APPENDIX 1

BIRKELAND’S SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS

1886 Antallet affrie bevægelser i et leddet stangsystem, Tidsskrift for Mathematik (Kbh.),R.5,A˚ rg. 4, s. 174–176. 1887 En generalisation af Sylvester skjæve pantograf,Tidsskrift for Mathematik (Kbh.),R.5,A˚ rg. 5, s. 17–18. 1890 Ein Satz uber¨ algebraische Curven, Naturwissenschaftliche Monatshefteffur¨ Mathematik und Physik, Jg. 1, s. 417–424. 1892 Electrische Schwingungen in Dr¨ahten,¨ directe Messungen der fortschreitenden Welle, Annalen der Physik und Chemie. N.F., Bd. 47, 583– 612. 1893 Ondes electriques´ dans des fils; la d´epression´ de l’ondes qui se propage dans des conducteurs, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´ea´ nces de l’Acad´emie´ des Sciences, T. 116, 93–96. 1893 Sur les ondes electrique´ dans des fils la forcee ´lectrique dans le voisinage du conducteur, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´ea´ nces de l’Acad´emie´ des Sciences, T. 116, 499–502. 1893 Sur les ondes electriques´ le long de fils mince; calcul de d´e´pression, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Acad´emie´ des Sciences, T. 116, 625–628. 1893 Sur la r´eflexion´ des ondes electriques´ a ´ l’extr´emit´´ e d’un conducteur lineaire,´ Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´e´ances de l’Academie des Sciences, T. 116, 803–806. 1894 Sur la nature de la r´eflexion´ des ondeselectriques ´ ues au bout d’un fil conducteur, Kr. Birkeland et Ed. Sarasin, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Acad´emie´ des Sciences, T. 117, 618–622. 1894 Sur l’aimantation produite par des courants hertziens, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Acad´emie´ des Sciences, T. 118, 130–134. 1894 Sur la r´eflexion´ des ondeselectriques ´ au bout d’un fil conducteur qui se termine dans une plaque, Ed. Sarasin et Kr. Birkeland, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Acad´emie´ des Sciences, T. 118, 793–796. 182 APPENDIX 1

1894 Uber¨ die Strahlung electromagnetischer Energie im Raume, Annalen der Physik und Chemie. N.F., Bd. 52, 357–380. 1894 Uber¨ die Reflexion und Resonanz der Hertz’schen electrischen Schwingungen, Erkl¨arung¨ der Hagenbech-Zehnder’schen Versuche, Annalen der Physik und Chemie, N.F., Bd. 52, 468–495. 1894 Om krafttransmission, særlig i et elektromagnetisk Felt, Tidsskrift for Physik og Chemi, 3. bind, 353–373. 1895 Solution g´en´´ erale´ desequations ´ de Maxwell pour un milieu absorbant homog`ene` et isotrope, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´e´ances de l’Acad´emie´ des Sciences, T. 12, 1046–1050. 1895 Sur la transmission de l’´energie,´ Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, 3eme` p´e´riode, T. 33, 297–309. 1895 Solution on g´en´´ erale´ desequations´ de Maxwell pour un milieu absorbant, homog`e`ne et isotrope, Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles. 3eme` p´e´riode, T. 34, Geneva, p. 5–56. 1895 Sur l’aimantation produite par des courants hertziens, Un di´el´ ectrique magn´etique,´ Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Acad´e´mie des Sciences, T. 120, 1320–1324. 1896 Sur les Rayons Cathodiques sous l’action de forces magnetiques in- tenses, Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, 4`eme` p´e´riode, T. 1, Geneva, 497–512. 1896 Sur un spectre des rayons cathodiques, Comptes Rendus Hebdo- madaires des S´eances´ de l’Academie des sciences, T. 123, 492–495. 1896 Om kathodestraaler under paavirkning af stærke magnetiske kræfter, Elektroteknisk Tidsskrift, Kristiania, Vol. 9, 104–110. 1896 Cathode Rays under the influence of strong magnetic forces, Electrical Review, p. 968. 1896 U¨ ber Katodestrahlen unter Einwirknung von intensiven magnetiscen Kraften,¨ Zeischrift f¨fur Elektrotechnik, Wien, Vol. XIV, 448–450 and 475– 482. 1896 Sur les Rayons Cathodiques sous l’action de forces magnetiques in- tenses, Archives des Sciences Physiques. Geneve, Vol. 4, 497–512. 1898 Om indsugning afkatodestraaler mod en magnetisk pol, Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab,Bd. 20, no. 15. (28 pages). 1898 Sur le ph´enom`´ ene` de succion de Rayons Cathodiques par un pole magn´etique,´ Archives de Scieces Physiques et Naturelles, 4`eme` p´e´riode, T. 6, Geneva, 205–228. BIRKELAND’S SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS 183

1898 Sur le spectre des rayons cathodiques II, Comptes Rendus Hebdo- madaires des S´eances´ de l’Academie des Sciences, T. 126, 228–231. 1898 Sur une analogie d’action entre les rayons lumineux et les lignes de force magn´etiques.´ Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´ea´ nces de l’Acad´emie´ des Sciences, T. 126, 586–589. 1899 Recherches sur les taches du soleil et leur origine, Videnskabselskabets skrifter. I, Mat.-naturv. klasse, 1899, no. 1. (175 pages). 1899 Uber¨ die Strahlung electromagnetischer Energie, Wied. Ann., Leipzig. 1900 Sur la constitution physique du soleil, Rapport present au Congr`es International de Physique, R´euni´ aP ` aris en 1900. (17 pages). 1901 Courants electriques´ dans l’athmosph`ere` polaire et aurores bor´e´ales (Communication sur les r´esultats´ obtenus par l’exp´edition´ Norv´egienne´ de 1899–1900 pour l’´etude´ des aurores bor´eales),´ Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, 4`eme` p´e´riode, T. 12, Geneva, p. 480–488. 1901 Resultats´ des recherches magn´e´thiques faites par l’expedition Norvegienne´ de 1899–1900. Pour l’´etude´ des aurores bor´eales,´ Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles. 4`eme` p´e´riode, T. 12, Geneva, 565–586. 1901 Exp´edition´ Norv´egienne´ de 1899–1900 pour l’etude des auroras bor´eales:´ Resultats´ des recherches magn´e´thiques, Videnskabsselskabets skrifter I, Mat.-naturv. klasse, Kristiania, no. 1 (180 pages). 1901 Les taches du Soleil et les plan`e`tes, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Acad´emie´ des Sciences, T. 133, p. 726–729. 1902 On a new electric current breaker, Videnskabsselskabets skrifter, Mat.- naturv. klasse, Kristiania, no. 11. (11pages) 1902 The proposed magnetic researches at the Norwegian Polar stations 1902–1903, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, Vol. 7, 81–82. 1903 Concerning observations of terrestrial magnetism and clouds car- ried out at the Norwegian stations during the years 1902–1903, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, Vol. 8, 74–75. 1906 On theoxidation of atmosphericnitrogen inelectric arcs; To the Faraday Society, July 2, 1906, Transactions of the Faraday Society, Vol.2. 1906 On theoxidation of atmosphericnitrogen inelectric arcs, Nature, No. 1506, Vol.58(22 pages). 1907 Uber¨ die Oxydation des atmosph¨arischen¨ Stickstoffs im electrischen Lichtbogen, Nach einem in der Faraday Societygehaltenen Vortrage, Jahrbuch der Radioaktivitat¨ und Electronik, Bd. 3, 264–290. 184 APPENDIX 1

