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Cultural Ecosystem Services: the Case of Coastal-Rural Area (Nemunas Delta and Curonian Lagoon, Lithuania)

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Cultural Ecosystem Services: the Case of Coastal-Rural Area (Nemunas Delta and Curonian Lagoon, Lithuania) sustainability Article Cultural Ecosystem Services: The Case of Coastal-Rural Area (Nemunas Delta and Curonian Lagoon, Lithuania) Lina Marcinkeviˇciut¯ e˙ and Rasa Pranskunien¯ e˙ * Business and Rural Development Research Institute, Faculty of Bioeconomy Development, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, 53361 Kaunas, Lithuania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +370-615-18332 Abstract: The benefits or harms of external and internal consequences for the viability of ecosystems are revealed through the impact on the quality of human life. The issues of assessing these benefits or harms are significant for the whole society and are therefore analyzed from both theoretical and practical perspectives. The article seeks to theoretically examine the coherence between humans and ecosystems, ensuring the social and economic well-being of present and future generations in the context of cultural ecosystem services (CES). As well, the article seeks to present the empirical research, carried out on the possibilities of adapting human activities to CES in the specific area, i.e., coastal-rural area, evaluating the past, present and future CES potential in the Lithuanian coastal zone, Nemunas Delta and Curonian Lagoon in Lithuania. Elderships located near the Curonian Lagoon or within the protected area of the Nemunas Delta Regional Park were selected for the study. For this purpose, the empirical study involved representatives of different (public and private) sectors and stakeholders. The research was carried out in local tourism cultural centers and elderships with four group respondents (tourists, farmers, entrepreneurs, eldership employees). The research revealed the past and the current situation of CES potential and showed the possible CES potential future development directions. The article described the opportunities for the rural population (a potential supply of cultural ecosystems) to achieve diversification of economic activities and the needs of tourists (a potential demand for cultural ecosystems) to achieve service differentiation. Therefore, Citation: Marcinkeviˇciut¯ e,˙ L.; the recommendations have been formulated on how to exploit future CES of a specific territory by Pranskunien¯ e,˙ R. Cultural Ecosystem “employing” available natural resources, i.e., the ecosystems. Services: The Case of Coastal-Rural Area (Nemunas Delta and Curonian Keywords: cultural ecosystem services; ecosystem; Nemunas Delta; Curonian Lagoon Lagoon, Lithuania). Sustainability 2021, 13, 123. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.3390/su13010123 1. Introduction Received: 15 November 2020 The main challenge of the 21st century is to create economic, social, and environmental Accepted: 22 December 2020 management mechanisms that would ensure current and future human well-being. Today, Published: 24 December 2020 all sectors mainly focus on the following aspects: raising awareness of the interdependence Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu- of ecosystems and human well-being; science, which includes basic interdisciplinary tral with regard to jurisdictional claims knowledge of ecosystems and the implementation of this science in decision-making to in published maps and institutional restore ecosystem services and their sustainable use in the future. However, the successful affiliations. implementation of economic, social, and environmental management mechanisms is still in the initial stage. Therefore, strategic decisions by the leaders of the government, business, and civil society are necessary for the establishment of theoretical and practical measures to increase the functionality of services provided by ecosystems. Copyright: © 2020 by the authors. Li- For millennia, ecosystems have been useful for human well-being not only because censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This of their tangible but also because of their intangible assets known as cultural ecosystem article is an open access article distributed services (hereinafter—CES). According to Mowat and Rhodes [1], cultural ecosystem under the terms and conditions of the services make an important and valuable contribution to human well-being. Spanou Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) et al. [2] note, that CES are increasingly central in understanding individual and community license (https://creativecommons.org/ connections to ecosystems. Today, CES are identified as intangible ecosystem services licenses/by/4.0/). Sustainability 2021, 13, 123. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010123 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2021, 13, 123 2 of 21 that meet the diverse cultural, social, and emotional needs of humans and refer to the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems [3–9]. CES is a growing field of research characterized by a growing number of different academic disciplines: ecology, economics, and the social sciences [10,11]. Relevant research topics for the above services are related to the development and research of CES assessment methods [12], etc. According to scientific analysis, CES are suitable as a means of bridging the gap between different academic disciplines and scientific communities. Taking advantage of the social importance of CES, real problems could be solved by promoting new conceptual connections between alternative logic related to various social, cultural, and ecological (environmental) problems. CES are more comprehensible and meaningful to people than many other services. Despite recent research, the assessment of CES still remains very individual and largely limited to the most in-demand tourism services. The article seeks to theoretically examine the coherence between humans and ecosystems, ensuring the social and economic well- being of present and future generations in the context of cultural ecosystem services (CES). As well, the article seeks to present the empirical research, carried out on the possibilities of adapting human activities to CES in the specific area, i.e., coastal-rural area, evaluating the past, present, and future CES potential in the Lithuanian coastal zone, Nemunas Delta and Curonian Lagoon in Lithuania. The work of this article is organized as follows: in further sections, the literature review, divided into two subsections; the research setting, materials and methods, divided into two subsections. Additionally, results; discussion and recommendations; conclusions sections are presented. 2. Literature Review 2.1. Theoretical CES Insights Lithuania has one important tourism resource—nature, also ecosystems created by it, where tourism infrastructure is formed, rural communities live, people of the city and foreign tourists looking for a quiet rest come, etc. Therefore, the services provided by local ecosystems should be treated as opportunities for the development of activities in suburban, remote, and protected areas, etc. It has been noticed that the importance of agriculture as the main economic activity of the rural population is changing in Lithuania as well as in other European countries. The rural population is forced to look for additional activities to replenish financial resources. Place-based communities are struggling to maintain their connections to land and water, including the social and cultural practices that are rooted in a particular landscape [13]. The prevailing opinion is that the need for diversification of economic activities in the 21st century is determined by such factors as social (emigration of young people, aging farmers, rising unemployment, quality of life gap between urban and rural areas), economic (declining farm profitability, insufficient development of rural economic activities), political (financial mechanisms to promote farm diversification in rural areas), geographical (landscape, land-use productivity, infrastructure), etc. According to research data [14–19], more and more rural residents would like to diversify their economic activities by creating additional sources of income in addition to agricultural activities, gradually abandoning them altogether. These statements are confirmed by the EU’s goal to increase the income of the rural population from non- traditional agriculture or alternative activities to agriculture. The implementation requires not only financial support but also the motivation of the rural population itself; therefore, gradual abandonment of intensive farming raises the following question: what alternative activities can be chosen with available resources? Rural tourism is recommended as one of the forms of activity, promoting tourism business, increasing the variety of services, for a citizen or foreign guest vacationing in the countryside. It should be emphasized that tourism services should help to address social, economic, and environmental problems by providing an alternative source of livelihood for the rural population and helping to preserve the natural values associated with the preservation of ecosystems. Sustainability 2021, 13, 123 3 of 21 Based on the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage in the United Nations Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development, the Recommendations On The Historic Urban Landscape, Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania—Vision for 2050 [20–22], assessing cultural heritage through the historical landscape (including associative natural) and socio-cultural dimensions, CES were chosen as the research object, updating nature, heritage and traditions, looking for opportunities to increase accessibility and attractiveness of cultural heritage
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