GCSE History Knowledge Organiser: The Plains & The

Indians roam freely on the Plains Limited violence between settlers & Indians 1810 1820 1824 Bureau of Indian Affairs 1830 1840 1850 1860

Indian hunting grounds 1830 Indian 1851 Indian Removal Act Appropriations Act The Plains The Buffalo Society Warfare

Before a hunt, the Women were highly valued as they created the future of Indian warriors carried out Sioux would stage a the band. Children didn’t go to school but learned skills raids to seek revenge, or steal Buffalo Dance. Here, from extended family. The survival of the band was more horses. It usually only they would important than any individual. happened in summer. Scalping communicate with was a common practice. Wakan Tanka to ask Most marriages took place for love. Men went to live with for a good hunt. his wife’s family. Rich men were allowed to have more than Warriors believed that without Warrior Societies one wife. This was because there were usually more your whole body, you couldn’t would plan the hunts women than men, and polygamy ensured the future of the go to the Happy Hunting so as not to scare the band. Ground so scalping became a buffalo. Two or three At least once a year, all bands would meet as a nation. trophy so your enemy wouldn’t The Plains were desert-land – a mix of grass and flowing rivers hunts a year were Chiefs achieved their power through prestige and bravery. meet you there. They also with the Black Hills, heavily wooded, in the North. Closer to the enough to feed the If decisions were to be made then councils would meet. practiced counting coup; Rocky Mountains grass was shorter, but in the East it grew tall. band. The Indians Advice from the elders would be heard. They would keep believing that it was much The more southerly you moved, the drier the land became. generally did not braver to be closer to your The Plains sees extremes of temperature – from -40 degrees to waste the buffalo and talking until they reached an agreement. +40 degrees, with strong winds. This made it difficult to live on. used as much of it as The women and children would then enemy and touch him, rather Common wildlife was antelope, coyote, deer, rabbits, buffalo, possible; only killing butcher the buffalo and use as much of its’ Beliefs than shooting him from afar. plus eagles and hawks. what they needed. body as possible, so as not to waste it. The Sioux believed that Laws The Horse The Tipi everything had a spirit. They would contact The Indians began to prevent Horses did not originally exist in The Tipi (or tepee/lodge) was made their spirit world white settlers from expanding America. The Spanish brought them in from buffalo skin, held together with through visions. They so laws were introduced. The the 1500s. Pueblo Indians stole them wooden pegs. It used very little could also carry out 1830 Indian Removal Act from the Spanish and they came to be timber, as there was not much on ceremonies and dances created a Permanent Indian traded amongst Indian nations by the the Plains. It was the responsibility of to talk to Wakan Tanka. Frontier and moved Indians off late 1600s.Horses allowed Indians to the women. of lands settlers wanted, into move to the Plains and to hunt buffalo It could be struck (taken down) in The Sun Dance was how a warrior would prove his ‘’. The Indian more easily. They gave up farming and around ten minutes, which made it bravery. He was suspended by his nipples from sun rise to Appropriations Act (1851) became nomadic. As the horses ideal for their nomadic nature. It sun set, whilst cutting pieces of his flesh in sacrifice. attempted to ‘civilise’ Indians, needed grass, they couldn’t live in big could then be turned into a travois The Sioux believed that because everything had a spirit, as settlers moved further West, groups, so they lived in small bands. It and would hold all the goods within land could not be owned or farmed. They saw it as Mother by putting them onto it. It was decorated according to how also encouraged warfare between Earth and felt that they were born from it and would reservations and setting up brave the warrior was. nations. return to it. Some land, like the Black Hills was sacred. schools. GCSE History Knowledge Organiser: Westward Expansion

Trappers, Traders, Mountain Men & settlers crossing the Plains to Oregon and California 1859 Colorado 1830 1836 opens 1840 1845 – 1850 Gold Rush1860

Plains Indians roam freely 1846 Mormons 1849 California 1857-58 begin to travel to 1837 Banks collapse. 1838 Mormons Mormon War Salt Lake Mormons leave Kirtland leave Missouri Manifest Destiny Early Pioneers Mormon Pull Factors Mormon Journey