1908 The Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition 1902–1903. Vol. 1, On the Cause of Magnetic Storms and the Origin of Terrestrial Magnetism, Sect. 1. Kristiania, Aschehoug; (Lpz.: Barth London, New York: Longmans; Paris. Klincksieck.) 1–316. 1908 Sur la cause des orages magn´e´tiques, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Acad´emie´ des Sciences, T. 147, 539–543. 1908 Les orages magn´etiques´ polarires et les auroras bor´e´ales, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Acad´emie´ des Sciences, T. 148, 30–33. 1909 Courants telluriques d’induction dans les r´egions´ polaires, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Acad´emie´ des Sciences, T. 148, 56–59. 1909 Sur les orages magn´e´tiques polaires en 1882–1883. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Acad´emie´ de Sciences, T.148, 1006–1009. 1910 Transitof Halley’s comet across Venus and the Earthin May 1910, Nature, Vol. 83, 217–218. 1910 Sur le d´eviabilit´´ e magn´e´tique des rayons corpusculaires proventant du Soleil, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Acad´e´mie des Sciences, T. 150, 246–248. 1911 Sur la lumi`ere` zodiacale, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Acad´emie´ des Sciences, T. 152, p. 345–348. 1911 Les Anneaux de Saturne sont-ils dusa ` une radiationelectrique´ de la pan`ete?` Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Acad´e´mie des Sciences, T. 153, 375–377. 1911 The simultaneity of certain abruptly-beginning magnetic disturbances, Lecture at Congress International de Physique, Paris, Nature, Vol. 87, 483–484. 1911 Le Soleil et ses taches, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances de l’Acad´emie´ des sciences, T. 153, 456–459. 1911 Sur la constitutionelectrique ´ du Soleil, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Acad´emie´ des Sciences, T. 153, 513–516. 1911 Orages magn´e´tiques et aurores polaires, Archives de Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, 4`eme` p´e´riode, T. 32, Geneva, 97–116. 1912 Mouvement d’une particuleelectris´ ´ ee´ dans un champ magnetiques, Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles. 4`eme` p´e´riode, Geneva, T. 33, 32–50. BIRKELAND’S SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS 185

1912 Mouvement d’une particuleelectris ´ ee´ dans un champ magn´e´tique II, Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles. 4`eme` p´e´riode, T. 33, Geneva, 151–175. 1912 Sur l’origine de plan`e`tes et de leurs satellites, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Acad´emie´ des Sciences, T. 155, 892–895. 1912 Sur la source de l’´electricit´´ e desetoiles, ´ Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Acad´emie´ des Sciences, T. 155, 1467– 1470. 1913 The Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition 1902–1903, Vol. 1, On the cause of magnetic storms and the origin of terrestrial magnetism, Sec. 2, Aschehoug; Kristiania, 319–801. 1913 Sur la conservation et l’origine du magn´e´tisme Terrestre, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Acad´emie´ des Sciences, T. 157, 275–277. 1913 Oscillations hertziennes produites par des d´echarges´ intermittentes partant des teches isol´e´es d’une cathode dans un tube de Crookes, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Academie des Sciences, T. 156, 879–881. 1913 Sur le magn´etisme´ g´en´´ eral´ du Soleil, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Acad´emie´ des Sciences, T. 157, 104–106. 1913 Remarques sur les essais faits par Halepour determiner´ le magn´e´tisme general du Soleil, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´ea´ nces de l’Academie des Sciences, T. 157, 394–395. 1913 Sur la conservation et l’origine du magnitisme terrestre, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances´ de l’Academie des Sciences, T. 157, 275–277. 1913 De l’origine des mondes, Archives de Sciences Physiques et Na- turelles, 4eme` p´e´riode, T. 35, Geneva, 529–564. 1913 La formation des nuages du niveau sup´erieur:´ Revue g´en´´ e´ral des sci- ences pures et appliqu´ees,´ Avec une introduction de J. Loisel, 24e ann´ee, no. 15, 576–581. 1913 Das Werden der Wellen, Naturwissenschaftliche Umschau der Chemiker-Zeitung,Jg. 2, 17–19. Nach einem Vortrage vor der Vidensk- absakademiet i Kristiania am 31. Januar 1913. 1913 Die Wolkenbildung in h¨ohern¨ Schichten, mit Einleitung von J. Loisel, Revue G´en´´ erale´ des Scinceses. 186 APPENDIX 1

1914 On a possible method of photographically registering the intensity of the ultraviolet light from the sun and stars—preliminary note, The Cairo scientific journal, Vol. 8, no. 99, 287–194. 1914 Calcul des lignes d’intensit´es´ egales´ dans la lumi`e`re zodiacal, Kr. Birkeland et Th. Skolem, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´ea´ nces de l’Acad´emie´ des Sciences, T. 159, 495–497. 1914 Calcul des lignes d’intensit´es´ egales´ dans llumi`e`re zodiacale, en supposant que celle-ci provient de la lumi`ere` diffus´e par une n´eb´ leuse d’´electrons´ ou de la mati`ere` radiants d’origine solaire, Kr. Birkeland et Th. Skolem, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´ea´ nces de l’Academie des Sciences, T. 159, 464–466. 1914 Sur la lumiere` zodiacal, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S´eances de l’Academie des Sciences, T. 159, 229–234. 1915 On a possiblecrucial test of thetheories of auroral curtains and po- lar magnetic storms, Videnskaps-selskapets skrifter. I, Mat.-naturv. Klasse, Kristiania, no. 6. (6 pages). 1915 Une m´ethode´ enum´ erative´ de la g´e´ometrie. Videnskapsselskapets skrifter, I, Mat.-naturv. klasse, Kristiania, no. 12 (61 pages). 1916 Les rayons corpusculaires du soleil qui p´en´ etrent` dans l’athmosph`ere terrestre sont-ils n´egatifs´ ou positifs? Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, 4eme` p´e´riode, T. 41, Geneva, 22–37. 1916 Les rayons corpusculaires du soleil qui p´en´ etrent` dans l’athmosph`ere terrestre sont-ils n´egatifs´ ou positifs? Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, 4eme` p´e´riode, T. 41, Geneva, 108–124. 1916 Are the solar corpuscle rays that penetrate into the earth’s atmosphere negative or positive rays? Videnskapsselskapets skrifter. I, Mat.-naturv. klasse, Kristiania, no. 1 (27 pages). 1917 Simultaneous observations of the zodiacal light from stations of nearly equal longitude in North and South Africa, The Cairo Scientific Journal, Vol. 9, no. 100 (Jan/March) (18 pages).

POPULAR SCIENCE CONTRIBUTIONS

1894 Om krafttransmission, særlig i et elektromagnetisk Felt, Lecture in Polyteknisk Forening, PrintedinTidsskrift for Physik og Chemi,3.bind, no. 12, 353–373. 1896 Om hurtigt vexlende strømmes magnetiserendevirkninger. Elek- troteknisk Tidsskrift, Aarg. 9, p. 3–5. BIRKELAND’S SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS 187

1896 De Røntgen-ske Straaler, Morgenbladet; 25 March. 1898 Et bud fra solen, Verdens Gang; 16 September. 1898 Om indsugning af katodestraaler med en magnetisk pol, Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, Bd. 20, no. 15. (28 pages). 1900 UnderligeTegn i Sol og Stjerner, Aftenposten; 13 January. 1900 Nordlysexpeditionen, Elektroteknisk Tidsskrift, Aarg. 13, No. 3, 1–198. 1905 Norsk salpeterindustri p˚a grundlag af Birkeland–Eyde’s elek- trokemiske proces, Kr. Birkeland and S. Eyde, Norsk Tidsskrift for Haand- verk og Industri, 1910 Magnetiske storme og nordlys, Eletroteknisk Tidsskrift, Aarg. 23, s. 235–245, also publishedin Teknisk Ugeblad, p. 604–607. 1913 Om verdnernes tilblivelse, Contributions inAftenposten, 1 February; also publishedin Festskrifttil Aars og Voss’ skoles femtiaars jubilæum. s. 227–246; Elektroteknisk Tidsskrift, Aarg. 26, p. 59–63; andbythe Norwe- gian Academy of Science and Letters, 31 January. APPENDIX 2

ARCHIVES AND UNPUBLISHED SOURCES

The following archives have proven very helpfulinwriting this biography, especiallythe first three. These and Birkeland’s p u blications have been our primary sources.

OLAF DEVIK’S PERSONAL ARCHIVE Olaf Devik gathered and annotated most of Birkeland’s p u blished scientificpa- pers, originalletters, as well as documents belonging to Dr. Tønnes Birkeland, donatedby his grandson Gunnar Birkeland.The archiveddocuments mostly relate to theHalddeObservatory, Nobel Prize nominations, theBirkeland Festschrift, hiswill anddivorce settlement. Birkeland’s correspondence with Sem Sæland, Carl Størmer, Amund Helland,Kaja Geelmuyden, and Richard Birkelandisalso availablealong with theoriginalletter of January 1918 from GerdaThomsen (Dr. Eriksen’swife)in Egypt to Karl Devik.Asignificant num- ber of the documents concern Birkeland’s financialdealings, conflicts with Sam Eydeandhisrelationshipwith Norsk Hydro. It also contains roughdrafts oflet- ters, manuscripts, lecture notes, photographs, excerpts from magazine articles and mail sent from Japan shortly before Birkeland’s death.

