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Species No. 1: Mute Swan Cygnus Olor

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Species No. 1: Mute Swan Cygnus Olor Key concepts of Article 7(4): Version2009 Species no. 1: Mute Swan Cygnus olor Distribution: The Mute Swan breeds in the temperate regions of Europe and Asia. It has been introduced in many European countries and in most cases it is not possible to distinguish between these feral and wild birds. It has also been introduced to North America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Movements: A large part of the European breeding population is sedentary (e.g. that of the British Isles and the Netherlands), or dispersive at most. The breeding population of North- and East-central Europe and Asia is entirely migratory. Large numbers winter in the Baltic area of Denmark and Germany and in the north of the Black Sea. There is a considerable moult migration in summer, starting from June onwards. Population size and trends: The European breeding population holds 86,000-120,000 pairs and is increasing (BirdLife Int. 2004A). 70,000-90,000 pairs breed in EU27 (BirdLife Int. 2004A, 2004B). Within Europe three main wintering populations can be distinguished (Delany & Scott 2006): • The British/Irish breeding population, together holding almost 41,700 individuals, • The North-west/Central European breeding population, holding 250,000 individuals, • The Black Sea/South-east Europe breeding population, holding 45,000 individuals. These populations may be split up further, but there is some exchange between them, depending, among others, on the severity of the winter. Biological and behavioural aspects: The clutch size is usually 5-8 eggs; incubation 35- 41 days; full flight of young birds at 120-150 days. Some broods accompany parents to wintering area; brood: 1. Reproduction & Prenuptial Migration * 31 * Key concepts of Article 7(4): Version2009 Movements Mute Swan Cygnus olor Member MIGRANT RESIDENT State Breeding Passage Wintering FI 9 9 9 9 SE 9 9 9 9 EE 9 9 9 9 LV 9 9 9 9 LT 9 9 9 9 PL 9 9 9 9 SK 9 9 9 9 CZ 9 9 9 9 DK 9 9 9 9 UK 9 9 IE 9 9 DE 9 9 9 NL 9 9 9 BE 9 9 9 LU 9 9 HU 9 9 9 9 AT 9 9 9 9 SI 9 FR 9 9 9 ES PT IT 9 9 MT GR 9 9 CY 9 RO 9 9 9 BG 9 9 9 9 HR 9 9 9 Reproduction & Prenuptial Migration * 32 * Key concepts of Article 7(4): Version2009 Definition of period of reproduction Mute Swan Cygnus olor Member State Period of reproduction Comments References begins with FI Occupation of breeding 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 sites SE Occupation of breeding 10, 11 sites EE Construction of nest LV LT Occupation of breeding 3,5,6,7 sites PL Occupation of breeding 2,3 sites SK Construction of nest 1,2 CZ Construction of nest DK Construction of the nest UK Construction of the nest 2 IE Construction of the nest 1, 4, 6 DE Occupation of breeding Nuptial parade occurs up 4, 11 sites to 7 months before occupation of breeding sites NL Construction of the nest Long-term monogamy 28 BE Construction of the nest 3 LU HU Construction of the nest AT Occupation of breeding Paired for several years; 1, 2 sites long family bond until winter SI Construction of the nest FR 17 ES PT IT Construction of the nest 2, 14, 16, 26, 27, 28 MT GR CY RO 1 BG Construction of the nest 6 HR Construction of the nest 15 Reproduction & Prenuptial Migration * 33 * Key concepts of Article 7(4): Version2009 Period of reproduction Mute Swan Cygnus olor J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E C FI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR Comments and conclusions 1) The reproduction period starts with the occupation of the breeding sites where it is mainly migratory (FI, SE) and with the construction of the nest in other situations. The reproduction period ends with the full flight of young birds, despite long family bonds. 2) The end of the reproduction period ranges from the 1st decade of August (EE) to the 2nd decade of November (CZ and UK). The longest reproduction periods occur where the populations are nearly or entirely resident (CZ, UK, IE, DE). Reproduction & Prenuptial Migration * 34 * Key concepts of Article 7(4): Version2009 Prenuptial migration Mute Swan Cygnus olor  Difficulty in identifying the beginning of the period of return to the rearing grounds? Member YES NO References State FI Partial migrant in the southern and south- 1, 2, 3, 4 western coastal and archipelago areas SE X1 1, 10, 11 EE Mixing of wintering and migrating birds LV Mixing of migrants and non-breeders LT Mixing of wintering, migrating birds as well as 5,7 non breeding individuals. Breeding population is mainly resident but some move away, wintering birds form northern countries also occur. PL Increasing number of wintering birds and 2,3 residents. SK Mixing of wintering and migrating birds CZ Mixing of wintering, migrat. and breeding birds. Most breeding birds sedentary. DK Mainly sedentary2. Additional birds from Baltic. 