Monthly Abundance Patterns and the Potential Role of Waterbirds As Phosphorus Sources to a Hypertrophic Baltic Lagoon
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water Article Monthly Abundance Patterns and the Potential Role of Waterbirds as Phosphorus Sources to a Hypertrophic Baltic Lagoon Rasa Morkun¯ e˙ 1,*, Jolita Petkuviene˙ 1, Modestas Bružas 1, Julius Morkunas¯ 1 and Marco Bartoli 1,2 1 Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, 92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania; [email protected] (J.P.); [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (J.M.); [email protected] (M.B.) 2 Department of Chemistry, Life science and Environmental Sustainability, Parma University, 43124 Parma, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +370-67136264 Received: 7 April 2020; Accepted: 11 May 2020; Published: 14 May 2020 Abstract: Compared to external loads from tributaries and sediment recycling, the role of waterbirds as phosphorus (P) sources in estuaries is overlooked. We performed monthly ship-based surveys of waterbird abundance in the Lithuanian part of the Curonian Lagoon, calculated their potential P excretion, and compared its relevance to the riverine inputs. Phosphorus excretion rates for the censused species were assessed accounting for variations of body weights, daily feces production and their P content, and assigning species to different feeding and nutrient cycling guilds. During the study period (March–November 2018), 32 waterbird species were censused, varying in abundance from ~18,000–32,000 (October–November) to ~30,000–48,000 individuals (June–September). The estimated avian P loads during the whole study period varied between 3.6 and 25 tons, corresponding to an 2 area load between 8.7 and 60.7 mg P m− . Waterbird release of reactive P to the system represented a variable but not negligible fraction (1%–12%) of total external P loads, peaking in June–September and coinciding with cyanobacterial blooms. This study is the first in the Baltic Sea region suggesting that waterbirds are potentially important P sources to phytoplankton in large estuaries, in particular, during low discharge periods. Keywords: estuary; bird; guilds; visual counts; feces; phosphorus source; algal blooms 1. Introduction Phosphorus (P) total and relative availability can regulate both primary productivity and algal community composition in aquatic environments [1–3]. Early studies on P budgets and transformations addressed mostly lakes, as this nutrient was considered a limiting element for phytoplankton growth in freshwater ecosystems [4]. More recently, research in this field has expanded to estuaries and coastal lagoons, where P may regulate (or co-regulate with nitrogen) harmful algal blooms [5,6]. Past and recent research analyzed in detail two main aspects of P biogeochemistry: the inventory of point inputs from tributaries or sewage treatment plants of dissolved and particulate P forms and the reactivity of sedimentary P pools [7–9]. The latter aspect lead to the development of sequential extraction techniques and to the analysis of the redox dependence of P mobility [10]. During low discharge periods, when P inputs from the watershed decrease, sediment release may represent a major P source for pelagic production [11,12]. Comparatively, the role of other biotic components of aquatic ecosystems as regulators of P cycling has been overlooked. Macrobiota actively circulate nutrients in aquatic ecosystems and produce measurable effects at different scales. Macroinvertebrates enhance benthic–pelagic coupling [13], fish favor sediment Water 2020, 12, 1392; doi:10.3390/w12051392 www.mdpi.com/journal/water Water 2020, 12, 1392 2 of 20 resuspension, and nutrient regeneration [14], while birds have been demonstrated to increase the trophic status of small ponds [15]. Colonies of aquatic birds, for example, may represent biogeochemical hot spots through birds’ feeding and excretion activities [16,17]. Waterbirds use estuaries and lagoons as resting, breeding, and stopover sites where released feces might affect nutrient cycles, primary producers growth, and trophic networks [18,19]. Phosphorus enrichment via waterbirds’ guano may also induce cascade effects leading to the selection of opportunistic algal groups, excess stimulation of their production and eutrophication, contrasting ecosystem services of transitional areas as nutrient retention or removal and water purification [15,20]. Being highly mobile organisms, waterbirds link spatially distinct ecosystems, including aquatic and terrestrial, and anthropic habitats [21]. Migratory birds may transport live or dead genetic material (e.g., attached organisms, prey species and associated microbial communities) between separated ecosystems and induce structural changes in species community composition, add alien species or impact water quality and provide