THE BIRKELAND–EYDE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM AT NOTODDEN

This archive mainly documents early testing of theBirkeland–Eyde process, as well as theplanning, building, and operating of the first factory at Notodden. It contains telegraphic communications between Birkeland and Eyde. Some written materialfrom Karl Devik isalso preservedhere, e.g. a letter to his father conceding that Eydeand Størmer actedfairly in disputes with Birkeland. – October 1901 to 1903: Correspondence on the electromagnetic cannon and electric switches. – July 11, 1903: Birkeland’s letters to Lady Sander offering to work on the electromagnetic cannon in England and to Monsieur le President de la Commission des Inventions, Paris (Figure 52). 190 APPENDIX 2

– 1903: Eyde’s letters to Birkeland regarding the production goal of 400 kg/kW-year. – October 21, 1903: Letter from Eyde saying that more funds would not be forthcoming. – September 26, 1903: Birkeland’s letter to Storting requesting 10,000 kro- ner to analyze 1902–1903 polar expedition data. – 1905: Birkeland’s description of tests at Notodden. – May 2, 1905: Manuscript of Birkeland’sspeech at the opening of Notodden Factory. – 1905: French positive impression with Birkeland process for fertilizer production. – April 7 and 12, 1906: Birkeland’s letters to Marcus Wallenberg. – April 18, 1906: Wallenberg’s response. – May 18, 1906: Birkeland’s agreement with Wallenberg to become the Adviser Director of Norsk Hydro and to receive an annual stipend for life. (Copies at the other archives.) – July 10, 1907: Rector Brøgger’s letter granting Birkeland permission to place an antenna on the roof of Domus Media at his own expense. – August 15, 1906: Birkeland’s letter on consultative directorship of Kvel- stoffkompaniet. – 1908–1910: Documents about Otto Schonherr’s¨ method for nitrogen fix- ation. – July 1912: Protocols increasing Birkeland’s s t ipendfrom 10,000 kroner in 1910 to 12,000 in 1912. – December 5, 1939: Copies ofletters from R. Sohlman of TheNobel Institute, regarding theNobel Prize inChemistry for Birkeland and Eyde.

NORWEGIANTECHNICALMUSEUM IN OSLO This archive contains many documents concerning Birkeland’s wo r k with X-rays, electric discharges and the terrellachambers. It also contains inter- esting documents about the establishment of Norsk Hydro. – February 17, 1903: Eyde–Birkeland agree to pursue Birkeland’s concepts and methods. – June 5, 1903: Birkeland’s first company formed. – December 11, 1905: Copy of 75,000 kroner check from Enskilda Banken in Stockholm. – June 7, 1910: copy of 60,000 kroner check from Enskilda Banken in Stockholm. ARCHIVES AND UNPUBLISHED SOURCES 191

– June 7, 1910: Birkeland’s letter of dismay with Kvaelstoffkompaniet- BASFagreement.

THE NATIONAL LIBRARY ARCHIVE

– December 30, 1890: Letter to Vilhelm Bjerknes regarding Hertz radio experiments. – February 15, 1983: Letter to VilhelmBjerknes concerning his illness in Paris. – December 17, 1893: Letter to VilhelmBjerknes on “teaching theSwedish bear to drink.” – February 2, 1894: Letter to Elling Holst regarding his first meeting with Heinrich Hertz. – Christmas, 1900: Letters to Elling Holst from Haldde on scenery and budgetary troubles. – 1903–1905: Documents related to establishment of Norsk Hydro. Copies of these documents are at several archives. – 1909–1913: Documents related to Birkeland’s involvement in iron and bismuth mines.

NORSK HYDROARCHIVE

This collection provides an excellent source on Norsk Hydro’s foundation and history, emphasizing technological details. – 1902–1909: Documents on patents andhistory of processes related to plasma furnaces. – December 11, 1903: Establishment of Kvælstoffkompaniet. – January 2, 1904: Establishment of Elektrokemisk. – May 6and Oct. 5, 1903: Letter from EydetoBirkeland regarding new employees. – May 18, 1906: Letter from Wallenberg to Birkeland about Technical Di- rector position. – 1912: All of Birkeland’s patents purchased by Kvælstoffkompaniet.

SAM EYDE ARCHIVE

In contrast to Birkeland, Eyde took great care of important documents, letters, and unpublished sources. Background materialfor his 1939 autobiography Mitt liv og mitt livsverk is foundhere. However, some controversialdocuments are missing. 192 APPENDIX 2

– 1903–1905: Several letter and telegram exchanges between Eyde and Birkeland. – August 12, 1904: Letter from Eyde to complain about his name not on patents and to demand equal representation. – Fall, 1909: Birkeland appointment to head oversight committee in com- petition with BASF.

NORWEGIAN STORTING ARCHIVES

– Years 1901–1903, 1911–1917 contain interesting assessments of Birke- land’s wo r k.Thereview of theHaldde 1899–1900 expedition (p. 1024– 1018)isverycritical of Birkeland’s bookkeeping.

UNIVERSITY OF OSLO, CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION

Contains many of Birkeland’sletters concerning leaves of absence, new offices, and laboratories, the employment of assistants as well some references to his publications.

STOCKHOLM ENSKILDA BANKEN ARCHIVES

– 1905–1915: Birkeland’s correspondence with Marcus and Knut Wallenberg.

NORWEGIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND LETTERS ARCHIVE

The annual reports of 1896–1917 contain information about Birkeland’s activ- ities andlectures to the Academy. Birkeland was elected a member on March 23, 1896.

PRINTED SOURCES FROMNORWEGIAN NEWSPAPERSAND JOURNALS

Aftenposten: – January 13, 1900: UnderligeTegn I Sol og Stjerner. – Summer—Fall, 1902: Several articles regarding the auroral expedition. – March 6–7, 1903: Professor Birkeland and den Elektromagnetiske Kanon. – February 1, 1913: Om Verdnernes Tiblivelse. – March, 1915: Stormvarsler. Automatiske stasjoner. – June 28–29, 1915: Den Birkeland–EydeskeOpfindelse. – June 24, 1916: Den I dePolske landherskendeNød. ARCHIVES AND UNPUBLISHED SOURCES 193

– June 17–18, 1917: Several articles about Birkeland’s death. – May 15, 1920: Birkeland’s undersøkelser I Egypt.

Verdens Gang: – September 6, 1898: Et bud fra solen. (Messenger from the Sun.) – October 19, 1898: Portrait of Professor Kr. Birkeland.

Morgenbladet: – November 10, 1894: Articleonsolution of Maxwell’s e quations. – March 25, 1896: De Røntgen‘ske straaler. (About X-rays.) – April 15, 1900: Sem Sæland articleabout theHalddeexpedition. – December 6, 1905: Birkeland and Eyde describetheBirkeland-Eyde method. – October 7, 1917: Foran Birkelandssol.Ogbak verdensrummetskulisser

Tidens Tegn: This is also one of the biggest newspapers in Kristiania. – August 18, 1912: Den spiritistiskeHumbug. Birkeland articleabout Mrs. Wreidt’s s´eance.

Teknisk Ukeblad: – December 7, 1905: No. 49, p: Norsk salpeterindustri p˚a grunnlag af Birkeland–Eydes elektrokemiske proces (Norwegian saltpeter and the ba- sisof theBirkeland–Eydeelectro-chemical process) No. 49, p. 497–514 and No. 50, p. 525–526. – 1910 p. 604–607: Magnetiske storme og nordlys (Magnetic Storms and Northern Lights) – page 604 to 610. Also an article in 1911 on the same subject. – 1917 No. 26: Professor Kr. Birkeland.

Allers Familie-Journal: – June, 1900: Nordlysekspedisjonen. – October 14, 1906 (No. 41). Professor Kr. Birkeland, a detailed portrait.

