is not far to seek. It is mainly considered more important. because of the hardness of the task, which is The system of dividing a library into five so great that Aristotle, who executed it for the classes Theology, Jurisprudence, Sciences King of Egypt, was said by Strabo to be the and Arts, Belles-Lettres, and History, the whole only man who was ever able to arrange the followed or preceded by Bibliography is com- books of a large library in an orderly and sys- monly ascribed to the great French bibliog- tematic manner. From that time to the pres- rapher, G. F. De Bure, a bookseller of Paris the classification of human has but he to have ent, knowledge (1731-1782) ; appears merely occupied, more or less, the attention of some adopted the plan of his predecessor in the same of the wisest of mankind, including such men business, Gabriel Martin (1679-1761), who as Bacon, Leibnitz, D'Alembert, and Cole- himself borrowed from Jean Garnier's Systema ridge. I refrain from wearying you with an bibliothecce collegii Parisiensis Societatis Jesu account of the various systems which have (1678). The plan, being found to work well SMITH. '73

in practice, has since been commonly followed (I 1 6-J-), whereas an Academy of Natural in the catalogues and libraries of France, and, Sciences might well find it expedient to distrib- of the Continent in the ute their works on the animal in ac- indeed, generally ; and, kingdom arrangement of its books on the shelves, a cordance with the elaborate plan set forth in system not very different is now practised at Agassiz's Essay on classification. On the the British Museum. This plan was also delib- other hand, a small library may content itself erately adopted, but not without valuable im- with the classes and sub-classes marked by provements in detail, in the preparation of his letters only, or even with the classes A, E, I, O, catalogue of the Philadelphia Library (1835) U, Y, alone. It is to be remarked, in passing, by my learned and painstaking predecessor, the that, by this arrangement, whatever improve- late George Campbell. That classified cata- ments may be made from time to time in the logue was a thorough and scholarly piece of details of the system, the books have always a work, to which was added a copious alpha- relative, and not a fixed location on the shelves, betical Index but in the the Phila- so that be moved from shelf to ; meantime they may shelf, delphia Library had no classification on the from case to case, and from building to build- shelves, it being probably the only large col- ing, without altering the shelf- marks. lection of books in the world where the volumes The system is available, not only for the were arranged by sizes only, and in the order arrangement of books on the shelves, but also of accession. The defects of that system for their classification in a subject catalogue. or want of system were so serious that, on Indeed, the shelf-lists themselves form when the occasion of removing the Loganian Library properly made a subject catalogue, which may and the greater part of the books of the Libra- be sent off to the printer as soon as there is ry Company, in 1878, to the Ridgway Branch, money enough to pay for setting them up in the opportunity was embraced to make a more type. It is true that most of the ends of a logical disposition of them on the shelves, and subject catalogue may be gained by the modern one based, as to its main features, on the sys- dictionary catalogue, combining authors and tem of the printed catalogue of 1835. It was subjects in one alphabet, which it is to the in the actual execution of this work res sane credit of Mr. Poole to have invented, and of magni momenti multique sudoris that the Messrs. Cutter, Noyes, and others to have classification was out to the accompanying wrought ; developed ; but, nevertheless, my mind, and as a bibliographical system, to be of value, ideal printed catalogue is a classified one, with must be the fruit of experience rather than an a copious alphabetical index. Suppose that effort of genius, it has occurred to me that my the British Museum had such a printed cata- fellow-members of the American Library Asso- logue to-day, how much would the usefulness ciation might possibly find in it some useful of that great institution be enhanced. suggestions. It is only too obvious that the librarian who The classification is intended to be perma- adopts this, or indeed any plan for the classifi- nent only so far as the six main classes A, E, I, cation of books, must sometimes be at a loss O, U, and Y, and their sub-classes a, b, c, d, e, to decide exactly under what subdivision to etc., are concerned. In its details it is open to place a particular book, the problem, in difficult modification to suit the needs of libraries de- cases, being quite the highest proposed to a voted mainly to the collection of one or a few bibliographer. The rule is to place each book classes of books. As the volumes multiply on under its most specific class, but, nevertheless, the shelves, it is obvious that the divisions i, two successive librarians or, indeed, the same 2, 3, 4, etc., can be added to indefinitely by one at different times might, without impro- each librarian for himself without deranging priety, classify the same book under different the system. Moreover, the divisions can them- heads. To secure uniformity, therefore, and selves be subdivided by supplying arbitrary to make the work of cataloguing and classifying marks. For example, under Zoology (I 1 6), I books arranged on this plan more easy, the have made but one subdivision, that of Birds accompanying Synopsis and Classification are CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

followed by an alphabetical Index. In its prep- systems of classification, in point of practical I have made use of the Index a decided over others and aration, subject utility, advantage ; of my ingenious friend, Mr. Melvil Dui, in his Mr. Dui's decimal division brings in an element excellent Classification of a library (Amherst, of simplicity which has, in theory at least, some 1876). By his kind permission, it is here re- obvious advantages. It is also steadily making produced, with the addition of about nine hun- its way into practice, and I understand there dred new catchwords which were found desirable are more American libraries now using that in of the latter I indebted than other. Mr. Perkins practice ; for some am plan any "believes that to Mr. F. B. Perkins' Rational classification of his system accomplishes some good things literature (San Francisco, 1881), which reached which Mr. Dui's does not, and cures some de- " as the fects in it and I with him. If I me these sheets were passing through ; agree did not press. The alphabetical class-signs in my sys- think that mine was on the whole better than tem are placed alongside of the numerical class- either, I should not publish it. Nevertheless, signs in Mr. Dufs system. The reason for I am free to say, that in working out the details, adopting an alphabetical instead of a numerical I consider Mr. Perkins' arrangement, in some designation of the several classes and sub- respects, better than my own, and if I had seen classes, was simply to prevent confusion in it in time I could have improved mine in sev- calling for a book by its number, it being eral ways. Mr. Schwartz's Mnemonic System, thought that the number of the class might be and that of Mr. Cutter described in Vol. IV. mistaken for the number of the book. This, of the Library journal are also worthy of of course, is a matter of detail which may be the highest consideration. Doubtless the true changed without affecting the system. Classification of Books, at once rational and Whether the classification itself is more or convenient in practice, is a thing yet to be es- less logical than that of others who have at- tablished, but at any rate the materials for it this hard and but exist and if the its tempted thankless, needful, ; present System with Index task, it is not for me to say. It has at least the on which I have been working more or less merit of not being made out of nothing, but for the past four years contributes in any de- rather of having been evolved from a preex- gree to make the labors of those who follow me isting system which has the approval of the more easy, it is all that I expect. best bibliographers of Europe, and which has I have only to add my thanks to our excel- been tried for centuries, and not found want- lent Secretary for his kindness in undertaking ing. Nolumus leges Anglice mutare. I believe the publication of the work, and to say that its the groundwork of the system to be good, but profits, if any, are to go to the American Li- I know very well that the building I have raised brary Association. upon it can be improved; and, therefore, any SYNOPSIS. one who thinks of making use of either, would Class A. Religion. do well to study among others the Table E. Jurisprudence. of Brunet, and the classification Methodique I. Sciences and Arts. is rather crude of the Brit- which, however, O. Belles-Lettres. ish Museum. The latter can be consulted in U. History. 1 Henry Stevens Catalogue of the American Y. Bibliography and the history of lit- books in the the British Museum Library of erature. (London, 1866). Mr. Dui's and Mr. Perkins' Sub-classes. a, b, c, d, e, etc. highly original systems are also full of valuable Divisions. i, 2, 3, 4, etc. though the former is, to my think- suggestions, Subdivisions. +, A, Q, IV, V, VI, etc. ing, not sufficiently worked out in detail, while the latter, with its six thousand classes ten [As the details of the classification and the times as many as are used in the British Museum index of subjects were not read to the meeting, is, if anything, too much so. The reference and have been published by the Library Bureau, alphabet first used by Mr. Dui gives their they are omitted here. ED.] BEARDSLET. '75

FICTION IN LIBRARIES.

BY I. L. BEARDSLEY, LIBRARIAN OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOL LIBRARY, CLEVELAND, O.

this, my first attendance upon one of the seventeen thousand volumes, more than six INannual meetings of the American Library thousand of which were fiction. I have no Association, I came with no thought of obtruding data by which to tell what was the percentage my opinions or my experiences upon its delib- of fiction drawn, but it must necessarily have erations. I came rather to gain information been very large, exceeding, I should say, than to attempt to enlighten you upon profes- eighty per cent. There were on the shelves sional methods and details, which I have not probably not far from five hundred volumes of the egotism to suppose you would receive what is known as Oliver Optic's books. It did much benefit from, and I am somewhat reluc- not take me long to discover that the institu- tant now to relate what, most likely, is an old tion was of very little practical benefit to and familiar story with most of those present. those who desired to make use of it, for no All, or the majority of you, from your familiar- one single course of valuable reading could ity with professional requirements, seem to be pursued to the end of intelligent inquiry. have had more time than myself to devote to The Board of Education was the manager the attainment of that minuter knowledge so of the library, and the then Chairman of the necessary to rise to the highest point of use- Library Committee believed thoroughly in fulness, in a calling which requires not less buying what, he said, the people wanted, mental discipline, not less industry, than to and he went to the bookstores and made become eminent in any of the learned profes- purchases, thinking, perhaps, that official sions. I have found, from year to year, how power imparted superior intelligence. He much is yet unlearned, what application it re- was a good friend of mine, and said, in his " quires, if I would keep ahead in my calling, in positive and pleasant way, You musn't think the grand march of the world of letters, and, you know everything about libraries, for you are as I have before intimated, I have not, with all new at the business. I have been Chairman of my application, been able to evolve any theo- this Committee for several years, and know ries, or take acceptable part in deliberations in something of what is needed." Of every book that higher technical knowledge which is be- of Pinkerton's, and I presume you all know so discussed. what he fifteen Mrs. ing ably they are, bought copies ; In speaking, yesterday, with a gentleman of Southworth not less than fifteen, and other this Convention, whom I have long known by works of like character, I need not mention reputation, of my experience in dealing with names of authors, not less than ten copies. such books as are generally deemed trashy Well, for two years matters went on in this and, in many cases, pernicious, he thought way, leaving me in perpetual vexation of spirit. it would be worth relating, as it is a subject The time came, however, when a new committee upon which each individual librarian has had on books was selected, and at the head of it a- his own special experience, and from varying man of learning, one who was thoroughly in circumstances, must each have its own pecu- harmony with my ideas. liar phase. I am very well aware that there We then began a new course, and I took are different opinions as to what should prop- fresh courage and interest in my work, but erly be embraced in this ostracized list, and demagogues crept into the Board of Education to discuss that point would go outside of my and our institution finally got shut up and for design. four months it lay idle. Finally it was opened This When I took charge of the Cleveland Public with the Librarian and two assistants. to re- Library, it contained between sixteen and gave me the long desired opportunity CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

organize on sounder business principles. A hundred feet, the two upper stories of which law was passed creating a Library Board, and are for our use. good men were placed in charge. That Board The Reference Department contains between was in perfect unison with my well-known nine and ten thousand volumes, a most opinions, and we started out on a career, that valuable collection of books. I will lead to believe, grand results. Year by I am gratified to say^that our library has year we have worn out and got rid of objec- become a popular institution, and the cultured tionable books, and with no falling off in the portion of our citizens bestow high encomiums use of the library. From less than 17,000 vol- upon it. I am not vain enough to suppose that umes, with 6,000 volumes of fiction, we have I am the chief contributor to this flattering now 40,000 volumes, with less than 7,000 vol- condition, for the Library Committee, for the umes of fiction. The percentage of fiction past four years, have been largely men of drawn has decreased gradually, and from sixty- intellect, zealous for the good work, and have nine advised and directed per cent, four years ago it was fifty and well, and, by their interest a fraction last year; and this year it will, I and intelligence, have lightened my labors hope, be still lower. greatly. It affords me pleasure to mention the Taking the last three years which I have in name of the Rev. Dr. Brown, President of our mind, the increase in circulation has been Board for four years, whom the Buffalonians, upwards of 30,000 volumes. You can well we think selfishly, induced to come to their city understand that, to produce this result, while at and make his home, and I can assure my the same time getting rid of a popular but, in Buffalo brethren, that, if they have not already the judgment of the managers, useless class of made his acquaintance, they will soon do so. and labor I to meet in convention with this literature, required steady persistent ; hope and I think it will be acknowledged that the association again and again, and so far as my measure of success was all that could have been little experience will go in performing necessary expected. I have long tried to get our Board of work, I shall be glad to volunteer my services. Education to take action in requiring teachers Although I may be unable to advise or direct, to recommend and direct what the school I may, at least, take an humble part in forward- children should read, and two years ago, in ing the great interests entrusted in our hands. response to a memorial letter of the Library It is hardly relevant to the subject to add Board, the Superintendent of Schools, by advice that business methods have, in my judgment, of the Board of Education, made the proper very much to do with the legitimate value suggestions to teachers. The instructions, and success of a library. I have given the sub- however, not being compulsory, not much ject much attention, and from an unfamiliarity benefit came of it. Catalogues were furnished with the business details of other libraries, I to all the large school-buildings, and two or have been obliged to feel my way and add a three, in which fiction was omitted, were single change now and then to correct such returned with the word that, as fiction was deficiencies as seemed necessary. I will only left out, they did not want the catalogues. further add that I allot each assistant her duty The increase in demand for books for consul- and make their success always competitive by tation has steadily increased, approximating, their own interest, and the work is well done. I believe estimating by the past months My loss of books two years ago was one in eleven this current year to thirty thousand vol- thousand drawn, last year one in fifteen thou- umes. sand drawn, and the present year the loss will We have a fine building on Euclid Avenue, not increase. appropriated by the Board of Education, a I have trespassed longer upon your time handsome stone-front structure, sixty by one than I desired or ought to have done, and hundred feet, on a lot one hundred by two thank you for your kind attention. JONES. 177

CATALOGUING.

YEARLY REPORT BY L. E. JONES, BIBLIOGRAPHICAL BUREAU, NEW YORK.

library world during the past year has least, appreciate its thorough minuteness of I^HEwitnessed no startling innovation in the analysis and untiring accuracy of compila- field of cataloguing. The work done has been tion. It causes medical bibliography to ap- rather that of progress in lines already laid pear with the equipment and suddenness of a down than of experiment in new methods, bib- Minerva. liographers apparently thinking it better to Though not in the domain of library cata- give further trial to already existing systems, logues yet relating to them so far as it was in- than to bewilder themselves and their public by tended for the use of librarians, is the American any very marked changes. Minor variations Catalogue, of which the concluding volume has will always occur, but even these have been been published since the Association's last more in development of previously accepted meeting. The mode of entry in this resembles principles than in the principles themselves. the dictionary system in its selection of Whether this conservatism is due to a diversion specific topics (and not classes) for subject of interest to what seem more pressing sub- headings, but it differs from the dictionary ar- jects, or whether it is the natural condition of rangement in its placing the author-and-title- rest following periods of development, might entries in one alphabet, to form the first vol- be difficult to determine. It is, however, no- ume, and the subject-entries in an alphabet and ticeable that in the cognate departments of clas- volume by themselves. The work is designed sification and indexing, a much greater activity as a book-buying tool, for which it furnishes of investigation has been displayed. prices and publishers of current publications. The completion of the Boston Athenaeum Of the other catalogues issued during the Catalogue stands deservedly at the head of the year, that of the Watertown (Mass.) Public year's work. Its importance is not only in the Library is a volume of nearly 500 octavo pages, magnitude of the undertaking and in the char- in which the entries, condensed to a single line acter of the Library, but in its forming our each, are arranged dictionary-wise, with some most complete representative of the dictionary cross-references and specification of contents. system, especially as applied to a large collec- That of the Uxbridge (Mass.) Public Library tion of books. Its proved utility will consti- is an exemplification of the Amherst classifica- tute the best test of the wisdom of continuing tion scheme, a copy of which is bound with that system for combined reference and circu- each catalogue. It comprises about 100 octavo lating libraries, a test which has already been pages, and consists of an author-list and a well-nigh met in the unanimous favor with class-list, the latter arranged on the Amherst which' the work has been received, both by the plan, to which the accompanying index forms a proprietors of the Library and by the public subject-key. The compiler has shown the at large. It will be the standard for all future courage of his convictions in printing the short but a standard which few can " not on the of his undertakings ; catalog," only title-page hope to reach. own book, but also in his record of other cata- Ranking with that of the Athenaeum in mag- logues (under bibliography) an exercise of nitude and importance, is Dr. Billings' Index- judgment to which their non-conforming au- Catalogue of the Surgeon-General's Office, of thors may possibly take exception. The which the second volume has made its appear- Brookline (Mass.) Public Library has issued ance since the Washington Conference. Though an admirably prepared supplement of its acces- none but its compilers are competent to sions during the past eight years in the form criticise it, all cataloguers can, to a degree at of a dictionary catalogue of over 500 pages, 178 CINCINNA TI CONFERENCE. octavo, with full names, imprints and contents. To these should be added a new edition of its The typography is exceptionally neat, giving Catalogue of Books in Foreign Languages, and the page a most clear and attractive appear- a supplement to its Catalogue of Books in the ance. Supplements have also been issued by Arts and Sciences, from the Boston Public Li- the N. Y. Apprentices' Library and by the brary. The former is an author-list of 32 Taunton Public Library. The former is a book pages, with references to other catalogues of of about 200 the titles on Mr. the the latter has similar pages, arranged Library ; references, Schwartz' well-known principles of classifica- and gives the additions since 1871 in 56 pages, tion, of which he takes this occasion to say under the dictionary system, with notes. In that his ten years' experience in its use has not neither are imprints given. only confirmed his own opinion of its utility, As this report is only intended to point out but, judging by the imitations, has also con- what is especially important or notable, and verted others. The Taunton Supplement is a does not aim to form a complete record of all small quarto of some 70 pages, consisting of that has been accomplished in this field, the an author-list, with a classified index added. remaining publications of the year need not be The publication by the Buffalo Young Men's mentioned. A number of the smaller libraries Library of a list of books for young readers have also issued catalogues, others have pub- in a idea and the di- there the was, itself, most happy ; lished supplements, and have been vision of books under each subject (whenever usual accession-lists, bulletins, and lists of ad- practicable) into three classes, suitable to differ- ditions. Before the next meeting we may ex- ent ages, was even happier in its conception. pect to hear from the Baltimore Peabody In- A valuable catalogue of the works on the Law stitute and from the Indianapolis Public Li- of Nations and in the State of are and before Diplomacy Depart- brary, both whom printing ; ment at Washington, and a List of Documents very long we trust to see Mr. Spoffbrd's author- S. Govern- and other Publications of the U. catalogue, to which we are all looking forward, ment, issued during the last quarter of 1880 knowing so well what its value must be. The first of are the and the quarter 1881, among British Museum is also printing ; but who has special catalogues of the year. It is devoutly the courage to look forwards forty years to its to be hoped that the last may prove a forerun- completion ? ner of some regular and permanent publication.

CHARGING-SYSTEMS.

BY K. A. LINDERFELT, LIBRARIAN OF THE MILWAUKEE PUBLIC LIBRARY.

