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African American Soldiers Fight for Citizenship and Manhood in the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War

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African American Soldiers Fight for Citizenship and Manhood in the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2006 From Triumph to Tragedy: African American Soldiers Fight For Citizenship and Manhood in the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War Le'Trice Danyell Donaldson University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Donaldson, Le'Trice Danyell, "From Triumph to Tragedy: African American Soldiers Fight For Citizenship and Manhood in the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2006. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/4468 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Le'Trice Danyell Donaldson entitled "From Triumph to Tragedy: African American Soldiers Fight For Citizenship and Manhood in the Spanish- American-Cuban-Filipino War." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in History. George White, Jr., Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Stephen V. Ash, Cynthia G. Fleming Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Le'Trice DanyellDonaldson entitled "From Triumph to Tragedy: African American Soldiers Fight For Citizenship and Manhood in the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War." I have examined the final paper copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in History. We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: �(_d �/4.1� Acceptancefor the Council: Vice Chance or d De=f�Stud· From Triumph to Tragedy: African American Soldiers Fight For Citizenship and Manhood in the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War A Thesis Presented forthe Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Le 'Trice Danyell Donaldson August2006 Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my late GrandfatherJesse Bryant and my cousin and god brother the late Sean Franklin. I miss both of you so very much, and I know that you are watching over me. 11 Acknowledgments I wish to thank all those who helped me complete my Master of Arts degree in History. I would like to thank Dr. George White for his guidanceand his constant support in making me go beyond my comfort zone in order to step out and do a daring topic. I would like to thank Dr. Cynthia Fleming also for always providing needed and appreciated criticisms and for all her ideas and valuable guidance throughout my research. I would like to thank Dr. Stephen Ash for serving on my committee. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends, whose suggestions and encouragement made thiswork possible. 111 Abstract The purpose of this study is to provide a re-examination of the black soldier in the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War. Specifically, by adding a gender analysis, this study will demonstrate that black soldiers fought in the war for two principle reasons: first, it was a means of exercising their citizenship; and secondly, it was a means of demonstrating that they were real men. Reflecting on an era when proving one's manhood was a national obsession--this thesis provides a critical window through which we can reconstruct their motivations for fightingin America's firstoverseas war. IV Contents Introduction .................................................... 1 Chapter 1 "Softmen cannot carry on a hard fight"... .... 4 Chapter 2 "My Home, My Country"..... .................. 26 Chapter 3 "TheySaw Their Duty And They Did It". 44 Conclusion......... .. 56 Bibliography ................................................... 61 Vita.............................................................. 71 V Introduction The African-American soldier of the late nineteenth century is one of the most misunderstood and misinterpreted figures in American military history. The black soldier in the Spanish-American War fought not only for Cuban independence but to suppress a colonial rebellion in the Philippines. In so doing, black soldiers fought to preserve and defend their two most prized possessions: their citizenship and their manhood. African Americans at the end of the nineteenth century were legally reduced to the status of second-class citizens. Black soldiers saw this war as an opportunity to prove to white Americans that the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision and its articulation of the "separate but equal" doctrine was a grave mistake. "Confronted with lynching, disenfranchisement, and other evidence of racial prejudice, blacks viewed the Spanish-American War within the context of their deteriorating status at home." 1 The purpose of this study is to provide a re-examination of the black soldier in the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War. Specifically, by adding a gender analysis, this study will demonstrate that black soldiers fought in the war for two principle reasons: first, it was a means of exercising their citizenship; and secondly, as a means of demonstrating that they were real men. In an era when proving one's manhood was a national obsession-this thesis provides a critical window through which we can reconstruct their motivations for fighting in America's first overseas war. The preservation of the black soldier's citizenship 1 Willard Gatewood, "Black Americans and the Quest forEmpire 1898-1903." Journalof SouthernHistory. Nov. 1972. Vol. 38: 545. 1 and manhood was intertwined with the fight against the Spanish and the Filipino. This study differs from the mainstream interpretations of the motivations for the tum-of-the-centuryblack soldier. Typically, most scholarship regarding this group of veterans emphasized their need to prove that they deserved to be citizens and their quest to gain economic opportunities denied them as civilians. This thesis starts with the proposition that these soldiers knew that they were citizens and that the war was perhaps the only arena in which they could exercise their entitlement. More importantly, this thesis differs from other scholarly analysis because of the critical analysis of masculinity. Only within the last decade have historians began to add gender to the discussion of the black soldier. This paper will argue that it was proving their manhood and demonstrating their citizenship served as the primary motivations behind these soldiers' desire to fight. "This war is a blessing in disguise for the Negro. He will get honor. He will have an opportunity of proving to the world his real bravery, worth, and manhood. "2 The first chapter will discuss and analyze the historiography of the black soldier of the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War. The second chapter will discuss first the treatment the soldiers expected upon their return from fighting in Cuba. Then it will discuss the treatment they received after the war and their feelings about that treatment as expressed in their letters to the press. In addition, chapter two will discuss how the black press responded to the negative backlash from white America. The third chapter will discuss the soldiers' feelings about going fight in the Philippines and the reasons that many decided to stay in 2 Indianapolis Freeman, April 23, 1898. 2 Southeast Asia rather than return to the U.S. This will lead to my conclusion. First, I conclude that black soldiers at theend of the war were in worse shape that they had been at the start of the war as citizens and soldiers. Second, despite the decline in their overall status as American citizens, their place as leaders and heroes to the black community had been solidified. Consequently, they would later organize the rise of Black Nationalism in the U.S. and helped influence the futureleaders of the early twentieth century Civil Rights movement. 3 Chapter 1 "Softmen cannot carryon a hard fight" The historiography of the black soldier during the Spanish-American War has gone through three evolutionary phases. During the first phase, 1899-1920, authors sought to present blacks as the most loyal and brave soldier in America. The second phase which starts in 1967, began with a re-introduction' of the Buffalo soldier into the memory of American history. The third phase which begins in 1995 is theera when gender was added to the analysisof late nineteenth century America. Phase I authors sought to remind white America that whenever the United States was at war, the black community was always ready, willing, and able to answer the call for real men and true patriots. "The fidelity of the colored people has been fully tested. They have been true under all circumstances and at all times." 1 The Black Hero: Phase I (1899-1920) In 1893, Joseph LeConte wrote a very poignant study entitled," The Race Problem in the South." A well-known and respected scientist of the late nineteenthcentury, Leconte states in his race study that," theNegro race was still in its childhood, not yet capable
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