Elektroteknisk Tidsskrift: – October 17, 1910: Om Magnetyiske stormer og Nordlys.VVol. 23. p. 235– 245. – February 1, 1913: Om Verdnernes Tiblivelse. – 1895–1917: References to Birkeland’s wo r k and activities in every year. 194 APPENDIX 2

BIOGRAPHIES

– Devik, Olaf and Krogness, Ole A.: Professor Kr. Birkeland, Naturen, July 24, 1917. – Editor: Professor Kr. Birkeland, Elektroteknisk Tidsskrift, July 29, 1917. – Eyde, Sam, Professor Kr. Birkeland, Bergverksnyt, 13, pp. 97–98, 1917. – Sæland, Sem, Professor Kristian Birkeland, In Memoriam, Aftenposten, June 24, 1917. – Sæland, Sem, Professor Birkeland, Teknisk Ukeblad, 32, pp. 33–42, 1919. – Sæland, Sem, Professor Kristian Birkeland, Fysisk Tidsskrift,VVol. XVI, pp. 34–53, 1918. – Vegard, Lars, Professor Kr. Birkeland, Teknisk Ukeblad, 26, pp. 300–303, June 1917. – Vegard, Lars, Professor Kristian Birkeland, pp. 407–415, 1917. – Almost all Norwegian newspapers carried Birkeland obituaries. APPENDIX 3

PATENTS

Birkelandheld 60 Norwegian patents, including 10 with Sam Eydeand 5with Olaf Devik.Inthe following tables, patents are listed topically inthe first line of each table; columns list information date, patent number, and ashort title along with the name(s) of patent holder(s).

Date Patent Number Short Title Patent Holder(s)

Electromagnetic Cannon Sep 16, 1901 11,201 New method to fire projectiles Kr. Birkeland using electromagnetic forces Dec 11, 1901 11,342 Projectiles for electromagnetic Kr. Birkeland cannons Apr 22, 1902 11,228 Theelectromagnetic cannon Kr. Birkeland Oct 24, 1901 11,445 A method to avoid electric arcs Kr. Birkeland with current-braking switches Mar 12, 1903 13,035 Rapidhigh-energy electric Kr. Birkeland generation applied to electromagnetic cannons Apr 23, 1903 13,052 Electromagnetic cannon systems Kr. Birkeland Nitrogen Fixation, Plasma Furnace and Absorption System Mar 20, 1903 12,961 New approach to produce Kr. Birkeland electric discharges with maximum surfaces to decompose atmospheric gasses in the atmosphere May 26, 1903 14,350 Approach and instruments for Kr. Birkeland automatic current switching independent on voltages, and applications in different technology Jun 16, 1903 13,244 New instruments for use in Kr. Birkeland patent 12,961 with suggested methods 196 APPENDIX 3

Date Patent Number Short Title Patent Holder(s)

Jun 16, 1903 13,280 Approach to chemical binding or Kr. Birkeland splitting ofgasses by electric discharges from largearcs Aug 26, 1903 13,240 New approach to reduction or Kr. Birkelandand oxidation of solid matter in Sam Eyde electric heated furnace Sep 14, 1903 12,989 New approach for instruments Kr. Birkeland for use in patent 12,961 with suggested methods Oct 28, 1903 13,753 Furnace to produce chemical, Kr. Birkeland binding reactions in gasses. Feb 11, 1904 13,705 New methods to accelerate Kr. Birkeland electric reactions in gasses by large-arc discharges Feb 02, 1904 13,279 New instruments for producing Kr. Birkeland electric reactions in gasses by electric discharges Mar 29, 1904 13,738 New approach to Birkeland Kr. Birkeland electric furnace system Mar 30, 1904 15,052 Regardinggas circulation in Kr. Birkeland Electric flame furnaces Mar 30, 1904 13,281 The mounting of theelectrodes Kr. Birkeland in electric flame furnaces Jan 12, 1905 14,229 The use of big magnetic fields in Kr. Birkeland furnaces of system Birkeland Apr 01, 1905 16,294 Electric flame furnace to treat Kr. Birkeland and gasses Sam Eyde Jun 10, 1905 17,429 Electrode mounting and use of Kr. Birkeland magnetic fields in electric flame furnace of Birkeland system for chemicalbinding or dissociation ofgasses Oct 23, 1905 15,706 New electrodes in the electric Kr. Birkelandand furnace for treatinggasses Sam Eyde Jan 31, 1906 15,896 New mounting of electric flame Kr. Birkeland furnaces Feb 16, 1906 15,898 New approachfor construction Kr. Birkeland of electric flame furnaces PATENTS 197

Date Patent Number Short Title Patent Holder(s)

Feb 16, 1907 17,400 New instrumental approach to Kr. Birkeland electric discharges using magnetic fields between the permanent electrodes to produce fast and intense arcs Mar 11, 1907 17,834 Furnace for dissociation of Kr. Birkeland atmospheric gasses Mar 23, 1907 18,236 Electric furnaces for oxidation Kr. Birkeland of nitrogen Sep 27, 1907 18,854 Different gas reactions using Kr. Birkeland electric arcs Oct 31, 1908 20,486 New design for circulation of air Kr. Birkeland inelectric stoves by using a plasma torch Apr 21, 1909 20,670 Increased energy in electric Kr. Birkeland furnace Oct 29, 1909 24,385 Anew approach to obtain higher Kr. Birkeland yields and increased concentrations of nitric acid withfurnaces usinglarger arcs generated by magnetic fields Aug 29, 1903 12,879 Method to transform nitric acid Kr. Birkeland and into saltpeter, calcium nitrate Sam Eyde Aug 15, 1906 17,051 Absorption system to produce Kr. Birkeland nitrogen oxide Nov 20, 1906 18,092 Method to utilize patent 17,051 Kr. Birkeland in another way to produce similar products Nov 28, 1906 17,287 New methods for absorption Kr. Birkeland system to produce nitrogen oxides Jan 11, 1907 19,261 New methods to oxidize different Kr. Birkeland gasses Melting Furnaces Sep 19, 1903 13,040 Method to reduce or oxidize Kr. Birkelandand solid matter using of aplasma Sam Eyde torch Oct 20, 1904 14,585 Furnaces for hard-to-melt Kr. Birkelandand metals and minerals Sam Eyde Jan 12, 1905 15,349 New design for melting furnace Kr. Birkelandand Sam Eyde 198 APPENDIX 3

Date Patent Number Short Title Patent Holder(s)

Apr 01, 1905 18,243 Electric melting and Kr. Birkelandand metallurgical processes Sam Eyde Apr 02, 1906 19,272 New approach to the treatment Kr. Birkeland and of different metals during Sam Eyde melting Jan 11, 1907 19,635 New approaches and tools for Kr. Birkeland and the treatment of different Sam Eyde metalsand minerals during melting Radio-wave Propagation Dec 18, 1906 17,557 Methodsand instruments for Kr. Birkeland propagation of electric waves from a transmitter to same receiver unperturbed by the presence other waves Mar 15, 1907 17,558 Electrodes for magnetic wave Kr. Birkeland propagation using theplasma torch in radiotelegraphic apparatus Mar 26, 1907 17,559 Methodstoproduce radiowave Kr. Birkeland oscillations Sept 05, 1907 17,975 Radio receivers Kr. Birkeland Sept 23, 1907 17,370 An instrument for radio Kr. Birkeland telegraphy and telephony Oct 03, 1907 17,974 An instrument to generate Kr. Birkeland radiowave oscillations Apr 04, 1907 17,499 New equipment to start and stop Kr. Birkeland high voltages in engines and control high voltages in general circuits Hardening of Oil Mar 15, 1912 24,371 Method to refine and use whale Kr. Birkeland and oil Olaf Devik May16, 1912 24,288 Methodstoharden different oils Kr. Birkeland and Olaf Devik Jul 05, 1912 24,471 Methodstoharden different oils Kr. Birkelandand using pressurizedhydrogen Olaf Devik Jun 06, 1913 24,472 New methods to harden different Kr. Birkeland and oils Olaf Devik Jun 18, 1913 24,470 Methodstotransform oil to fat Kr. Birkeland and with higher melting-point oils Olaf Devik using hydrogen under pressure PATENTS 199

Date Patent Number Short Title Patent Holder(s)

Bismuth Feb 21, 1912 23,542 Methodstoproduce ammonium Kr. Birkeland nitrate Dec 04, 1912 24,423 Methods to produce calcium Kr. Birkeland saltpeter while extracting metals Dec 23,1912 26,329 Methods to extract clean metals Kr. Birkeland Miscellaneous Patents Apr 30, 1910 21,334 Method to feed humans and Kr. Birkeland animals with chemical materials and reaction monitoring equipment Jan 11, 1912 23,446 New method to treat organic Kr. Birkeland waste products, such as garbage, and cadavers of different animals May04, 1912 26,865 New approach to electric Kr. Birkeland melting and reduction stoves Dec 12, 1912 26,329 A method to produce clean Kr. Birkeland metals from sulphurous products APPENDIX 4