T IKE some other members of this Associa- in the elaborate papers and discussions on this in the third volume of the Ls tion, of whom I know, I owe a grudge to subject Library I can do under our program committee for not informing me, Journal; and the best thing before my arrival in Cincinnati, of the duty as- the circumstances is, therefore, to confine my- self to a few remarks in reference to the signed to me of reporting on charging-systems, charg- with which I have become ac- as I should have liked to have given a history ing-systems in endeavor to find a suitable one of the development of system in the manner of quainted my for own and to a de- charging books to borrowers, presented a my library, give rapid sketch of the different methods now employed scription of the one I now use. in the libraries of America, instituted a com- Many, I have no doubt, will consider this whole matter to be of but and parison between them, pointed out their sev- trifling value, record is which will eral defects and advantages, and thus opened say that almost any good show where a book and when it went out. the way to finally discovering a charging-sys- is, are libraries of out of tem of ideal perfection. A considerable part There leaving, course, such as are used of this work has, however, already been done consideration entirely merely LINDERFEL T. 1 79

for reference, and the books of which only cir- mits of such an infinite variety of modifica- culate within the sacred precincts of their own tions, that it is difficult to decide, sometimes, walls there are libraries, with a picked and what the most convenient, accurate, and eco- aristocratic constituency, wholly above re- nomical arrangement is. I can, thus, only proach, that can afford to take such a view of allude to a few of the principal variations which the question. But to those of us having charge have come under my notice. of a collection of books to which all the mot- In the great majority of libraries, when a ley crew of a large city have practically unre- new member becomes entitled to the privilege stricted access, whether they be white or black, of using its contents, whether through some permanent residents or temporary visitors, other person's guaranty, a money deposit, or honest or dishonest, bank-presidents or rag- an annual fee, a card is given him as a certifi- pickers, and being often obliged to study how to cate that he has complied with all the require- do the greatest good with the smallest amount ments of the management, and which must be of expenditure, it becomes a question of produced in all his transactions with the libra- the greatest importance, how to increase the ry; although there are libraries, like the St. proportion of new books by keeping those al- Louis public school library, which do not re- ready acquired in proper condition and, at all quire even this slight cooperation on the part times, within easy reach of the librarian's hand. of the borrower for keeping its records in the is a In this serves Then, general public jealous public ; shape. some libraries card no jealous of their prerogatives and sensitive of other purpose than the one indicated, or pos- any undue interference with their real or sup- sibly as a reminder to the borrower of the time and librarian ever his in posed rights ; any having when book must be returned, while other had the misfortune of being the target for the libraries it forms an integral part of its charg- resentment of a borrower, who has received a ing-system. This latter is a risky arrange- notice to return a book already duly delivered ment, as my experience, at least, is that an to the attendants, will know how futile it fre- ordinary borrower has even less regard, if pos- quently is to try to explain the fallibility of sible, for the card than for the book itself, and humankind in general, and library attendants considers its loss of no importance whatever. in particular, and devoutly wish for the speedy Where the entire record is kept in the library, invention of a self-indexing, self registering, secure from the gaze and touch of the profa- and self-everything-else charging machine. num vulgus, there are, again, essential differ- There exist in libraries with which I have ences in the manner of arrangement and ma- become acquainted two radically different nipulation. Some libraries, as, for instance, methods for recording books and borrowers in the Detroit Public Library, make the book-bor- circulation, the ledger and the slip systems, as rower write the entire record-slip with number, several varieties of combinations of the well as title, name, etc., it being, in fact, only the call- two. The former, with its rapidly accumulat- slip in a fixed form, which slips are then filled, ing pages of closely written entries, like the and constitute the only record of books in cir- grocer's or the meat-monger's account-book, in culation. This arrangement would seem to all its varying forms, is, at the best, a cum- make it an extremely irksome task for a person, brous, inconvenient, and time-wasting affair, who had his "declaration of intention" signed belonging in the same category as fixed shelf- "Pat. x O'Brien," to call for a book; while location, interleaved and similar de- catalogs, the attendants must necessarily often be sorely vices, which are getting to be num- rapidly tried by illegible scrawls. In other libraries, bered of the It among things past. may, like the Chicago Public Library, the attendants be set aside with this therefore, merely pass- write the record-slip themselves, in a manner all the which it in ing notice, advantages pos- that has been fully illustrated by Mr. Poole sesses, or might possess, having been recorded his contribution to the government report on in Mr. Dui's excellent papers already referred public libraries. In one thing, however, these to. The slip-system, on the other hand, ad- and other libraries with a similar charging- i So CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

system agree, namely, that the slip is merely a that this slip becomes virtually an exact coun- temporary affair, written for the occasion, and terpart of Mr. Poole's charging-slip, and is thrown away as soon as the book is returned. treated, filed, and used exactly in the same The system in use with us until a little more manner, but returned to the card-pocket when than a year ago was an exact copy of Mr. the book is returned. The tag-board or mem- Poole's; and I can, therefore, testify to its gen- ber-slip is marked at the top with the number

eral excellence in all but one point, which, to of the borrower's card, and all these slips, me, seems a very important one. It keeps a with us amounting to between 5,000 and 6,000, record only of the book, and not of the bor- are kept, arranged in one numerical series, in rower, who, nevertheless, is often more liable two compartments added to Mr. Poole's file- to go astray than the book. In order to obvi- box, standing on the delivery-desk. When ate this difficulty I adopted, on January i, 1881, the member withdraws a book, the number of the charging-system I now employ, and which this book is entered on the slip corresponding has, so far, given me entire and decided satis- to his card, but no date stamped opposite. faction. Instead of temporary slips, I use When the book is returned, however, the date permanent ones, made of thin board, the size of such return is stamped on the member-slip, 1 of the standard catalog card, printed with opposite the book number. The presence blank lines in two columns down the length of on the member-slip of a number without a the instead of one I use one date is slip ; and slip two, opposite therefore shows there a book the record of the the other out on this card the that it is not at constituting book, ; contrary, of the borrower. Of these two, the book- present in use. All matters that in anyway slip is made of white card-board, and the mem- affect a borrower's standing with the library, ber-slip of manilla tag-board, so that they can or involve a forfeiture of its privileges, are be easily distinguished from each other. We duly noted on this slip, and the consecutive have also a slip of pink card-board, which is slips referring to a certain card thereby be- identical with the white one, except that it de- come a complete history of the use any indi- notes a book which can be retained only seven vidual borrower has made of the library. This days, instead of the customary two weeks. slip serves as an entirely satisfactory solution The book-slip has printed or written, in the of the difficulty frequently presenting itself in blank space on top, the number of the book, libraries employing a card in the hands of the " and is kept in an "Acme card-pocket on the borrower, of how to prevent, without fail, the cover, while the book is in its place on the use of two cards by the same person, when shelf. When it is called for by a person who one has been lost and found after a new one is desires to borrow it, or withdrawn from the issued. Waiting for a new card for a week, shelf for any other purpose, this slip is taken or a month, or a year, after the loss of the old out, and the borrower's number entered on the one has been reported, does not afford a reme- first empty line in the left-hand column. Then dy for this evil, as I can assert from my own the date is stamped at the same time as the experience. With my system, however, anew borrower's own card, on the opposite line in card may be issued immediately, whether the the right-hand column. It will thus be seen first be really lost or not. The new card and

1 Book-slips. White card-board. LINDERFEL T. 181

the corresponding slip are both marked with a selected and called for his next book. If he " or conventional cabalistic and should without a new 2," any figure ; go away taking book, is to if, then, twenty cards should be presented the slip returned the general file at the bearing the same number, none but the one first opportunity the attendants may have to thus marked can draw any books from our do so. library. I have often been asked whether this ar- The book-slips are used for various other rangement does not form a very complicated purposes, such as recording the sending of the charging-system, and take considerably longer book to the entries of time than the and to binder, special requests ordinary one-slip systems ; for it I holding it, when comes in, for the benefit this answer, that the system is extremely sim- of an anxious reader, and so forth. Renewals ple in its working; that the actual writing done for a second period, while the book is out, are each time is exactly the same as is necessary " " indicated merely by writing an R between with Mr. Poole's charging-system, and that the the borrower's number and the date. infinitesimal quantity of extra time required

The process, simply stated, is as follows : for getting the member-slip, and stamping the A person presents his card at the delivery- date once more, is amply compensated for by window, and asks for a book, orally or in the greater security, and the comparative im- writing. The book, if in, is brought, its slip munity from mistakes, which it affords. removed from the pocket, and the borrower's In my last report to the Board of Trustees slip found in the general file. The two slips of the Milwaukee Public Library, I gave a are then placed side by side, the number of list of twenty questions which can be instan- each entered in the left column of the other, taneously answered by our new charging-sys- and the date stamped on the white slip and on tem, and when it is considered that fourteen of the borrower's card. The borrower's own these questions, or 70% of the whole number, card is then put in the book-pocket, the book some of them of the greatest importance, were delivered, and the two record-slips thrown into left unanswered by the method of charging two boxes on the desk, where they remain formerly used by us, except by keeping a sep- until the closing of the circulating department arate record, I think it must be admitted at night, when the two piles are sorted out, that even a small additional outlay of time can- both in numerical order. In the morning, not be thought a loss. These questions are before the opening of the library, the package as follows (those left unanswered by the old of white slips is placed, separately, in a com- system being printed in italics) : partment of the file-box, indicated by their date, and the manilla slips are sorted back in 1 . Is a given book out ? the general file of memberships. When the 2. If out, who has it ? book is returned, the date on the borrower's 3. When did he take it ? card shows where the white slip is, and the 4. When is it to be sent for, as over- card number locates exactly the manilla slip. due ? Both are taken out the white ; slip, without 5. Has the book never been out? further entry, returned to the book-pocket, and 6. How many times (and when) has the the manilla slip, as well as the borrower's card, book been out ? stamped with the date, which completes the 7. How many books were issued on a transaction, and releases the borrower from given day ? further obligation in regard to this book. 8. How many in each class f manilla is The slip then passed on to a small 9. How many books are now out, charged box, placed between the receiving and the deliv- to borrowers ? ery window, and divided into compartments 10. What books are at the bindery, etc. ?

marked o, i, 2, 3, etc. ("thousand" being 1 1 . Has a certain book been rebound, and understood in each case), where it can readily when ? be found at once, as soon as the borrower has 12. What books have been discarded? CINCINNA TI CONFERENCE.

13. Does the circulation of a discarded dence, although I have lately heard that it book warrant its being replaced? really originates, like so many other good 14. Has a given person a book charged to things in library works, with Mr. C: A. Cut- him ? ter. I have, however, in several important 15. How many persons have now books particulars, modified his system so materially charged to them ? as to entitle it to be considered a distinct va- 1 6. Are those the and one who would like to know persons who registered riety ; any earliest or latest f wherein these modifications consist, I refer to

17. How often has a borrower made use of the Libraryjournal 4: 445 and 5: 320, in which the library ? short descriptions of Mr. Cutter's and Mr. Fos- 1 8. Has a person had a given book be- ter's procedure is given. I have lately had the fore? satisfaction of seeing my system introduced, 19. What has been the character of a per- without change, in another library, and though son 's reading? I should not dare to say that it would be equally 20. Is a person's card still in force and suitable in all libraries, and possibly not at all used? in those with a very large number of members, and a very high daily circulation, I have yet to As regards the origin of my system of learn of a charging-system that, for the wants charging and recording books, I may say that of the average library in this country, surpasses I am indebted for the groundwork of it to our it, as regards insuring safety of the books, esteemed colleag, Mr. W. E. Foster, of Provi- economizing time, and preventing mistakes.

YEARLY REPORT ON BOYS' AND GIRLS' READING.

BY MISS C. M. HEWINS, LIBRARIAN OF THE HARTFORD LIBRARY ASSOCIATION.

the first of March I sent cards to lists of books for the use of the children in the ABOUTthe librarians of twenty-five of the leading public schools were printed under the direction " libraries of the country, asking, What are you of the trustees. One of these lists contained to a love of in works in fiction the doing encourage good reading juvenile ; other, biogra- boys and girls?" and soon after published a no- phies, histories, and books of a more instructive tice in the New York Evening Post and Nation, character. All the works included were selected saying that statements from librarians and by the trustees as being such as they would put teachers concerning their work in the same in the hands of their own children. The lists direction would be gladly received. The cards thus prepared were then given to the teachers in almost full answers of the schools for circulation brought, every case, ; gratuitous among the newspaper notice has produced few results. their scholars." The printed report of the Thomas Crane Mr. Green, of the Worcester, Mass., Free " Public Library, Quincy, Mass., says: "The Public Library, writes : The close connection trustees have recently made a special effort to which exists between the library and the schools encourage the use of the library in connection is doing much to elevate the character of the with the course of teaching in the public reading of the boys and girls. Many books are schools. Under a rule adopted two years ago used for collateral reading, others to supplement the teachers of certain grades of schools are in the instruction of text-books in geography and the practice of borrowing a number of those history, others still in the employment of leis- volumes they consider best adapted to the use ure hours in school. Boys and girls are led of their scholars, and keeping them in constant to read good books and come to the library for circulation among them. During the year two similar ones. Lists of good books are kept in HE WINS. '83 the librarian's room, and are much used by easily furnish them with proper lists. We aim from the books of a sen- teachers and pupils." at excluding library as well as those Mr. Upton, of the Peabody Library, Peabody, sational character, positively on the score of Mass., gives as his opinion: "If teachers did objectionable morality." Miss librarian of the Free their duty, librarians would not be troubled as James, Library, in of the to good reading. My experience of about thir- Newton, Mass., speaking catalogue, without of children's books, ty-five or forty years as a public grammar-school notes, published that in and to the teacher is, that teachers can control, to a great by library 1878, given pupils " of the : I do not think extent, the reading of their pupils, and also public schools, says that ever influenced a dozen children. that, as a class, teachers are not great readers. catalogue a full card-cata- We should have little trouble in changing to We have just completed very which the children use a deal in some degree our circulation, but our thirteen- logue great with their studies. Eleven hundred foot shelves and long ladders prevent the em- connection zinc are a I ployment of the best help. We print bulletins headings great help. frequently and assist all who ask aid." speak to the children to get acquainted with are free to ask for Miss Bean, of the Public Library, Brookline, them, so they quite help. Our local has offered me half a column a Mass., says: "I have no statistics of results paper week for titles and notices. I of course, relative to my school finding-list. Its influ- shall, notice children's books as well as others." Mr. ence is quietly but steadily making itself felt. his last The teachers tell me that many of the pupils Peirce, the superintendent, says in is from where the use no other catalogue in selecting books from report: "It only homes of childhood the library, and I know there are many families intellectual and moral character where the children are restricted to its use. is neglected, as a rule, that the library with us We keep two or three interleaved and posted is in any wise abused by the over-crowding of with the newest books when I think them de- the mind with novels. In many of even these sirable. Several of the teachers have told me cases kind and wise restraint can be, and is, personally that they had found the list useful to exercised by the librarian." themselves but teachers are mortal and human. Mr. curator of the Lower Hall ; Cummings, Many of them think duty done when the day's card -catalogue of the Boston Public Library, session is over, and the matter of outside read- and Miss Jenkins, assistant librarian in the ing with their pupils is of little moment to same place, have kindly sent me the manu- them. I want to get out a revised list, with scripts of their forthcoming reports to the useful notes." trustees. These reports are wholly on the Mr. Rice, of the City Library, Springfield, methods and results of their personal inter- Mass., writes: "We have a manuscript cata- course with readers, and the increase in special logue of the best and most popular books for reading during the last few years. Concerning boys and girls. We call attention to the best boys and girls Mr. Cummings writes : "I must books as we have opportunity when the young not forget . . . the juvenile readers, school- people visit the library. We endeavor to influ- boys and school-girls, and the children from ence the teachers in our public schools to aid the stores and offices about town. These latter us in directing the attention of boys and girls are smart, bright, active little bodies, often to the best juveniles, and such other books as more in earnest than their more fortunate fel- they can appreciate." lows of the same age. They are an object of Mr. Arnold, of the Public Library, Taunton, special solicitude and care. The school " Mass., says : What I am doing is to indicate children come for points in reading for their in the margin of my catalogues the works which compositions and for parallel reading with are to the taste and of their lessons in school and such books are adapted comprehension ; young people, so that not only their own atten- suggested as may be found useful. The two tion may be diverted from the fiction depart- most available faculties in children to work r ment, but that their parents an l teachers may upon are the heart and the imagination. 184 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

Get a hold on their affections by encourag- friends grew quite confidential, and told me ing words and manifesting a readiness to about their school and lessons. It was not help them, and you command their devotion very difficult to induce them to read some and confidence. Give them books their studies these books interesting things bearing upon ; (Optic and Alger, if needs be), and you fix were shown to their teachers, and many were their attention. Above let the book be to at once this led to an all, ready cooperate ; for the attention is never fixed with and the interesting ; acquaintance several, teachers', by, nor does the memory ever retain, what is plan of study became a basis of selection for read. of their laborious to But, once assured reading in history, biography, travel, and devotion, with their confidence secured and natural science. From books suited to their their attention fixed, there is nothing to prevent capacity much effective work has been done. with the work of direction succeeding admirably Several classes have studied English history, them." and their reading has been made supplementary " Miss Jenkins says : The use of the library from the topics. Later, when a list of notable by the young people is increasing every year. persons was given to them, they showed the The change in the character of children's' books effect of their reading by giving very good has been a great help to us, fairly crowding short sketches of these persons. American out many of the trashy stories so long the history colonial, revolutionary, administra- favorite reading. One of the first things that tions, civil war, reconstruction has been attracted my attention was their perseverance treated similarly, and the teachers are much in seeking certain authors, and their continual gratified at the result. We find that these boys exchange of books. I soon found their difficulties do not fall back to trashy reading, but ask for with the catalogue. They read only stories, better reading in place of their old favorites. and wanted those full of incident and excite- Several girls of the high school have sought their favorite author assistance in their various in ment ; when failed, they studies, especially sought for something else that sounded right Greek and Roman history, and have read, in in the catalogue, or sometimes wrote only the connection with the histories recommended, numbers without much reference to the titles, novels and some interesting travels, and have trusting, I suppose, to luck. Not liking the spent much time over engravings and photo- looks of the books they would return them. A graphs illustrative of their reading. Two of this it a nuisance. steady recurrence of made these girls, having asked me for a novel, mean- One of my first steps was to join one of the many ing something like their former reading, I made groups around the room, and look over with tests by giving them exactly what they asked them, suggest this author, or this, that, and the for. Very soon both books were returned, with ' other book, until they were furnished with a the remark, I couldn't read it.' In a little list of books fairly suited to their age, talk that ensued, and in which I drew from and then, suggesting that the list should be them a criticism of their reading, it dawned kept for future reference, pass on to another upon them that they had developed, or grown, group. This is now a general practice, and as they said. I could go on giving instances seems to suit the little folks after several of this in individual ; if, gradual development applications, they are unsuccessful, it is my cases, and of its influence upon others to whom custom to get them a book. My young people these readers recommended what they had began to ask me to help their friends, also to read, the increased call for the better books of others themselves so the help ; gradually bright fiction, biography, history, travel, miscellany, of faces of my boy and girl friends have grown and science. In four years' work books familiar, and as they gain confidence in me we sensational incident, so long popular, have lost strike out into other paths, and many bright, much of their charm. They have been crowded readable books, historical or containing bits of out by better books and personal interest in the geography or elementary science, have been young people themselves." read. It so happened that many of my young Mr. Foster of the Public Library. Providence, PIE WINS, 185

R.I., has sent an account in detail of his work record of the books read, books not being read among pupils and teachers, which may be thus and returned at too frequent intervals, and the condensed : Soon after the opening of the inspection of these matters by the teacher, or library, in 1878, he held a conference with the rather establishing communication between the grammar-school masters of the city, and teacher and pupil so that these things shall be

