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Diets, Feeding Habits, and Trophic Relations of Six Deep-Benthic Skates (Rajidae) in the Western Bering Sea

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7(2)Imp/ok 16-06-2003 12:10 Pagina 45 aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology Diets, feeding habits, and trophic relations of six deep-benthic skates (Rajidae) in the western Bering Sea Alexei M. Orlov Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO). 17, V.Krasnoselskaya, Moscow, 107140 Russia. Tel. (095) 264-94-65, Fax: (095) 264-91-87. E-mail: [email protected] Accepted: 29.04.2003 Keywords hauptsächlich Tannerkrebse, Gammariden Flohkrebse Skates, diets, feeding habits, Aleutian skate, (Amphipoda) und Garnelen. Der Verzehr von Würmern Bathyraja aleutica, Alaska skate, Bathyraja parmifera, und Krustentieren durch räuberische Rochen nahm mit Matsubara skate, Bathyraja matsubarai , white- der Größe der Rochen ab, wobei sich der V erzehr von blotched skate, Bathyraja maculata , white-brow Fischen erhöhte. Der Verzehr von Würmern und skate, Bathyraja minispinosa, Bering skate, Rhinoraja kleinen Crustacea durch am Boden fressende Bering- interrupta, western Bering Sea Rochen nahm mit steigender Größe der Rochen ab, während der Konsum von Krebsen und Kalmaren sich Abstract erhöhte. Die Nahrung von Männchen und W eibchen The diets of six species of skates inhabiting the war unterschiedlich, wahrscheinlich durch den Größen- western Bering Sea were examined: Aleutian skate effekt. Unter den untersuchten Arten hatten drei Bathyraja aleutica, Alaska skate B. parmifera , Mat- Rochenpaare eine mittlere Ebene von diätetischer subara skate B. matsubarai, white-blotched skate B. Ähnlichkeit: Aleutian- und Alaska-Rochen, Alaska- und maculata, white-brow skate B. minispinosa , and Weißbrauen-Rochen sowie W eißbrauen- und Bering- Bering skate Rhinoraja interrupta. The diets of preda- Rochen. tory skates (Alaska, Aleutian, white-blotched, Matsub- ara, and white-brow skates) consisted of large crus- Résumé taceans, cephalopods and fishes. Benthophagic Les menus de six espèces de raies originaires de Bering skates consumed mainly Tanner crabs, gam- l'ouest de la mer de Béring ont été examinés: la raie marid amphipods, and shrimps. The consumption of aléoutienne Bathyraja aleutica, la raie d'Alaska B. worms and crustaceans by predatory skates declined parmifera, la raie de Matsubara B. matsubarai, la raie with increasing skate size, whereas consumption of à taches blanches B. maculata, la raie à sourcils fishes increased. The consumption of worms and blancs B. minispinosa et la raie de Béring R hinoraja small crustaceans by benthophagic Bering skates interrupta. Les menus de raies prédatrices (d'Alaska, declined with increasing skate size while consumption aléoutienne, à taches blanches, de Matsubara et à of crabs and squid increased. Diets of male and sourcils blancs) consistent en grands crustacés, female skates dif fered, probably due mostly to the céphalopodes et poissons. Les raies benthophages de effect of size. Among the species examined, three Béring se nourrissent principalement de crabes de skate pairs had a medium level of dietary similarity: Tanner, d'amphipodes et de crevettes. La consomma- Aleutian and Alaska skates, Alaska and white-brow tion de vers et de crustacés par les raies prédatrices skates, and white-brow and Bering skates. diminue lorsque leur taille s'accroît, alors que l'absorp- tion de crabes et de calmars augmente. Les menus Zusammenfassung des raies mâles et femelles dif fère, ce qui est sans Die Nahrung von sechs Rochenarten aus dem west- doute lié à leur taille respective. Parmi les espèces lichen Beringmeer wurde untersucht: Aleutian-Rochen étudiées, trois paires de raies avaient un niveau Bathyraja aleutica, Alaska-Rochen B. parmifera, Mat- moyen de similarité de régime: les raies aléoutienne et subara-Rochen B. matsubarai, Weißfleck-Rochen B. d'Alaska, les raies d'Alaska et à sourcils blancs et les maculata, Weißbrauen-Rochen B. minispinosa und raies à sourcils blancs et de Béring. Bering-Rochen Rhinoraja interrupta. Die Nahrung der räuberischen Rochen (Alaska, Aleutian, Weißfleck, Sommario Matsubara und Weißbrauen) bestand aus großen In questo lavoro è stata esaminata la composizione Krustentieren (Crustacea), Cephalopoden und aus Fis- della dieta nelle seguenti sei specie di razze del Mare chen. Auf dem Boden fressende Rochen nahmen di Bering occidentale: la razza delle Aleutine Bathyraja 45 aqua vol. 7 no. 2 - 2003 7(2)Imp/ok 16-06-2003 12:10 Pagina 46 Diets, feeding habits, and trophic relations of six deep-benthic skates (Rajidae) in the western Bering Sea aleutica, la razza dell’Alaska B. parmifera, la razza di they are processed into fish meat jelly and dried skate Matsubara B. matsubarai, la razza maculata B. macu- wing (Ishihara, 1990). Despite their commercial lata, la razza dalla fronte bianca B. minispinosa e la importance, they remain the least investigated elas- razza di Bering Rhinoraja interrupta. Eccetto quest’ul- mobranch group. tima si tratta di specie predatrici, la cui dieta consiste di Until recently , the biology and ecology of north crostacei, cefalopodi e