LETTERS

LETTER: BIRKELAND TO KAJA GEEMUYDEN

Paguebot Paul, Locat. 4 April 1917

Dear Kaja,

We are on the leg of our journeyfrom ColombotoSingapore. Dr. Eriksen (Holth’s friend, and the Danish General Consul) and I plan to visit China and Japan, countries we both have dreamed about, before continuing our journey home via Vladivostok. While I still do not know my traveling companion very well, he gives the impression of being a warm hearted and good man, who is also intelligent. He is married to a magnificent and unusual lady who is three-quarters Norwegian (Blackstad family). She and Eriksen are both eye specialists. I amvery muchlooking forward to seeing my friends inKristiania again. As usualfor me, I came to Egypt full of confidence ineverybodyand everything. However, for the first time inmylifeIlearned than one must not give blind confidence to new friends because they can, if they are successful, deceive you more than your most dangerous enemies. Most of all I long for my natural home to continue my work and to write of my Odyssey,wwhich will be filed in a secret archive. I have recently experienced things in Egypt that cannot be discussed openly. I can perhaps convey them verballytoselectedloyal,and well-testedfriends, of which I don’t have many. Together we can try to figure out what has really happened;this isof utmost interest to me. I believe some of the most virulent people live inEgypt. Theylieanddenyfacts. During the war this became worse than before. Egyptians use every means availabletohurt suspicious Englishmen who are in “the water up to their heads.” My impression is that I have undergone much suffering through the fault of France, the country we have loved the most since childhood. 202 APPENDIX 4

In your last letter you said that you have not seen (Karl) Devik recently. I hope that by now you have had a chance to meet him. You should be very friendly toward him because he is certainly an excellent man.

With the most friendly regards Yours sincerely Kr. Birkeland

Translated by A. Egeland. LETTERS 203

EXTRACTS FROM TERADA’S DIARY CONCERNING KRISTIAN BIRKELAND IN MAY– JUNE 1917 Translated from Japanese by N. Fukushima

19 May (Saturday) I received a letter from Prof.Birkelandin Hotel Fu- jiya at Miyanoshita, Hakone. 24 May (Thursday) Birkeland wrote me that hewould liketomovetoa hotel near our university; I recommended the Ueno Seiyˆokˆ en. 28 May (Monday) In his replyBirkeland wrote that hewould move soon to Seiyˆokˆ en. 29 May (Tuesday) Birkeland came to our university. He seemed to have come to the Seiyˆokˆ en the day before. I presented to himacopyof my recent paper on geomagnetism. 30May(Wednesday) Prof. Nagaoka (Dean of theScience College) told me that when hevisited Birkelandinthe morning, his actions and words were extremelyabnormal,and very excited; hespokeabout his dissatisfaction with theBritish government. Prof. Nagaoka felt as if Birkeland might commitsuicide.Iwill visit him tomorrow morning to see what we can do for him. 31May(Thursday) Ivisited Birkeland this morning.Iheard that hecol- lapsedyesterday morning,andhadhim examined by the Norwegian Minister’s physician. He was still sleeping, so I came back to the University to discuss the situation with Prof. Nagaoka. In the afternoon I went to him again with Dr. Miura (of the Medical College); he said that Birkeland seemed to have been poisoned by a large dose of a sleeping drug. After Dr. Miura left Birkeland told me about harassment he had [received] from the British authorities in Egypt. His story sounds like the Odyssey,as Birkelandcalls it. He told me that he knew that a British detective had been watching him in Hakone. Birkeland said, “I am too tired. So I took eight tablets to finish them all.” This evening, in the rain, I visited Prof. Nagaoka to relate all I had heard directly from Birkeland. 204 APPENDIX 4

1 June (Friday) Prof. Nagaokavisited Birkeland this morning and saw that he was recovering rather quickly. 3 June (Sunday) This morning I heard that Birkelandhad come to my room intheuniversity; I went immediatelytothe Seiyˆokˆ en. Prof. Nagaokaalso came to visit him. 4 June (Monday) Birkeland came to theuniversity inthe morning; he borrowedfrom me papers by van Bemmelen and Bildingmeier. A telegram was sent to theZikawei Observatory asking for its report on aurora. 8 June (Friday) Birkeland came to me inthe morning; he took withhim a paper by Størmer. He came again intheafternoon. 9 June (Saturday) Birkeland came to me inthe morning;weatelunch together at theUniversity. 15 June (Friday) In the morning I received an urgent call from the Seiyˆoˆken informing me that Birkeland was in criti- cal condition. I went to the hotel immediately along with Dr. Miura, the Norwegian Minister and Prof. Nagaoka. We heard that last night he took eleven grams of veronal, possibly with the intention of com- mitting suicide. Although his breathing had already stopped Dr. Miura and his students tried artificial respiration on him for about an hour without suc- cess. We requested an inspection by the police, and his body was then transported to the Department of Anatomy in our university. We decided to keep his body for awhile in the university(until we receive a reply from Norway to the Minister’s telegram). 16 June (Saturday) In the afternoon I sent a wreath of flowers to be placed on Birkeland’scoffin. 17 June (Sunday) At the university Prof. Nagaoka and I discussed our funeral address for Birkeland and other matters. 21 June (Thursday) Since the funeral ceremony will be held at the Ger- man churchin central Tokyo at 14:30 next Monday, the invitational circular was sent to concerned peo- ple including the staff of the Central Meteorological Observatory. 22 June (Friday) This morning Birkeland’s body was placedintoacoffin and transported to thechurch. LETTERS 205

LETTER: TERADA TO BIRKELAND (WRITTEN IN ENGLISH)

May 19, 1917 Science College Imperial University Tokyo, Japan

Dear Professor Birkeland,

I amvery happy to learn that some of the phenomena I have studied show an intimate relation with the results of your valuable investigation on zodiacal light.Iamvery much interested and will be glad to learn more details about it. The problem which puzzled me is what determines the magnitude of the period of the most frequent waves. I will be pleased to learn [your] opinion about it. In spite of thoroughinquiries inthemain library of theUniversity, the second volume of your paper could not be found at last. I am infinitely sorry for it. I will continue searching, but withlittle hope. How are you getting along in Hakone? I hope you will soon get over the trouble.

With kindest regards, I remain Yours very truly

T. Terada 206 APPENDIX 4

LETTER: TERADA TO BIRKELAND (WRITTEN IN ENGLISH)

May 24, 1917 Science College Imperial University Tokyo, Japan

Dear Professor Birkeland,

Iamveryglad to learn you are getting better and intending to take a lodging near us. There is a Hotel, Seiyˆoˆken in Ueno Park (not the one with the same name in Tsukiji), which is within 15 minutes walk from our College. It is situated in the green forest near the edge of a wooded terrace and seems to be quite good for health. The lodging will cost 6.5 to 7 Yen in all. It will however be better to settle the matter after you have seen if the room will fit you. We will be all very glad to have you coming near us.

With kindest regards Yours sincerely

T. Terada LETTERS 207

LETTER: NAGAOKA TO BIRKELAND (WRITTEN IN ENGLISH)

May 24th, 1917 Science College Physical Institute Imperial University Tokyo, Japan

Dear Professor Birkeland,

We are nowadays welcoming numerous foreign guests from every part of the world, but among a host of tourists it is very rare to find a world-renowned physicist as you are. It was therefore with no little surprise that I was apprized of your arrival. I told the rector of the University of your visit to the Physical Institute; he regretted very much not having seen you. If you will return to Tokyo and care to come to the University again, the rector desires to invite you to Tiffin, where a number of professors in physics, electrotechnics and electrochemistry, will also be present. He lets me ask you when it will be convenient for you. We shall be very happy if you will take the trouble by that occasion to give a lecture of an hour or so to graduates and students of physics on any subject you like to choose. Mr. Teradatellsmethat you intend to come to Tokyoandlodge intheneigh- borhood of the University; I should like to recommend to you Seiyoken on the margin of Uyeno Park about a kilometer distant from our institute. Expecting to see you inTokyo and waiting for your answer, I remain

Yours faithfully

H.Nagaoka 208 APPENDIX 4

LETTER: TERADA TO BIRKELAND (WRITTEN IN ENGLISH)

May 31, 1917 Science College Physical Institute Imperial University

Tokyo, Japan

Dear Prof. Birkeland,

I can see now quite well how unhappyyou must have been in Egypt.Iam infinitely sorry for it. Now you are among us the scientific men who are brethren all over the world, are they not? Youcan be quite assured that we all esteem you as one of the distinguished members of the scientific world and [are] veryglad to have you staying near us. I do not believe that any persecution of the kind you imagine may continue to bother you. Here it is so peaceful that you will perhaps notice yourself in (the) course of time. If you have still anythingyou may feel uneasy or nervous (about) please let us know about it straightforward. Prof Nagaoka and I will try anything to make it all right and make your sojourn among us as easy as possible. Please write to us anything you have to complain against the Hotel etc. Prof. K. Miura is the best man of the faculty. Youwill soon get over your illness if you would trust him and follow his prescription. We will come and see you by and by. Take the best care of your health. You will be soon quite happy as ever.