1 ' through them met the other teachers. He talked over. Finding-lists have been checked printed for the use of pupils a list of sugges- for the schools, appeals have been made by tions, some of the most important of which Mr. Foster in public addresses for supervision were summed up in the following words : of children's reading by teachers and parents, " Begin by basing your reading on your school and duplicate copies of books have been placed " " text-books Learn the use of refer- in the for school use. In ; proper library conclusion, " ence-books ;" Use imaginative literature, but Mr. Foster adds: "There has been a gradual " " not Do not to cover too and advance in methods of immoderately ; try steady cooperation much ground ;"" Do not hesitate to ask for and mutual understanding, so that now it is a " assistance and at the understood the suggestions library ; perfectly thing, throughout " See that you make your reading a definite schools, among teachers and pupils, that the gain to you in some direction." library stands ready to help them at almost Mr. Foster soon gained influence among every point." the teachers by personally addressing them, Mrs. Sanders, of the Free Public Library, and began to publish annotated lists of books Pawtucket, R.I., writes: "I am circulating by for young readers. A reading hour was estab- the thousand Rev. Washington Gladden's 4 lished in the public schools, and pupils learned How and What to Read,' published as a cir- to give in their own language the substance of cular by the State Board of Education of books which they had read. Mr. Foster says : Rhode Island. I am constantly encouraging "Our plans were by no means limited to the the children to come to me for assistance, included which are to do and I find public schools, but Brown University, they very ready ; the Rhode Island State Normal School, the that after boys have had either a small or a Commercial College, the private schools for full dose of Alger (we do not admit 'Optic'), are to to some- girls, and the two private boys' schools pre- they very ready be promoted paratory for college, one of which has ten thing more substantial, Knox, Butterworth, I satis- teachers and some two hundred and fifty pupils. Coffin, Sparks, or Abbott. find more One morning I met the boys of this school in faction in directing the minds of boys than 1 I do suc- their chapel, and gave them a twenty minutes girls, for though may and generally in the best of talk on reading, particularly on the question ceed in interesting them very how to direct one's current reading, as of fiction, it is much more difficult to draw them other unless it is I newspapers, into some channel of permanent into channels, poetry. interest and value. Since my address before should like very much to know if this is the of other librarians. aim is first the teachers of the State (published in the experience My interest or to their papers and proceedings of the Rhode Island to girls boys according or and to Institute of Instruction for 1880) we have had ability to enjoy appreciate, gradually whatever taste is the most many calls for assistance from outside the city, develop prominent. For I on the shelves all mechani- from teachers in the high schools and grammar instance, put I cal books for works adornments schools of other places. In 1878 began the boys ; upon aids to preparation of a bulletin of new books, issued for homes, painting, drawing, music, for the quarterly by the State Board of Education, and little housekeepers, etc., girls." there have been several instances of a series Mr. Fletcher, of the Watkinson Library, of references in connection with school-work. Hartford, Conn., says, in a recent address on in its moral and re- In July, 1880, I sent to the different teachers a the public library question our libraries series of suggestions about the reading of their ligious aspect: "Many of public so far as it refers to pupils, covering such points as preserving a beg the whole question, 1 86 CINCINNA TI CONFERENCE. the youngest readers, by excluding them from his efforts are seconded by parents and teach- the use of books. A limit of fourteen or six- ers. It is of little use, I fear, to appeal to teen years is fixed, below which they are not parents to look after their children's reading. in admitted to the library as its patrons. But, in It is possible that they do not know that, not some of those more recently established, the a few cases, boys and girls from eight to six- wiser course has been adopted of fixing no teen years of age, even while attending school, such limitation. For, in these times, there is draw from three to six volumes a week to read, little probability that exclusion from the library and often come for two volumes a day. That will prevent their reading. Poor, indeed, in they fail to realize the effects of so much read- resources must be the child who cannot now ing on their children's minds is evident when buy, beg, or borrow a fair supply of reading of we hear them say, and with no little pride, too, kind so that exclusion from the ' Our children are readers read all some ; library great ; they is simply a shutting up of the boy or girl to the time.' Such parents ought to know that the resources of the home and the book-shop instead of turning out to be prodigies of learn- or newspaper. A slight examination of the ing, these library gluttons are far more likely literature found in a majority of homes and to become prodigious idiots, and that teachers most prominent in the shops is enough to show find them, as a rule, the poorest scholars and what this means, and to explain the fact, that the worst thinkers." He adds an appeal to " the young persons first admitted to the public teachers : Give out questions that demand library at fourteen years of age come to it with research, and send out pupils to the library for a well-developed taste for trash and a good ac- information if necessary, and be assured that a quaintance with the names of authors in that true librarian enjoys nothing so much as a department of literature, but with apparently search, with an ea'rnest seeker, after truths that little capacity left for culture in higher direc- are hidden away in his books. Do not hesitate tions." even to ask questions that you cannot answer, Mr. Winchester, of the Russell Free Library, and rely upon your pupils to answer them, and Middletown, Conn., said in his report, last Jan- to give authorities, and do not be ashamed to uary: "A departure from the ordinary rules learn of your pupils. Work with them as well governing the use of the library has been made as for them. But, whatever else you do, do in favor of the teachers in the city schools, al- not waste your time in urging your pupils to lowing a teacher to take to the school a num- stop story-reading and to devote their time to ber of books upon any topic which may be the good books. A parent can command this, you of for the class for the and cannot but can make the use of subject study time, ; you good to retain them beyond the time regularly al- books, and the acquisition of knowledge not lowed." In a letter three months later he found in books, attractive and even necessary, " writes, I cannot trace directly to this arrange- and your ability to do this determines your real ment any change in the reading of young folks. value as a teacher. Your work is to change We have taken a good deal of pains to get your earth-loving moles into eagle-eyed and in- good books for the younger readers, and I make telligent observers of all that is on, in, above, it a point to assist them whenever I can. I and under the earth." Mr. Bassett writes that feel quite sure that, if trash is shut out of the as a result of this appeal there was in Novem- library and withheld from young readers, and, ber, December, January, and February, an in- if good and interesting books are offered to crease of nineteen (19) per cent, in the circula- them, they will soon learn not to care for the tion of general literature, science, history, travel, trash." and biography, and a decrease in juveniles of Mr. Bassett, of the Bronson Library, Water- ten (10) per cent, for January and February, " bury, Conn., says in his printed report: The 1882, as compared with the same months of little the librarian can do a towards leading young 1 88 1 . For the first nineteen days of March book-borrowers towards the selection of proper increase of the classes first-named was thirty- books, but it does not amount to much unless seven (37) per cent, over last year, and the HE WINS. 187

decrease in juvenile fiction twenty-seven (27) that seems to present an unsurmountable obsta- per cent. He ends his letter: "As a school cle to any general and comprehensive system officer and acting school visitor, I find that of suggestions." those teachers whose education is not limited Miss Bullard, of the Seymour Library, Au- to text-books, and who are able to guide their burn, N.Y., reports a decrease in fiction from pupils to full and accurate knowledge of sub- sixty-five (65) to fifty-eight (58) per cent, in " jects of study, are not only the best, but the the last five years. She says: I have en- only ones worth having." deavored, year by year, to gain the confidence Mr. Rogers, of the Fletcher Free Library, of the younger portion of our subscribers in Burlington, Vermont, says: "I have with- my ability to always furnish them with interest- drawn permanently all of Alger, Fosdick, ing reading, and have thus been able to turn Thomes, and Oliver Optic. I have for some them from the domain of fiction into the more time past been making the teachers in the useful fields of literature. Another noticeable primary schools my assistants without pay. I and encouraging feature of the library is the give them packages of books to circulate among increasing use made of it by pupils in the high their respective schools. Very good results school in connection with school-work." have been obtained. The Police Gazette and Mr. Larned, of the Young Men's Library of other vile weeklies have been discarded for Buffalo, N.Y., writes: "I think the little cata- books from the Fletcher Library. Most of the logue is doing a great deal of good among our young folks are not old enough to draw at the young readers and among parents and teachers. library themselves, and this method has to be We exert what personal influence we can in the used, as in many instances the parents will not library, but there are no other special measures or cannot draw books for their children. Each that we employ." The catalogue, a carefully teacher has a copy of Mr. Smart's excellent chosen list of books for young readers, with

' 1 book, Reading for Young People. Such stars placed against those specially recommend- books as are in our collection are designated in ed, includes, besides books mentioned in other letters the Froissart and Miss their copies." , Boy's King Arthur, The New York Free Circulating Library is Tuckey's Joan of Arc, Le Liefde's Great Dutch quietly doing good by the establishment of care- Admirals, Eggleston's Famous American In- fully selected branch libraries in the poorest dians, Bryant's History of the United States, and most thickly settled parts of the city. In Verne's Exploration of the World, Du Chaillu's the words of the last report: "The librarian books, What Mr. Darwin Saw, Science Prim- has been constantly instructed to aid all readers ers, Faraday's Chemical History of a Candle, in search of information, however trivial may Smiles's Biographies, Clodd's Childhood of the be the subject, and, while the readers are to World, Viollet Le Due's Learning to Draw, have free scope in their choice of books, libra- Dana's Household Book of Poetry, Uncle Re- rians have attempted, when they properly could mus, Sir Roger de Coverley, several pages on do so, free from seeming officiousness, to sug- out and in door games, hunting and fishing, gest books of the best character, and induce with plenty of myths and fairy tales, an anno- the cultivation of a good literary taste." Miss tated selection of historical novels, and a short Coe, the librarian, adds, "Boys will read the list of good stories. best books, if they can get them." The Friends' Free Library, Germantown, Pa., 1 Mr. Schwartz, of the Apprentices Library, still excludes all fiction except a few care- New York, says: "We are always ready and fully chosen stories for children. The report to direct advise in cases the has willing and special , but of committee says: "Our example have not as yet been able to come across any been serviceable in stimulating some other li- general plan that seemed to us to promise suc- brary committees and communities to use more

' ' cess. The term good reading is relative, discrimination in their selection of books than and must vary according to the taste of each may have been the case with them in the reader, and it is just this variety of standards past. From our own precious children "we 1 88 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

would fain keep away the threatening contami- advising their pupils as to what to read and how if in our to do so the divine to read. talk has awakened some interest nation, power ; My law of love to our neighbor thence instructs us in the teachers, and a committee has been ap- to use the opportunity to put far away the evil pointed to consider what can be done about it." from him also." The representatives of the Mr.Carnes, of the Odd Fellows' Library Asso- religious Society of Friends for Pennsylvania, ciation, San Francisco, fires this shot in his re- New Jersey, and Delaware, have published port: "Even the child knows that forbidden during the year a protest against demoralizing fruit is the sweetest on the branch. If you wish literature and art, taking the ground that the to compel a boy to read a given book, strictly national standard of moral purity is lowered, forbid him even to take it from the shelves. and the sanctity of marriage weakened, by most The tabooed books will somehow be secured in of the books, pictures, and theatrical exhibi- spite of their withdrawal." tions of to-day. Mr. Metcalf, of the Wells School, Boston, The current report of the Cincinnati public who told at the conference of 1879 of his work schools gives a full account of the celebrations in encouraging a love for good, careful, and " of authors' birthdays in the last two years, and critical reading, writes : My girls have bought the superintendent, the Hon. John B. Peaslee, Scott's Talisman, and we have read it together. LL.D., in an address on moral and literary I have now sent in a request for forty copies of training in school, urges that the custom, so Ivanhoe. My second class have read, on the successfully begun, shall be kept up, and that same plan, this year, Mrs. Whitney's We Girls, children in all grades of schools shall be and the third class have finished Towle's Pizar- required to learn every week a few lines of ro, and are now reading Leslie Goldthwaite. good poetry, instead of choosing for them- The City Council refused, last year, to appro- selves either verse or prose for declamation. priate the $i,oooasked for. When we have the Mr. Merrill asks in his last report for coopera- means, all our grammar and high school mas- tion between the school and the library, and ters will be able to order from the library such says in a letter: "I read a paper some time books as are suited to their classes. This plan ago which was published in a teachers' maga- introduces the children to a kind of reading zine, and have addressed our Cincinnati teach- somewhat better than would otherwise reach ers. We purchased a number of the cata- them, and, best of all, it gives them great facil- logues of the Young Men's Library of Buffalo, ity in expression." and have written in our corresponding shelf Hartford, which has now no free circulating numbers. A few of our teachers have also ob- library, but hopes for one within two years, tained these catalogues. I judge that the chil- still keeps the old district system of schools, dren are beginning to take out better books and several of these schools have a library fund. than formerly. The celebration of authors' Mr. Barrows, principal of the Bcown School, " days in the schools has been very beneficial in writes : Our library contains the usual school making the children acquainted with some of reference-books. Recently we have added quite the best literature in the libraries as well as a number of books especially adapted to interest with the use of books of reference." and instruct children, such as The Boy Travel- Miss Stevens, of the Public Library, Toledo, lers, Miss Yonge's Histories, Butterworth's Zig- Ohio, says: "We are fond of children, and zag Journeys, Forbes's Fairy Geography, etc. suggest to them books that they will like. The children are not permitted to take these Give a popular boy a good book, and there is books away from the building. Pupils are in- not much rest for that book. Librarians should vited to bring such additional facts in geogra- like children." phy, or history, as they may obtain by reading. Mr. Poole, of the Chicago Public Library, Topics are assigned. Should spices be the topic, writes : "I have met the of read cloves an- principals the one pupil would up concerning ; schools, and have addressed them on their duties other nutmeg, etc. Again, pupils are allowed in regulating the reading of their pupils, and to make their own selections, and invited to HE WINS. 189

at a facts in read about I invite give, specified time, any geogra- enough (in my opinion) , phy, history, natural science, manufactures, them to go a little higher. Whenever they inventions, etc. For this extra work extra cred- come to the office and look helplessly about, I its are given. Our object is to cause pupils to immediately jump up from my work, and, solving realize the conscious and abiding pleasure that the personal equation, pick out two or three comes instructive to such books which I think first to by reading ; encourage adapted interest, as have not been readers to read, and to influ- and then instruct. I try to welcome their ap- ence such as have been readers of trash to be- pearance, assuring them that the books are to come readers of profitable books. The result, be read, urging the older ones to read carefully so is have be- and with Some I benefit others are far, very encouraging. Many thought. ; come enthusiastic readers, and can give more too firmly wedded to their idols, Mrs. Holmes facts and information thus obtained than we and Southworth. Finally, it is my aim to send have time to hear. As the Christmas holidays them away from school with their eyes opened approached, many signified a desire that their to the fact that they have, the majority, been be such as have in to no that there are presents might books, we reading purpose ; better, our for do not have time at school and nobler books than ever dreamed library ; they higher, they to exhaust the of these and con- of. Of course I don't this reading books, always accomplish ; sequently do not lose their interest." but he who aims at the sun will go higher than Within the last few months Mr. Northrop, one aiming at the top of the barn." Secretary of the Board of Education of Con- A commission of sixteen ladies was appointed necticut, has distributed in the high schools last year, by the Connecticut Congregational and upper classes of the grammar schools of Club, to select and print a catalogue of books the State, blanks to be filled by the pupils with for Sunday Schools. During the year it has the kind of reading that they like best, and the examined one hundred and eighty-four, almost names of their favorite authors. Several hun- all reprints of well-known books, and has se- dred of these circulars were destroyed when lected one hundred. At least one annotated the Hartford High School was burned last win- Sunday-School catalogue was prepared before ter. The publication of a list of books suitable the appointment of the commission, directing for boys and girls has been delayed, but Mr. Hoi- the attention of children to such books as Tom brook, of the Morgan School, Clinton, Conn., Brown's School Days and Higginson's Young who prepared the list, writes concerning his Folks' Book of American Explorers, and of " work in school : I have the practical disburse- older readers to Stanley's Jewish Church, ment of three or four hundred dollars a year for Martineau's Household Education, Robert- books. In the high school, in my walks at son's Sermons, Sister Dora, Hypatia, Charles recess among the pupils, I inquire into their Kingsley's Life, and Atkinson's Right Use of reading, try to arouse some enthusiasm, and Books. then, when the iron is hot, I make the propo- The conclusions to which these opinions, sition that if they will promise to read nothing from libraries and schools in ten different States, but what I give them I will make out a schedule lead us, are these: I. The number of fathers for them. A pupil spending one hour, even and mothers who directly supervise their chil- less, a day, religiously observing the time, will, dren's reading, limiting their number of library in five years, have read every book that should books to those which they themselves have be read in the library. Those who agree to the read, and requiring a verbal or written account above proposition I immediately start on the of each before another is taken, is small. Epochs of History, turning aside at proper 2. The number of teachers who read and times to read some historical novel. When appreciate the best books, or take pains to that is done I give them Motley, then Dickens, search in libraries for those which illustrate les- or Prescott, or Macaulay, Hawthorne, Thacke- sons, or are good outside reading for the pupils, ray, Don Quixote. Cooper I depend on as a is also small. lure for younger readers. When they have 3. The high schools, normal schools, and 190 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

are out men colleges every year sending young 6. Daily newspapers may be used with ad- and women with little of books knowledge vantage in schools to encourage children to text-books and novels. except poor read on current events and to verify refer- 4. In towns and cities with free libraries, ences. much be and has been done establish- may by 7. Direct personal intercourse of librarians direct communication between libraries and ing and assistance with children is the surest way schools branch libraries. schools, making of gaining influence over them. Miss Stevens, This can be done that 5. only by insisting of Toledo, has put the secret of the whole mat- teachers in such towns and cities shall know ter, so far as we are concerned, into four words : and to " something of literature, by refusing Librarians should like children." It may be certificates to teachers in the course grant who, added that a librarian or assistant in charge of of an hour's do not show themselves well talk, circulation should never be too busy to talk informed to children to a love of enough guide with children and find out what they need.

books. . The classes now under good reading Bibliography and learning of all kinds have Mr. Metcalf's direction in Boston, or cele- their in a but the counter where places library ; authors' and the of brating days founding children go needs no abstracted scholar, ab- their own state in will in a few Cincinnati, be, sorbed in first editions or black-letter, but a the the or the mothers years, teachers, fathers, winsome friend, to meet them more than half- of a new and the result of their " generation, way, patiently answer their questions, and by be to in the reading may expected appear slow degrees subdue them to the useful and the awakened of their and chil- intelligence pupils good." dren. PROCEEDINGS. 191

THE PROCEEDINGS.

FIRST SESSION. Amount brought forward, $559 99 To other membership fees MORNING.) (WEDNESDAY collected from Feb. 15- The Conference assembled in College Hall, March n n oo on Walnut and at A.M. was called Street; 10.30 1882. to order by the President, Mr. WINSOR. May 9. To Frederick Jackson, In the absence of Mr. the on Dui, Secretary, Treasr. of the Amer. Lib. motion of Mr. MERRILL, Mr. A. W. TYLER Assoc., balance due the (Librarian of the Indianapolis Public Library) Association, May 5 . . 247 25 was chosen Secretary pro tern. Hon. D. Cox, in the absence of JACOB Mayor $818 24 MEANS, welcomed the Association in behalf of the of and the Committee Arrangements 1881. Cr. citizens of Cincinnati. Feb. bill of W. E. Foster The PRESIDENT delivered his annual ad- 15 By (postage, envelopes, tele- dress. grams, expressage) . . $10 53 (See page 123.) Feb. 15. By bill of E. L. Freeman & Co., Central F^lls, R.I., Mr. C. W. Chairman of the Pro- MERRILL, for printing 20 50 announced the for gram Committee, program Feb. 28. By payment made to Mel- the afternoon. ville Dui, in accordance with a vote of the Execu- tive Committee of the The Treasurer's report was next called for. Amer. Lib. Association, Mr. S: S. GREEN, Chairman of the Finance for money advanced by Committee, announced that the Treasurer was him to F. B. Perkins, for necessarily absent, and had sent his report to work on the Amer. Lib. him to present to the meeting of the Associa- Association Catalogue . 200 oo tion. Mr. stated at Green also that the last Mar. 8. By Charles Hamilton's bill, meeting of the Association there was no treas- printing ...... 2 oo urer, and matters were in the hands of the Fi- Mar. II. By Cashier's check sent to nance Committee, where they remained until Frederick Jackson, Treas- the appointment of a Treasurer, soon after the urer Amer. Lib. Associa- Hence the of Washington meeting. necessity tion ...... , : 337 96 a report of the Finance Committee. This, said 1882. is herewith and to he, presented ; appended it, May 5. By expressage on Treasur- to explain in detail certain items in it, is the er's books, etc 15 report of the Treasurer. en^ May 5. By postage stamps and 1881. Dr. velopes used by Chair- Feb. 8. To balance from last ac- man of the Finance Com- mittee a 70 count . . $435 99 cash To membership fees col- May ii. By balance .... 24440 lected at the meeting of the Association in Wash- $818 24 ington and Baltimore, SAMUEL S. Feb. 9, 10, and n, iSSi 124 oo CREEIST, Chairman Finance Committee Amer- Amount carried forward, $559 99 Library 192 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

I have examined the above account, with the BOSTON, May 5, 1882. vouchers, and find the same correct. Examined with vouchers, and found correct. N. LARNED. J. SAMUEL S. GREEN,

J. N. LARNED. FREDERICK JACKSON, Treasurer, in account with AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. Mr. after the stated v Green, reading reports, that they had not been audited, and suggested 1881. Dr. that the usual course was to refer them to the Mar. 12. By cash balance received Finance Committee, to be examined. from S. S. Green $337 96 A motion was made and carried to so refer cash balance received them and the result is here to the By ; appended from Reception Committee, reports. Boston 6 Conference, July, 1879, 35 (See Thursday afternoon.) 1882.

