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Alaska's Ocean Bounty

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Alaska's Ocean Bounty North Pacific research Board ReseaRch seRies FISH & INVERTEBRATES Alaska’s Ocean Bounty 2002-2008 research summary Patrick Endres | Alaska Stock.com 2 NORTH PACIFIC RESEARCH BOARD :: SCIENCE PROGRAM :: FISH & INVERTEBRATES The North Pacific Research Board (NPRB) was established by Congress in 1997 to develop a comprehensive science program of the highest caliber that provides a better understanding of the North Pacific, Bering Sea, and Arctic Ocean ecosystems and their fisheries. The NPRB carries out science planning, prioritizes pressing fishery management and ecosys- tem information needs, coordinates with other ocean science programs, competitively selects research projects, and communicates research results to diverse audiences. Since its founding, the North Pacific Research Board has developed a comprehensive program of marine research. The Science Plan, developed with guidance from the National Research Council of the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, serves as the foundation for annual requests for pro- posals organized by major research themes, including: • Lower Trophic Level Productivity • Fish Habitat • Fish and Invertebrates • Marine Mammals • Seabirds • Humans • Other Prominent Issues • Integrated Ecosystem Research • Other Research and Partnerships The annual requests for proposals result in the majority of the funded projects, which are numbered by the year they were funded (e.g., #201 funded in 2002). The Board also supports integrated ecosystem research programs that look in-depth at Alaska’s major ocean ecosystems, with a program ongoing in the Bering Sea and in development for the Gulf of Alaska. This research summary describes research funded from 2002 through 2008. NORTH PACIFIC RESEARCH BOARD :: SCIENCE PROGRAM :: FISH & INVERTEBRATES 3 fish and inveRtebRates major goal of the Board is to improve our ability to manage and protect the healthy, sustainable fish and wildlife populations that comprise the ecologically diverse marine A ecosystems of the North Pacific, and provide long-term, sustainable benefits to local communities and the nation. This is a very large task, considering that the marine regions off Alaska support rich and vast assemblages of fish and invertebrates, and the largest fisheries in the U.S. These assemblages are extremely important not only economically, but also ecologically and socially. If fishing is the human activity that has the greatest impact on both targeted and non- targeted populations in the North Pacific, as the National Research Council contends, resource managers must know how the ecosystem functions, and understand the life histories and distri- butions of the fish stocks themselves and how they are influenced by fishing and changes in their environment. Studies funded in this category fall within five broad topics which together address pressing fishery management issues and marine ecosystem information needs: • stock assessment research and development • bycatch reduction • causes of major species decline • implications of ecosystem change on fishery management • management tools Through 2008, the Board supported 76 fish and invertebrate projects for just under $14 million, of which 47 have been completed. Researchers have studied a variety of forage species, jellyfish, squid, crab, sculpin, skates, sharks, salmon, rockfish, halibut, pollock, cod, Atka mackerel, and other groundfish species. Projects are split fairly evenly between the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea, with a few projects taking place in the Arctic Ocean, reflecting the different degrees of importance of commercial fisheries throughout Alaska. The complex factors that influence the behavior of fish and drive the fluctuations of their populations require all four research approaches described in the NPRB Science Plan (monitoring, modeling, process, and retrospective studies). The majority, however, have focused on processes in order to increase our understanding and ability to forecast future changes. Several involve cooperative research projects with industry and/or communities, and draw upon local and traditional knowledge. 4 NORTH PACIFIC RESEARCH BOARD :: SCIENCE PROGRAM :: FISH & INVERTEBRATES Fish and invertebrates projects 202 Application of new sonar technology to reducing salmon bycatch in 420 Interannual and spatial variation in population genetic composition of pollock fisheries. C. Rose northeastern Gulf of Alaska young-of-the-year Pacific ocean perch. a. GHarrett 204 NPAFC salmon tagging. V. FedoRenko, J. Helle 502 Integration of ecological indicators for the North Pacific with emphasis 205 Genetic stock identification of W. AK sockeye salmon. J.seeb, R. Wilmot on the Bering Sea: A workshop approach. a. bychkoV, J.OveRland 208 Environmental cues for herring spawning. G. Kruse, d. musgraVe 503 Arctic Ocean synthesis. R. HopcroFt 209 Two species of rougheye rockfishes in the northern Gulf of Alaska. 