Yours very truly

T. Terada LETTERS 209

LETTER: NAGAOKA TO BIRKELAND (WRITTEN IN ENGLISH)

May 31st, 1917 Science College Physical Institute Imperial University Tokyo, Japan

Dear Professor Birkeland,

Ihave the pleasure of introducing Professor K. Miura of the medical faculty.He is perhaps the best medical man that I can recommend for curingyour illness. Professor Miura is versed in German, French and English languages, but he will prefer the first mentioned. Hoping for your rapid recovery

I remain Yours very truly H.Nagaoka 210 APPENDIX 4

LETTER: GERDA THOMSEN TO KARL DEVIK

Translated by A. Egeland

Dear Devik,

Finallyaletter from you (polite form) reached Egypt; it was on thewayfor a long time, before itarrived. You asked my husbandfor news about Prof. Birkelandbut since he has been fully occupied, heasked me to answer you. Last autumn I visited the Professor a few times; he was very busy with some new instruments and with a letter he received from the British Admiralty.He was somewhat excited and told me thathedrinksalot of coffee in orderto work without becoming tired. He told our Ambassador and informed us that his work would soon be finished and it did not pose any danger to him. This, I believe, occurred near the end of October. One evening around New Year’s day Dr. Røder came by. He hadbeen inHelwan to see a patient then visited the Professor. He came to us very concerned and asked us if we could go withhim to see the Professor. He and I went there the next evening together with Mustachi,and Marie (bothfrom National Bank) whowere theonly people he trusted.Hewasquite worn out, thin, hiseyes were flickering andheshowed a marked paranoia. He feltthat theEnglish were after him in some way; he was completely disconnectedfrom theworld.TheEnglish run around the house day and night. They had spies everywhere; among them was his housekeeper, whom he fired about a month ago. He did have some medicine: “With a half beer glass of whisky and two grams of veronal, nothing frightens you. You can fight like a lion.” He was very pleased to be among Scandinavians who speakhis language, but he was markedlychanged.Hehad two dogs. His garden was closed to everyone, andhe had revolver and ashotgun ready for use inthe bedroom. Poor Birkeland, he has had a bad time. The next day my husband went out there and found him much better. However, we cannot visit him every day, the trains are slow and few. We suggested that he move to live next to us in a guesthouse. This was a significant change that allowed us to see him a few times every day. Dr. Røder treated him; he would lie quietly in bed, would sleep and eat, and eventually looked on whisky with disgust and a violent dislike. My husband had a strong soothing effect on him and they went for walks together. Once again the Professor could enjoy himself and laugh like in the old days. When he was LETTERS 211 out of bed we would eat together and his appetite was excellent. His perception of people as being threats to him did not disappear, but it grew steadily weaker. He felt well protected here because my husband was a diplomatic agent. He regarded his own consul and in particular the deputy, among the worst “spies.” He steadily improved and wanted to start working, but could not. He was like a child who could not be left alone for long. Constantly he was thinking about how he could get back to Norway. Staying here for another summer was unthinkable, and traveling home via England was impossible. One evening while we were talking, I spontaneously suggested, “Why don’t you travel the other way via the Far East?” He was immediately enthusiastic, but said that he could not travel alone. Again his spirit deflated slightly as he considered who could travel with him. I then suggested my husband had been thinking about a trip home. He was delighted, and the decision was made. The next day at the shipping office, everything was planned and arranged. A lot of things happened in these days. My husband has a diplomatic passport and from his travel company he received special recommendations and advice on getting the best treatment in the different countries through which they would pass. In a very short time after the travel was decided, he was nearly the same as in the old days. He attended two small parties where he was full of life and very amusing. Everyone at the guesthouse loved“monsieur leProfessur.” Nobody was aware ofhissickness. Finallyon10th March they departedfrom here. He radiated withhappiness and promised me to drown all “English spies intheRed Sea.” My husband said that he kept hisword.After Colombospies were no longer mentioned.They had an enjoyable voyage. What a shame it should end so sadly for Professor Birkeland. If you could respond and tell us how it happened, we would be very thankful. Ambassador Anker has not answered our letters or telegrams. When the professor decided not to travel home, my husband gave him (Anker) an accurate description of the situation, but he seemed to find my husband strange and did not take the situation seriously, but promised to take care of the Professor while he was in Japan. Iwas very sorry when I heard that hewasdead. Mrs. Hooker (thewifeof the Norwegian consul) informed me. Of course after that I had to give her the keys andlet her makethe decisions about the house and garden. They seem to have rentedit out for thewinter and that is just as well. Yes, the poor professor had a very difficult time, and I have often blamed myself for not visiting him sooner. The cause of his sickness, I believe, was a com- bination of hard work, abuse of coffee and later of whisky and veronal. There were other circumstances as well.First, he feltthat he was under surveillance, 212 APPENDIX 4 and we cannot be sure that this was not true. However, his life was never in the danger he thought. He had been in contact with the (British) headquarters here. Although they had been obliging, he thought that they were just trying to give him a false sense of security. The second point, which was very difficult for him, was that since October or early in November, he received no communications from you. Until he left, no news arrived even though he and my husband sent several telegrams to you. He constructed all kinds of hypotheses, althoughthe only real explanation was censorship. In addition, he had difficulty surviving our unusually warm and humid weather. It is a terriblemisfortune and a sorrow for everyone who knew him, that he should die so young, alone andinafar off country. Youcan understand that it is verysadfor us, and particularly for my husband,who left himthere. However, everyone advised them against traveling home, especiallythe Professor because of thecold weather anddarkness. He was so pleased to find a Norwegian (Anker) family, who promised to take care of him. He lived together with them up in the mountains, whilemyhusband was traveling. He also made preparations to resume hiswork, having met Japanese professors who were old acquaintances. Thus, myhusbandbelieved that hewasin good shape. We are pleased to hear that your workhas lead to positive results, and we hope, once againwhen you have time let us hear from you. Let us hope that thewar ends soon so that we may see you here againnextwinter!

With kind regards from my husband. Yours, GerdaThomsen LETTERS 213

LETTER: ERIKSEN TO BIRKELAND

Translated by A. Egeland

May 18, 1917 Hotel Pleasanton Yo kohama

Dear Birkeland,

We did not succeed in seeing each other again this time. I am of course interested in knowing what your arrangements will be; whether you will travel home or stay in Japan this summer. My address the day after tomorrow: P.Leakt, M. M. Kobe and a few days later: Consul General of Norway, Shanghai, where I will greet Mr. Eitzen and family. I sent this letter to the Norwegian Legation in Tokyo, because I believe that is the most secure address. A few hours after eating dinner I will go aboard the Pane Licit at 8 o’clock. When we lay over thewhole day after tomorrow inKobe,Iwill trytovisit Kyoto. I was inTokyo yesterday and with General Consul Wadsted and saw some places I have not seen earlier. Early today I travelledbytrain to Kamokura and met with Wadsted again. If needed, charg´e d’affaires Fevrell isstill interestedin helping you with tickets. Finally, then I say good-bye and wish you well and thank you for your pleasant company over nearly four monthsandhope that we will meet again inthenot too distant future.

