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Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (86Th, Kansas

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Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (86Th, Kansas DOCUMENT RESUME ED 481 253 CS 512 483 TITLE Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (86th, Kansas City, Missouri, July 30-August 2, 2003) . History Division. PUB DATE 2003-07-00 NOTE 541p.; For other sections of these proceedings, see CS 512 480-498. PUB TYPE Collected Works Proceedings (021) Reports Research (143) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF02/PC22 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Broadcast Television; Censorship; Federal Legislation; Females; Fiction; Foreign Countries; Government Role; Higher Education; *Journalism Education; *Journalism History; Presidential Campaigns (United States); Propaganda; Radio; Sex Role; World War II IDENTIFIERS *Black Press; Eighteenth Amendment; Federal Communications Commission; Great Britain; Ku Klux Klan; Literary Journalism; Pulitzer (Joseph II); *September 11 Terrorist Attacks 2001; Wyoming ABSTRACT The History Division of the proceedings contains the following 18 papers: "Woman as Machine: Representation of Female Clerical Workers in Interwar Magazines" (Jane Marcellus); "'So Vivid A Crossroads': The FCC and Broadcast Allocation, 1934-1939" (James C. Foust); "Cattle Barons Vs. Ink Slingers: The Decline and Fall of the Wyoming Stock Growers Association (1887-1894)" (Ross F. Collins); "The Black Press, the Black Metropolis, and the Founding of the Negro Leagues (1915-1920)" (Brian Carroll); "The International Sources of Section 12 of the Radio Act of 1927" (Rita Zajacz); "Alcoholic Dogs and Glory for All: The Launch of New Communications for National Prohibition, 1913" (Margot Opdycke Lamme); "'Neither Drunkards nor Libertines': Portraying Grover Cleveland as a Threat to the Family in Political Cartoons During the 1884 Campaign" (Harlen Makemson); "Exhortation to Action: The Writings of Amy Jacques Garvey, Journalist and Black Nationalist" (Jinx Coleman Broussard); "Keep and Use It for the Nation's War Policy: The Office of Facts and Figures and Its Uses of the Japanese-Language Press from Pearl Harbor to Mass Internment" (Takeya Mizuno); "Herbert Hoover's Philosophy of the Public Service Standard in Broadcasting" (J.M. Dempsey); "A Stunt Journalist's Last Hurrah: Nellie Bly Goes Ringside to Report on Jack Dempsey Winning the Heavyweight Boxing Championship" (Mike Sowell); "Sex and Censorship on Postwar American Television" (Bob Pondillo); "Propaganda v. Public Diplomacy: How 9/11 Gave New Life to a Cold War Debate" (David W. Guth); "Pricking the National Conscience: The Early Radio Career and Thematic Interests of Charles Kuralt" (Johanna Cleary); "Deeper Than the Fictional Model: Structural Origins of Literary Journalism in Greek Tragedy and Aristotle's 'Poetics'" (Charles Marsh); "The Pulitzer and the Klan: Horace Carter, the Pulitzer, and How a Weekly Editor Stood Up to the Klan--and Won" (Thomas C. Terry); "The Newspaper Reporter as Fiction Writer: The Tale of 'Franklin W. Dixon'" (Marilyn S. Greenwald); and "'Our People Die Well': Death-Bed Scenes in Methodist Magazines in Eighteenth-Century Britain" (Richard J. Bell) . (RS) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication 86th, Kansas City, MO July 30-August 2, 2003 History Division 00 c.4 Womenas Machine: Representation of Female Clerical Workers in Interwar Magazines...Jane Marcellus "So Vivid a Crossroads": The FCC and Broadcast Allocation, 1934-1939...James C. Foust Cattle Barons vs. Ink Slingers: The Decline and Fall of the Wyoming Stock Growers Association (1887-1894)...Ross F. Collins The Black Press, the Black Metropolis, and the Founding of the Negro Leagues (1915-1920)...Brian Carroll The International Sources of Section 12 of the Radio Act of 1927...Rita Zajacz Alcoholic Dogs and Glory for All: The Launch of New Communications for National Prohibition, 1913...Margot Opdycke Lamme "Neither Drunkards nor Libertines": Portraying Grover Cleveland as a Threat to the Family in Political Cartoons During the 1884 Campaign...Harlen Makemson Exhortation to Action: The Writings of Amy Jacques Garvey, Journalist and Black Nationalist...Jinx Coleman Broussard Keep and Use It for the Nation's War Policy: The Office of Facts and Figures and Its Uses of the Japanese-Language Press from Pear Harbor to Mass Internment...Takeya Mizuno Herbert Hoover's Philosophy of the Public Service Standard in Broadcasting...J. M. Dempsey A Stunt Journalist's Last Hurrah Nellie Bly Goes Ringside to Report on Jack Dempsey Winning the Heavyweight Boxing Championship...Mike Sowell Sex and Censorship on Postwar American Television...Bob Pondillo