504 Analysis of ongoing salmon programs. e. knudsen a. GHarrett 505 Walleye pollock in the Eastern Bering Sea: A spatially explicit model. 210 Nutritional quality of Alaska fish for predators. m. Castellini t. Quinn 303 North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission Cooperative Research: 506 Factors influencing the mortality of tagged walleye pollock captured Use of genetic stock ID to determine the distribution, migration, early using a trawl net. R. Foy marine survival, and stock abundance of sockeye and chum salmon in the Bering Sea. s.abe, J. seeb, s. UraWa, R. Wilmot 508 Female reproductive output of snow crab in eastern Bering Sea. d. ArmstRonG, b. Ernst, t. essinGton, P. liVinGston, l. OrensanZ 305 Monitoring and modeling predator-prey relationships. P. liVinGston 509 Retrospective analysis of Kodiak red king crab. G. Kruse 306 Species identity and life history of Hematodinium, the causative agent of bitter crab syndrome in northeast Pacific snow (opilio) and Tanner 510 Skate life history and demography. G.Cailliet, d. ebeRt (bairdi) crabs. l. HauseR, P. Jensen, F. moRado, d. Woodby 511 Spiny dogfish in Alaska. V. Gallucci, G. Kruse 308 Forage fishes in the western Gulf of Alaska: Variation in productivity. 512 Juvenile Pacific Ocean perch genetics, phase 2. a. GHarrett k. bailey, J. duffy-andeRson, J. napp, J. Paakkonen, m. Wilson 521 A profiling echosounder for North Pacific monitoring. d. maCkas, s. VaGle 310 Estuaries as essential fish habitat for salmonids: Assessing residence time and habitat use of coho and sockeye salmon in Alaska estuaries. 522 Reproductive biology of Atka mackerel. s. atkinson, m. Canino, n. HillgrubeR, m. bisHoP, s. PoWeRs, G. ReeVes s. McDeRmott 311 Establishing a statewide data warehouse of salmon size, age, and 523 Pollock recruitment and stock structure. m. doRn, a. HeRmann, s. HinCkley, growth records. b. AgleR J. HoRne, b. megrey, C. PaRada 314 Thermal habitat preferences of Pacific halibut and the potential influ- 524 Productivity of capelin and pollock. J. duffy-andeRson, P. liVinGston, ence of hydrographic variability on a local coastal fishery. e. loGerwell, m. Wilson t. loHeR, H. McCaRty 525 Modeling multispecies groundfish interactions. P. liVinGston 317 Pre-season forecast of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon migration timing 531 Seabird-fish models. W. sydeman based on oceanographic and biological variables. G. RuggeRone 605 Modeling growth and survival of early life-stages of Pacific cod in 319 Retrospective study of pigmented macrophage aggregates as markers response to climate-related changes in sea ice conditions in the Bering of Pacific herring population health. G. maRty Sea. m. behrenFeld, l. Ciannelli, m. daVis, t. HuRst, b. lauRel, a. stoneR 321 Evaluation of alternative hypotheses to explain the collapse of the 606 Modeling climate effects on interdecadal variation in southeastern Kvichak sockeye salmon: A project to catalyze a comprehensive, Bering Sea jellyfish populations. m. b. deCkeR hypotheses-driven research program. m. link, G. RuggeRone 610 Adaptation to a changing world: Molecular evidence for selective 325 Video monitoring aboard Bering Sea factory trawlers —a pilot study. mortality in walleye pollock larvae. k. bailey, m. Canino, l. HauseR s. andeRson, m. buCkley 617 Migration patterns of Pacific halibut in the southeast Bering Sea. 327 Early marine ecology of juvenile chum salmon in Kuskokwim Bay, Alaska. t. loHeR, b. norcross l. HaldoRson, n. HillgrubeR, C. ZimmeRman 618 Spatial and temporal patterns in Pacific cod reproductive maturity in 401 Survey strategies for assessment of Bering Sea forage species. the Bering Sea. el. loGerwell, s. neidetcheR m. benField, e. BroWn, J. CHuRnside, n. HillgrubeR, J. HoRne, s. PaRkeR stetteR, m. siGleR 619 Connectivity between Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) 404 Alaska Marine Information System. d. kieFeR, k. stoCks spawning and nursery areas in the eastern Bering Sea: A paradigm for 407 Kelp-grazer interactions in Kachemak Bay, Alaska: grazing activity, offshore spawning flatfish species. k. bailey, l. Ciannelli, J. duffy-andeRson, chemical defenses and resource allocation. k. iken a. mataRese 417 Reproductive ecology of Atka mackerel, Pleurogrammus monopterygius, 620 Estimating movement rates of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) in the in Alaska. s. atkinson, n. HillgrubeR, R. lautH, s. McDeRmott Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska using mark-recapture methods. 418 Abundance, life history, and population demographics of Spiny Dogfish, d. GundeRson, P. munRo, d. Urban squalus acanthias. V. Gallucci, G. Kruse 621 Diet and trophic ecology of skates in the Gulf of Alaska (Raja
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