Yours sincerely, Eriksen

Note: This letter was found in the Seiyˆoˆken Hotel, Tokyo and was returned via the Norwegian embassy.Onthe back of theenvelope Birkeland wrote by hand: “Dr. Eriksen is a most valuable diplomat and other documents are found in my house in Helwan.” BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Størmer, Carl, 1955, ThePolar Aurora, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Sæland, Sem, 1917, Professor Kristian Birkeland. I Aftenposten, 24. June. Sæland, Sem, 1918, Biography.Kr.Birkeland,Fysisk TidsskriftVol. XVI, 34–53, Copenhagen. Terada, Torahiko, 1935, Death of Professor B., Bungaku Literature, Tokyo, English translation by N. Fukushima. Thomson, J. J., 1897, Cathoderays., Phil.Mag. 44, 293. Tromholt, Sophus, 1885, Under the Raysof the Aurora Borealis, Houghton-Mifflin, Boston. Vasyliunas, V. M., 1968, Discussion of a paper by Harold E. Taylor and Edward W. Hones Jr., ‘Adiabatic motion of auroral particles inamodel of theelectricand magnetic fields surrounding the Earth,’ J. Geophys. Res., 73, 5805. Vasyliunas, V.M., 1970, Mathematical models of magnetospheric convection and coupling to the ionosphere, in Particles and Fields in the Magnetosphere, editedbyB. McCormac, Reidel, Dordrecht, p. 60. Vegard, Lars, 1917, Professor Kr. Birkeland, in Teknisk Ukeblad, no. 26, pp. 300–303. Vestine, E. H., 1940, The polar disturbance-field of magnetic storms, Trans. Terr. Magnetism Electricity, 11, 360–381. Vestine, E. H., and S. Chapman, 1938, The electric current-system of geomagnetic disturbances, J. Geophys. Res., 43, 351–382. Wikan, Steinar, and Johan Koren, 2000, Polar-pioneer, Schibsted, Oslo. Worm-Muller, and S. Jacob, 1955, S. EydeEteventyr fra realitetenes verden, Kr. Anker Olsen. Documents of the Norwegian-Academy, Vol.I&II. INDEX OF NAMES

Aars, Jonathan, 19, 22, 133, 137 Carlheim-Gyllenshøld, Vilhelm, 140 Abel,Niels Henrik, 21–2, 24 Cassini,Giovanni,94 Adler, Hanna, 157 Celsius, Anders, 14, 167 Akasofu, Syun-Ichi, 80, 176, 178 Chapman, Sydney, 13, 73, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, Alexander, Anton, 24 83, 84, 165, 168, 170 Alfv´en,´ Hannes, 77, 81, 83–5, 173, 176, 178 Coleman, Catherine, 178 Amundsen, Roald, 156, 162 Collett, John Peter, 215 Andersen, Kjetel Gjølme, 215 Cook, James, 13 Anker, Peder Bernt (Ambassador), 149, 150, Cowley, Stanley, W. H., 177, 179 152, 153, 154, 163, 211, 212 Crookes, Sir William, 109, 185 Appell,Paul-Emile, 23 Curie, Marie, 6, 130 Appleton, Edward V.,16 Aristotle, 13 de Marian, Jean Jacques Dorto`u`s, 48 Armstrong, James, 105, 173 Dessler, Alexander J, 85, 141, 173, 176 Arrhenius, Svante A., 49, 49n. Devik, Karl, 6, 9, 18, 35, 38, 43, 96, 97, 142–3, 145–7, 149–51, 158, 163, 176, Bamberger, Max, 139 189, 202, 210 Bartels, Julius, 14, 73 Devik, Olaf, 6, 9, 10, 18, 32, 35, 53, 78–9, Bavalet, Louis, 48 105–6, 123, 126, 128, 131–2, 134, 143–5, Bergius, Friedrich, 119 154–6, 158–9, 163, 166, 175–6, 178, 189, Birkeland, Ida Charlotte (f. Hammer), 3, 143, 194–5, 198 144, 145,157, 163 Dietrichson, Jørgen, Ludvig, 32, 35, 158 Birkeland, Ingeborg, 17 Dungey, James, 170 Birkeland,Reinert, 17–8 Birkeland, Richard, 18–9, 156, 163, 166, 175, Ege, Ingeborg Susanne, 17 189 Egeland, Alv, 13, 84, 176, 210, 213 Birkeland, Tønnes Gunnar, 17–9, 22, 142, Egenæs, Olaf,61 153–4, 161–4, 190 Einstein, Albert, 127, 167 Bjerknes, Carl Anton, 13 Eriksen, Justinius (Generalconsul), 143, 148, Bjerknes, Vilhelm, 13, 22–3, 27, 60, 79, 141, 150, 151 156, 159, 161, 191 Eriksen’s wife; see Gerda Thomsen Bødtker, Henning, 156, 163 Eyde, Sam, 9, 110–24, 129, 138, 139, 145, Bohr, Niels, 8, 127 156, 175,187, 189–98 Borisoff, Alexander, 63 Børresen, Admiral Urban J. R, 116 Fabricus, Johan J., 60 Bosch, Karl, 119 Falsen, Consul, 63 Bostrom,¨ Rolf, 171 Faraday, Michael, 14 Boye, Elisar, 53–5, 65, 132 Falthammer,¨ Carl-Gunne, 173 Bredal, Johan O, 118, 144, 155–6, 162–3 Friedman, Robert Marc, 138, 139 Brøgger, Waldemar Christopher, 25, 110, Fritz, Herman, 15 134, 139, 190 Fukushima, Naoshi, 8, 77, 81–2, 170, 176 Brundtland, Terje, 39, 40 Bryn, Alfred, 129 Gaimard, Paul, 48 Bull, Anders Henrik, 129, 131 Galileo, 13, 14 220 INDEX OF NAMES

Gassendi, Pierre, 13 King H˚akon˚ VII, 5, 11, 121, 133, 162 Gasslander, Olle, 124, 140 King Kristian IV,1n. Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 13, 15 King Oscar II, 3, 4, 11, 52, 104, 137 Geelmuyden, Hans, 13, 161 Kirchoff, Gustav Robert, 172 Geelmuyden, Kaja, 18, 150, 157, 161, 189 Klason, Peter, 139 Gilbert, William, 13 Knox-Shaw, Harold, 96, 145, 163 Glazebrook, R. T., 106 Knudsen, Gunnar, 60, 103, 104, 110–1, 156 Gleditsch, Ellen, 6, 130, 157 Koren, Johan, 63 Goldschmidt, Heinrich Jacob, 139 Korsakoff, Rimski, 63 Goldstein, Eugen, 16 Krag, Ole Herman, 103, 104 Grimnes, Ole K., 216 Krekling, Richard, 61, 63–4 Guldberg,Alf,24 Krogness, OleAndreas, 6, 9, 67, 78–9, 92, 95, Guldberg, C. M., 160 97–8, 131, 154, 156, 160, 163, 166, 194

Haber, Fritz, 119 Lange, Richard,54 Hagerup, Harald, 62 Langmuir, Irving, 29, 169 Hagerup, Johan, 62 Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 15 Halley, Edmund, 14, 92, 167 Lemstrøm, Karl Selim, 50 Hammer, Ida Augusta Charlotte, 3, 143 Lenard, Philippe E., 24 Hansen, Alf Scott, 139 Lie, Sophus, 24, 156 Hansteen, Christofer, 13, 14, 15, 21, 167 Lodge, Sir Oliver, 156 Harang, Leiv, 131 Harendel,¨ Gerhard, 177 Mann, John, 152 Hartree, Douglas R., 16 Marconi, Gulielmo, 16 Heaviside, Oliver, 16 Maxwell, James Clerk, 2, 14, 167 Heitman, Johan, 46 Miura, Dr. K., 152–3, 203–4, 208–9 Helland, Amund, 146, 156, 161, 162, 175, 189 Mohn, Henrik, 13, 62, 143, 156, 159, 160 Helland-Hansen, Bjørn, 47 Mørner, Countess Anna Ulrika (Ulla),124 Henriksen, Noralf, 12, 119 Muir, Jessie, 67 Hertz, Heinrich, 22, 23, 24, 28, 141, 159, 167, 168, 191 Næss, Eivind Bødtker, 113 Hiorter, Olaf Peter, 14, 167 Nagaoka, H., 149–54, 203–4, 207–9 Holmboe, Carl Fred, 131, 135 Nansen, Fridtjof, 3, 11, 47, 59, 105, 134, 137, Holst, Elling Bolt, 19, 20–22, 24, 52, 156, 191 156, 160, 162 Holst, Helge, 122 Newton, Isaac, 27, 85 Huygens, Christian, 27 Nordberg-Schultz, Thorvald, 101