May 5. By cash received for member- POOLE'S INDEX. to date 280 oo ships Mr. POOLE reported upon his Index : In making this my final report of progress $653 56 on the new edition of the "Index to Periodical 1881 Cr. Literature," I have the pleasure of stating that is that is Mar. 22. To fees returned to the manuscript finished; the printing and that bound of the com- Miss D. E. Miller . $2 oo begun ; copies work will be in the hands of the collab- April 18. To express charge pleted orators and the before the close of the on A. L. A. Catalog public present year. Messrs. James R. Osgood & Co., from San Francisco . 8 50 of Boston, will be the and the June 6. To cash paid Rock- publishers, printing is in progress at the Press well & Churchill . . 261 24 University at I have here for To cash paid Forbes Cambridge. your inspection 160 page-proofs of the plates, and Lithographic Co. . . 42 oo electrotype the matter of 130 pages more is in type. June 24. To cash paid F. About of the are cast each week. Leypoldt 36 85 50 pages plates We the will be Oct. 12. To cash paid Li- expect printing completed early in December. with the old edition brary Bureau (M.Dui), 1958 Comparing the rate of in the alphabet, the Dec. 23. To cash paid Chas. progress pres- ent indications are that the new edition will Hamilton, printer . . 10 25 make each twice as To cash paid by F. 1,500 pages, page having much matter as in the old edition. The price Jackson, for postage . i 95 of the work has been fixed at 1882. $15.00, which, considering the amount of matter, is relatively Jan. 4. To cash paid Rock- less than one-half the of the well & Churchill . . 6 oo publication price old edition, and one-fifth of the selling price. Jan. 27. To cash paid Li- A vast deal of labor and care has been brary Bureau, print- given to the work; but not more than was ing and postage . . 4 28 anticipated and provided for. No embarrassments or delays May 5. To cash paid Li- of kind have occurred. The full brary Bureau, print- any original has been carried out, and the cooperative ing and postage . . 13 36 plan feature of the work has been a suc- To cash paid by F. complete cess. We, the editors, have done all that we Jackson for postage . 30 to do, and more even. We 406 31 promised promised to bring the references down to January, 1880; we have them down to To cash balance paid Fi- brought January, 1882, and this additional work was done nance Committee $247 25 wholly by ourselves. We promised 1,200 pages, and shall PROCEEDINGS give you 1,500 pages. The list of periodicals in- the Index will not always bring them to- dexed is larger than was promised. Not every gether. serial in the first list It will has been indexed ; because, 3. enable librarians and others to in some instances, no complete sets could be number their sets to correspond with the num- found. Some of the English collaborators did bering in the Index. The numbering of vol- not finish their work in season to be included umes in many sets of periodicals is so irregular in this issue but their work will in senseless that it is to ; appear and impossible use the the first supplement, it being a part of our designation of volumes given on the title-pages. plan to issue a supplement every five years. In the Eclectic Review, for instance, seven "New " It is highly creditable to the spirit and energy Series appear, each with a separate numbering. of the American librarians that every set of The Methodist Quarterly Review has a third periodicals undertaken by them has been in- and a fourth series, but no first and second se- dexed. A large number of serials have been ries. The late volumes have a consecutive indexed which were not in the so the one for 1881 vol. but original list, numbering, being 63 ; that the additions outnumber the omissions. there are not so many volumes in the set. The Every precaution has been taken to secure true consecutive numbering of that volume is accuracy in the references, and all questions of 41, and it so appears in the Index. The Prince- doubt have been looked up from the serials ton Jfei'iew, under its present management, has themselves. I long since divested myself of no numbering of the volumes at all. The St. that pride of accuracy which imagines that a James Magazine began to number its volumes " catalogue, or a book wholly made up of refer- consecutively; then it went off into New Se- " can be without errors I ries then it went back into consecutive num- ences, printed ; yet am ; confident from the verification of thousands of bering from the beginning, and made a wrong references in revising copy and correcting count, leaving out nine volumes. I have in " proofs, that the errors will be very few. I shall most instances discarded series," and in cases esteem it a favor to be informed of such as may of special stupidity, like those mentioned be found. above, have numbered the volumes consecu- Much labor has been given to the preliminary tively without regard to what was on the title- chapter of the work. Besides giving alphabet- pages. It will, therefore, be necessary to re- ical lists of the periodicals, abbreviations, places number these sets and make the volumes cor- of publications, dates, number of volumes, and respond to the Chronological Conspectus. the collaborators, it will contain in a tabular This can readily be done by attaching to each form a Chronological Conspectus of all the volume an adhesive tag with the proper num- serials indexed, arranged in the order of senior- bering upon it. the in- ity. The titles of the serials will appear at the I cannot speak too appreciatingly of top of the table, and the years in the left-hand telligence and devotion which my associate edi- column. The volume or volumes of a serial tor, Mr. William I. Fletcher, has given to the issued on any year will appear in the intersect- work. He has developed a remarkable aptitude ing square. A glance will show when a serial for this class of literary labor, combined with begun, and, if discontinued, when it ended, and rare executive ability. The most fortunate in the precise volumes for any particular year. cident in my conception of the plan of this en- There will be cross-references from the alpha- terprise was in selecting Mr. Fletcher as my betical to the chronological list. The Chro- associate editor. The confidence in him which nological Conspectus will serve several useful I then entertained, based on several years of purposes : intercourse as my assistant in other relations, 1. It will furnish the means of readily ascer- has been more than confirmed. taining the date when any article was issued. The scheme of this work, which is now 2. It will give the volumes of other serials nearly completed, was suggested and adopted of the same date. Each period has its own at the first meeting of the American Library books and topics of special interest; and it is Association, at Philadelphia, in October, 1876. interesting to trace the discussion of them The result could not have been reached by through contemporary journals. They are any other means than its cooperative feature. often treated under such various headings that Are there not other projects of similar char- CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

acter which the membership of this Association, he meant to provide for the inquiries of intel- composed of the chief librarians of the coun- ligent men of only a moderate amount of cul- try, can undertake and carry through by the ture, expressed a strong interest in having the same cooperative method ? Many such schemes proposed index made. be but there is one to which If Mr. Poole is to undertake the might suggested ; willing great I wish at this time to call your attention. task of editing or supervising the publication of A GENERAL INDEX to works other than peri- such an index, he would be doing a great ser- odicals is greatly needed by students and literary vice to libraries and individual inquirers. An men. The plan of the Index which I suggest immense number of questions which a librarian would differ from the scheme of the Universal now has to answer personally would be Index, which has been much talked about in answered by pointing to a heading in this in- England and nobody is willing to undertake in dex, or by referring the inquirer to an as- this : It will not include every topic in the sistant to help him in using the index. The range of human knowledge, but only such librarian could thus make himself more useful practical subjects of general interest as students, to seekers after information by having more literary men, general scholars, and writers for time at his disposal for answering questions, the press, would be likely to need. The book, which would come up continually, not answered, therefore, could be brought into reasonable or not answered in the form required by the limits. Volumes of essays and miscellanies, inquirer, in the index. and standard books in history, biography, po- COOPERATION. litical economy, social science, education, etc., would be analyzed and indexed under specific Mr. CUTTER reported from the Cooperation topics. Different departments could be assigned Committee : to the persons most competent to treat them. A The committee has done very little during responsible editor should be selected to whom the year. It has considered the Rules adopted contributions would be sent, and to whose judg- by the Library Association of the United King- ment the selection and arrangement of the ma- dom, and finds that they agree, in the main, Each L. that the terial would be committed. cooperating with the Rules of the A. A. ; Eng- library and regular contributor would be fur- lish association has introduced some additional nished with a copy of the book when printed. directions, mostly coinciding with those given The demand for the book is such that the sale in Cutter's Rules, and that there are a few would justify a publisher in assuming the expense points of which the committee do not ap- of its if and risk publication and tlje payment prove. It would be well the meeting would of copyright. The first edition would doubtless reconsider the A. L A. code, and bring it, so be imperfect; but it would be a basis on which far as is possible, into harmony with the Eng- a second edition could be constructed which lish. The changes which we shall propose will would be of inestimable value. If will serve to subsequent not affect our practice ; they merely editions were called for, the range of topics define it a little more carefully. might be enlarged. As the plan of the work The work of indexing periodicals for the became known to writers and specialists, they obituary volume of the Index Society has con- would send in the references they had made in tinued. The volume. for 1880 is already printed, their investigation of subjects. For strength- and will probably be distributed to the collab- ening the helpful apparatus for ready reference orators in a few weeks. We should like some in our libraries, nothing is more needed than additional volunteers, and we must have one indexes which will give wider and more spe- for the N. Y. Tribune and the N. Y. Times, be- cific information than is found in our subject cause the gentleman who has undertaken those catalogues. has been obliged, by the failure of his eyes, to Mr. favored th e SMITH plan ; and referred to abandon the work. the special bibliographies in the ninth edition The A. L. A. Catalog is in a most unsatis- been of the "Encyclopaedia Britannica" and in factory condition. Mr. Perkins having Larousse's "Grand dictionaire universel." compelled to give it up, the committee under- Mr. GREEN spoke in favor of analyzing es- took to bring it out in sections, prepared by says, and upon learning from Mr. Poole that specialists; but hitherto, after repeated efforts, PROCEEDINGS.

SESSION. they have been able to secure the cooper- SECOND ation of only one person. The committee will THURSDAY MORNING. continue the search for workers, but without The Conference opened at a little after much hope of success. The men who are com- ten o'clock. Mr. C. W. MERRILL, from the are too and the committee think petent busy ; Program Committee, recommended that the that a catalog of this sort is not worth publish- papers assigned to Thursday evening be trans- ing unless it is very well done. ferred to Saturday morning, because on Satur- the teachers of the schools PUBLIC DOCUMENTS. day public could attend more conveniently. On motion, the Mr. GREEN, chairman of the committee ap- change was approved by the Association. pointed at the Washington meeting to secure a A letter was read inviting the Association to more satisfactory distribution of Public Docu- visit Oakwood, Clifton, the residence of Mr. ments, reported that bills had been prepared H: Probasco. The courtesy of the invitation the wishes of the Association, and embodying was acknowledged, and the letter referred to after their the Executive Com- that, approval by the Program Committee. mittee of the Association, these had been sent, The PRESIDENT stated that his report upon with numerous petitions in support of them, to "The general progress of library interests" the Committee of the United States Senate on had been included in his opening address. Printing. Considerable correspondence has been carried on with members of that com- CLASSIFICATION. mittee, and with other senators and officers of Mr. J. N. LARNED read his paper upon the government; but no action has as yet been "The classification of books." taken on the bills by the committee. The mat- (See page 125.) ter is now in the hands of Senator Hoar, of Massachusetts, who has some hopes that he The PRESIDENT spoke briefly in review of may secure action by Congress during the the paper, and favored following neither the present session. dictionary nor the classed system of cata- that the but said that each Mr. GREEN recommended committee loguing, exclusively ; person of the Association be requested to continue its would prefer the one or the other, as his efforts, and that large powers be given to its predilection led him. He called upon Mr. chairman. Cutter to .defend the mixture of figures and Mr. LLOYD P. SMITH spoke in favor of letters in the notation now used by him. having an agent in Washington to procure pub- Mr. CUTTER. I have been surprised at the lic documents for such libraries as desire them, almost universal distrust of the plan of mixing and moved that the committee receive the numbers and letters shown by librarians. I thanks of the Association, and the whole sub- adopted it myself without any apprehension ject be referred to the same committee with full that it could make difficulty; I have heard of no to act in the in accordance trouble from it at Winchester I have power premises, ; had no with its judgment; and that the Secretary be trouble with it at the Boston Athenaeum, either instructed to write to Senator Anthony, the from the attendants or from the public, who chairman of the Committee upon Printing, there have free access to the shelves. The very that it is the unanimous sentiment of this Con- day on which I started for Cincinnati I hired a vention that such a bill as that recommended by new boy, and put him to work setting up books our committee upon the distribution of public marked in this way. At noon my first assistant documents should be passed by Congress. reported that the boy seemed to find no diffi- These resolutions were carried unanimously. culty in arranging the books, and that he had Mr. T: W. P. ROGERS, of the Fletcher Li- arranged them right. A system of notation brary, Burlington, Vt., being absent, his paper, which a boy unaccustomed to library work could " upon the Heating of libraries," was deferred. learn in an hour cannot be very objectionable. At 12 o'clock the Convention adjourned The attendants learn the meaning of many for the day. The afternoon was spent in at- of the figures, so that they are no longer caba- an concert at the Music listic to them for tending organ Hall, signs ; example, they know and in sight-seeing in various parts of the eity. that after v the next letter is always a name of 196 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

a country, and the third letter (if before R in Mr. WHITNEY. During the last six weeks, the alfabet) the name of a form of literature. since the date of the report from the Boston So when they see VIP they know it is a division Public Library, given in the paper just read, of Italian literature, and, of course, they all know further steps have been taken tending to a that P is poetry. As xv is literary history, decision of the question of a new building. they know that XVID.M23 is a work by a man In accordance with the vote of the City whose name begins with M on the history of Council directing the Trustees to consider and the Italian drama. This is a tolerably long report upon the suitability of the new English combination (XVID. 1*123), a"d yet, as it falls High and Latin School building for the uses of into two parts, class-mark and author-mark, the Library, an examination of this building separated by the (.), the eye takes it in without has been made by an architect, whose opinions and all the more so if the letters have been embodied in a difficulty ; icport presented by XVID are understood as history of the Italian the Trustees to the City Council. As scholars of combinations that have not in sufficient numbers to fill the drama ; for, course, convey come an idea are read and remembered much easier building, the question has been raised in the than mere meaningless groups of letters. But City Council whether the schools could not be even without this the mere mechanical use of better accommodated in a smaller building, and the characters is not so puzzling as some have whether the present building is not adapted feared. to the purposes of the Public Library. Mr. SMITH said that in moving to the Ridg- During the period of delay caused by the dis- way branch he had used a combined system of cussion of this matter the Trustees are giving letters and numbers, and found it to work much attention to the subject of the best designs satisfactorily. for a new building, and sketch-plans are in Mr. WHITNEY. Our library is so vast that progress of preparation, which will probably be cannot a new classification but have in the autumn. Until these are we make ; printed plans enough to do to improve that which we have matured, criticism is obviously out of place. already, and to perfect the dictionary system Mr. DYER. I indorse all that my friend Mr. as shown in our catalog, in Mr. Cutter's and Poole has said in regard to the many objection- our cards. The question of classification is of able points in the proposed building for the more importance to the smaller libraries, but National Library, in the city of Washington. less important to the larger ones now in work- At the request of Mr. Poole, I kept an accurate ing array. register of the temperature of our library Mr. CUTTER spoke of the difficulties of rooms, and found, during the time, that the arranging biographies, and how they were met mercury rose to 140 degrees, near the ceiling, in different libraries. after the gas had been burning for three hours. Mr. WHITNEY spoke highly of the catalog It is true, our rooms are badly ventilated, of the library at Manchester, England. there being no means of escape for the heated to a of the windows and I Mr. CUTTER (replying question Mr. atmosphere above ; doubt Dyer) said that the classification of the cata- if the temperature in the fifth or sixth galleries log at the Boston Athenaeum and that on the of any library can be reduced below that point. shelves are entirely different : the shelves being We all know the damage that will necessarily systematically classed, while the catalog is on accrue to the very best binding, under such the dictionary plan. circumstances. We might almost as well place Mr. WINSOR said that at Harvard University valuable books in a bake-oven at once, as a

Library there are two kinds of card catalogs : means of preserving them. And, therefore, the one a dictionary and the other classed. with such facts staring us in the face, I deem it Mr. SMITH spoke of the arrangement in the the bounden duty of this Association to enter Philadrlphia library. its protest against the erection of such a struct- ure. The United States Government can well LIBRARY ARCHITECTURE. afford to provide a suitable building, in every Mr. POOLE then read his Report on Library respect, for its invaluable collection of books. architecture. I am sorry Mr. Spofford is not here to give (See page 130.) us all the facts. I know that he desires a build- PROCEEDINGS. 197

ing that will be a model library, in every sense No special effort has been made, and yet a I trust that our Senators and of has of the word ; and goodly number new members joined Representatives in Congress will not withhold us. A persistent effort by all present members the requisite appropriations for such a structure. cud easily carry our membership into the Mr. A. W. TYLER said that when he was con- thousands, for all sympathize hartily in our nected with the Astor Library, in winter the work, and the interest and income from such temperature in the south building, where he a membership wud enable us to complete at was working, frequently fell to 58 Fah., and once our A. L. A. Catalog, and to carry out 56 in the north (now middle) building, and other much-needed work. that it was impossible to keep warm at the very In accord with the vote past at Baltimore, time when the galleries of the second floor were the Secretary has, during the year, entirely on too hot, the halls being some sixty feet in his own responsibility, undertaken a number height. He was sorry to learn that the recently of needed departments of library work. Their completed new building had been constructed success, tho not brilliant, has been such as to on a similar plan. pruv the real need, and another year promises Mr. MERRILL, in reply to a question of Mr. to largely develop their best features. Dyer, stated that in his library the heat is uni- The Consultation Department, started by form in both the lower and upper alcoves in Mr. F: B. Perkins, has been continued, and the but at the books in the has of service to a of daytime ; night pruvd goodly number or or upper alcoves must suffer from heat, gas, librarians and trustees, who hav used it, both. mostly thru correspondence. The plan Mr. K. A. LINDERFELT, of the Milwaukee seems to meet the wants of both those need- Public Library, moved that resolutions be ing advice and those needing relief from con- passed protesting against the proposed meth- stant and serious drafts on their crowded time. ods of constructing a building for the Con- The Employment Department has bro't gressional Library. together librarians and catalogers and posi- The matter was referred to a committee, to tions, and pruvd a great and growing con- be named by the Chair. The Chair afterwards venience to both sides, tho it has cost no named Messrs. Linderfelt, Poole, and Smith, little labor to attend to the claims of the over who reported the resolutions on Friday morn- forty who have availed themselves of its help ing. during the year. The Catalog and Index Department has SECRETARY'S REPORT. made only a fair beginning. Some work has The secretary pro tern, read Mr. Dui's report been satisfactorily done, and each year wil as Secretary of the A. L. A., for the year 1881- doubtles increase the calls. 82: The Publication Department wil doubtles The establishment of Sections, as recom- pruv one of the most useful. The long- mended in my last report and as recorded in promist Library Manual is fairly started, Lib. /'/., 6: 4, relieves me from reporting, some pages being already in type. New except on those matters under my own imme- editions of the Rules for Cataloging, Indexes diate charge. of Subjects, and the Decimal Classification I wish, in passing, to urge all our members ar soon to appear; also, Introductions, with to support the chairmen of these new sections, rules and illustrations, for the Shelf and by sending them everything useful in making Accession Catalogs, for Binding and Order their annual reports complete. Books. The new Smith's Classification, of In the general offices there has been an which copies ar at this meeting, is* the first increasing number of applications, both per- work completed. Mr. Smith gives all the sonal and mail, noticably less about the A. labor and copyright, and the total profits from L. A. and its objects, and more about specific the sale after paying the printer's bill go into points. A constant wish for the A. L. A. the treasury of the A. L. A. This fact has Catalog makes the delay in completing it seemed sufficient reason for offering the book doubly to be regretted. No one thing would for sale with our proceedings at this meeting. so much advance our best work. As none of these departments are as yet 198 CINCINNA Tl CONFERENCE.

