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Suitors and Suppliants the Little Nations at Versailles

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Suitors and Suppliants the Little Nations at Versailles Suitors and Suppliants The Little Nations at Versailles Stephen Bonsal Simon Publications 2001 Copyright © 1946 by Stephen Bonsal First published in 1946 by Prentice Hall Inc. Library of Congress Card Number: 46003680 ISBN: 1-931313-48-2 Distributed by Ingram Book Company Printed by Lightning Print Inc., La Vergne, TN Published by Simon Publications, P.O. Box 321, Safety Harbor, FL I shall be content if those shall pro- nounce my history useful who desire to give a view of events as they really did happen and as they are very likely in accordance with human na- ture to repeat themselves at some fu- ture time—if not exactly the same yet very similar. —THUCYDIDES Stephen Bonsal Contents Introduction 1 Preface 5 From a Front-line Cellar to the Hotel Crillon 9 Russians: Reds, Whites, and Pinks 13 The Arabs plead for Freedom: Emir Faisal, Colonel Lawrence, and Gertrude Bell -The Desert Queen 35 The Zionists and Ben Israel 61 King Nicholas of Montenegro and Essad Pasha of Albania: The Black Mountain Folk vs. the Sons of the Eagle 79 Fiume and Italy’s Passion Week 113 Among the Many Poles: Paderewski and Dmowski 141 Naboth’s Vineyard: The Rich, Unhappy Ukrainians 161 Czechs, Slovaks, and Father Hlinka 173 Beetle-Browed Bratianu and the Rumanians 199 Greater Hellas and the Overseas Greeks 209 Armenian Disaster 223 Little Denmark Poses a World Problem 243 Rhineland Difficulties 253 Korea: Once the Land of the Morning Calm 263 Last of the Genro and the Shantung Unsettlement 273 The Conference Runs into Heavy Weather 295 Wind-Up in Paris and a Two-Way Mission to Washington 325 Points, Principles, Particulars, and Ends 339 Principal Delegates to the Peace Conference 342 Glossary of Names 346 Index 351 Biography of Stephen Bonsal 357 Introduction The causes of war vary in detail, although in most instances they have their source in the expansionist policies of a nation of people on the make, or in the determination of a fading power to hold what it ac- quired when it was young and strong and relatively virtuous. Nations in the first category which have made war have usually been egged on to it by a chorus of ancestral voices both jingo and traditional —of whom Wagner and Hegel are good examples and this cultural voodoo has usually evoked an uncultured but more effective dema- gogic leader— of whom Hitler will serve as well as any in history as the illustration. Nations in the second category need no such mental preparation for war— their principal requirement is a seneschal with a good loud horn to rouse them unwillingly from their slumbers with the news that the rustlers are among their fat sheep and cattle. But the occasions of war nearly always have been the outgrowth of the conflicting policies of such nations as these in the territory of small or weak peoples, strategically located for this purpose by the curse of ge- ography or natural riches. Because the peoples at the point of conflict are small or weak this enables the new aggressor or the hold-fast over- lord to play appealingly on the strings of the instruments of virtue, as- suring one or all of these several results: The masses in the strong nations are presented with a handmade set of ide- alistic objectives, which many require for spiritual consolation and the rest for a dignified excuse. The military and civil leaders of the nations which engage in the war can publicly summon God to their standards with every mark of belief that He 1 could not possibly make another choice, and this comforts the upright whom they summon to the colors. The victims who furnish the occasions of war and most of the battle areas are thus held in the supply system of the victors, who always stand in need of abnormal supply quotas after they have won their wars. If the small or weak peoples who furnish most of the occasions and ar- eas for large conflict could ever have their grievances reasonably re- dressed, if the promises of the great were ever fully kept to them, and if those forced onto the losing side were not stripped of the opportuni- ties for a fair existence, it would be much more difficult for the great na- tions to justify this hypocritical use of them in the rhetoric which always precedes and accompanies it. And the difficulty would be greater in this period of the world’s history for these reasons: A Second World War, twenty-five years after the First (and with the Twenti- eth Century in which they were fought not yet half over) has produced a real determination in every nation to try to space these conflicts more widely. Those who feel this determination, currently expressed in the United Na- tions Organization, are more attracted than ever before by the thesis that in a successful league to keep the peace all nations must be heard and heeded, and some of the sovereignty of the great must go into a world pool with that of the small. War has demonstrated twice, emphatically, and in the sight of millions of liv- ing men and women, that it is the eternal vanguard of the Four Horsemen, however pious and idealistic the assertions of any who participated may be. Because of these things, Colonel Bonsal’s book is more timely, and could have more lasting benefit, than at any period of the past in which it might have appeared. The story, documented by the records of the author in his official capacity at Paris in 1919, is that of the efforts of 2 the small nations to remove themselves thereafter as the occasions of war. And it is the story of their failure to get from the victors the assis- tance essential to that objective. The direct consequence, as these pages make plain, was another and larger and more terrible war. Nor is the atmosphere of the anterooms of the next peace conference, in which the “suitors and suppliants are again forgathering for the same purpose, very favorable to a wiser and fairer arbitrament of their claims than that, related by Colonel Bonsal, in which was spawned the Axis and the hideous war that followed. But man somehow and at times progresses and learns from the lessons of the past when they are written down plain and the span of human experience is as brief as that from 1919 to 1946. The plain writing is here and the lesson is obvious. Also, the author speaks by facts within his own sight and knowledge. This is no “analysis,” no assumption “on reliable witness.” It is the group photograph of the small nations at Paris and Versailles, illumi- nated but not posed by the ablest and best-informed foreign corre- spondent in the history of the American press, and a diplomat and statesman when called upon to be. Once when he felt obliged to relate what he thought to be too tall a tale of history, Gibbon countered with this footnote: “Abu Rafe says he will be witness for this fact, but who will be witness for Abu Rafe?” That question does not arise in the contents of the following pages. The facts themselves, expertly assembled by Colonel Bonsal, and with fore- boding, are sufficient witness. Arthur Krock 3 4 Preface In the following section of my chronicle of things seen and heard at the Peace Conference, I have in pursuit of clarity, an ideal so often praised by our French friends, withdrawn from the body of my diary many en- tries dealing with issues with which in my subordinate capacity I was closely concerned or which for a variety of reasons were of special in- terest to me. Also, in order to present in as straightforward and lucid a manner as possible the complex pleas of the many suitors and suppli- ants at the bar of the Great Assizes, I have made changes in the day-by-day chronological order of my diary, though each individual en- try, of course, retains its original date. I can see objections to such rear- rangement, but it does avoid much acrobatic springing from one topic to another, from the familiar home front to distant lands, from an in- volved ethnic factor to a remote boundary dispute. In the main these excerpts deal with ancient questions once again be- come present-day problems which the Conference, and particularly the Great Four, pressed as they were for more urgent decisions, regarded as of such minor importance that they might be postponed, or, with ad- vantage, could be relegated to the League of Nations then a-borning. Even before the League died, however, several of these neglected is- sues had developed into a menace to the public law so recently and so hopefully proclaimed throughout the world, and this neglect paved the way to the catastrophic situation in which all the nations of the world have for a second time been involved. The proceedings in this impromptu world court, for such was the Peace Conference, have often been described as forensic battles between the Good and the Bad nations. This seems an illustration of a tendency to- ward over-simplification to which particularly in times of stress we are so often prone. This statement may be accepted as a half truth, but dur- ing the Conference I came across the illuminating words (and indeed was fascinated by them) which Thomas Carlyle, that Titan among the thinkers, applied to a somewhat similar but less tragic situation in his 5 day.
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