1810 1830 1820 1850 the Plains 1840 1860 the Horse the Buffalo

GCSE History Knowledge Organiser: The Plains & The Sioux Indians roam freely on the Plains Limited violence between settlers & Indians 1810 1820 1824 Bureau of Indian Affairs 1830 1840 1850 1860 Indian hunting grounds 1830 Indian 1851 Indian Removal Act Appropriations Act The Plains The Buffalo Society Warfare Before a hunt, the Women were highly valued as they created the future of Indian warriors carried out Sioux would stage a the band. Children didn’t go to school but learned skills raids to seek revenge, or steal Buffalo Dance. Here, from extended family. The survival of the band was more horses. It usually only they would important than any individual. happened in summer. Scalping communicate with was a common practice. Wakan Tanka to ask Most marriages took place for love. Men went to live with for a good hunt. his wife’s family. Rich men were allowed to have more than Warriors believed that without Warrior Societies one wife. This was because there were usually more your whole body, you couldn’t would plan the hunts women than men, and polygamy ensured the future of the go to the Happy Hunting so as not to scare the band. Ground so scalping became a buffalo. Two or three At least once a year, all bands would meet as a nation. trophy so your enemy wouldn’t The Plains were desert-land – a mix of grass and flowing rivers hunts a year were Chiefs achieved their power through prestige and bravery. meet you there. They also with the Black Hills, heavily wooded, in the North. Closer to the enough to feed the If decisions were to be made then councils would meet. practiced counting coup; Rocky Mountains grass was shorter, but in the East it grew tall. band. The Indians Advice from the elders would be heard. They would keep believing that it was much The more southerly you moved, the drier the land became. generally did not braver to be closer to your The Plains sees extremes of temperature – from -40 degrees to waste the buffalo and talking until they reached an agreement. +40 degrees, with strong winds. This made it difficult to live on. used as much of it as The women and children would then enemy and touch him, rather Common wildlife was antelope, coyote, deer, rabbits, buffalo, possible; only killing butcher the buffalo and use as much of its’ Beliefs than shooting him from afar. plus eagles and hawks. what they needed. body as possible, so as not to waste it. The Sioux believed that Laws The Horse The Tipi everything had a spirit. They would contact The Indians began to prevent Horses did not originally exist in The Tipi (or tepee/lodge) was made their spirit world white settlers from expanding America. The Spanish brought them in from buffalo skin, held together with through visions. They so laws were introduced. The the 1500s. Pueblo Indians stole them wooden pegs. It used very little could also carry out 1830 Indian Removal Act from the Spanish and they came to be timber, as there was not much on ceremonies and dances created a Permanent Indian traded amongst Indian nations by the the Plains. It was the responsibility of to talk to Wakan Tanka. Frontier and moved Indians off late 1600s.Horses allowed Indians to the women. of lands settlers wanted, into move to the Plains and to hunt buffalo It could be struck (taken down) in The Sun Dance was how a warrior would prove his ‘Indian Territory’. The Indian more easily. They gave up farming and around ten minutes, which made it bravery. He was suspended by his nipples from sun rise to Appropriations Act (1851) became nomadic. As the horses ideal for their nomadic nature. It sun set, whilst cutting pieces of his flesh in sacrifice. attempted to ‘civilise’ Indians, needed grass, they couldn’t live in big could then be turned into a travois The Sioux believed that because everything had a spirit, as settlers moved further West, groups, so they lived in small bands. It and would hold all the goods within land could not be owned or farmed. They saw it as Mother by putting them onto it. It was decorated according to how also encouraged warfare between Earth and felt that they were born from it and would reservations and setting up brave the warrior was. nations. return to it. Some land, like the Black Hills was sacred. schools. GCSE History Knowledge Organiser: Westward Expansion Trappers, Traders, Mountain Men & settlers crossing the Plains to Oregon and California 1859 Colorado 1830 1836 Oregon Trail opens 1840 1845 – Manifest Destiny 1850 Gold Rush1860 Plains Indians roam freely 1846 Mormons 1849 California 1857-58 begin to travel to Gold Rush 1837 Banks collapse. 