Ibsen, Henrik, 24, 135 Oguti, Takasi, 177 Iijima, Takesi, 174 Olden, Ole F., 126 Isaachsen, Daniel, 145, 175 Olsen, Kristian Anker, 215, 218 Ørsted, Hans Christian, 13, 14 Jago, Lucy, 10, 106, 142–3, 147, 156 Jones, George, 95 Pauersson, O., 140 Joule, James Prescott, 172 Paulsen, Adam, 49, 50 Peratt, Anthony L., 120, 165, 177 Keilhaug, Wilhelm, 217 Perrin, Jean, 33 Kennelly, Arthur E., 16 Persson, Niels, 114, 116 King Frederik VI, 12 Picard, Em´ ile, 23 INDEX OF NAMES 221

Planck, Max, 177 Tanakadate, Professor, 151 Poincar´e,´ Henri, 22–3, 32, 156–7, 167 Terada, Torahiko, 143, 149–55, 203, Potemra, Thomas A., 174, 176 205–8 Thompson, Silvanus, 115 Quale, Anders, 48 Thomsen, Gerda, 148–51, 157, 163, 189, 210–2 Rayleigh, John W. Lord, 106, 156 Thomson, Joseph John, 8, 34, 34n., Riddervold, Hans, 63, 65–6 101 Riiber, Claus Nissen, 30, 113, 115, 131, 167 Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin),8 Rive, Lucien de la, 23 Tillberg, Knut, 114, 116 Rødseth, Jørgen, 112 Topfer,¨ Otto, 51, 61 Roeder, Louis, 142, 149, 150 Tromholt, Sophus, 15 Rontgen,¨ Wilhelm Conrad, 126 Roux, Alan F., 178 Van Allen, James, 176 Russeltvedt, Nils, 62–3 Vasyliunas, Vytenis, M., 171–2 Rutherford, Ernest, 8, 127 Vegard, Lars, 6, 67, 131, 155, 156, 160, 161, 166 Sæland, Sem, 6, 7, 9, 34, 52–3, 55, 61–2, 64, Verne, Jules, 1 78, 105, 132, 134, 142, 154, 156–8, 166, Vestine, E. H., 80–2 175, 189, 193 Vogt, Johan Hermann, 139 Sander, Lady, 106, 189 Voss, Thomas A., 19, 22, 133, 137 Sarasin, Edouard, 23, 25, 27, 28, 181 Schaaning, Hans Thomas, 63, 65 Waage, Peter, 20 Schiøtz, Oscar Emil, 13, 22, 126 Wallenberg, Knut, 116–7, 126–7, Schlosing, Dr. Alphones Th´e´ophile, 115 192 Schonherr,¨ Otto, 113, 118, 139, 190 Wallenberg, Marcus, 110, 114–7, 123–5, Schuster, Arthur, 80, 96, 98, 145 126–7, 129, 139, 156, 190–2 Schwabe, Heinrich,14 Wallenberg, Raoul, 123 Scott-Hansen, Alf, 139 Wendelboe, Per, 123 Shaw, H. Knox, 96, 145 Wereide, Torstein G., 166 Skolem, Thoralf, 6, 96, 131, 145, 147, 149, Weyprecht, Carl,45 166, 186 Wiechert, Emil, 34 Sohlman, Ragnar, 139, 190 Wilkan, Steinar, 218 Southwood, David, 177 Witt, Otto, 115 Spandonides, Hella, 146–7, 157 Wriedt, Madame, 155–6 Stewart, Balfour, 16 Størmer, Carl, 6, 9, 19, 41–3, 97–9, 140, 145, Zeuthen, Georg,19 149 Zelgenyi, Leo A., 178 Sugiura, Masahisa, 80 Zmuda, A. J., 173 Astrophysics and Space Science Library

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Volume 271: Astronomy-inspired Atomic and Molecular Physics,by A.R.P. Rau Hardbound, ISBN 1-4020-0467-2, March 2002

Volume 270: Dayside and Polar Cap Aurora,byPer Even Sandholt, Herbert C. Carlson, AlvEgeland Hardbound, ISBN 1-4020-0447-8, July 2002

Volume 269: Mechanics of Turbulence of Multicomponent Gases,by Mikhail Ya. Marov, Aleksander V.Kolesnichenko Hardbound, ISBN 1-4020-0103-7, December 2001

Volume 268: Multielement System Design in Astronomy and Radio Science,by Lazarus E. Kopilovich, Leonid G. Sodin Hardbound, ISBN 1-4020-0069-3, November 2001

Volume 267: The Nature of UnidentifiedGalacticHigh-Energy Gamma-RaySources, edited by Alberto Carrami˜nana,˜ Olaf Reimer, David J. Thompson Hardbound, ISBN 1-4020-0010-3, October 2001

Volume 266: Organizations and Strategies in Astronomy III, edited by Andr´e Heck Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-7172-0, October 2001

Volume 265: Post-AGB Objects as a Phase of Stellar Evolution, edited by R. Szczerba, S.K. G´orny Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-7145-3, July 2001

Volume 264: TheInfluence of Binaries on Stellar Population Studies, edited by Dany Vanbeveren Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-7104-6, July 2001

Volume 262: Whistler Phenomena—Short Impulse Propagation, by Csaba Ferencz, Orsolya E. Ferencz, D´aniel´ Hamar, J´anos´ Lichtenberger Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6995-5, June 2001

Volume 261: Collisional Processes inthe Solar System, editedbyMikhail Ya. Marov, Hans Rickman Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6946-7, May 2001

Volume 260: Solar Cosmic Rays,by Leonty I. Miroshnichenko Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6928-9, May 2001 Volume 259: TheDynamic Sun, editedbyArnold Hanslmeier, Mauro Messerotti, Astrid Veronig Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6915-7, May 2001

Volume 258: Electrohydrodynamics in Dusty and Dirty Plasmas—Gravito-Electrodynamics and EHD,by Hiroshi Kikuchi Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6822-3, June 2001

Volume 257: Stellar Pulsation—Nonlinear Studies, edited by Mine Takeuti, Dimitar D. Sasselov Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6818-5, March 2001

Volume 256: Organizations and Strategies in Astronomy, edited by Andr´e Heck Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6671-9, November 2000

Volume 255: The Evolution of the Milky Way-Stars versus Clusters, edited by Francesca Matteucci, Franco Giovannelli Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6679-4, January 2001

Volume 254: Stellar Astrophysics, editedbyK.S. Cheng,Hoi Fung Chau, Kwing Lam Chan, Kam Ching Leung Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6659-X, November 2000

Volume 253: The Chemical Evolution of the Galaxy, byFrancesca Matteucci Paperback, ISBN 1-4020-1652-2, October 2003 Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6552-6, June 2001

Volume 252: Optical Detectors for Astronomy III, edited by Paola Amico, James W. Beletic Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6536-4, December 2000

Volume 251: CosmicPlasma Physics,by Boris V. Somov Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6512-7, September 2000

Volume 250: Information Handlingin Astronomy, edited by Andr´e Heck Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6494-5, October 2000

Volume 249: The Neutral Upper Atmosphere, by S.N. Ghosh Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6434-1, July 2002

Volume 247: Large Scale Structure Formation, editedby Reza Mansouri,Robert Brandenberger Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6411-2, August 2000

Volume 246: The Legacy of J.C. Kapteyn, edited by Piet C. van der Kruit, Klaas van Berkel Paperback, ISBN 1-4020-0374-9, November 2001 Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6393-0, August 2000 Volume 245: Wavesiin DustySpace Plasmas,byFrank Verheest Paperback, ISBN 1-4020-0373-0, November 2001 Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6232-2, April 2000

Volume 244: The Universe, edited by Naresh Dadhich, Ajit Kembhavi Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-6210-1, August 2000

Volume 243: Solar Polarization, edited by K.N. Nagendra, Jan Olof Stenflo Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5814-7, July 1999

Volume 242: Cosmic Perspectives in Space Physics,by Sukumar Biswas Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5813-9, June 2000

Volume 241: Millimeter-Wave Astronomy:Molecular Chemistry&Physics in Space, edited by W.F. Wall, Alberto Carrami˜nana,˜ Luis Carrasco, P.F. Goldsmith Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5581-4, May 1999

Volume 240: Numerical Astrophysics, edited by Shoken M. Miyama, Kohji Tomisaka,Tomoyuki Hanawa Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5566-0, March 1999

Volume 239: Motions inthe Solar Atmosphere, editedbyArnold Hanslmeier, Mauro Messerotti Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5507-5, February 1999

Volume 238: Substorms-4, editedbyS. Kokubun, Y. Kamide Hardbound, ISBN 0-7923-5465-6, March 1999

For further information about this book series we refer you to the following web site: www.springeronline.com

To contact thePublishing Editor for new book proposals: Dr. Harry(J.J.) Blom: [email protected]