Journalist John L Mountain Men were the earliest The Mormons chose because: When the Mormons travelled to Salt Lake Sullivan coined the pioneers. They lived in the Rocky • It was virgin land, where no one had been. City, they did so successfully: their journey phrase ‘Manifest Mountains trapping beavers to take • It was Mexican-owned, meaning they weren’t under was LACED with success – Destiny’ which their fur and sell at a rendezvous at control of the American government. L – Leader – was organised Fort Laramie. They found routes meant that settlers • It had a fresh water source. and hard-working believed that it was through the Rocky Mountains and • It allowed them to follow Manifest Destiny. A – Advance Parties – went ahead of the their God-given told travellers of the lush farmlands right to go West and to the West. Mountain Men went on group to clear the way expand the land to act as guides for early pioneers Mormons: Salt Lake City C – Checkpoints were set up like the There was competition for land that God had given travelling to Oregon and California. Winter Quarters so they didn’t travel the between British Canada and to them. S Spanish bricks S Self-Sufficient Rocky Mountains in winter America continued E – Equipment – they made sure they Mexico. Mexicans were driven out Origins of Mormonism C Church = central W Wealth – Mormon bank of Texas, & the US eventually won to expand when the were prepared for all situations the battle of Buena Vista. This gave US annexed Texas & Joseph Smith was visited in 1820 I Irrigation – water E Emigration Fund D – Donner Party – learned from the admitted it as the the US Texas, California & another by the Angel Moroni who told Donner’s mistakes & didn’t repeat them. 28th state, after a L Law – Danites B Brigham Young huge area of land around it. him to start the Mormon religion. BUT they faced problems with Indian Treaty was signed. Joseph Smith dug up some gold L Land – divided fairly attacks and cholera. plates in the hillside and The Journey West translated them into the Book of Salt Lake was very successful but it wasn’t perfect. Education 1849 Gold Rush Mormon. People began joining was poor, the textiles industry didn’t work and an attempt at iron-making also failed, costing them a lot of money. The journey West would his religion and a community In 1848 gold was discovered in California. developed in Kirtland. They were take pioneers months Suddenly there was a huge rush of people anti-slave and pro-Indian. and was full of dangers Mormon War trying to cross the Plains and make their like disease, animal Push Factors (KMI) - Mormonism fortunes. Some sailed but others followed attack, Indian attack. One of the conditions of Salt Lake City becoming the state the . By 1852, the Different groups faced of Utah was that it had to have a non-Mormon governor. population of California had gone from different problem: Kirtland Mormons were traditionally bankers. When banks The Mormons tried to antagonise the US Army to prevent collapsed in 1837, Mormons were blamed and chased 15,000 to 250,000. The Donner Party got out. this from happening. When a wagon train of gentiles was Chinese miners were brought in to work trapped in the snow in camped in nearby Mountain, relations between Mormons in mines. Their travel had been paid, in the Rocky Mountain and Missouri The Mormon religion grew and gentiles became & gentiles were still hostile. Events next are unclear but Pioneers took wagons called frightened of the Danite Army. They were chased out exchange for their labour. This caused resorted to cannibalism prairie schooners covered in in 1838. most of the gentiles (c.150) were killed, with several hostility with other miners. when they ran out of cloth, pulled by six oxen. The children being adopted into Mormon families. In 1858, the Claim Jumping was also a problem as law food. Only 46 of the journey was 3000lm and would Illinois The Mormons set up Nauvoo but introduced Mormons were pardoned but had to accept a non- polygamy. When Smith ran for president he was & order was poor in mining towns. This last about 6 months. original 87 survived. arrested and shot. They left in 1846. Mormon governor and allow the US Army to enter Utah. often resulted in gun fights & death. GCSE History Knowledge Organiser: Civil War, Homesteaders & Ranching