a wide range of ecosystem functions and services [22,23]. Large colonies of waterbirds have been demonstrated to mobilize significant nutrient amounts and affect the trophic status of occupied ecosystems. In some areas, the effect of the bird feces was proven as exceptionally important. During breeding season, nutrients from waterbird colonies may enrich oligotrophic Arctic ecosystems [24,25] and mangroves at local scales [26]. Waterbird aggregations during non-breeding periods at this point have been studied much less than breeding birds; however, they might also be an important source of nutrients (e.g., [21,27]). For example, wintering tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus) contribute to approximately 30% of the standard fertilizers during the irrigation period in winter-flooded paddy fields [28]. The significance of avian P tends to differ through the year, as the seasonal dynamics of the structure of waterbird communities have been observed in aquatic ecosystems [29]. Birds in aggregations during periods of breeding, roosting or over-wintering might result in a significant contribution to P global inputs, while contribution of non-colonial breeding species usually remains understudied and/or assumed to be negligible. The characteristics of bird feces and their direct contribution to P cycle depend on a range of available food alternatives and features of feeding habitats, while the distribution of feces within spatial scales in/between ecosystems varies according to the feeding behavior of birds. Applications of feeding guilds are common when studying ecological networks, contributions to ecological process or interaction to fishery or tourisms sectors [30,31]. According to feeding habitats (inside or outside study sites) and mobility patterns, waterbirds might be external or internal recyclers of P [23,32]. Waterbirds can be seen as nutrient vectors if they feed outside the resting or nesting environment; as such, their net imported allochthonous nutrients are considered as external sources. However, aggregations of waterbirds can be also considered as recyclers if they feed, rest, and nest in the same ecosystem and simply convert through their digestion organic, unavailable nutrients associated to their food into inorganic, readily available inorganic elements [26,33]. The direct effect of birds on nutrient mobilization can be estimated by converting bird numbers into potentially generated loads from literature data on metabolic excretion rates. Nutrient inputs by birds may alleviate nutrient limitations in oligotrophic ecosystems, but it may also produce significant stimulation of primary production and algal blooms when it is concentrated in relatively small, poorly flushed areas [34]. A recent study [35] has demonstrated the different direct effects of piscivorous and herbivorous birds on water chemistry and algal growth due to the different concentrations of inorganic nutrients in feces. The diet of birds is therefore an important factor affecting feces’ elemental composition. The indirect effects of birds on aquatic ecosystems are difficult to identify as they are complex. Herbivorous birds feeding on macrophytes might remove plants that stabilize and oxidize sediments and compete with phytoplankton for nutrients. As such, their feeding might indirectly favor phytoplankton blooms and turbidity. Piscivorous birds might remove organisms that feed on large zooplankton, increasing the zooplankton pressure on phytoplankton and water transparency. Such an indirect effect can be reinforced by the removal of resuspension and excretion by fish, which can mobilize Water 2020, 12, 1392 3 of 20 nutrients and stimulate algal growth [36,37]. Birds feeding on macrozoobenthos indirectly decrease the capabilities of a benthic habitat to provide nutrient retention services as a consequence of bio-irrigation, sediment oxidation, and preservation of Fe (III) and Mn (IV) pools [13]. Phosphorus concentrations in the Curonian Lagoon, along the south-eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, strongly depend on riverine inputs [38]. Cyanobacteria blooms, a recurrent phenomenon in this lagoon, do not occur in spring, when P riverine inputs peak, but rather in summer, coinciding with low discharge and minimum P loads from external inputs [6,12]. In summer, high water temperatures, up to 26 ◦C, and calm weather conditions may favor cyanobacterial hyperblooms due to the bottom water hypoxia and redox-dependent P release from sediments [12,39]. As the Curonian Lagoon is an important site for waterbirds during both the breeding period and migration seasons, bird feces might represent another important P source. Despite waterbirds being numerous in the lagoon, neither their monthly numbers nor their potential contribution to total P inputs have been published so far, whereas only maximum numbers were investigated for protected