5 UK Little or no migrants 1 IE DE X 4, 12 NL Occurrence of 'Danish' birds during hard winters BE Mixing of wintering birds & breeders 3 LU HU Mixing of wintering and migrating birds, breeding population is mainly resident but some move away, wintering birds from northern countries also exist. AT Mixing of wintering birds & breeders 3 SI Mixing of wintering birds & breeders FR ES PT IT Mixing of small wintering population with local 2, 14, 16, 26, 27, residents 28 MT GR CY RO 1 BG X 15, 19 HR Partially sedentary. Mixing of wintering and 12, 15 breeding birds. 1 Must be difficult if breeding birds are migratory and Finnish birds winter in Swedish waters. 2 Ringed birds have been recorded from Dutch waters in winter. Reproduction & Prenuptial Migration * 35 * Key concepts of Article 7(4): Version2009 Period of prenuptial migration Mute Swan Cygnus olor J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E C FI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT FR SI ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR Comments and conclusions 1) Departure from wintering grounds or arrival of first migrants (FI, SE) marks the beginning of the prenuptial migration. The mixing of local residents with wintering migratory birds in Central and Eastern Europe makes it difficult to identify of the migration start. 2) Beginning of prenuptial migration ranges from the 1st decade of February (BG, SI) to the 1st decade of March (FI, IT, EE). Reproduction & Prenuptial Migration * 36 * Key concepts of Article 7(4): Version2009 Species no. 2: Bean Goose Anser fabalis fabalis and A. f. serrirostris (formerly A. f. rossicus) Distribution: Palearctic, breeding widely across northern Eurasia and wintering in southern Europe, Central Asia east to China and Japan. Two subspecies occur in the European Union: A. f. fabalis which breeds in the taiga zone in northern Fennoscandia eastwards through northern Russia and western Siberia and winters mainly in Sweden, but also around the Baltic Sea (Poland, eastern Germany), and in low numbers further south. During severe winters the geese move further south(west). A. f. serrirostris breeds in the tundra zone of Northern Siberia and winters mainly in western and Central Europe, occasionally reaching Morocco and Algeria. Movements: Birds from the Fennoscandia breeding population spend the winter mainly in southern Sweden and North-east Denmark. At the onset of cold weather they move further south(west). Bean Geese breeding in western Siberia winters mainly along the Baltic coast in eastern Germany; during severe weather, these birds also move west, to western Germany and The Netherlands. Peak numbers of A. f. fabalis occur at the staging areas in Sweden between October and March and at the winter quarters in southern Sweden and Denmark in January and February. Anser .f. serrirostris migrates south of the Baltic Sea to staging areas in eastern Germany and Poland, from which one group moves on the wintering areas in The Netherlands, western Germany and, rarely, France. Another group migrates to the Central European floodplains of Hungary, Czech and Slovak Republics and Austria. Anser f. serrirostris begins the autumn migration during the first half of September and the birds arrive on their winter quarter in Poland, Germany and The Netherlands in November and December. Birds begin to leave the Netherlands as early as February, returning to Germany and Poland and also reaching Central Europe. There is a rapid departure from these areas in March. Population size and trends: The North-west European population (fabalis) holds about 140,000 breeding pairs (mainly in Russia) and is believed to be stable (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The population breeding in the EU holds 2300-3200 pairs and shows a decline (BirdLife Int. 2004B). The following numbers of the two subspecies (fabalis and serrirostris) winter in Europe (Delany & Scott 2006): fabalis: wintering in NW Europe/EU 70,000-90,000 individuals serrirostris: wintering in Europe/EU 600,000 individuals. Biological and behavioural aspects: The clutch size is usually 4-6 eggs; incubation is 27-29 days; fledging period c.
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