1861 – outbreak 1863 – 1865 – End of 1867 – Cattle 1873 – Timber 1880s – Decline of cattle industry 1877 – Desert of American Civil Emancipation drives begin Culture Act 1860 War Proclamation 1865 1870 1875 Land Act 1880 1866 – Goodnight- 1867 – 1862 – Homestead Act 1869 – 1874 – Barbed 1879 – Exoduster Loving Trail Abilene is 1862 – Pacific Railroad Act Transcontinental wire invented Movement opened established Railroad complete The American Civil War The Exodusters - 1879 Women The

Many freed African Americans fled to Kansas on the promise of free land Women’s lives were fairly tedious. They were responsible Initially, ranchers did not fence and hope for a better future, but it was not all it was made out to be. for cleaning and cooking and also helping with the farming. in their cattle. They claimed They often talk about how repetitive their lives were. If land on the Plains and branded The Transcontinental Railroad they had children, they had to be back working the their cattle, to stop rustlers following day, as everyone had to muck in. from stealing them. Cowboys lived and work on the range. Growth of the Cattle Industry The Civil War began in 1861 over the debate over slavery. The Cowboys North (Union) wanted to stop it and the South (Confederacy) Texas Longhorns were left on wanted to continue it. Abraham Lincoln led the North and The ’s life was tough Jefferson Davis led the South. Whilst it was happening, the cattle during the Civil development of the Plains slowed down as government efforts War. When ranchers and poorly paid. Many were were focused elsewhere. It eventually ended on 9th April 1865 In 1862, the Pacific Railroad Act is passed which planned to create a returned home, the African Americans, or Mexicans when the Confederacy surrendered. In 1863, Abraham Lincoln railway track from East to West. The Central Pacific Railroad Company population had exploded and & others were from Southern freed the slaves with the Emancipation Proclamation. would start building in the West and the Union Pacific Railroad would there were 5 million cattle in states, looking for work. They start in the East (Nebraska). Both would build towards the middle. Texas. A cow that was worth would ride alongside the cattle, The Homestead Act - 1862 The companies were paid per mile of track they built and were paid a $5 in Texas was worth $50 in (‘line riding’) to keep them premium for track built through difficult terrain. the East so they had to find a together. They would also Many demobilised soldiers & ex-slaves had It was completed in 1869 where both companies meeting at way of getting them to where round up cattle with the lariats returned from Civil War with no home and Promontory Point in Utah. The railroad allowed people to travel and ensuring they didn’t stray the government wanted to encourage the demand was. quickly to the West, encouraged the growth of cattle ranching and whilst on the drive. spread of settlers onto the Plains. The also had a negative impact on the survival of the Indians. Homestead Act offered 160 acres for free, Cattle Drives to farmers who would build a house and End of the Open Range live on the homestead for 5 years. Homesteader Problems & Solutions Cowboys had to find routes to take their cattle to the railroad but they had to avoid homesteaders in case they After the 1880s, the cattle The Timber Culture Act - 1873 PROBLEMS: SOLUTIONS: spread Texas Fever to their livestock. Charles Goodnight ranching began to decline. The There was a lack of water on The Wind Pump could use pioneered a new trail (the Goodnight-Loving Trail) which grass had been overgrazed and This provided a further 160 acres, as long as settlers planted the Plains. extreme weather to get water. avoided the homesteaders and provided the American cattle began to decline in 40 acres of trees to help the future development of the There was a lack of building Dry farming trapped moisture Army with beef to feed the Indian reservations. quality. The demand for beef in Plains by producing resources. materials on the Plains. on the crops to help grow. the East also declined and an The extreme temperatures Steel-tipped ploughs could Cow Towns extremely cold winter of 1887 The Desert Land Act - 1877 made it difficult to farm & live. break the hard land. killed off 15% of cattle. Once This Act gave settlers the opportunity to purchase 640 acres of Hygiene was problematic. The Turkey Red Wheat could Joseph McCoy set up the first cow town, Abilene in 1867, was invented, land for very little money, where rainfall was a problem. They were very remote. withstand extreme conditions. where ranchers could rest where the drive met the railroad ranches began to be closed in. GCSE History Knowledge Organiser: Issues of Law & Order

