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Ingiliz Arşiv Belgeleri Işiğinda Ingiltere'nin Türkistan

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Ingiliz Arşiv Belgeleri Işiğinda Ingiltere'nin Türkistan T.C. NECMETTİN ERBAKAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI TARİH BİLİM DALI İNGİLİZ ARŞİV BELGELERİ IŞIĞINDA İNGİLTERE’NİN TÜRKİSTAN SİYASETİ (1907-1920) GÖRKEM OZAN ÖZALP DOKTORA DANIŞMAN: PROF.DR. KEMAL ÖZCAN KONYA 2019 i T.C. NECMETTİN ERBAKAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI TARİH BİLİM DALI İNGİLİZ ARŞİV BELGELERİ IŞIĞINDA İNGİLTERE’NİN TÜRKİSTAN SİYASETİ (1907-1920) GÖRKEM OZAN ÖZALP DOKTORA DANIŞMAN: PROF.DR. KEMAL ÖZCAN KONYA 2019 ii iii iv v vi İÇİNDEKİLER TEZ KABUL FORMU .............................................................................................. ii BILIMSEL ETIK SAYFASI ................................................................................... iii ÖZET ......................................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................v HARİTALAR DİZİNİ ................................................................................................x KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ ........................................................................................ xi ÖNSÖZ .................................................................................................................... xiii GİRİŞ ...........................................................................................................................1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM İNGİLİZ DIŞ POLİTİKASI VE ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER 1.1. İngiliz Dış Politikasının Temel Unsurları .......................................................... 24 1.1.1. Ülke Savunması Açısından İngiliz Dış Politikası ....................................... 24 1.1.2. İngiliz Dış Politikasını Etkileyen Faktörler................................................. 27 1.2. Asya'da Sömürgeci Varlığın Başlangıcı ............................................................. 31 1.3. İngiliz Sömürge İmparatorluğu’nun Yükselişi ................................................... 35 1.4. İngiliz Politikaları Açısından Hindistan'ın Önemi .............................................. 38 1.5. Ekonomik Sorunların Mevcut İngiliz Dış Politikalarına Etkisi .......................... 41 1.6. İngiliz Dış Politikasında Değişim ....................................................................... 44 1.7. Rus Tehdidi Karşısında İngilizlerin Politika Arayışı .......................................... 47 1.8. İngilizlerin Bölgedeki Tampon Politikası ........................................................... 56 vii 1.9. Askeri Zayıflık Karşısında Diplomatik Girişim ................................................. 58 1.10. Almanya İle İttifak Arayışı ............................................................................... 61 1.11. İngiltere’nin Güvenlik Politikalarında Değişim ............................................... 62 1.12. 1907 İngiliz-Rus Anlaşması .............................................................................. 68 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM RUSYA’NIN TÜRKİSTAN BÖLGESİNE YAYILMASI VE İNGİLİZ-RUS REKABETİ 2.1. Rusya’nın Türkistan Bölgesine Yayılması ......................................................... 71 2.2. Rus Yayılmacılık İdeolojisi ................................................................................ 80 2.3. Rus Devrimi ........................................................................................................ 83 2.4. İngiliz-Rus Rekabetinin Kökenleri ..................................................................... 90 2.5. İngilizlerin Değişen Politikası ............................................................................ 95 2.6. 23 Aralık 1917'de Gizli Olarak Yapılan İngiliz-Fransız Anlaşması ................... 99 2.7. İngiliz Müdahale Alanının Önemi .................................................................... 105 2.8. Yeni Rus Politikaları ve İngilizlerin Tepkisi .................................................... 108 2.9. Türkistan İsyanı ve Bölgede Gelişen Olaylar ................................................... 111 2.9.1. Yedisu Hariç Rusya İllerindeki Durum..................................................... 115 2.9.2. Yedisu’daki Durum ................................................................................... 118 2.9.3. Hive’deki Durum ...................................................................................... 119 2.9.4. Buhara’daki Durum ................................................................................... 120 2.9.5. Hokand’daki Durum ................................................................................. 121 viii 2.10. Devrimin Türkistan’a Yayılması .................................................................... 