Propaganda v. Public Diplomacy: How 9/11 Gave New Life to a Cold War Debate...David W. Guth Pricking the National Conscience: The Early Radio Career and Thematic Interests of Charles Kuralt...Johanna Cleary Deeper than the Fictional Model: Structural Origins of Literary Journalism in Greek Tragedy and Aristotle's "Poetics"...Charles March The Pulitzer and the Klan: Horace Carter, the Pulitzer, and How a Weekly Editor Stood Up to the Klan and Won...Thomas C. Terry The Newspaper Reporter a Fiction Writer: The Tale of "Franklin W. Dixon"...Marilyn S. Greenwald "Our People Die Well": Death-bed Scenes in Methodist Magazines in Eighteenth-century Britain...Richard J. Bell BEST COPY AVAILABLE PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS Office of Educational Research and Improvement BEEN GRANTED BY EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) O This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. O Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. 0 THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES 2 INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. c.-s-115\AI Woman as Machine: Representation of Female Clerical Workers in Interwar Magazines Jane Marcellus Ph.D. Candidate University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication Fall 2003: Assistant Professor School ofJournalism Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132 E-mail: [email protected] Presented at the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication convention Kansas City, Missouri July 30-August 2, 2003 3 Woman as Machine: Representation of Female Clerical Workers in InterwarMagazines Abstract While media images of women's domestic roles have been thoroughly explored, the employed woman's media portrayal has largely been ignored. Part of a larger project on representation of employed women, this critical, qualitative paper looks at depiction of female clerical workers and telephone operators in magazines during the interwar period--an important time for employed women and expanding media influence. Using critical textual and visual analysis, plus historical research, to explore editorial copy and advertisements, it seeks to identify common images and patterns of representation, exploring how femininity and machinery were interconnected in mainstream magazines. Roland Marchand's work on interwar-era advertising is used for comparison, and the work is discussed, to a lesser degree, in terms of Barbara Welter's feminist theory of the Cult of True Womanhood. Woman as Machine: Representation of Female Clerical Workers in Interwar Magazines Woman as Machine: Representation of Female Clerical Workers in Interwar Magazines One Girl and a Rotospeed will do the work of 50 Typists --advertisement in The American Magazine, 1920 Complicated nothing! Why, our own girls put in this system --advertisement in Forbes, 1929' Between 1870 and 1930, the number of female clerical workers in the United States grew from 1,910 to almost two million.' Hired primarily as stenographers and typists in the increasingly complex, newly automated post-Civil War offices, women found that their chances for upward mobility were far fewer, as Margery W. Davies notes, than they had been for the quill-laden scriveners who preceded them, such as Herman Melville's "Bartleby." By the 1930s, office work, particularly typing and stenogaphy, had become unmistakably feminized. "Woman's place," as Davies puts it, was as inevitably at the typewriter as it was at the kitchen sink.' Even today, it usually goes without saying that secretaries are female. This critical, qualitative paper looks at depictions of female clerical workers and telephone operators in magazines between the two world wars. Part of a larger project on representation of employed women in the interwar era, this paper seeks to identify common images and patterns, exploring how femininity and machinery were interconnected in media images during this time. This is done with the ultimate hope of comparing, in a subsequent work, the findings here with representations of employed women in later media. How, for example, were these stereotypes recycled in depictions of Della Street, Mary Richards, Murphy Brown, Ally McBeal? 'Advertisement for Rotospeed duplicating machine. Capitalization sic. The American Magazine. October 1920: 105. Advertisement for Acme Visible Recoids. Forbes. April 1, 1929: 1. 2In 1870, women were 2.3 percent of all clerical workers; by 1930, they made up 49.4 percent. The exact figure for 1930 is 1,986,830. See Alba M. Edwards. Comparative Occupational Statistics for the United States, 1870 to 1940. Part of the Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943). Cited in Margery
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