1878 – Lincoln County 1865 1870 1875 War 1880 1885 1890

1860 – Aurora 1881 – Gunfight 1892 – Johnson established at OK Corral County War

Types of Crime Law Enforcers Gunfight at OK Corral - 1881 Homesteaders / Ranchers

US Marshals – Were appointed by the CAUSE: Silver was discovered in Arizona in 1877 & There was much rivalry president to oversee a territory. Tombstone was created from it. Rivalries grew between between the two groups, for County Sheriff – Elected for law mining companies and small ranchers and ‘cowboys’. water supply, damage to crops, enforcement across a county and tax EVENT: was made Town Marshal of Tombstone, infections of cattle etc. collection. Appointed his own deputies. Throughout the late 1870s, City Marshal – Elected to a particular his brothers served as deputies. They had not always been town. Ran the city jail. law-abiding. A rivalry developed between the Earps and ranchers continually tried to Vigilantes – took the law into their own the ‘cowboys’, who had threatened to kill the Earps. drive homesteaders out but hands until they thought that justice had Eventually, a stand-off took place where 3 ‘cowboys’ died with little success. been served. and two Earps were wounded. Sheep farming became more Highway Robbery – stage coaches or freight wagons could The Pinkerton Detective Agency – CONSEQUENCES: The Earps were accused of murder but common but caused be held up by armed robbers. The coaches later employed Private company set up in 1850 hired by not convicted. Tit-for-tat killings continued. The Earps left competition for grazing. guards to ride shot gun to prevent this. banks and stage coaches to provide town but the control of the ‘cowboys’ had finally been Once barbed wire was – Notoriously the James-Younger gang who protection. broken and the town was back under miner control. introduced, a fence cutting war carried out a string of robberies in the 60s & 70s. broke out, as ranchers and – similar to highway robbery, they targeted - 1878 homesteaders tried to ensure the wealthy. Train companies reinforced the doors of - 1892 access to water. carriages. CAUSE: The House was a store run by Shootings – Historians estimate that in the later 40 years of Murphy in Lincoln County and his ‘gang’ the 1800s over 20000 people died of ‘lead poisoning’ Causes of Lawlessness dominated all aspects of the town, (shooting). including rustling cattle. In 1876, Tunstall CAUSES: Johnson County was becoming run by cattle It was common for people to be arrives from England and sets up a rival barons who created the Stock Growers Gold Mining armed so this escalated things. business, with the support of smaller Association. They felt threatened by rustling and blamed Money was often a motivator ranchers and farmers. the homesteaders. They hired a hit squad to target over After gold was discovered in California, as jealousy between parties EVENT: Tunstall employed some tough 70 homesteaders accused of rustling. mining towns sprung up very quickly developed. with very little infrastructure, meaning cowboys to run his , including Billy EVENT: Jim Averill and Ella Watson were first to be Because the Plains were so law enforcement was difficult. the Kid. House gunmen killed Tunstall in murdered, with some more attempts following. The vast, it was very difficult for law Racial tensions between the Chinese 1878. Tunstall’s gunmen called themselves barons planned to invade Johnson County but were held enforcement to be effective. The Regulators and began carrying out tit- up by small-rancher Nate Campion. Alarm was raised and and other miners were high – the Once the Civil War ended there for-tat killings, but ultimately House the US Cavalry arrived. Chinese lived in big camps to try to were lots of cultural differences gunmen won. CONSEQUENCES: The hit squad were brought to trial but keep themselves safer, together. between people on the Plains CONSEQUENCE: More than 30 were killed never charged but people did condemn the barons and Claim Jumping was also common – a which caused racial tensions. and The House continued to dominate. Billy their power dropped. There were several vigilante killings miner jumping on another miner’s Law enforcers had often been patch could easily lead to gun fights the Kid was on the run & famous. following this. on the wrong side of the law! GCSE History Knowledge Organiser: Conflict & Destruction of the Indians 1871 – Indian 1887 – Dawes Act 1864 – Sand Creek 1866-68 – ’s War 1876 – Battle of 1883 – Destruction Appropriations Massacre 1870 Little Bighorn of Northern buffalo 1860 1865 Act 1875 1880 herd complete. 1885 1890 1875 – Destruction 1885 – All Native 1862 – Little 1868 – Fort 1876-77 Great 1890 – Wounded 1864-67 – Wars of Southern buffalo Americans on Crow’s War Laramie Treaty Sioux War Knee Massacre (II) herd complete. reservations Conflict in Beliefs Little Crow’s War - 1862 Battle of Little Bighorn Later Laws