1838 Mormons Mormon War Salt Lake Mormons leave Kirtland leave Missouri Manifest Destiny Early Pioneers Mormon Pull Factors Mormon Journey Journalist John L Mountain Men were the earliest The Mormons chose Salt Lake City because: When the Mormons travelled to Salt Lake Sullivan coined the pioneers. They lived in the Rocky • It was virgin land, where no one had been. City, they did so successfully: their journey phrase ‘Manifest Mountains trapping beavers to take • It was Mexican-owned, meaning they weren’t under was LACED with success – Destiny’ which their fur and sell at a rendezvous at control of the American government. L – Leader – Brigham Young was organised Fort Laramie. They found routes meant that settlers • It had a fresh water source. and hard-working believed that it was through the Rocky Mountains and • It allowed them to follow Manifest Destiny. A – Advance Parties – went ahead of the their God-given told travellers of the lush farmlands right to go West and to the West. Mountain Men went on group to clear the way expand the land to act as guides for early pioneers Mormons: Salt Lake City C – Checkpoints were set up like the There was competition for land that God had given travelling to Oregon and California. Winter Quarters so they didn’t travel the between British Canada and to them. S Spanish bricks S Self-Sufficient Rocky Mountains in winter America continued E – Equipment – they made sure they Mexico. Mexicans were driven out Origins of Mormonism C Church = central W Wealth – Mormon bank of Texas, & the US eventually won to expand when the were prepared for all situations the battle of Buena Vista. This gave US annexed Texas & Joseph Smith was visited in 1820 I Irrigation – water E Emigration Fund D – Donner Party – learned from the admitted it as the the US Texas, California & another by the Angel Moroni who told Donner’s mistakes & didn’t repeat them. 28th state, after a L Law – Danites B Brigham Young huge area of land around it. him to start the Mormon religion. BUT they faced problems with Indian Treaty was signed. Joseph Smith dug up some gold L Land – divided fairly attacks and cholera. plates in the hillside and The Journey West translated them into the Book of Salt Lake was very successful but it wasn’t perfect. Education 1849 Gold Rush Mormon. People began joining was poor, the textiles industry didn’t work and an attempt at iron-making also failed, costing them a lot of money. The journey West would his religion and a community In 1848 gold was discovered in California. developed in Kirtland. They were take pioneers months Suddenly there was a huge rush of people anti-slave and pro-Indian. and was full of dangers Mormon War trying to cross the Plains and make their like disease, animal Push Factors (KMI) - Mormonism fortunes. Some sailed but others followed attack, Indian attack. One of the conditions of Salt Lake City becoming the state the California Trail. By 1852, the Different groups faced of Utah was that it had to have a non-Mormon governor. population of California had gone from different problem: Kirtland Mormons were traditionally bankers. When banks The Mormons tried to antagonise the US Army to prevent collapsed in 1837, Mormons were blamed and chased 15,000 to 250,000. The Donner Party got out. this from happening. When a wagon train of gentiles was Chinese miners were brought in to work trapped in the snow in camped in nearby Mountain, relations between Mormons in mines. Their travel had been paid, in the Rocky Mountain and Missouri The Mormon religion grew and gentiles became & gentiles were still hostile. Events next are unclear but Pioneers took wagons called frightened of the Danite Army. They were chased out exchange for their labour. This caused resorted to cannibalism prairie schooners covered in in 1838. most of the gentiles (c.150) were killed, with several hostility with other miners. when they ran out of cloth, pulled by six oxen. The children being adopted into Mormon families. In 1858, the Claim Jumping was also a problem as law food. Only 46 of the journey was 3000lm and would Illinois The Mormons set up Nauvoo but introduced Mormons were pardoned but had to accept a non- polygamy. When Smith ran for president he was & order was poor in mining towns. This last about 6 months. original 87 survived. arrested and shot. They left in 1846. Mormon governor and allow the US Army to enter Utah. often resulted in gun fights & death. GCSE History Knowledge Organiser: Civil War, Homesteaders & Cattle Ranching 1861 – outbreak 1863 – 1865 – End of 1867 – Cattle 1873 – Timber 1880s – Decline of cattle industry 1877 – Desert of American Civil Emancipation American Civil War drives begin Culture Act 1860 War Proclamation 1865 1870 1875 Land Act 1880 1866 – Goodnight- 1867 – 1862 – Homestead Act 1869 – 1874 – Barbed 1879 – Exoduster Loving Trail Abilene is 1862 – Pacific Railroad Act Transcontinental wire invented Movement opened established Railroad complete The American Civil War The Exodusters - 1879 Women The Open Range Many freed African Americans fled to Kansas on the promise of free land Women’s lives were fairly tedious.

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