self-supporting they must be given time for liberal in this matter, possibly too much so for development. Stil, jujing from a year's its own good. During the many years in which experience, they wil all prove most efficient the library has been in use the books have be- aids in library cooperation. ~ come very much worn. An assistant has been In general, I can only repeat the reports and appointed, whose duties consist in putting these recommendations of the Boston and Washing- worn books in better condition, and protecting ton meetings, to which I refer those interested. them, when necessary, by covers. The larger v. 282 and works in the folios (Lib. J'nl., 4, p. ; 5, p. 274, 6, p. 112.) library, the and large were found to need this MELVIL Dui, quartos, especially care. Many books, which had been given out Secretary. freely to readers, it was found necessary to keep within the building. For instance, Sir RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF BOOKS. William Stirling-Maxwell's "Annals of the Mr. GREEN read an extract from a letter of Artists of Spain," which has become very rare, Mr. Foster, of Providence, in which a question and could not be replaced for less than seventy- " was put to the Convention, Where does the five dollars, had been loaned as freely as " authority lie in the different libraries of the "Uncle Tom's Cabin; and this was the case " county to restrict the use of rare and expensive with Ruskin's Stones of Venice," and many books?" This called forth a very lively dis- other books. Volumes of bound periodicals cussion. are kept within the building, as, when lost, Mr. TYLER. In the new catalog which they are of all books the most difficult to I am printing, I have marked valuable and rare replace. Duplicate sets are kept of Harper, books in three gradations, somewhat after the Atlantic, and of other popular magazines, the plan of the Boston Public Library. One which are freely given to readers. star signifies that the book so marked can be Mr. LINDERFELT. While our library be- obtained only by permission of the librarian, longed to an association no restriction whatever and be for but seven two that was on the use of of the kept days ; stars, placed any books, no it can be used in the three matter how rare or I only reading-room ; expensive they were ; and stars, that it can be consulted only in the pres- have now almost daily occasion to deplore this ence of an officer of the library. want of forethought on the part of the managers. Our bound magazines are all two-starred Plates and pages have been cut out of our best as in art books ; except where we have, the case books, including cyclopedias, journals, and of Harper's and Scribner's, duplicate sets for the like. Volumes of sets of magazines were circulation. This designation of the bound circulated as other books, and the result is our magazines was made before I became librarian, now having on our hands a large number of and by vote of the library committee, in con- sets of which not one is complete, except what sequence of the loss of a volume, which broke we have succeeded in filling up lately. I would a valuable set of a British magazine. rather, for my part, have no magazines at all Personally, I favor the greatest liberty of than incomplete sets, dating back all the way access to and use of books, which is com- from ten to fifty or more years; as now we shall patible with their preservation for posterity; either have to put up with the continual aggra- but I decidedly concur with an opinion of Mr. vation of incompleteness, or throw away a large Winsor's, which he gave me two years since in number of volumes and buy new sets. Until reply to a question of mine, that the present two years ago we allowed magazines to be generation will have to submit to some re- drawn on special request, but we soon found straints in order that valuable books may be that even that would not do; and, therefore, preserved for the next. the trustees have passed a stringent rule that Mr. WHITNEY. In our own library there no magazines or periodicals shall leave the has been a growing carefulness of our more ex- building, which in my opinion is the .only way pensive and rare books within a few years, and to keep them for the legitimate use of students more checks have been put upon their delivery, and inquirers. To provide for the story- especially for use outside of the building. The readers, however, who really are the ones most policy of the library has always been very grieved by the withdrawal of magazines from PR O CEEDINGS. 199

circulation, we provide extra sets of Harper's, Mr. DYER. We find that readers can " " the Century, and St Nicholas, for use as ordi- gradually be led from trashy novels to nary books, and the wisdom of this arrangement the higher classes of romance, from South- is shown by the fact, that we have, during the worth to Collins, Trollope, Bulwer, Dickens, last year, irretrievably lost two volumes out of Thackeray, and George Eliot, and from thence these extra sets. To all our reference books to the best standard works in travels, history, readers have unrestricted access under the eye and biography; but we must not attempt to of first an attendant, except books with a number of drive ; at we give them what they ask for, plates, or otherwise of more than average value, and as their fondness for reading increases, we which are kept in a locked case, and can be find it an easy matter to lead them, step by handled only by special permit from the attend- step, to the upper rounds of the literary lad- ant in the room. As long as human nature der. remains what it is now, it is necessary, in public I am unwilling to admit that there are such " libraries, to adopt some such safeguard for pre- things as "books too rare and valuable to be venting vandals among the borrowers from read or consulted; if so, why should we gather ruining or impairing the value of books that them into our libraries? For what are books in- cannot easily be replaced. As for recent books tended, if not to be read? Surely not to be, that do not enter in a set, even if of consider- placed safely under lock and key, where they " able value, I think they best subserve their may be seen only through a glass dimly." purpose by circulating with as little hindrance Why should not such books as Audubon's as possible. Birds of America interest the naturalist even Mr. GREEN. In the library at Worcester, more than the artist? My theory is, that such this lies with librarian. books should never be abused that libraries authority the Formerly ; assent was required from the President of the that can afford to own them should provide for Board of Directors, and one member of the their examination by all of its members (of Library Committee, or from two members of course not including juveniles), under proper said committee. But it was found that mem- restrictions and surveillance to insure their bers of the Board of Director?, when applied safety from the slightest damage. to for permission to take out an expensive Mr. DYER spoke of the practice in his library. book, invariably inquired whether the librarian Mr. WHITNEY advocated buying duplicates, considered it safe to let the applicant take out and running the risk of loss. the book or not, and acted on his judgment. Mr. LARNED explained the practice of the Hence the change in the rule. I allow a very Young Men's Library of Buffalo, where vol- free use of expensive books; and, under certain umes belonging to bound series of periodicals, circumstances, if, for instance, it were needed and works of a costly or rare character, are let to illustrate a lecture on Natural History, I out to proper persons on the security of a writ- should even allow, under conditions, such books ten obligation in the following form : as Audubon's great works on birds and quadru- YOUNG MEN'S peds to be taken away from the library building. LIBRARY, I should not hesitate to say to improper persons, BUFFALO, 188 that I could not allow them to take out expen- Permission to take the volume named below sive books without the matter to the presenting from this library, and to retain it for Committee for its Library consideration. days, is given only upon the promise of the Mr. W. of J. WARD spoke the custom at his person receiving it that, in case of loss or se- library. rious injury while in his (or her) possession, he Mr. of that SMITH, Philadelphia, thought the (or she) will pay the full cost of procuring a to lend such books should be in power lodged perfect copy with which to replace the same, the librarian. even though the purchase of the entire series, Mr. WHITNEY said that the Boston Public or some part of the series of volumes to which it numbers of current Library buys large peri- belongs, should be found necessary; that proper odicals, which are into put pasteboard covers, compensation shall be paid for any aminor injury and are given out to readers under the same re- that the volume may sustain while thus with- strictions as books. drawn from the Library, and that, if it is re- 2OO CINCINNA TI CONFERENCE.

tained beyond the time specified above, a fine Mr. WINSOR gave his experience at Boston of twenty cents for each day thereafter shall be and at Cambridge. paid. Mr. TYLER. The habit of the Indianapolis Library is to nominate those who appeared Title , most likely to make suitable attendants to be Place and Date of Publication, substitutes. From these substitutes I selected Size, Binding, for attendants, as occasion required, those who Present Condition, show aptitude and taste for the work in the sev- eral departments. Should a substitute, for any I have received the volume described above reason whatever, prove unfitted, she simply subject to the conditions set and forth, hereby falls out by the way, with no imputation upon agree to fulfil the same. either abilities or character. I find the plan to work well, and would try a similar plan for as- Mr. WINSOR the discretion should be thought sistants of a higher grade than attendant. My left in the hands of the and of librarian, spoke library has young ladies for day attendants, and his practice, both in the Harvard and Library young men who are fitting themselves for pro- when connected with the Boston Public Li- fessional life, as night and Sunday attendants. brary. " Mr. GREEN read his report upon Aids and Mr. CUTTER. the rules of the Athe- By guides to readers." naeum this power lies with the Com- Library (Seep. 139.) mittee, but, owing to the great inconvenience to borrowers of to wait being obliged for the Mr. WESTON FLINT spoke of the Congres- weekly of the which would meeting committee, sional list of Government publications. frequently be equivalent to not the use having Mr. J. B. PEASLEE, Superintendent of Public of the book at the has all, power been delegated Schools, stated that while he was not connected to the librarian to use in all cases. It ordinary with any library, yet he felt the deepest inter- is well, that the rule remains un- however, est in the objects of the Association, and in the changed, and that the librarian has behind him subjects under consideration, and proceeded in a which body will take the responsibility in the most courteous manner to extend an invita- doubtful cases. Moreover, in cases which are tion to the members of the Conference to visit not doubtful, it perhaps mitigates the disap- Eden Park immediately after adjournment, pointment of the borrower not to be refused at saying that he was sure that the visitors would once, but to a get negative after some delay, admit that the natural beauty of the park was and, as be due may supposed, deliberation. unsurpassed by that of any other park in Upon motion, the Conference then adjourned America. to P.M. 2.30 Mr. CUTTER read the paper of Mr. SCHWARTZ, of the Apprentices' Library, New York, who THIRD SESSION. was absent. (See p. 148.) (THURSDAY AFTERNOON.) The PRESIDENT announced as a committee Mr. Green reported for the Finance Commit- an Executive Board for the ensu- tee that it had examined the accounts of its to nominate Mr. W. T. Mr. N. Chairman and of the Treasurer, with vouchers, ing year, PEOPLES, J. and Mr. WESTON FLINT. Mr. and had found them correct. Upon motion LARNED, (As left town at an hour the next they were then accepted and adopted. Peoples early day, Mr. Larned was made chairman of the committee, and Mr. John N. DYER, of the St. TRAINING LIBRARY ASSISTANTS. Louis Mercantile Library, added to its num- In the absence of Hon. MELLEN CHAMBER- ber.) " until LAIN, the discussion upon the topic, The best The Association then adjourned 8 P.M., the excursion to method of, selecting and training library assist- and its members made Eden the of Mr. Mr. ants," was opened by Mr. J. L. WHITNEY. Park, under guidance PEASLEE, (Seep. 136.) ALEX. HILL, and Mr. C. W. MERRILL. PROCEEDINGS. 20 1

FOURTH SESSION. like to have such questions as these asked me, for teach me too." So the (THURSDAY EVENING.) they something, librarian who really enters into the spirit of LIBRARIES AND THE PUBLIC. his work will find a constant reward in it. Some of the pleasantest and most valuable Mr. JAMES W. WARD read his paper on " acquaintanceships I have formed have been Public libraries and the public." begun in the library in the attempt to bring to (See p. 167.) my visitors the information or pleasure they Mr. GREEN. I do not like the tone of the were seeking. paper. The public is wrong if it expects to Mr. FLINT. In the Patent Office Library, find in a librarian a walking dictionary, but it such work as was recommended has been has a right to expect to find him a walking carried out. My assistants were expected to bibliography. I feel it to be my duty, as well be able to aid, each in a special department, as my privilege, to point out to every applicant when visitors were seeking information. the sources of information. The public, it Mr. CUTTER. Something like this has been seems to me, is slow to express its wants, and done at the Athenaeum. I long since adopted should be encouraged to do so. The librarian the practice of paying most of the assistants, is the servant of the public; he is paid for serv- not by the year or the week, but by the hour. This was for it ing, ^e also has authority enough to enforce plan chosen other reasons, but politeness in applicants for information. He has the advantage of making it easy, when has no right, however, dealing as he does with any outsider wishes any investigation or copy- persons many of whom have not had the oppor- ing done at the Athenaeum, to detail an assistant tunity to acquire fine manners, to be fastidious for the service, whose time is then charged to or sensitive. the temporary employer, and not to the library. Mr. TYLER. I do not suppose that even the Some years ago, a lady, compiling art-reference model librarian of the future will be expected books, thus occupied a large part of the time of to know everything that is in the books under one of our assistants, who consequently be- his that is But he came familiar with our collection of charge ; simply impossible. very large will know, what every good librarian should art books, so that I soon found that inquirers know, how to put the inquirer upon the track on any point of art history, or those numerous of what he wants. The librarian of to-day persons who were in search of the engraving should cultivate friendly relations with those of a particular painting, could be referred to who are making investigations among his her with certainty that their wants would be books, and, as occasion demands, should make supplied if the library contained anything to available to them his superior acquaintance the point. In the pressure of work arising with the means of prosecuting those researches. from the printing of our catalogue, this relief will readers to to for and Mrs. Otis in He encourage come him was very grateful ; became, information, even upon points which, to him, fact, if not in title, Special Librarian of the may be very trivial, and, so far as may be prac- Art Room. I purpose to extend the method ticable, will aid and stimulate them in their to other departments, so far as opportunity work. offers. The librarian cannot be expected to read, or Mr. WARD. Every librarian should con- begin to read, a tenth of the books which pass sider it a duty to answer every possible .ques- under his hands; but, in one way or another, tion freely and cheerfully. he will manage to know something about them, Mr. POOLE. To aid inquirers in the refer- so that when needed he can put his hands upon ence department is one of the most pleasant them, and bring them forth to divulge the duties of my position. My office door is always secrets hidden in their pages. open, and anybody seeking for information is Such efforts as these to aid one's readers will encouraged to come to me directly and without repay the librarian who puts them forth many formality. fold. As I often tell my readers, when in the Mr. MERRILL asked what Mr. Poole did with " act of apologizing for the time they are taking, a slip containing a request, Send me a good " and the trouble they think they are making, I novel." 2O2 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

Mr. POOLE replied that under his system suit of information, than to seek another room such a question could not be answered, as or officer of the library in search of it. applicants are sent to the catalogs to look up Mr. DAVIS. I rise to correct a misappre- the shelf-numbers. But, finally, when urged, hension which may have been made by a re- he did recollect a case where the richly dressed mark of our honored President. He said that " wife of a councilman asked for an interesting Harvard is the only college represented at this book," and after many trials he found the meeting. Now, I should not wish the im- book she wanted was a volume of Mrs. South- pression to go abroad, that when this National worth's. He got her as clean a copy as he Association of Librarians met in Cincinnati, not could find, and she expressed her gratification one of the many colleges in Ohio was repre- " with the question, Don't you think Mrs. sented. I have the honor of appearing for the Southworth is such a beautiful writer, Mr. University of Wooster. I have been a silent, Poole?" but interested, attendant upon the sessions of

Mr. GREEN. In such a case I always have this body. Silent, for two reasons : i. I came a novel sent; such a request gives the attend- to learn to receive suggestions and help. ant an opportunity to send one really good. 2. I have perceived that the discussions have I mean to have enough polite attendants to do turned mainly upon the practical management whatever the public desires, and such attend- of the great public libraries in our larger cities. ants become very apt in suiting the tastes of But, as a College librarian, I have listened to readers, and consume very little time in select- these discussions with deep interest, and have ing acceptable books. found them suggestive and helpful. Mr. CUTTER stated that in his library almost As to the subject now before us, the College the entire reading of some persons were chosen librarian is as deeply interested in it as any by one of the attendants, who had acquired ex- other can be. traordinary ability in satisfying them. When I took charge of the Library at Woos- Mr. DYER spoke of the practice in this re- ter, five years ago, I found the books arranged spect in his library in St. Louis. on the shelves largely according to size, style The as to the assist- etc. beautiful sets Mr. CARR. conditions, of binding, ; standing togeth- ants and the public, vary in different libraries. er, to make a fine appearance. My first work In some the delivery desks are very near to the was to break up these sets, and to arrange the books, and hence the readers (book-takers) books, big or little, according to subject. My come easily and naturally into contact with the next step was to throw open the gate which assistants, in the immediate presence of the had hitherto barred all access to the books, and while in as at the Cincinnati invite the students to come rail- books ; others, to behind the Public Library, the requirements of the service ing, that they might handle the volumes, and are such, owing to the size of the library or by personal examination become familiar with construction of the building, that the delivery- their authorship and contents. Often a score desks and the attendants at them, are them- of students will be thus engaged, and to be able selves far removed from the books. to answer their manifold questions I find re- As a result, the library assistants, in the quires reading and study. To keep in advance former case, being continually in contact with of three or four hundred wide-awake Western both the books and the public, become, sooner young men and women, earnestly engaged in or later, and almost as a matter of course, well the pursuit of knowledge, is no small under- qualified to impart the information and aid taking. And when I think of the influence that which will naturally be sought of them. While a librarian may have on so many expanding in the latter case, the situation of the assistants intellects and forming characters, by directing would necessarily seem to be such as to almost their reading, I feel like "magnifying my or quite prevent their acquiring the knowledge office." For quiet and unobserved, but real requisite for answering questions likely to be and lasting impression and usefulness, I would asked of them. This result is the more to be not exchange the work of a librarian for that regretted, perhaps, since such questioners, if of any professor in the colleger or even for not answered on the spot, are more apt to that of the President of the University himself. drop the matter, unless very ardently in pur- Of course, I may be mistaken. But that is my PROCEEDINGS. 203

Mr. that the feeling concerning the office and work of a TYLER moved time be August, librarian. the exact date to be settled by the Executiv Board, in consultation with Mr. Larned. This FIFTH SESSION. was carried without dissent. (FRIDAY MORNING.) Mr. CUTTER showed and explained his scheme for the book arts. The PRESIDENT announced as a Committee classifying on Resolutions, Mr. Smith, of Philadelphia, (Seep. 168.) Mr. Whitney, of Boston, and Mr. Dyer, of St. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Louis. The Committee on Nominating an Executiv The Committee on Resolutions regarding the

: for the of Board reported the following names Justin Building Library Congress, reported S. S. A. as and their resolutions were Winsor, J. L. Whitney, Green, C. follows, adopted Cutter, Melvil Dui. unanimously : Resolved, That the erection of the new build- RESOLUTIONS. ing for the Library of Congress affords such an The Committee on Resolutions, named opportunity of improving the architecture of above, reported as follows, and their report libraries, with respect to convenience in use was adopted : and administration, safety of the books, and of the Ameri- Resolved, That the members economy of construction, as is not likely to again can Library Association, now in convention occur; and that it is of great importance to the thanks to assembled, hereby return their hearty library interests of the country that the old and of the the Hon. J. D. Cox, and other members conventional errors of construction be avoided Committee of Arrangements, for their cordial in the interior plans of this building. welcome to our members from various parts of Resolved, That the plans submitted to this the United States, and for their generous hos- Association at the Washington meeting, by Mr. to Mr. Ward Nichols, Presi- L. the pitality ; George J. Smithmeyer, and adopted by joint dent of the College of Music, for the pleasure committee of Congress, embody principles of of listening to the celebrated organ of Cincin- construction which are now regarded as to Mr. B. the whole nati; John Peaslee, Superintendent faulty by library profession ; and, of Public Schools, for his kind offices in bring- therefore, as members of the American Library ing the teachers and librarians together, and for Association, we protest against the erection of organizing an expedition to view the beauties the building for the library of Congress upon Mr. of Eden Park; to Mr. Chester ^V. Merrill, those principles. Jno: M. Newton, and others, for throwing Resolved, That we reaffirm the resolution open to the Association the libraries under adopted at the Washington conference, by a

to and the Ger- unanimous in the words : their care ; the Literary Club, vote, following "That, for the use of their rooms in the of this has man Literary Club, ; opinion Association, the time and last, not least, to Mr. Henry Probasco, for come for a radical modification of the prevail- his hospitable invitation to view the noble art ing typical style of library building, and the and bibliographical treasures in his private col- adoption of a style of construction better suited lection. to economy and practical utility. Mr. LARNED, of Buffalo, extended the invita- Resolved, That the Chairman of the Joint tion of the Y.M.A., of that city, that the Committee on the Library Building was misin- Association hold its next meeting in Buffalo, formed, when he stated, in his speech in the " and said he could promise what no other mem- Senate on March 2, that "the adopted plan had " ber could, cool weather in August, at which been warmly approved" by the librarians of time he invited the Association to come. the country at their Washington meeting, Mr. DYER, of St. Louis, extended a very the fact being that the librarians of the country cordial invitation to the Association to meet are earnestly opposed to the plans adopted by there in 1883. the committee. favored St. Louis Mr. MER- Mr. P. SMITH read his the Mr. SMITH ; and LLOYD paper on RILL moved that the next meeting be held at classification of books. Buffalo, which was carried by 16 to 6. (See p. 172.) 204 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