pesci. La razza di Bering, Pacific rajid skates received little attention. The age bentofaga, consuma invece prevalentemente granchi, and growth of some species of the family Rajidae anfipodi e gamberetti. All’aumentare delle dimensioni have been described (Ishiyama, 1958), and Dolganov corporee tutte le specie riducono il consumo di vermi e (1998a) has provided some information on their repro- crostacei, ma quelle predatrici aumentano il consumo duction in Russian waters. Some peculiarities of the di pesci, mentre la razza di Bering aumenta il consumo spatial and bathymetric distribution of rajid skates are di granchi e calamari. La dieta dei maschi e diversa da recorded in papers by McEachran and Miyake (1990), quella delle femmine, probabilmente a causa delle Nakaya and Shirai (1992), Orlov (1998c), Dolganov diverse dimensioni. Tra le specie esaminate tre coppie (1998b, 1999), and Fatykhov et al. (2000). The diet of hanno un livello medio di somiglianza di regime ali- the Alaska skate Bathyraja parmifera is briefly mentare: le razze delle Aleutine e dell’Alaska, le razze described in papers by Mito (1974) and Brodeur and dell’Alaska e dalla fronte bianca e la razza dalla fronte Livingston (1988). Feeding habits of rajid skates bianca e quella di Bering. inhabiting Pacific waters off the northern Kuril Islands and south-eastern Kamchatka, are described by Introduction Orlov (1998a, b). Dolganov (1998c) briefly reported The skate family, Rajidae, plays an important role in combined data on the diet composition and feeding ecosystems of the north Pacific basin. On the conti- habits of north-western Pacific skates of the family nental shelves and slopes, skates consume commer- Rajidae. Chuchukalo et al. (1999) have provided data cially important species, such as Pacific herring Clu- on the diets and daily rations of three Bathyraja pea pallasii, walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma, species inhabiting the northern Sea of Okhotsk. Some flathead sole Hippoglossoides elassodon , yellowfin feeding habits of the Aleutian skate Bathyraja aleutica sole Limanda aspera , rock sole Lepidopsetta bilin- in the western Bering Sea were considered in a paper eata, Atka mackerel Pleurogrammus monopterygius, by Glubokov and Orlov (2000). The main purpose of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus , shortraker rock- this paper is to describe the diets and to consider the fish Sebastes borealis , popeye grenadier Cory- feeding habits and trophic relations of six species of phaenoides cinereus , red squid Berryteuthis magis- deep-benthic skates of the family Rajidae that inhabit ter, species of Octopoda, golden king crab Lithodes the western Bering Sea. aequispinis, T anner crabs Chionoecetes spp., and shrimp (Livingston and de Reynier , 1996; Orlov , Material and methods 1998a, b; Glubokov and Orlov , 2000). Skates also In this study, the stomach contents of skates brought have some commercial importance. For example, aboard the Japanese trawler, Kayo Maru No. 28, from Fig. 1. Map of the study area, showing demersal trawl stations (hollow asterisks) at which stomachs of skates were sam- pled. Dashed lines and numbers show isobaths (m). aqua vol. 7 no. 2 - 2003 46 all. 7(2)Imp/ok 16-06-2003 12:10 Pagina 47 Alexei M. Orlov Fig. 2. Aleutian skate (Bathyraja aleutica) caught in the western Bering Sea . Photo by Alexei M. Orlov. Fig. 3. Matsubara skate (Bathyraja matsubarai) caught in the western Bering Sea . Photo by Alexei M. Orlov. 47 aqua vol. 7 no. 2 - 2003 7(2)Imp/ok 16-06-2003 12:10 Pagina 48 Diets, feeding habits, and trophic relations of six deep-benthic skates (Rajidae) in the western Bering Sea Fig. 4. White-blotched skate (Bathyraja maculata) caught in the western Bering Sea . Photo by Alexei M. Orlov. Fig. 5. White-brow skate (Bathyraja minispinosa) caught in the western Bering Sea . Photo by Alexei M. Orlov. aqua vol. 7 no. 2 - 2003 48 7(2)Imp/ok 16-06-2003 12:10 Pagina 49 Alexei M. Orlov Fig. 6. Alaska skate (Bathyraja parmifera) caught in the western Bering Sea . Photo by Alexei M. Orlov. Fig. 7. Bering skate (Rhinoraja interrupta) caught in the western Bering Sea . Photo by Alexei M. Orlov. 49 aqua vol. 7 no. 2 - 2003 7(2)Imp/ok 16-06-2003 12:10 Pagina 50 Diets, feeding habits, and trophic relations of six deep-benthic skates (Rajidae) in the western Bering Sea May to July 1997 were analyzed. The stomach sam- Results ples were selected without known bias from bottom The number of stomachs examined/stomachs with trawl hauls carried out around the clock in the western food were as follows: 139/123 Aleutian skates, 19/18 Bering Sea between 168° E and 179° W (Fig. 1). Matsubara skates, 8/8 white-blotched skates, 68/58 Skate species were identified using identification keys white-brow skates, 1 13/86 Alaska skates, and and descriptions published by Ishiyama (1958), Dol- 189/179 Bering skates. ganov (1983), Masuda et al. (1984), Ishihara and General description of diets:Among the skate stom- Ishiyama (1985), and Dolganov and Tuponogov achs analyzed, four prey groups represented the major- (1999). Total lengths (TL; snout to the end of the tail) ity of the diet: crustaceans, cephalopods, fishes, and were measured.