US Marshals – Were appointed by the CAUSE: Silver was discovered in Arizona in 1877 & There was much rivalry president to oversee a territory. Tombstone was created from it. Rivalries grew between between the two groups, for County Sheriff – Elected for law mining companies and small ranchers and ‘cowboys’. water supply, damage to crops, enforcement across a county and tax EVENT: Virgil Earp was made Town Marshal of Tombstone, infections of cattle etc. collection. Appointed his own deputies. Throughout the late 1870s, City Marshal – Elected to a particular his brothers served as deputies. They had not always been town. Ran the city jail. law-abiding. A rivalry developed between the Earps and ranchers continually tried to Vigilantes – took the law into their own the ‘cowboys’, who had threatened to kill the Earps. drive homesteaders out but hands until they thought that justice had Eventually, a stand-off took place where 3 ‘cowboys’ died with little success. been served. and two Earps were wounded. Sheep farming became more Highway Robbery – stage coaches or freight wagons could The Pinkerton Detective Agency – CONSEQUENCES: The Earps were accused of murder but common but caused be held up by armed robbers. The coaches later employed Private company set up in 1850 hired by not convicted. Tit-for-tat killings continued. The Earps left competition for grazing. guards to ride shot gun to prevent this. banks and stage coaches to provide town but the control of the ‘cowboys’ had finally been Once barbed wire was Bank Robbery – Notoriously the James-Younger gang who protection. broken and the town was back under miner control. introduced, a fence cutting war carried out a string of robberies in the 60s & 70s. broke out, as ranchers and Train Robbery – similar to highway robbery, they targeted Cheyenne Wars – 1864-67 homesteaders tried to ensure the wealthy. Train companies reinforced the doors of Great Sioux War access to water. carriages. CAUSE: The House was a store run by Shootings – Historians estimate that in the later 40 years of Extermination & Reservations Murphy in Lincoln County and his ‘gang’ the 1800s over 20000 people died of ‘lead poisoning’ Ghost Dance dominated all aspects of the town, (shooting). including rustling cattle. In 1876, Tunstall CAUSES: Johnson County was becoming run by cattle It was common for people to be arrives from England and sets up a rival barons who created the Wyoming Stock Growers Early Laws armed so this escalated things. business, with the support of smaller Association. They felt threatened by rustling and blamed Money was often a motivator ranchers and farmers. the homesteaders. They hired a hit squad to target over After gold was discovered in California, as jealousy between parties EVENT: Tunstall employed some tough 70 homesteaders accused of rustling. mining towns sprung up very quickly developed. with very little infrastructure, meaning cowboys to run his ranch, including Billy EVENT: Jim Averill and Ella Watson were first to be Because the Plains were so law enforcement was difficult. the Kid. House gunmen killed Tunstall in murdered, with some more attempts following. The vast, it was very difficult for law Racial tensions between the Chinese 1878. Tunstall’s gunmen called themselves barons planned to invade Johnson County but were held enforcement to be effective. The Regulators and began carrying out tit- up by small-rancher Nate Campion. Alarm was raised and and other miners were high – the Once the Civil War ended there for-tat killings, but ultimately House the US Cavalry arrived. Chinese lived in big camps to try to were lots of cultural differences gunmen won. CONSEQUENCES: The hit squad were brought to trial but keep themselves safer, together. between people on the Plains CONSEQUENCE: More than 30 were killed never charged but people did condemn the barons and Claim Jumping was also common – a which caused racial tensions. and The House continued to dominate. Billy their power dropped. There were several vigilante killings miner jumping on another miner’s Law enforcers had often been patch could easily lead to gun fights the Kid was on the run & famous. following this. on the wrong side of the law!