On motion of Mr. GREEN, it was voted that Second. As might be inferred from what the Finance Committee invite Mr. F. Leypoldt, has just been said, the advice which librarians of New York, to publish the papers and pro- receive is often so conflicting that they do not ceedings of the current meetings of this Associ- get great help from it. With us there is one ation as one or more numbers of the Library party calling through the editorials of repu- journal, and require him to print enough extra table newspapers for the purchase of * everything copies of such portions of the journal as will that is offered, believing that each kind will enable the Secretary of this Association to send gravitate to its own. Others demand that all one copy of the papers and proceedings to fiction be excluded. whose dues have been Mr. every member paid ; pro- Emerson once asked me how many new vided, however, that the Finance Committee books were purchased for the Boston Public shall not allow more money to be spent in Library. When I mentioned the number, he than the printing the papers and proceedings expressed astonishment, and said, "Probably treasury contains. not one in fifty of them ought ever to be read. buy the new book when the old is so much FICTION. Why better?" Between these extremes of opinion L. BEARDSLEY read his Mr. J. paper upon how is the librarian to decide? Where can "Fiction." he get advice worth following? (See p. 175.) Information as to the character of books is Mr. GREEN asked Mr. Beardsley if he put always welcome to the librarian. Recent dis- cussions have out all exciting novels from his library at once. brought much light and stimu- " but I allow them lated to a carefulness in the Mr. Beardsley replied, No ; greater purchase to wear out and do not replace them. Thus of books. In our own library new books are they disappear from the catalog." distributed among the trustees, the officers, and Mr. WHITNEY. The impression has pre- others for examination, and an officer has been vailed, to some extent, that librarians are not appointed whose duties consist largely in ex- the works of fiction sufficiently interested in the subject of good amining new and books for and bad fiction, and the charge has even been the young. If any one knows that a book is a made that they are "callous and indifferent" bad one let him tell the librarian at once. If that it is in the matter. he thinks a poor one, he is at liberty is to his but the librarian will This, it seems to me, far from being the give opinion ; take truth. If their efforts have not produced in all his opinion always for what it is worth, re- cases the results to be desired, it may be at- membering that yhat seems worthless or even tributed, perhaps, in part, to these two causes : harmful to one may not be so to another. A First. The number of new novels published poor woman came to our library not long ago, from one of the is so great that librarians, with the pressure of poorest quarters of the city, their other work, are not able to read many of asking for a novel by Mrs. Southworth. When them. They are obliged to depend on the asked why she read such stories she answered, opinion of their friends and that of newspapers that the pictures which these books gave her of and periodicals. It would, probably, not be too people who are well-fed and well-dressed and much to say that few editors of newspapers enjoy all the comforts of life which she lacked in this country find time to read carefully the were very pleasant to her, for she imagined for novels that come to them for notice. Editors the time that she was in their company. The are in a greater state of hurry even than libra- distinction between books which are bad for all, rians. Both, in their estimate of books, must and those which may be bad for some, must depend largely on the reputation of the author always be kept in mind. and the publisher. The trustees of a certain Mr. J. J. JANNEY. Our Board has endeav- library were once charged in a newspaper with ored to secure the assistance of the teachers in giving to their readers improper stories. An the public schools in directing the reading of examination of the files of this newspaper the children, and, we think, with very good and revealed the fact that many of the books satisfactory results. The teacher selects a list denounced had been praised in its columns, of books in reference to the studies of the class, and recommended to its readers. and advises the students to read them. A class PROCEEDINGS. 205

be the teacher into is asked to call and will be looked may studying history ; puts again, they its hands a list of books relating to the history up. This adds to the labor of the librarian, in hand. Another class is studying English but it makes a friend of the applicant, and adds literature list of that is to the usefulness of the ; a books illustrating library. given. The results have been entirely satis- Mr. DYER tho't all fiction should not be ex- factory. The reading of many of the children cluded, and spoke of readers' tastes improving, has been turned into better channels. so that they grew from the use of the poorer to The librarian may exert a great influence that of the better fiction. over boys and girls. A boy presents himself, Mr. WINSOR spoke of an incident which oc- " wanting some good story." He is told we curred to him while in the Boston Public not think we have what he wants the "tabooed do exactly ; Library, and mentioned book, by " but there is what we think a good book for the Boston Public Library." This," said Mr. " " him, handing him The story of a bad boy," Smith, might be called the puff oblique of for instance, or one of the Bodley books, and the book." asking him to take that and read it, and if he Mr. SMITH gave his experience, and that of does not like it we will try to find something the Friends' Free Library at Germantown.- He that will suit him better. The result, in such mentioned the Loganian Library, and its career, a case, has been that the boy has returned, which, he said, might be described as "The his face aglow with delight, and the state- greatest good to the smallest number." He ment that that is the best book he ever read, also mentioned Dr. Rush's similar plan, the and no farther demand from him for trashy result of which was a library costing $800,000, reading. that averaged but nineteen readers a day. We occasionally meet with men and women, Mr. WARD. Some librarians seem disposed women especially, in whom the demand for to limit their interference to advice. I think sensational literature seems fixed and incurable. we can all recall instances where prohibition They cannot get above Mrs. Southworth. would have been the correct course, especially in Our success in improving the style of read- relation to young people, who too often obtain ing has been very satisfactory. A few years books to read, not only without the knowl- cent, of our issues were fiction of their but and ago, 69 per ; edge parents, really knowingly last year, 49 per cent. only. And we have lost contrary to their wishes. This is one of the no readers. The per cent, of readers in the evils connected with the indiscriminate de- total population is steadily increasing. With livery of books to children. There are books a population of 52,000, and 13,000 volumes in harmless enough to read occasionally; but it the library, our issues last year were 65,017, is sometimes sad to see such a waste of tim, besides 7,611 books consulted in the rooms. as when a young man spends several hours a As to the total exclusion of fiction, while the day, for many days together, turning over the managers of the Germantown Library feel leaves of "Punch." satisfied with their rule, which totally excludes This brought out from several members a it, we think that not wise nor prudent. A very lively defence of the historical value of " large amount of fiction, pure and simple, has Punch," tho it was allowed that three hours a become classic, and will ever remain so. But day was, perhaps, too much to devote to that where shall the line be drawn? That must be one branch of study. determined as the cases arise. The issues of Mr. LINDERFELT read his paper on Charg- some houses should be received with great ing Systems. caution the of authors 178.) ; products some rejected (Seep. at once. I think I could draw a line around The PRESIDENT having had his attention Mrs. Southworth, for instance, without hesita- called by Mr. Poole to the existence of a lively tion. young sister association, extended a hearty We aim to answer all inquiries. A young welcome to the Western Library Association, man is looking up authorities on a question he and announced that its first annual meeting is debating, or a girl is to write a composition. would be held in Indianapolis, in October next. The librarian cannot always refer to the proper Mr. CUTTER moved that the cataloguing authorities. If he cannot do so, the applicant rules be referred back to the Cooperation Com- 2O6 CINCINNATI CONFERENCE.

mittee, with power to make needed changes to Will be explained by Mr. Green, the distin- bring them ir.to uniformity, so far as should guished Librarian of the Worcester Public appear desirable with those of the L. A. U. K. Library, or that of Boston, or a modification Adjourned to Saturday at 10 A.M. of the two, or some other plan that may be The afternoon was spent at Mr. Probasco's, suggested, I cannot say; but I trust these con- the evening at the Zoological Garden. ferences between our teachers and the libra- rians who have devoted their lives to the study SIXTH SESSION. of books may result in great good to the schools. Before I close I wish to extend the (SATURDAY MORNING.) thanks of our teachers for the assistance given The meeting was called to order at 10.25 A.M. our pupils by Mr. Newton, Librarian of the Mr. GREEN made certain announcements, and Mercantile Library, and also to Mr. Merrill, then moved votes of thanks to Messrs. J : Shil- of the Public Library. lets & Co., for their in courtesy furnishing Mr. GREEN was called upon to open a discus- copies of King's Pocket-book of Cincinnati, sion on the best methods of securing coopera- for distribution the members of the As- among tion between libraries and schools. Mr. sociation, and to the editors of this for city, Green's address was extempore, and therefore their kindness in printing full of the reports cannot be given in full. Following are the meetings of the Association. heads under which he grouped numerous illus- Both resolutions were carried. trations. Added to these are a few references SCHOOLS AND LIBRARIES. to other volumes of the Libraryjournal and to the on " Aids and The PRESIDENT made a welcoming address report guides to readers," to the teachers of Cincinnati and then read by Mr. Green at the meeting of the Li- ; pro- ceeded to read extensive extracts from Miss C. brary Association on Thursday afternoon of the H. Hewins's report on "Reading for the ydung." present year. ist. The methods in vogue in libraries to (Seep. 182.) assist teachers to make scholars read carefully. Mr. J: B. PEASLEE, Superintendent of Public Especial mention was made in this connection

Schools, said : Fellow-Teachers : It is ex- of the work done by the Boston Public Library. ceedingly fortunate that the American Library For a description of this work, see Lib.j'nl., Association should meet here this year, when 5 : 299-302. The books which are furnished we are endeavoring to adopt some plan to se- by the Public Library in Boston in doing this cure better cooperation between our libraries work may be supplied in other ways. and the schools, and thereby to direct more Thus, in Worcester, where there is a two effectually the reading of the pupils. years' course in which six months is given to the the of each of the What children are reading is, to my study authors, Bryant, Long- mind, the most important question that can be fellow, Hawthorne, and Irving, the scholars considered by teachers and parents. I believe are required to furnish their own books. that a pupil who loves our intermediate (gram- These could also be supplied by the School mar) schools, even with a love of reading Committee, or with money raised by subscrip- good books, is on the sure road to an hon- tion. orable manhood or womanhood. As helping to make young persons careful Much has been done of late years to give readers, it was mentioned that applicants for the pupil correct literary tastes, in the learn- admission to Harvard University are required ing and reciting the best thoughts of distin- to pass an examination on certain books which guished authors, in celebrating their birthdays, they are required to read, such as, for example, in putting their portraits into our school- Scott's Ivanhoe. The thorough reading of rooms, in planting a grove in Eden Park to certain books, or of parts of books, is a portion their honor and but the of the course in the Latin and memory ; great ques- High School, tion, How can we obtain the most good from other schools in Boston. our libraries? has not as yet been decided by See, also, Lib. /'/., 5: 243 (2d column), us. Whether we shall adopt the methods pur- for an account of work done in Providence, sued so successfully at Worcester, Mass., which R.I. PR O CEEDINGS. 207

ad. Aid afforded by librarians in furnishing among other things, said, that the public library collateral reading to teachers and scholars, and should shape the public thought in a city. He in helping both to make investigations. was glad to know of what was doing in Worces- For ample illustration of the way in which ter. He then spoke of his experience as a work of this kind is done in the Public Library teacher, in connection with this subject. at Worcester, Mass., see Lib.j'nl., 5 : 235-245, Mr. POOLE spoke of his intercourse with for "The relation of the Public Library to the the teachers of Chicago, how he excited their " Public Schools : a paper read at a meeting of interest and cooperation. He called them to the American Social Science Association, in his office, talked with them, and gave them Saratoga, Sept. 8, 1880, by S: S. Green. This copies of his finding list. He spoke of his in- paper was also published in the American tercourse with the little folks, and of how he journal of social science, and in pamphlet increased their interest, and encouraged them form. See, also, for an account of interesting in their reading. work done during the past year by the library Mr. G. A. CARNAHAN, Principal of the First in Worcester, in connection with the Worcester Intermediate School of Cincinnati, spoke of his High School, that portion of Mr. Green's re- watching the growing taste of the boys and port on Aids and guides to readers, published girls in reading. He had very little faith in in this of the Lib. to control the of children but number /'/., contained trying reading ; under the heading, Libraries as educational wished them to be taught to select their own institutions. reading. 3d. How libraries may aid teachers in the The PRESIDENT spoke of the intercourse regulation of the reading of the young. which the American librarians had, in London, See the paper and report referred to under with Sir Redmond Barry, and of the work the last head for information this he at Melbourne and on subject, accomplished ; especially and for miscellaneous information regarding of his success in interesting the teachers and the general subject under consideration. the children. Mr. W: F: Poole has said that, when his Mr. DYER moved the following resolution, Index of Periodical Literature should be pub- which was put by the Secretary, and carried lished, he thought it would be well for the mem- unanimously : bers of the American Library Association to Resolved, That the thanks of this Association help him and Mr. Fletcher to get out a sub- be given to the President for the able manner ject-index referring to books. Such a work as in which he has presided over the deliberations this, well prepared by librarians, would be of of this Association, and for his continued attend- immense service to teachers and others. ance at its meetings. This abstract gives only a very meagre ac- Mr. LARNED moved a vote of thanks to "our count of Mr. Green's address of over an hour. industrious Secretary pro tern." which was It is as long, however, as he can make it at carried. present with his numerous engagements. And at 12.35 the PRESIDENT declared the Mr. JOHN HANCOCK, of Dayton, O., was called Conference adjourned. upon by the President to say something on be- A. W. TYLER, half of the teachers. He spoke briefly, and, Secretary pro tern. LIST OF PERSONS PRESENT.

Mrs. Cyrus Arnold, Woonsocket, R.I. W: J: Edwards Barnwell, Cincinnati P. L. I. L. Beardslej, Cleveland (O.) P. School L. E: Bertz, Rugby, Tenn. Mrs. Ellen M. Bosworth, Harris Institute L., Woonsocket, R.I. G. A. Carnahan, Principal of the First Intermediate School, Cincinnati, O.

H: J. Carr, Grand Rapids, Mich. J. Francisco Garret, Boston Public L. Reuben Colton, Library of American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass. Rebecca Cooling, Cincinnati P. L. Jacob D. Cox, ex-Governor of Ohio. C: A. Cutter, Boston Atheneeum.

Mrs. J. C. Davies, Dayton, O. T. K. Davis, Library of University of Wooster, Wooster, O. J: N. Dyer, Mercantile L., St. Louis. Anna Eppens, Cincinnati P. L. Christoph Bernhard Frenk, Cincinnati P. L. Mrs. Edwin Noah Fuller, Cincinnati P. L. Weston Flint, Library of the U. S. Patent Office, Washington, D.C. S: S. Green, Free P.L., Worcester, Mass. Harriet Eliza Garretson, Cincinnati P. L.

J: Hancock, Superintendent of Schools, Dayton, O. Mary C. Harbaugh, Ohio State Library, Columbus. Hannah P. James, Free Library, Newton, Mass. J. J. Janney, P. L. and Reading Room, Columbus, O. J. N. Larned, Young Men's L., Buffalo, N.Y. K. A: Linderfelt, Milwaukee P. L. Mrs. M. E. Linderfelt, Milwaukee. A. P. Massey, Case Library, Cleveland, O. Chester Wright Merrill, Cincinnati P. L. H: C: Meyer, Cincinnati P. L. W. H. Mussey, Mussey Library, Cincinnati. Sallie Amanda Owens, Cincinnati P. L. W. T. Peoples, Mercantile L., N.Y. J: B. Peaslee, Superintendent of Schools, Cincinnati. W: F: Poole, Chicago P. L. Low Scanthin, Evansville P. L. Kittie Wadsworth Sherwood, Cincinnati P. L. Lloyd P. Smith, Library Company of Philadelphia. A. W. Tyler, Indianapolis P. L. James W. Ward, Grosvenor P. L., Buffalo, N.Y. Theresa H. West, Milwaukee (Wis.) P. L. James L. Whitney, Boston P. L. Mrs. E. A. Winsor, Indiana State Library, Indianapolis. Robert C. Woodward, Springfield (O.) P. L. '82.] THE LIBRARY JOURNAL. 209

Enougms ant)

Aschenbroedel (No name series) is by Miss B. Bibliografy. Katie Carrington, of Colebrook, Conn., known as a contributor of stories to BIBLIOGRAFIA del vi. centenario del Vespro already pleasant the Atlantic. Siciliano. Palermo, Pedone Lauriel, 1882. " The island home. The anon, author, James 16. 1. ' 3 (250 copies.) F. Bowman, has died at San Francisco. The ' 101 nos. (34 historical, 4 dramatic, 4 fiction, island home acquired an enormous circulation, 2 8 oratorical, 39 poetical, 10 periodical, musi- and it was from this volume that Max Adeler cal). drew his nom de plume" Athenaum, June 17, 1882. CATALOGUE de livres choisis a 1'usage des gens A lesson in love is said to be Mrs. Ellen du monde, cont. les meilleures productions de by O. Kirk, the wife of the editor of Lifpittcott's la litterature contemporaine. Paris, lib. de magazine. la Soc. Bibliog., n.d. ^ + 176 p. 12. 2/r. A mere caprice is by Mme. Bigot, formerly GILL, Theodore. Bibliography of the fishes of Mary Healy, a daughter of G. P. A. Healy. Mme. has written a version of her novel the Pacific coast to the end of 1879. Wash., Bigot in French, and it is now passing through the 1882. 73 p. O. (Bulletin of the U. S. Nat. press of Charpentier in Paris, where the author Museum, no. n.) has long resided. Literary world. et LARNED, J. N. List of works on charity and Nngrf historic^ mythologies:, Glasgow, Hugh 1882, 8, pp. 8 + 231, is by Duncan kindred subjects. (Pages 249-254 of S. H. Hopkins, Keith. The book contains (i) Frederick n., Gurteen's Hand-book of charity organization, Emperor of Germany and King of Sicily, (2) Buffalo, 1882, O.) Northern mythology ; 330 copies printed. MOTTA, Emil. Versuch einer Golthardbahn- T. T. B., Mitchell Library. The revolt man is Walter Besant. Literatur, 1844-82. (In Bibliog. u. lit. of by Chronik d. Schweitz, 1882, p. 14-18, 39-46, 64- and is to be 70, 86-92 ; continued.) Christian Reid. A weekly journal having said that this is the of a Miss Johnson, U.S. ... Communication from the Secretary pseudonym application was made to D. Appleton & Co., of State rel. to the establishment of an Inter- publishers of Christian Reid's books, who de- Bureau of Gov. national Exchanges. Wash., clare that they know nothing of Miss Johnson, Pr. Off., 1882. 113 p. O. and that the author is Miss Frances C. Fisher, of N. C. Contains a list of official publications issued Salisbury, by Congress and the Departments, 1867-81. G. Valbert, ps. of Victor Cherbuliez in the Revtie des Detix Mondes. STUART BLACKIE'S Altavona fact and fic- J: ; sermons is tion from my life in the Highlands, Edinburgh, Graybeard. Graybeard's lay by J: F. Graeff. 1882, 14 + 425 p. 8, contains a 6-page "list of some works on the history, antiquities, Henry Churton. Toinette, by H: Churton, is language, poetry, and music of the Highlands." N. Y., J. B. Ford & Co., 1874, D, now repub- lished as "A royal gentleman, by Albion W. C. H. EVANS' American college directory, v. Tourgee. N. Y., Fords, etc." [cop. 1881]. D. 4, 1882, St. Louis, Evans & Co., 1882, 168 p. of F. Verdinois in articles in the 8 ($i), contains "complete list of educational Picche, ps. as Profili letterari periodicals." Fanfiilla reprinted napolitani de Picche, Napoli, Morano. 1882. Pontoosuc, of E. H. Kellogg in "The Indexes. ps. Johnson protocol and international good neigh- borhood, two letters to Gen. Grant. Pittsfield, INDEX SOCIETY. Index of obituary notices for Mass., 1869," 24 p. O. 1880. London, 1882. 7 + 103 p. sq. O. Victor Lafcrte. Alexandre II. details inedits Contains about one fourth more than the last sur sa vie intime et sa mort. Paris, A. Ghio, the increase in due to the index, being part 1882. 18. American contributions. ajr. "L'auteur neseraitautre d'apres les indiscre- tions des la Dolgorouki, The JOURNAL of speculative philosophy for journaux que princesse la veuve de feu 1'empereur." Oct., 1881, contained (pp. 434-444) an index to morganitique The advertisement. v. 1-15. publishers' W. B.. Rands, better known under the pseu- REVUE de table v. i- " " " Belgique ; gen., 1869-80, donyms of Matthew Browne and Henry 8. 36. Brux., Marquardt, 1882, 48 p. 3/n Holbeach," lately died in his $6th year. Pall 50. Mall gazette. 210 THE LIBRARY JOURNAL. [futy-Avg., '82.