122 2.11. Alman Politikalarında Türkistan'ın Yeri ......................................................... 126 2.12. Türkistan’daki Alman ve Avusturya Savaş Mahkumları ............................... 133 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM TÜRKİSTAN’DA İNGİLİZ FAALİYETLERİ 3.1. İngilizlerin Askeri Müdahale Politikası ............................................................ 137 3.2. Askeri Müdahalenin Başlaması ....................................................................... 152 3.3. İngilizlerin Endişesi ve Malleson Misyonunun Ortaya Çıkışı .......................... 159 3.3.1. İngilizlerin Malleson Planı ........................................................................ 165 3.3.2. Malleson Misyonunun Kökenleri .............................................................. 166 3.3.3. Malleson Misyonu Çerçevesinde İngilizlerin Bölgedeki Amaçları .......... 177 3.3.4. Malleson Misyonunun Gelişimi (Şubat-Temmuz 1918) .......................... 181 3.3.5. Türkistan Birliği ........................................................................................ 187 3.3.6. Malleson Misyonu ve Aşkabat Hükümeti ................................................. 189 3.3.7. Askeri Operasyon ...................................................................................... 191 3.3.8. Malleson Misyonu ve 26 Bolşevik Komiserin Öldürülmesi ..................... 193 3.3.9. Birinci Dünya Savaşının Sonlanması ve İngiliz Askeri Politikalarına Etkisi . ............................................................................................................................. 194 3.3.10. Askeri Harekât ve Misyonun Bölgeden Çekilmesi ................................. 196 3.3.11. İngilizlerin Bölgeden Çekilmesi Sonrası Devam Eden Faaliyetler......... 202 3.4. Türkistan'da Bailey Misyonu ............................................................................ 220 ix 3.4.1 Bailey Misyonun Faaliyetleri ..................................................................... 223 3.4.2. Bailey Misyonunun Amacı ....................................................................... 230 3.5. İngilizlerin Türkistan Bölgesine Yönelik Pan-Turancılık Politikası ................ 231 SONUÇ ....................................................................................................................258 KAYNAKÇA ...........................................................................................................264 EKLER ....................................................................................................................294 ÖZ GEÇMİŞ ...........................................................................................................338 x HARİTALAR DİZİNİ Harita 1: Hindistan Arşivinde Yer Alan Turancılık İdealini Yansıtan Harita Harita 2: P.T. Etherton’un Çizdiği Türkistan Haritası xi KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ a.g.e. : Adı Geçen Eser a.g.m. : Adı Geçen Makale Bknz. : Bakınız CAB : Cabinet Papers (Meclis Dökümanları) CAUMILAGE : Caucasus Military Agency (Kafkas Askeri Birimi) ÇEKA : CHEKA-Chrezvychainaia Komissiia DİA. : Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi Ed. : Editör IOR : India Office Records M.Ö. : Milattan Önce NCJSU : Natsional'nyi Soviet Evreev Sibiri i Urala (Ulusal Sibirya ve Ural Yahudileri Konseyi) POW : Prisoners of War (Savaş Mahkumları) xii PRO : Public Record Office S. : Sayı s. : sayfa ss. : Sayılı sayfa xiii ÖNSÖZ İngiliz Arşiv Belgeleri Işığında İngiltere’nin Türkistan Siyaseti (1907-1920) adlı bu çalışmada dönemin büyük gücü olan İngilizlerin Türkistan bölgesine yönelik politikaları her yönüyle incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. İngiliz ekonomik menfaatleri ve büyük güç olarak prestijini sürdürebilmesi açısından önemli bir yere sahip olan Türkistan bölgesi, özellikle Birinci Dünya Savaşı döneminde merkezi konumu dolayısıyla İngiliz siyasetinde önemli bir unsur haline gelmiştir. İngilizler Türkistan’da etkin olabilmek ve tüm bölgeyi İngiliz hakimiyeti altına alabilmek için birçok gizli ve açık askeri faaliyetler içerisinde bulunmuşlardır. Birinci Dünya Savaşı boyunca ve sonrasında süregelen olaylar dizisi İngiliz güvenlik politikalarında Türkistan’ın öneminin daha da artmasına neden olmuştur. Bu kapsamda Türkistan bölgesine yönelik İngiliz siyasetinin ve güvenlik politikalarının anlaşılmasında fayda sağlayacağıma inandığım bu çalışmamda emeği geçen ve desteğini benden esirgemeyen herkese şükranlarımı sunarım. Özellikle bu konun tarafıma verilmesinde, çalışmalarım boyunca her zaman pozitif yönde katkıları ve bölge hakkındaki deneyimleriyle bana destek veren danışmanım Prof. Dr. Kemal ÖZCAN hocama minnet ve şükranlarımı arz ederim. Çalışmamın oluşmasında görüş, yardım, zaman ve önerilerini benimle paylaşan tez izleme komitesi üyeleri Prof. Dr. Caner ARABACI ve Prof. Dr. Abdurrahman ÖZKAN’a, ayrıca tez savunmamda değerli görüş ve önerilerini
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