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    Vol. 669: 121–138, 2021 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published July 8 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13736 Mar Ecol Prog Ser OPEN ACCESS Skate egg nursery areas support genetic diversity of Alaska and Aleutian skates in the Bering Sea Ingrid Spies1,*, James W. Orr2, Duane E. Stevenson2, Pamela Goddard2, Gerald Hoff2, Jared Guthridge3, Myles Hollowed1, Christopher Rooper2,4 1Resource Ecology and Fisheries Management Division, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA 2Resource Assessment and Conservation Engineering Division, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA 3Alaska Sea Life Center, PO Box 1329, 301 Railway Ave, Seward, AK 99664, USA 4Present address: Stock Assessment and Research Division, Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 6N7, Canada ABSTRACT: Skate egg case nursery sites are specific locations on the ocean floor where some species of skates deposit egg cases to incubate for up to 5 yr until hatching. We examined genetic diversity within and among skate egg nursery sites of the Alaska skate Bathyraja parmifera and the Aleutian skate B. aleutica in the eastern Bering Sea to gain a better understanding of how skates utilize these areas. Restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing libraries were used to obtain single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) datasets for B. parmifera (5285 SNPs) and B. aleu- tica (3309 SNPs). We found evidence for significant genetic differentiation among all B. parmifera and B. aleutica nursery areas, with 1 exception. B. parmifera from the spatially proximate Pribilof and Bering Canyons were genetically similar, suggesting that this may represent a large contigu- ous nursery area.
  • A Review of Longnose Skates Zearaja Chilensisand Dipturus Trachyderma (Rajiformes: Rajidae)

    A Review of Longnose Skates Zearaja Chilensisand Dipturus Trachyderma (Rajiformes: Rajidae)

    Univ. Sci. 2015, Vol. 20 (3): 321-359 doi: 10.11144/Javeriana.SC20-3.arol Freely available on line REVIEW ARTICLE A review of longnose skates Zearaja chilensis and Dipturus trachyderma (Rajiformes: Rajidae) Carolina Vargas-Caro1 , Carlos Bustamante1, Julio Lamilla2 , Michael B. Bennett1 Abstract Longnose skates may have a high intrinsic vulnerability among fishes due to their large body size, slow growth rates and relatively low fecundity, and their exploitation as fisheries target-species places their populations under considerable pressure. These skates are found circumglobally in subtropical and temperate coastal waters. Although longnose skates have been recorded for over 150 years in South America, the ability to assess the status of these species is still compromised by critical knowledge gaps. Based on a review of 185 publications, a comparative synthesis of the biology and ecology was conducted on two commercially important elasmobranchs in South American waters, the yellownose skate Zearaja chilensis and the roughskin skate Dipturus trachyderma; in order to examine and compare their taxonomy, distribution, fisheries, feeding habitats, reproduction, growth and longevity. There has been a marked increase in the number of published studies for both species since 2000, and especially after 2005, although some research topics remain poorly understood. Considering the external morphological similarities of longnose skates, especially when juvenile, and the potential niche overlap in both, depth and latitude it is recommended that reproductive seasonality, connectivity and population structure be assessed to ensure their long-term sustainability. Keywords: conservation biology; fishery; roughskin skate; South America; yellownose skate Introduction Edited by Juan Carlos Salcedo-Reyes & Andrés Felipe Navia Global threats to sharks, skates and rays have been 1.