Matheson, D.D. 4, Religion of Persia : Zoroaster and the ILibtatg Zend Avesta, by Rev. John Milne. 5, Religion of ancient Egypt, by Rev. James Dodds, D.D. 6 Religion of ancient Greece, by Prof. Milligan. 7, Religion of ancient Rome, A SELECTION OF NEW BOOKS, WITH NOTES OF by Rev. James MacGregor, D.D. 8, Teutonic and Scandi- COMMENDATION OR CAUTION. navian religion, by Rev. George Stewart Burns, D.D. 9, Ancient religions of Central America, by Rev. John Mar- Books mentioned without notes can, as a rulf, be safely shall Lang, D.D. 10, Judaism, by Prof. Malcolm C. Tay- purchased for the general reader. The binding, unless lor, D.D. n, Mohammedanism, by Rev. James Cameron otherwise expressed, is generally understood to be in Lees, D. D. 12, Christianity in relation to other religions, cloth. Prof. Flint. by" The taken is that of essential al- BUTCHER, S. H. Demosthenes. N. Y., Ap- position orthodoxy, though there is an evident recognition of recent ideas." 1882. S. (Classical writers.) 60 c. "pleton, N. Y. Mail and express. An admirable little book. Mr. Butcher has his brought Archibald. finished scholarship to bear on a difficult but most interest- GEIKIE, Geological sketches at ing chapter of Greek literary history." London Academy. home and abroad. N. Y., Macmillan, 1882. Miss Katie. Aschenbroedel. D. CARRINGTON, " $1.75- He writes with clearness and and with [Anon.] Bost., Roberts, 1882. S. (No name great simplicity, no more than that agreeable infusion of science which his series.) $i. "[second] studies naturally make the scene suggest." Boston Ad- An American society story, a little improbable in more vertiser. than one respect, but of decided and well-sustained interest." Congregationalist. GOSSE, Edmund W. Gray. N. Y., Harper, ' 1882. D. (English men of letters.) 75 c. CLEMENS, S. L. [ Mark Twain."] The stolen " This volume can hardly fail to take its as the white etc. 1882. place elephant, Bost., Osgood, best life of that has London Athenavm. " Gray appeared." S. $1.25. There is no difficulty in fixing the position of this book Two of these stories were omitted from "A tramp abroad." it is the fullest and the best life of Gray." London The others appeared from time to time in the Atlantic and Academy, other magazines. GREVILLE, Henry. \_Mme. Alice Durand.] Tania's Elliott. Check-list of North American COUES, the of an : 2. Russian peril ; or, edge abyss birds. 2d rev. to and re- ed., date, entirely story; tr. by G: D. Cox. Phil., Peterson, under direction of the author. written, Bost., [1882]. sq. S. pap., 50 c. " ' ' * Estes & Lauriat, 1882. O. $3. Is not great, like The Princess Ogherof or Saveli's Expiation,' but it is good short, sweet and wholesome." Mine. A: Eliane ; from the French CRAVEN, Literary ^vorld. by Lady Georgiana Fullerton. N. Y., W: HALEVY, Ludovic. Abbe Constantine ; from S. Gottsberger, 1882. S. 90 c.; pap., 50 c. " the 2oth French edition H. Hazen. The story is pleasantly and quietly told, without any by Emily disagreeable exaggeration or" artifice, and with one or two N. Y., Putnam, 1882. sq. S. (Transatlantic the translation is smooth and grammatical." c. exceptions novels.) $i ; pap., 60 Boston A dvertiser. 11 One of the authors of that personification of feminine Frou has now to draw a cous- DESMOND hundred (The). Bost., Osgood, 1882, Parisianism, Frou, attempted in of Lydia Blood and Daisy Miller. Strange to say, the S. (Round-robin ser.) $i. " attempt is a complete success. Mrs. Scott and her sister, The is as as its story quite original nomenclature, nearly Miss Bettina Percival, are true Americans and they are as ecclesiastical as the and about as natural prayer-book, true ladies. It is perhaps a tribute to the purity of the and as in December. ... Much at- probable apple-blossoms American character that the story in which these ladies tention is to the of a to given organization choir, holy days play the principal part is not only altogether delightful, but and Week ; and the is that of a Holy writing throughout as innocent as it is interesting. The creator of Madame religiously minded woman, who has high and enthusiastic Cardinal has in ' L'Abbe Constantin ' written the healthiest of ideas on the subjects liturgies, vestments, responses, and most wholesome French novel since M. About's 'Roman priestly functions, consecrated places, the Christian Year, d'un brave homme.' " Nation. and the Christian life." Literary "world. A mere ca- EDWARDES, Annie. At the eleventh hour. HEALY, Mary. ["Jeanne Mairet."] price. Chic., Jansen, McClurg & Co., 1882. N. Y., Putnam, 1882. sq. S. (Transatlan- T. $1.25. tic 60 c. novels.) $i ; pap., " " A clever story of Parisian life, intense enough to please Published in under title of A ball-room re- England the taste of the blase novel-reader, yet showing delicacy Mrs. Edwardes shows that if not pentance." strong feeling, and grace in character study, and ready perception of the can be dealt with without genuine passion, outraging pro- underlying currents that guide human motives and make or ... Mrs. Edwardes her scenes at various priety. lays foreign mar a life. Boston Traveller. places Monaco, Nice, Rome and Switzerland. . . . The heroine is well conceived, and the scheming mother is a HOUSEHOLD economy : a manual for use in pleasant variation, with her taste for miscellaneous reading, schools under the direction of ; published the recalls 'A blue London which, by way, stocking.'" the Kitchen Assoc. N. A thenaum. Garden Y. & Chic., Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co., 1882. D. ELLIS, G: E. The red man and the white man net, 42 c. in North America, from its to the " discovery So far as such a subject can be taught by questions and ' present time. Bost., Little, Brown & Co., answers, the School Manual of Household Economy,' pub- 1882. O. $3.50. lished under the direction of the Kitchen-Garden Associa- " tion of this to its Nation. The fruit of many years' study of the history of the city, ought accomplish purpose." white man's with the native races of this dealings continent; E: A paladin of finance. Bost., Os- manners and customs of the JENKINS, the character, savages ; the good, 1882. S. $i. results of missionary labor among them, etc. . . . The book " A of manners in the ex- would probably have been better for compression." N. Y. study contemporary period par Tribune. cellence of gigantic mining combinations, corners, panics and crashes. Home journal. FAITHS (The) of the world : St. Giles' lectures. KUENEN, Abraham. National religions and N. Y., Scribner, 1882. D. $1.50. universal N. 1882. : of : religions. Y., Scribner, Contents i, Religions India Vedic period ; Brah- and of India : D. Hibbert lectures, 1882.) nianism, 2, Religions Buddhism, by Principal " (The $1.5.0. Caird, 3, Religion of China : Confucianism, by Rev, Geo. The subject is an interesting one, taking in Buddhism, July-Aug., '82.] THE LIBRARY JOURNAL. 211

and and it is treated with Judaism, Christianity Islamism, Mifflin & Co., 1882. D. the author's well-known and Houghton, (Ameri- modesty, learning ability." can of Boston A dvertiser. men letters.) $1.25. SEELEY, J: R. Natural religion. \Anon.~\ Bost., LA RAME, Louise de. [""Ouida."] Bimbi : sto- Roberts, 1882. S. $1.25. ries for children. Phil., 1882. " Lippincott, Prof. while thoroughly reverential toward D. Se_eley, $1.25. Christianity itself, is abreast of the view that refuses to be "Pure in thought, noble in purpose, rich in pathos and satisfied with it as a religion resting upon the authority of humor, and in general charming in form." Literary world. early teaching, or as authenticated by miracle." Boston Gazette. LEONE. Bost., 1882. S. (Round-robin Osgood, Andrew. to SETH, From Kant Hegel ; with ser.) $i. of " Melodramatic." chapters on the philosophy religion. Lond., Williams & 1882. " Norgate, LUBBOCK, Sir J: Ants, bees and wasps: a rec- We commend this book especially to those who may be ord of observations on the habits of the social still inclined to believe there is something in Hegel, but who of from or from N. Y., Appleton, 1882. D. quite despair learning Hegel himself, hymenoptera. the inarticulate utterances of his thoroughbred disciples, sci. sen, no. 42.) $2. what that is." Nation. "(International something There are few departments of natural history more fas- C: The order of the sciences : an cinating than that which deals with the habits and instincts SHIELDS, W. of the social insects, and Sir John Lubbock's marvellously essay on the philosophical classification and and minute have him at the patient experiments placed very organization of human knowledge. N. Y., head of all observers in this delightful field." Pall Mall c. Gazette. Scribner, 1882. D. 75

Herbert. Political institutions : MCCARTHY, Justin. The epochs of reform, SPENCER, being of " The of 1830-1850. N. Y., Scribner, [1882]. S. pt. 5 principles sociology" (the of v. N. of modern history.) $i. concluding portion 2.) Y., Apple- "(Epochs If a man is of within the of ton, 1882. D. $1.50. capable writing compass " two hundred i6mo pages a faithful and readable sketch of To discover what truths may be affirmed of political the political history of England during the eventful twenty organizations at large is the problem which the author has years from 1830 to 1850, that man is Justin McCarthy." undertaken to solve in the present volume." Literary world. SPOFFORD, Harriet Prescott. The Marquis of E. S. at home and elsewhere. Carabas. Roberts, 1882. S. NADAL, Essays " Bost., $i. 1882. D. Mrs. Spoffbrd's wonderful power of word-painting has N. Y., Macmillan, $1.50. ' ' lost nothing of its in The of Cara- The book is a very readable one, and has the merit of " mystic beauty Marquis bas.' Literary world. thoughtfulness much beyond that of the conventional es- ' say writer. It begins with an agreeable pnper on The STEPHEN, Leslie. The science of ethics. N.Y., old Boston Road,' and has articles devoted to'Artemus ' 1 ' ' Putnam, 1882. O. $4. Ward,' Byron, Matthew Arnold,' William Cullen Bry- ' ' ant,' The conditions of dandyism,' Newspaper literary TAYLOR, G: Antinous: a romance of ancient criticism,' etc." Boston. Gazette. from the German Safford. Rome ; by Mary J.

: N. W: S. 1882. S. c. OLIPHANT, Mrs. Margaret O. W. Lady Jane Y., Gottsberger, 90 ; N. 1882. Frank- c. a novel. Y., Q. (Harper's "pap., 50 The scene of much of the tale is Egypt. It is written lin sq. lib., People's lib., Seaside lib.) pap., spiritedly, it pictures vividly the relations between the early IOC. of is Christians and the Romans ; the story Antinous the "We do not remember that Mrs. Oliphant has pro- thread which forms the link of its several * parts." Congre- duced more felicitous in its way than Lady "anything gationalist. Jane.' Literary world. TYNDALL, on the floating matter of Mrs. O. W. The J: Essays OLIPHANT, Margaret literary the air in relation to putrefaction and infection. of in the end of the eigh- history England N. Y., Appleton, 1882. D. $1.50. of the nineteenth cen- ' teenth and beginning It would, indeed, be difficult to quote a better example 1882. v. the with which a difficult tury. N. Y., Macmillan, 3 D. $3. of the method and spirit investiga- " Few mere critical students could have vitalized their tion should be pursued, and of the qualities by which the that hers are and her success is attained." London Spectator. portraits in way vitalized, bright ultimately and her of human life are insight into character knowledge W. Dickens. N. Har- most refreshing in this department of literature." London WARD, Adolphus Y., Athenaunt. per, 1882. D. (English men of letters.) 75 c. " " As a Johnson she has no rank among the historians of He follows out the life of Dickens in chronological or- as a she is admirable." Critic. his in its in the literature ; Boswell, der, examining each of works place succes- and with a of critical Lane. Sebastian Bach. sion, closing comprehensive chapter POOLE, Reginald comment." Congregaticnalist. N. Y., Scribner & Welford, 1882. S. (Great WOOLSON, Constance Fenimore. Anne : a musicians.) $i. novel il. C. S. Reinhart. N. "Interesting on account of its theme, Mr. Poole's work ; by Y., Harper, memoir of and is noticeable as being the first English Bach, 1882. S. $1.25. had as containing not only the substance of what previously "It is a book to be praised unreservedly in everything been written about him by Forkel, Helgenfeldt and Bitter, but the artistic feature of its construction. There it is in the voluminous and but also the latest recovered facts lacking, and, unfortunately, the deficiency is felt worst of . . . Mr. Poole's charm- exhaustive work of Prof Spitta. all as the story approaches its conclusion." Boston Gazette. N. Y. Mail " ing pages are freshly and frankly written." A work of genius, and yet disappointing in many and express. ways." Boston Traveller. " RUSSELL, W. Clark. The Lady Maud," YONGE, Charlotte M. Unknown to history: a

: account of a schooner yacht from the guest story of the captivity of Mary of Scotland. on board. N. Y., Harper, 1882. Q. (Har- N. Y., Macmillan, 1882. D. $1.75. 20 c. " brilliant of the and effective sketches per's Franklin sq. lib.) pap., A picture times, of noted characters in striking situations." Boston Trav- SANBORN, F. B. Henry D. Thoreau. Bost., eller. 212 THE LIBRARY JOURNAL. [July-Aug., '82.

like the The (General fiotes. block, painted exactly binding. library is very rich in early printed books, but chiefly famous for five folios of Old Ballads, MRS. S. RUSSELL, of Middletown, Conn., classified under ten heads. has left $40,000 to the Russell Free Library. FREE LAW LIBRARY. Lucas Hirst, a Phila- THE new and art of Wash- library building delphia lawyer, left nearly the whole of his ington and Lee University is completed. It is fortune, valued at $180,000, for the establish- the of Mrs. L. of New gift Josephine Newcomb, ment of a free law library for poor lawyers in the widow of the late Warren York, Newcomb, Philadelphia. Mr. Hirst began his career of Louisville, Ky. forty years ago, a penniless errand-boy in At- A JOHN BRIGHT ROOM. Messrs. Richard torney-General Brewster's office, and worked his to and wealth the closest & George Tangye, of Birmingham, propose to way prominence by and Never in fit up a room in the new Free Library of that application penurious economy. his life did his food and cost him more town, to be called the "John Bright Room," lodging than and he was and to stock it with books on history and fro per week, always shabbily dressed. Some he asked the use of political economy, and also to provide means years ago a volume at the law institution for a few of keeping up a supply of works on these and was told it could be subjects. Athenaum. moments, only granted on his payment of $40, a year's subscription WYCOMBE. Since Mr. O. 1876 J. Griffits, to the institution. He flung himself out in a Recorder of has borne the Q.C., Reading, passion, and at once resolved to leave the bulk whole expense of the Wycombe Free Library, of his wealth for the foundation of a free law the raised the money by public accumulating library. meanwhile as an endowment fund. He has FRENCH PUBLIC LIBRARIES. In addition to now given buildings for the library on condi- tion that this fund be raised from ^1200 to the public libraries which have been formed in Paris, there are now in the of ^3000 within seven years. nearly 50 villages " the Department of the Seine which receive RAILROAD LIBRARIES. One trunk line com- grants from the Council-General. Of these 34 is said to have small but pany recently placed are "communal" libraries that is to say, are well-assorted libraries on some of its trains. for paid out of the public funds ; while the others As books in such serve the double good places are free libraries that is to say, founded and of out the and purpose keeping train-boy sup- kept up by private subscription. But as the plying better reading matter than he usually communal and free libraries are alike open and selects to inflict his the upon victims, travelling free for the benefit of the inhabitants at large, should be But should public grateful. why the Council-General grants an annual subsidy not the further and not company go only of ^20 to each library. During the first three libraries on all its but put trains, supply gum- months of this year the communal libraries drops and prize packages also, to be taken only lent and the free libraries 12,695 books, 13,725 ; at will ? Then half its travel, losing terrors, this total being more than for the whole of last will become twice as as now." N. Y. popular year. Most of these libraries are only circulat- Herald. ing, but a few of them are provided with read- which are in the RAILROAD LIBRARIES. Circulating libraries ing-rooms, open evenings. London World. of an entirely new description are about to be Literary started at St. Petersburg. A society has been BRUSSELS ROYAL LIBRARY. The Royal Li- founded for the purpose of supplying the tram- " brary at Brussels has adopted an electric lampe- cars of that city with supplies of daily news- soleil "of MM. Clerc and Bureau, Belgian in- papers and illustrated weeklies. Passengers ventors. It is described as being much more who avail themselves of these literary stores are steady than other arc-lights, of very agreeable to drop into a box a copeck for each paper they color, not at all trying to the eye, but on the read. No watch is to be kept over the box, the contrary soothing, and costing only one fourth as payment being left to the honor of the readers. much as its competitors. The hall is lighted by The society trusts that it will be only occa- three of these lamps as well as it would have sionally defrauded. Athentzum. been by 125 gas jets of sixteen candle power. is not stated whether this society was [It The difference in the heat evolved is enormous. started in the interest of the oculists. En.] The light is all thrown up on to the ceiling and PEPYS' LIBRARY. The library left by Pepys thence reflected through the room. In this way to Magdalene College, Oxford, stands on its the strong lights and shadows, which are usually shelves as he left it. It is in a the feature of are avoided precisely kept worst arc-lights, ; room apart (under the terms of his will), and the light at the reading-table is agreeable, and the 3000 books are in the handsome carved every alcove is sufficiently lighted to make it mahogany bookcases made for him in August, easy to find the books. The vestibule and 1666, just before the fire of London. A few are cloak-room are lighted by a dozen incandescent bound in morocco and vellum, the rest in black lamps invented by M. L. Nothomb, a Belgian and Whenever a volume is shorter than officer the think gold. ; Belgians naturally them another it is raised upon a small wooden superior to Edison's. Nation. July-Aug., '82.] THE LIBRARY JOURNAL. 213 NEW BOOKS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS

HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & COMPANY.

American Statesmen. Forest Scenes. NEW EDITION. VOL. IV. ANDREW JACKSON. Including poems by Bryant, Longfellow, Halleck, and By WILLIAM G. SUMKER, Professor of Political and Social Street. Illustrated by JOHN A. Hows. 410, full gilt. Science in Yale College, i vol., i6mo, gilt top, $1.25. Cloth, $5 ; morocco, or tree calf, $g. A new and im- It in form the facts in the life comprises compact leading proved edition of this standard holiday book. of Andrew Jackson, and describes his connection with pub- lic affairs, and his marked influence upon the history of the the of his life. country during stormy years political Longfellow Calendar for 1883. Containing selections for each day of the year, carefully Bret Harte's Poems. chosen from the poetical and prose writings of HENRY HOUSEHOLD EDITION. WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. Mounted on a card beauti- fully decorated by LAMBERT HOLLIS. (In Press.) The Complete Poetical Works of BRET HARTB. New House- hold Edition. Uniform in with the other Household style Emerson Calendar Poets, i vol., izrno, fa. for 1883. Containing selections from Mr. EMERSON'S writings for each day in the year. Mounted on a card designed by Alice and Phoebe Gary's Poems. Miss MARIE BIGELOW, and beautifully printed in colors. HOUSEHOLD EDITION. A very attractive and desirable Calendar, and an excel- lent souvenir for the The Complete Poetical Works of ALICE and PHCEBK GARY. admirers of Mr. Emerson. (In New Household Edition. Uniform with the Household Press.) Lowell, Holmes, etc. i vol., 121110, $2. The Bodley Grandchildren This popular Household Edition will be gladly welcomed AND THEIR JOURNEY IN HOLLAND. by those who wish these charming poems in a compact, By HORACE E. SCUDDER, author of the Bodley Books. legible, and inexpensive form. Fully illustrated. Small quarto, with attractive orna- mental covef, $1.50. In this new which will be hailed with de- American Prose. _ Bodley Book, light by the multitudes who have read the previous Bodley HOLIDAY EDITION. Books, Mr. Scudder takes the Bodley grandchildren to Holland, where they have an exceedingly interesting time, AMERICAN PROSE. Selections from the of prose writings seeing a host of curious and instructive sights, hearing some and to Hawthorne, Irving, Longfellow, Whittier, Holmes, Lowell, amusing stories, listening thrilling incidents in the history of Holland. (In Press.) Thoreau, and Emerson. Illustrated with eight steel por- traits of the above-named authors. 8vo, cloth, handsomely half or tree First Household stamped, $3 ; calf, $5.50 ; morocco, calf, Principles of Manage- $7.50. ment and Cookery. An attractive edition of a book which contains some of the By Miss PARLOA, author of Miss Parloa's Cook-Book. New most stories and in American literature. interesting essays edition, revised and greatly enlarged. Miss Parloa has made some very important additions to her little book on Household Management and Cookery, by Ballads and Lyrics. which it is rendered yet more valuable as an elementary work in the important matter of household economy. (In HOLIDAY EDITION. Press.)

Edited HENRY CABOT LODGE. With illus- by 24 full-page Gary's Poems. trations. 8vo, cloth, handsomely stamped, $3 ; half LIBRARY EDITION. calf, $5.50 ; morocco, or tree calf, $7.50. Complete Poems of ALICE and PHCEBE CARY. With a This volume, with the excellent illustrations, and the memorial of their lives, MARY CLEMMER. New Illus- tasteful mechanical execution now given it, forms a very de- by sirable and permanently valuable gift-book. trated Library Edition. 8vo. (In Press.)

*** For sale by all Booksellers. Sent by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price by the Publishers, HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & COMPANY. 214 THE LIBRARY JOURNAL. '82.

ROBERT CLARKE & Co., Publishers, Cincinnati,

HAVE JUST ISSUED : HENSHALVS BOOK OF THE BLACK HOUGH'S ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY. BASS. Book of the Black Bass its ; comprising complete Scientific The Elements of Forestry. Designed to afford Information and Life History, together with a Practical Treatise on concerning the Planting and Care of Forest Trees for Angling and. Fly-Fishing, with a full account of Tools, or Ornament Profit ; and giving Suggestions upon the Implements, and Tackle. By Dr. JAMES A. HENSHALL. Creation and Care of Woodlands, with a view of secur- 121110, illustrated, cloth, $3. ing the Greatest Benefit for the Longest Time. Partic- " As a practical treatise on black bass, and the mode of to the of the ularly adapted Wants and Conditions United capture, style of tackle, an'd all that pertains to the sub- States. By FRANKLIN B. HOUGH, Ph.D., Chief of the ject, the book may be safely recommended to the angling of America." and Farm. Forestry Division, Department of Agriculture, Washing- fraternity Turf, Field, ton, D. C. i2mo, with numerous illustrations, $2. THEY ALSO PUBLISH:

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The Synthetic Philosophy of Herbert Spencer,

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HA VE JUST PUBLISHED NEW EDITIONS OF WALTER -SAVAGE LANDOR'S IMAGINARY CONVERSATIONS.

5 vols., cloth, Oxford style, $5 o

5 vols, imitation half calf, 6 25 LANDOR. From the New Volume of the Encyclopedia Britannica. " From nineteen almost to ninety his intellectual and literary activity was indefatigably incessant ; but herein, at least, like Charles Lamb, whose cordial he so cordially returned, he could not write a note of three lines which did not bear the mark of his 'Roman hand' in its matchless and inimitable command of a style at once the most powerful and the purest of his age. . . . The very first flower of his immortal dialogues is probably to be found in the single volume comprising only ' Imaginary Conversations of Greeks and Romans ;' his utmost command of passion and pnthos may be tested by the ' transcendent success in this distilled and concentrated tragedy of Tiberia-i and Vipsania,' where for once he shows a quality more proper to romantic than classical imagination, the subtle and sublime and terrible power to enter the dark vestibule of distraction, to throw the whole force of his fancy, the whole fire of his spirit into the 'shadowing passion' (as Shakespeare calls it) of gradually imminent insanity. Yet, if this and all other studies from ancient history or legend could be subtracted from the volume of his work, enough would be left whereon to rest the foundation of a fame which time could not sensibly impair." RICHARD HENRY STODDARD. (From a review.) " ' ' No one who has read The Imaginary Conversations,' or, Pericles and Aspasia.' need be told that Landor is the great English prose writer of the century, if indeed he be not the great English prose writer of all time. His prose is as nearly per- fect as any human writing can be. It is faultless in construction, massive, flexible, dignified, beautiful, packed with thought, weighty with reflection, impressive with imagery, radiant with imagination, reminding one in its largeness, and freedom, and harmony, of the sky, and the wind, and the ocean. Style in prose is nowhere found in greater, nowhere in such perfection as in Landor." . PHILIP GILBERT HAMERTON'S WORKS. A PAINTER'S CAMP. THE SYLVAN YEAR, AND THE UNKNOWN RIVER. THOUGHTS ABOUT ART. WENDERHOLME. THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. MODERN FRENCHMEN. CHAPTERS ON ANIMALS. THE LIFE OF J. W. M. TURNER, R.A. ROUND MY HOUSE. THE GRAPHIC ARTS.

' 10 vols., cloth, Oxford style, . . . . . $12 50

10 vols., imitation half calf, ...... 15 oo " The style of this writer is a truly admirable one, light and picturesque, without being shallow, and dealing with all subjects in a charming way. Whenever our readers see or hear of one of Mr. Hamerton's books, we advise them to read it." Springfield Republican. " readers noble have We wonder how many this volume [' The Intellectual Life '] , under a sense of personal gratitude, ' stopped to exclaim with its author, in a similar position, Now the only Croesus that I envy is he who is reading a better " 1 book than this.' From the Children ! Friend. JEAN INGELOW'S NOVELS. OFF THE SKELLIGS. SARAH DE BERENGER. FATED TO BE FREE. DON JOHN.

4 vols., imitation half calf, $5 oo

"Jean Ingelow's writings have obtained a firm hold upon the affections of the people, both of her own country and of this, and she is one of the most widely read English poets of the time." Chicago Evening Journal.

Sold by all Booksellers. Mailed, postpaid, by the Publishers, ROBERTS BROTHERS, BOSTON. 220 THE LIBRARY JOURNAL. {July-Aug., '82.

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TO BOOKBUYERS, LIBRARIANS, Etc. Now complete, in 2 vols., 410, cloth, price 2. Catalogue of the Library of the Society of JAMES THIN, Bookseller, Writers to H.M. Signet in Scotland. Vol. I., 616 pages. Vol. II., 676 pages. Edinburgh, 1871- 82. Vol. II. (M Z, and to complete 55 South Bridge, Edinburgh, Scotland, SUPPLEMENT), Sets, zos. LONDON: issues periodically Catalogues of Standard and Useful Books' in all departments of Literature, Ancient and Modern, DAVID NUTT, 270 STRAND, W. C. which he will be happy to send, post-free, on application. CHEAPEST BOOK-STORE IN THE WORLD. *** Books not in stock sought after and collected. Gen- tlemen having lists of books wanted are respectfully re- quested to send same, and prices, etc., will be reported Immense Miscellaneous Free. without delay. Catalogue LEGGAT P.S. 200,000 volumes of New and Second-Hand Books BROS., always on hand. 81 Chambers St., west of City Hall Park, N. Y.

F. W. CHRISTERN, Useful to Editors, Writers, Teach- ers, Booksellers, and Librarians. FOREIGN BOOKSELLER AND IMPORTER, Librarians will find the Monthly Reference Lists a time-saving desk companion for the purpose 37 WEST TWENTY-THIRD ST., NEW YORK. of directing readers to the best sources of infor- mation, particularly on current topics. Terms, 10 cents a Send for The principal publications of Charpentier, Didier, Didot, $i per year, copy. sample copies. Address Providence Public Library, etc., on hand sets of Hachette, Levy, ; also, complete Tauch- Providence, R.I. " nitz's collection of British Authors and Teubner's Greek Admirable resumes of the authorities on subjects of cur- rent interest. Any teacher with advanced pupils, desirous and Roman Classics. Catalogues mailed on demand. Euro- pean Periodicals received weekly. 221 July-Aug., '82.] THE LIBRARY JOURNAL.

NEW EDITION JUST READY: TYPICALJOVELS. A Reverend Idol. American Life by Native Authors.^ A novel, i vol., 121110, $1.50.

" ' ' About The Reverend Idol there is this latest news of ALBION IV. TOURGEE. its popularity. On the loth of July the fifth edition was struck off; on the I4th, the sixth edition. The publishers A Royal Gentleman. (Originally published told me that were forth a fresh edition they bringing every as Toinette.) Illustrated. Cloth, $2. {Master week, and even at that rate they can't supply the demand." and NORA PERRY, in Providence Press. Slave.} " The story is told with remarkable vivacity and pict- A Fool's Errand. By One of the Fools. uresqueness of style, and iu relation is accompanied with CI oth, | r . [ The Reconstructed Era. ] a running commentary of reflection upon society, and par- upon the 'woman which is so ticularly question,' discreetly Bricks without Straw. 521 pp. Frontis- and artfully introduced as never to seem obtrusive or to become in the least wearisome." N. Y. Tribune. piece. Cloth, $1.50. {The Bondage of thi' " It is read by the intensely cultured Bostonians with a Freedman.~\ sort of furore." St. Louis Globe-Democrat. Figs and Thistles. 536 pp. Garfield Front- "The book is a one and noble. It strong thoroughly American will be read, re-read, and discussed, as few novels are." ispiece. Cloth, $1.50. {An Career} Congregationalfst. John Eax. Cloth, $i. New "The best novels are like a flash of in a clear {The South.} " lightning day. For example, 'A Reverend Idol.' Christian Union. WM. A. WILKINS. The Cleverdale The Machine TENTH THOUSAND NOW READY: Mystery ; or, and its Wheels. Cloth, $i. [ Ways, Means, THE and Results of American Politics.} Just out. HENRY WARD BEECHER. Stolen White Elephant, Etc. Life in Norwood ; or, Village New England. By MARK TWAIN, i vol., i6mo, $1.25. (New Edition.) i vol., 12010, extra cloth. Illustrated, $2. A collection of many of the best of the stories and sketches HARRIET BEECHER STOWE. recently written by the most famous of American hu- and I morists. My Wife ; or, Harry Henderson's His- " tory. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.50. (63d thou- There is a world of fun in this book." Brooklyn Union sand.) and Argus. " Wine as it gets older grows more sparkling, oily, and Pink and White Tyranny. A Society Novel. delicious. In Mark increases in unctuousness, analogy dry Illustrated. Cloth, $1.50. drollery, and exaggerated humor as time progresses. The stories in this little volume are exceedingly funny, and will We and Our Neighbors : The Records of an be enjoyed by all fond of a good, hearty laugh." Balti- more Item. Unfashionable Street. Illustrated. Cloth, " It it a capital book to take into the country for vacation $1.50. (53d thousand.) time, and would prove a most enjoyable companion on a : Their Loves and Lives. journey." N. Y. Star. Poganuc People " Illustrated.. In Mrs. The book is characteristic in all its parts, and will be Cloth, $1.50. (Recent.) not only necessary to those who desire a complete collection Stowe's inimitable style of early New Eng- of the writings of this unique humorist, but will be valuable as land scene and character. representing him in all the versatility of his literary work." Boston Gazette. The Set, 4 Volumes, $5, in a Box. " In this last volume the reader will find much that shows Twain at his best, and there is not a dull page in the book. MRS. A. G. PADDOCK. It is a most agreeable companion, and will be found a very welcome one at seashore or mountain." Indianapolis Fate of Herald. The Madame La Tour. A Story of " Great Salt Lake. i6mo, cloth, $i. For clever satire and burlesque, for broad exaggeration, {Mormons and for certain na'ive and apparently unconscious ignorance and Mormondom.} that becomes perforce the most absurd humor, these stories must be regarded as without rivals in the literature of the day." Boston Post. INSHTA THEAMBA (BRIGHT EYES). Ploughed Under. The Story of an Indian FOR SALE BY YOUR BOOKSELLER. Chief, Told by Himself. With an Intro- duction by INSHTA THEAMBA (" Bright Eyes"). i6mo, cloth, $r. R. OSGOOD & JAMES CO., FORDS, HOWARD, & HULBERT, BOSTON. 27 Park Place, New York. 222 THE LIBRARY JOURNAL. \July-Aug., '82.

ELEVEN NEWEST AND BEST JUVENILES BY AMERICAN AUTHORS. LEE AND SHEPARD, BOSTON. 30,000 of the First Series Sold ! Oliver Optic's New Book. OUR LITTLE ONES. ALL ADRIFT ; (Second Series.) Or, The Gold Wing Club. By OLIVER OPTIC, ibmo, Edited OLIVER OPTIC. illuminated Cover, by Elegantly illustrated, $1.25. cloth With illustrations 1.75; gilt, $250. nearly 400 " from original designs by the best American Artists. In this New Series, to be entitled THE BoAT-BuiLDER Everything in this volume story, poem, illustrations is SERIES," "the most popular writer for the young" will it. of learn- original, and written, designed, and engraved for The combine the interest of a story with the fascination volume of last year took the foremost rank among the ing to build a Boat, a Boat-house, rig a Boat, sail it, etc., books for children, and was to be etc., thus them the for all bright boys. quarto" pronounced making delight the best specimen of bookmaking of the XlXth Cen- tury." This will be, if possible, an advance upon the first series. Elijah Kellogg's New Book. THE LIVE OAK BOYS. THE WONDERFUL CITY OF TOKIO ; The Adventures of Richard Constable Afloat and Ashore. Further Adventures of the and their Or, Jewett Family i6mo, Friend Oto EDWARD GREEY, author of illustrated, 1.25. " Nambo, By " Young Americans in Japan," The Golden Lotus," These boys were sailors during the Embargo of 1812, and etc. Large quarto, with 169 illustrations, bound in Jap- this story is the graphic account of their Adventures by and ; full Sea and Land. It is true and an exciting anesque gold colors, $1.75 cloth, gilt, $2.50. " history story. Uniform with Being the fourth of the GOOD OLD TIME SERIES.

The Great Success of Last Year, George Makepeace Towle's New Volume. YOUNG AMERICANS IN JAPAN. DRAKE : By the same Author. Emblematic colored covers, $1.75; cloth, full gilt, $2.50. The Sea-King of Devon. i6mo, illustrated, $1.25. With these two books on Japan, either being complete in Sir Francis Drake's career, startling, adventurous, and itself, the reader has wide information concerning gained bold, from early to makes a interest- that "wonderful land." Mr. of youth age, remarkably Greey's Pen-pictures book for the on a historical record. and Customs are and the ing young," strictly Japanese Scenery graphic, by Completing the Series of YOUNG FOLKS' HEROES OF HIS- introduction of spicy conversations are made dramatic. In TORY." the great city of Tokio our young friends find new cause for wonder at the marvellous and customs. sights strange Judge Cozzen's Series Completed. OUR BOYS IN INDIA. THE YOUNG SILVER-SEEKERS; Hal and Phil in the Marvellous illus- The Wanderings of two Young Americans, with their Ad- Or, " Country. i6mo, ventures on the Sacred Rivers and Wild Mountains of trated, $i. Completing THE YOUNG TRAIL HUNTER'S India. By HARRY W. FRENCH, the celebrated Lecturer SERIES." on India. With illustrations. covers 145 Superb typical An admirably told full of adventure in and knowl- in oriental and full story, gold colors, $1.75 ; cloth, gilt, $2.50. edge of Arizona and the Far West. This work contains a most interesting description of ad- ventures in that mysterious country, told in so delightful a manner as to win the attention of old as well as young. A Hundred Years and more Ago. Many of the illustrations are engraved from photographs PER taken for Mr. French while he was travelling in India. PAUL AND SIS; Or, The Revolutionery Struggle in the Mohawk Valley. " Uniform in Size and Style with DRIFTING ROUND THE By MARY E. BRUSH. $1.25. WORLD." A thrilling story of the early settlement in the Mohawk A BOY'S ADVENTURES BY SEA AND Valley. The fierce encounters of the Patriots with the Eng- LAND. lish and their wily confederates the Indians. " CHAS. W. author of Adrift in the Ice By Capt. " HALL, Fields," The Great Bonanza," etc. With 200 illustra- New England Life of To-day. tions. in colors. full Elegant cover, many Cloth, $1.75 ; ELIOT'S gilt, $2.50. RUTH DREAM. of a who was reach- An absorbing story boy shipwrecked, By MARY LAKEMAN. i vol., ifimo, cloth, $1.25. es Iceland, then passes through Scotland, England, France, Holland, Russia, Asia, crosses Siberia, sails for Alaska, A story for girls, in which, says arritic who has read the and finally reaches home via San Francisco. With his manuscript, the descriptions and characterizations of accidents, incidents, sights, and hair-breadth escapes. New England life are nearly perfect."

J. T. Trowbridge's New Book. Sophie May's New Book. THE JOLLY ROVER. THE ODD ONE. By J. T. TROWBRIDGE. i6mo, illustrated, $1.25. i6mo, cloth, illustrated, $1.50. The story of a boy who was led by the reading of Dime Novels to run away from home with the expectation of Sophie May is equally successful whether writing for the the exterminating Red Men of the Forest, and what became Little Folks or for the "Girls" of a larger growth. This of him. book. " " A healthy, hearty Completing THE is a companion volume to The Asbury Twins," and the SERIES." " " SILVER MEDAL larger Girls' books. Sold all booksellers and by newsdealers, or sent by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price. Catalogues mailed free.

LEE AND SHEPARD, Publishers, 47 Franklin St., Boston. PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS

SIXTH GENERAL MEETING

AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

HELD AT

BUFFALO, AUGUST 14 TO 17,

BOSTON: PRESS OF ROCKWELL AND CHURCHILL, 39 ARCH STREET. 1883.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBAN/!